JP2014102258A - Distance measuring apparatus and distance measuring method - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a distance measuring apparatus for using an optical comb, capable of simply measuring of absolute distance to an object to be measured approximately 10 m away, which has a low-reflectance surface or a scattering plane surface, by an optically noncontact method with precision of 0.1 mm or more, by solving the problem that the quantity of light is too small and it is difficult to extract only required beats from a large number of own beats with high signal to noise ratio (SN ratio).SOLUTION: A distance measuring apparatus for measuring distance to an object, measures the distance to the object by comparing beat signal phases of beat signals between a plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered by a light source and the object, with beat signal phases of beat signals by the plurality of CW lasers, prior to irradiation of the light source and the object.

Description

The present invention relates to a distance measuring apparatus and a distance measuring method for performing precision length measurement and distance measurement in the field of production of precision equipment and precision processed members such as machinery industry and electrical industry.

Many length measurement and ranging methods have been devised and put into practical use. In the mechanical and electrical industries, length measurement and distance measurement are performed for the purpose of measuring the shape and position of precision equipment and precision processed members. In such distance measurement / measurement, for example, the shape / dimensions of precision processed parts are measured prior to shipment for inspection. For this purpose, measurement must be performed without contacting the object to be measured. In particular, precision measurement parts require high measurement accuracy, and generally accuracy of 0.1 mm or less is required. Furthermore, for example, when the object to be measured is large, such as a generator member or an aircraft part, a condition that the distance from the measuring instrument to the object to be measured must be increased is also required. In addition, it is desirable that the measurement can be performed at the work site while processing and assembling the components. To that end, not only distance accuracy but also resistance to disturbances such as mechanical vibration, and excellent measurement reproducibility and stability Must be a technique.

Optical methods are suitable as a method for measuring and measuring distances without contact with the object to be measured. As measurement methods, homodyne interferometry, heterodyne interferometry, time of flight (Time of flight:
TOF), Doppler method, triangulation method, and the like (Non-patent Document 1, Non-Patent Document 2, Patent Document 1). When performing length measurement / ranging, it is selected from these side length / ranging methods in consideration of required accuracy, distance to the object to be measured, measurement time, and apparatus configuration. For example, when high-precision distance measurement or shape measurement is required, light reflected or scattered from the object to be measured by homodyne interferometry using an optical interferometer and light before being irradiated on the object to be measured The method of extracting the change in the phase and measuring the distance is widely used (Non-Patent Document 1, Non-Patent Document 2). In this method, it is possible to measure with an accuracy of about 1 / 100th of the wavelength of the light to be used. However, the optical interference system is weak against disturbance and a relatively large apparatus is required, and the absolute distance to the object to be measured. Because of the fact that it takes a lot of time to measure, the application in the actual machine industry / electric factory is limited.

The time-of-flight method uses pulsed light and measures the absolute distance to the measured object from the difference between the time emitted from the light source and the time when the light reflected or scattered by the measured object is detected by the photodetector. It is a technique to do. Although the principle is simple, distance measurement is relatively easy. However, because the light propagation speed is high, the frequency response of the photodetector and circuit is limited, and the current measurement accuracy is about millimeters. Yes. Since it is insufficient for measuring the shape and position of precision instruments and precision processed members that require high measurement accuracy, application in the field is limited.

The Doppler method is a method capable of measuring the moving speed and vibration of a measurement object with a measurement accuracy of about 0.05 μm / s from the frequency change of light reflected or scattered by the measurement object. In the Doppler method, the measurement amount is the moving speed or vibration of the object to be measured, and the distance to the object to be measured is obtained by integrating the moving speed from the distance reference. Since the relative position from the distance reference can be measured with relatively high accuracy and the apparatus configuration is relatively simple, it is widely used in the mechanical and electrical industries. However, it is not suitable for measuring the absolute distance to the object to be measured, and it is not suitable for shape measurement because it is a method that calculates the relative distance from the reference distance by integrating the moving speed. .

The triangulation method is widely used in civil engineering work and can easily measure absolute distances and positions. However, because of the fact that a large-scale device is required to obtain the required measurement accuracy, the machine industry And is rarely used in the field of electrical industry.

The technique called tracking is a technique for measuring the shape of an object to be measured using the distance measuring means. In tracking, a target is placed on the surface of an object to be measured, light emitted from a light source is reflected by the target, and the distance to the target is measured using the returned light. In this method, the distance is measured at each point of the target placed on the surface of the object to be measured, and the shape of the object to be measured is obtained by connecting these points. Since the target is arranged on the object to be measured, the amount of light returning to the photodetector can be increased, and the distance from the light source to each target can be accurately measured. However, since it is necessary to place a target on the surface of the object to be measured, preparation is very complicated. Also,
Since only the number of points of the target can be measured, the measurement points become discrete in space, and it is very difficult to capture a minute shape change of the object to be measured. For this reason, it is used only in a limited field in the fields of machine industry and electrical industry.

As described above, it is difficult to accurately measure the absolute distance or shape to an object to be measured in an actual work environment at a work site in the machine industry or electrical industry. But on the other hand,
With the aim of improving the functionality and safety of industrial products, the sophistication and precision of products are progressing.
The demand for measuring the absolute distance or shape to an object to be measured with high accuracy is increasing year by year.

Applied optics Introduction to optical measurement (Maruzen, Toyohiko Yadagai, ISBN: 4-621-07530-6) “Multi-Wavelength Interferometry for Length Measurments Using Diode Lasers”, K. Meiners-Hagen et al., Measurement Science Review, vol.9, sec.3, No. 1 2009 p16. “High-accuracy absolute distance measurement using frequency comb referenced multiwavelength source”, Y. Salvade et al., Applied Optics vol. 47 (14), p2715 (2008).

JP 2008-51674 A JP-T-1-503172

Therefore, in recent years, ranging and length measurement using a light source called an optical comb has been developed and attracts attention. Here, the optical comb is light composed of many frequency components that are coherent. The optical comb is obtained mainly by a mode-locked pulse laser. As shown in FIG. 1, frequency components 1 (each frequency component is called a mode) are equally spaced (n-th mode and n + 1-th mode). Mode interval 3), including about 10 ⁵ modes within the full width at half maximum of spectrum 2, and being able to precisely control mode interval 3 by using an external frequency reference, etc.
Is mentioned.

As shown in the schematic diagram of FIG. 2, generally, when light is detected by the photodetector 7, the upper limit of the frequency band of the photodetector does not reach the light frequency, so the frequency of the detected signal is , The difference frequency component 6 (| f1-f2 |) of the frequency (f1 and f2) of the input light. Similarly, when an optical comb composed of a large number of modes is detected by a photodetector, the frequency component of each mode is not detected. For example, the photodetector of the interference component between the modes of the optical comb as shown in FIG. Only the low frequency components falling in the band are detected. Interference between modes included in these optical combs is called self beat 8,
The frequency reflects the characteristics of the frequency of the optical comb and is characterized by a frequency interval equal to the mode interval 3. For example, in the case of an optical comb whose mode interval is 50 MHz, the interval 3 between adjacent modes n and n + 1 in FIG. 1 is 50 MHz, and the interval 4 between the nth mode and the next adjacent mode n + 2 is 4 MHz. Is 100 MHz, and the interval 5 between adjacent modes n + 3 is 150 MHz. As shown in Fig. 3, the self-beat observed in this case has a minimum frequency of 50 MHz, which is equal to the mode interval 3, and then 100 MHz due to interference between two adjacent modes, and the third mode. The frequency increases in order from 150 MHz due to interference.

Ranging and length measurement using an optical comb having such characteristics is performed by measuring the phase of the self beat. That is, as shown in FIG. 4, the optical comb 9 oscillated by the oscillator is divided into two by the beam splitter 10, and the phase of a beat of a certain frequency is observed using one as the reference light 11,
The other is irradiated as the measurement light 12 onto the object to be measured 13, and the beat phase having the same frequency as the reference light of the returned measurement light is measured. Compare the phase of beats of the same frequency measured, and the phase difference 14
The difference in the length of the optical path after dividing the light from (2 in FIG. 4 is twice the distance d15 from the point where the measurement light is branched from the reference light to the object to be measured). The accuracy of length measurement / ranging is determined by the accuracy of detecting the frequency and phase of the beat to be used.For example, when measuring the phase with a precision of 1/100 using a 50 MHz beat, the accuracy is 60 mm. The distance d15 to the measurement object can be determined.

When this measurement is performed with an optical comb, a necessary number of frequencies suitable for the measurement can be selected from a large number of self beats, and the absolute distance to the object to be measured can be accurately obtained by a single measurement.
This can be understood as follows. As shown in FIG. 5, when distance measurement is performed with a wave 16 of a certain wavelength l1 and the phase within one period is determined as a1 rad17, the actual phase is a1 + 2π × n (n is an unknown integer) Or 2π × n uncertainty, so the distance to the object to be measured is l1 × (a1 / 2π) or l1 × (a1 /
2π + 1) or l1 × (a1 / 2π + 1). In other words, length measurement and distance measurement at a distance longer than the wavelength cannot be performed only by the phase. Here, a wave 18 having a longer wavelength l2 (l1 <l2) is introduced. Similarly to the previous case, when the phase within one cycle of the wave of wavelength l2 is determined as a2 rad19, the distance can be determined as l2 × (a2 / 2π + m) in the distance measurement by l2. There is still an uncertainty of m, but since l1> l2, the distance can be determined in a wider range than the measurement in l1. In addition, since the position of the object to be measured is determined as l2 × (a2 / 2π + m) in the measurement of l2, the uncertainty n by the measurement in l1 is n = (l2
× a2 / 2π) / l1 After all, if l1 and l2 are measured at the same time, uncertainty in l2 wavelength unit remains, but the accuracy can be improved to l1 / l2 compared to measuring with l2 alone, and the measurement range is only l2 / l1 than measuring with l1 only Can be expanded. Thus, by using a plurality of wavelengths and measuring a plurality of beats, it is possible to increase the measurement range, improve the resolution, and measure the distance to the object to be measured.

  Specifically, for example, a case where a self-beat signal of 5 GHz and a self-beat signal of 50 MHz are measured with a phase resolution of 1/100 is considered. Then, the distance can be determined with a resolution of 60 mm in the measurement range of 6000 mm from the self-beat of 50 MHz, and the distance resolution can be improved to 0.6 mm from the self-beat of 5 GHz. When an optical comb is used, a large number of self beats are present in the MHz-THz band. Therefore, the distance to the object to be measured can be uniquely determined with high accuracy by appropriately selecting the self beat. This uniquely determined distance to the object to be measured is expressed as “absolute distance”.

As described above, the length measurement / ranging method using the optical comb can accurately measure the absolute distance to the object to be measured by one measurement. However, at the work sites of the machine industry and electrical industry, there are the following problems and they have not yet spread.
(A) Insufficient light quantity (B) Signal to noise ratio only necessary beats from many self beats
: S / N ratio) Difficult to extract well (C) Requirement for measured object In view of the above problems, the present invention particularly solves the above (A) and (B), and the surface having a low reflectance or the surface is a scattering surface. A distance measuring device and a distance measuring method for simply measuring an absolute distance to an object to be measured about 10 m far away with an optical non-contact method with an accuracy of 0.1 mm or more are provided.

An outline of typical inventions among inventions disclosed in the present application will be briefly described as follows.
(1) A distance measuring device for measuring a distance to an object, a light source that oscillates light at a constant frequency interval, and a plurality of CWs controlled to have a constant frequency difference with respect to the frequency of the light source A laser, means for irradiating the object with the plurality of CW lasers, means for spatially scanning the surface of the object with the plurality of CW lasers, and the light source and the object reflected or scattered by the object Means for receiving a plurality of CW lasers and observing beats, means for generating beat signals of beat signals by the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered by the light source and the object, and the light source and the object. Means for extracting a phase of a beat signal of a beat signal by the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered; and a beat signal by the plurality of CW lasers before irradiating the light source and the object. A phase of a beat signal between the light source and the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered by the object, and before irradiating the light source and the object The distance measuring device is characterized in that the distance to the object is measured by comparing the phases of beat signals of beat signals by the plurality of CW lasers.
(2) A distance measuring device that measures a distance to an object, and a light source that oscillates light at a constant frequency interval, and a plurality of CWs controlled to have a constant frequency difference with respect to the frequency of the light source A laser, means for irradiating the object with the plurality of CW lasers, means for spatially scanning the surface of the object with the plurality of CW lasers, and reflected or scattered by the light source and the object Means for receiving the plurality of CW lasers to observe beats, means for generating beat signals of beat signals by the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered by the light source and the object, the light source and the object Means for extracting the phase of the beat signal of the beat signal by the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered by the beat signal by the plurality of CW lasers before irradiating the light source and the object Means for extracting the phase of the beat signal, the beat signal phase of the beat signal between the light source and the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered by the object, and before irradiating the light source and the object The distance measuring device is characterized in that the distance to the object is measured by comparing the phases of beat signals of beat signals by the plurality of CW lasers.
(3) A distance measuring device for measuring the distance to an object, wherein a plurality of CW lasers with variable oscillation frequencies, means for acquiring beats by the plurality of CW lasers, and oscillation of the plurality of CW lasers Frequency stabilization means for maintaining a constant frequency difference, an optical system for irradiating the object with the CW laser, an optical system for scanning the plurality of CW lasers on the surface of the object, and reflection from the object Or an optical system for receiving the plurality of scattered CW lasers, means for extracting beats between the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered from the object, and the plurality of CWs reflected or scattered from the object. Means for extracting the phase of the beat between the lasers, and means for calculating the distance from the extracted phase to the object, at least one of reflected light or scattered light from the object The distance measuring apparatus is characterized in that the distance to the object is measured based on a difference between one of the phases and a phase before the object is irradiated.
(4) A distance measuring device for measuring a distance to an object, wherein a plurality of CW lasers with variable oscillation frequencies, means for acquiring beats by the plurality of CW lasers, and oscillation of the plurality of CW lasers Frequency stabilization means for maintaining a constant frequency difference, an optical system for irradiating the object with the CW laser, an optical system for scanning the plurality of CW lasers on the surface of the object, and reflection from the object Or an optical system for receiving the plurality of scattered CW lasers, means for extracting beats between the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered from the object, and the plurality of CWs reflected or scattered from the object. Using means for extracting the phase of the beat between lasers and means for calculating the distance from the extracted phase to the object, at least either of reflected light or scattered light from the object The distance measuring apparatus is characterized in that the distance to the object is measured based on a difference between one of the phases and a phase before the object is irradiated.
(5) A distance measuring device for measuring a distance to an object, the light source CW laser having a plurality of oscillation frequencies, a means for obtaining a beat of the light source, and light emitted from the light source to the object An optical system that irradiates light emitted from the light source on the surface of the object, an optical system that receives light emitted from the light source reflected or scattered from the object, and Means for extracting a beat between light emitted from the light source reflected or scattered from an object; means for extracting a phase of a beat between light emitted from the light source reflected or scattered from the object; A means for calculating a distance from the extracted phase to the object, the phase of at least one of reflected light or scattered light from the object and the phase of light before irradiating the object A distance measuring apparatus characterized by measuring the distance to the object by.
(6) A distance measuring method for measuring a distance to an object, the light source CW laser having a plurality of oscillation frequencies, a means for acquiring a beat of the light source, and light emitted from the light source to the object An optical system that irradiates light emitted from the light source on the surface of the object, an optical system that receives light emitted from the light source reflected or scattered from the object, and Means for extracting a beat between light emitted from the light source reflected or scattered from an object; means for extracting a phase of a beat between light emitted from the light source reflected or scattered from the object; , Using means for calculating the distance from the extracted phase to the object, the phase of at least one of reflected light or scattered light from the object and the phase of light before irradiating the object A distance measuring method and measuring the distance to the object by.
(7) A distance measuring device that measures a distance to an object, and a light source that oscillates light at a constant frequency interval, and a plurality of CWs controlled to have a constant frequency difference with respect to the frequency of the light source A laser, light branching means for branching light from the plurality of CW lasers into measurement light and reference light, and irradiating the object with measurement light obtained by the light branching means, from the object by the measurement light First detection means for detecting reflected or scattered light of the light and light from the light source, second detection means for detecting the reference light and light from the light source, and the first Calculated based on the signal obtained by the detection means, and based on the signal obtained by the second detection means and the phase of the beat signal by the light from the light source and the reflected or scattered light by the measurement light. Calculated from the light from the light source A distance measuring apparatus comprising: processing means for calculating a distance to the object by comparing a phase of a beat signal by the reference light.

According to the present invention, a distance that can be easily measured by an optical non-contact method with an accuracy of 0.1 mm or more to an object to be measured about 10 m away from the surface having a low reflectivity or the surface being a scattering surface. A measuring device and a distance measuring method can be provided.

It is a schematic diagram of the spectrum of an optical comb. It is the model showing a mode that a beat signal is produced | generated by the photodetector. It is a schematic diagram showing the frequency spectrum of the beat signal generated from the optical comb. It is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between the distance to a to-be-measured object and the phase difference of measurement light and detection light. The relationship between measurement accuracy improvement and measurement range expansion by two beats. It is a schematic diagram showing the spectrum of the laser controlled so that an optical comb, an optical comb, and a frequency have a fixed relationship. It is a schematic diagram showing the frequency spectrum of the beat signal generated by the optical comb and the CW laser. It is the frequency spectrum of the beat obtained by mixing the beat of the optical comb and CW laser. It is a schematic diagram showing the structure of the length measuring and ranging apparatus using CW laser frequency-locked to the optical comb. It is a figure showing an example of a frequency source. It is a figure showing the structural example of a laser driver. It is a figure showing the example of a structure of a circuit. It is a figure showing the example of a structure of a circuit. It is a figure showing the example of a structure of a circuit. It is a figure showing the structural example of an optical system. It is a figure showing the structural example of the optical system which scans measurement light. It is a figure showing the structural example of the optical system which scans measurement light. It is a figure showing the structural example of the optical system which scans measurement light. It is a figure showing the structural example of the optical system which scans measurement light. It is a schematic diagram showing the structure of the length measuring / ranging device using the CW laser frequency-locked independently of the optical comb. It is a figure showing the example of a structure of a circuit. It is a figure showing the example of a structure of a circuit. It is a figure showing the example of a structure of a circuit. It is a figure which represents typically the spectrum of the laser by which the difference frequency was controlled. It is a schematic diagram showing the structural example of the length measuring / ranging meter which uses a plurality of frequency controlled lasers as light sources. It is a figure showing the example of a structure of a circuit. It is a figure showing the example of a structure of a circuit. It is a figure showing the example of a structure of a circuit. It is a figure which represents typically the relationship between the CW laser of three different frequencies, and the frequency of the beat signal generated by them. It is the figure which represented typically the structure of the apparatus which performs length measurement and ranging with the CW laser by which three frequencies were controlled. It is a figure showing the example of a structure of a circuit. It is a figure showing the example of a structure of a circuit. It is a figure showing the example of a structure of a circuit. It is a figure showing the example of a structure of a circuit.

The above problem (A) can be solved by increasing the intensity of the optical comb to be used. However, in the actual work site, the increase in the light intensity cannot be expected so much due to safety restrictions. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, the present invention proposes a method in which only the light necessary for length measurement is strengthened while keeping the total amount of light irradiated to the object to be measured within a safe range.

This will be described below with reference to the drawings.
In the present invention, two CW lasers whose wavelengths can be controlled are used in addition to the optical comb. The relationship between the frequency spectrum of these CW lasers and the frequency spectrum of the optical comb is shown in FIG. Each mode 1 of the optical comb has a spectrum 2 distribution, and each mode interval 3 is constant. The frequency of the CW laser is adjusted to the range where this optical comb is distributed. The frequency 20 of the first CW laser is fixed between the r-th mode and the r + 1-th mode of the optical comb, and the frequency is f _LD- 1 that is f _r-LD1 higher than the _r- th mode. . The frequency 21 of the other second CW laser is fixed between the s-th mode and s + 1-th mode of the optical comb, and its frequency is f _s-LD2 higher than the _s- th mode. _Let it be _LD2 . The frequency difference 22 between the frequency 20 of the first CW laser and the frequency 21 of the second CW laser is f _LD2 -f _LD1 . Thus, in order to fix the oscillation frequency to a certain frequency difference with respect to the frequency of the optical comb, the first and second CW lasers are variable in frequency and the width of the oscillation spectrum is the mode of the optical comb. Use a CW laser that is sufficiently narrower than interval 3.

  In this way, when using a CW laser with the oscillation frequency fixed to a certain frequency difference with respect to the mode of the optical comb, by irradiating only two CW lasers without irradiating the optical comb to the object to be measured, The length of the beat can be measured by measuring the phase of the beat corresponding to the frequency difference 22 of the laser. In this case, compared to the case where the optical comb is irradiated to the object to be measured, the intensity of light used for the measurement is increased compared to the case of only the optical comb, and the total intensity of the light irradiated to the object to be measured is reduced. It can be used at the actual work site.

Fig. 7 shows the spectrum when the optical comb and CW laser are detected together by a photodetector. That is, the self-beat 8 of the optical comb is observed at equal intervals from the low frequency side, a mode corresponding to the frequency difference 22 of the CW laser is observed so as to be superimposed on the spectrum, and the beat 23 of the optical comb and the CW laser is observed. , 24 is also observed. Here, the frequencies of the beats 23 and 24 are _fr-LD1 and fs _-LD2 . When performing high-precision length measurement / ranging, it is necessary to increase the frequency difference 22 of the CW laser and determine the phase by setting the beat frequency to a high frequency. Difficulties arise when extracting without disturbing the phase. Therefore, in the present invention, a beat is generated between the optical comb and the beats 23 and 24 of the CW laser, and the phase of the beat 22 between the CW lasers is obtained. First, only the beats 23 and 24 are separately extracted from the frequency signal shown in FIG. 7 obtained from the photodetector. After that, beat 23 and beat 24 are electrically mixed to generate beats 25 and 26 of beat 23 and beat 24. Finally, only one of beats 25 and 26 is extracted by the filter. The operation of extracting the beat of the beat in this way is performed with both the reference light and the measurement light, and the distance to the object to be measured is obtained by comparing the phase of the beat between the beats between the optical comb and the CW laser. Here, the beats 25 and 26 of the beat between the beats between the optical comb and the CW laser correspond to the frequency difference and frequency sum of the beats 23 and 24 of the optical comb and the CW laser as shown in FIG. The information contained is the same regardless of which is used.

Next, an example of an apparatus for performing the length measurement / ranging will be described with reference to FIG.
An optical comb oscillator 101 is excited by a CW laser 102 and guided to an optical fiber 103. An isolator 104 is inserted into the optical fiber 103 so that the oscillation of the optical comb oscillator 101 does not become unstable due to reflected light or scattered light. The other end of the optical fiber 103 is connected to an output coupler 105 and is emitted from the optical fiber 103. The optical comb emitted from the optical fiber 103 is divided into two by the beam splitter 106, reflected by the beam splitter 107, and guided to the photodetector 108. The optical comb detected by the photodetector 108 has a spectrum as shown in FIG. A filter 109 that transmits only light of a specific wavelength is disposed in front of the photodetector 108. The beat signal detected by the photodetector 108 is amplified by the circuit 110 and guided to the circuit 111. The circuit 111 is supplied with a signal having a constant frequency from the frequency reference 112 as an input. The circuit 111 extracts only the beat signal corresponding to the mode interval 3 of the optical comb, compares the constant frequency signal derived from the frequency reference 112 with the frequency of the mode interval 3, and outputs the frequency difference. The output frequency difference signal is guided to the optical comb oscillator 101 and used to keep the oscillation frequency of the optical comb constant.

  In this embodiment, the CW lasers used for measuring and measuring the distance to the object to be measured are 113 and 114, respectively. The first CW laser 113 and the second CW laser 114 are driven and controlled by laser drivers 115 and 116, respectively. The frequency of the first CW laser 113 is lower than the frequency of the second CW laser 114, the oscillation frequency of the first CW laser 113 is 20 in FIG. 6, and the oscillation frequency of the second CW laser 114 is This corresponds to 21 in FIG. The light oscillated from the first CW laser 113 and the second CW laser 114 is guided by an optical fiber, and the two optical fibers are guided by a coupler 117 to one optical fiber. Also here, an isolator 104 is inserted in each of the CW lasers so as to prevent reflection light and scattered light and stabilize the oscillation. The CW laser coupled by the coupler 117 is emitted from the output coupler 108. The emitted CW laser is split by a beam splitter 119, one of which is used as measurement light and the other is used as reference light. The reference light is reflected by the beam splitter 119, combined with the optical comb by the beam splitter 120, and guided to the photodetector 121. In front of the photodetector 121, a filter 122 that transmits only light of a specific frequency is disposed. The optical comb and the CW laser beat signal detected by the photodetector 121 are amplified, mixed, and frequency filtered by the circuit 123.

  In the circuit 123, beats 23 and 24 of the optical comb and the CW laser are extracted by filtering and mixed to generate beats 25 and 26. One of the beats 25 and 26 is extracted by filtering and guided to the phase comparator 124 as a reference signal for the measurement light. Optical comb and CW laser beats 23 and 24 lead to laser drivers 115 and 116 to stabilize the oscillation frequency of the CW laser. That is, the beat 23 leads to the laser driver 115 and the beat 24 leads to the laser driver 116.

  The other of the CW laser beams divided by the beam splitter 119 passes through the optical system 125 and is irradiated onto the object 126 to be measured. The measurement light reflected / scattered by the object to be measured is collected by the optical system 125, reflected by the beam splitter 119, coaxial with the optical comb by the beam splitter 107, passes through the filter 109, and reaches the photodetector 108. . The optical comb and CW laser beats 23 and 24 detected by the photodetector are extracted separately by filtering in the circuit 110, and the extracted beat signals 23 and 24 are mixed to generate beat signals 25 and 26. One is extracted by filtering. The frequency to be extracted is the same as the frequency of the signal guided from the circuit 123 to the phase comparator 124. The extracted beat signal is guided to the phase comparator 124 and compared with the reference signal to calculate its phase. The calculated phase is converted into a distance by the calculator 127, and the converted distance is displayed on a display means (not shown).

Next, each component shown in FIG. 9 will be described with reference to FIGS.
FIG. 10 shows an example of the frequency reference 112. The frequency reference 112 is a frequency source that emits a constant frequency close to the mode interval 3 of the optical comb to the outside. Frequency reference 112 is a stabilized oscillator 128
The frequency signal received from each signal source is a frequency close to the mode interval 3 of the optical comb by the frequency divider 132. The function to lower the frequency. Here, a crystal oscillator, an elastic wave oscillator, a phase lock oscillator, a rubidium oscillator, or the like is used as the stabilization oscillator 128 according to the required measurement accuracy.

FIG. 11 shows a configuration example of the laser drivers 115 and 116.
The signal of the frequency f _r-LD1 or f _s-LD2 transmitted from the circuit 123 is decreased in frequency by the fractional period 133, converted to a proportional voltage by the FV converter 134, and the FV converter 134 is converted by the PI controller 135. The voltage applied to the CW laser driver 136 is controlled so that the output voltage of is constant. With such a configuration, the frequency _fr-LD1 or fs _-LD2 can be kept constant, and the frequency difference 22 between the CW lasers 113 and 114 can be kept constant.

FIG. 12 shows a configuration example of the circuit 110.
An input from the photodetector 108 is amplified by an amplifier 137 and divided into three signals a, b, and c.
The signal a is extracted only by the bandpass filter 138 which extracts only the component corresponding to the frequency interval of each mode of the optical comb, and the frequency comparator 11
Send to 1 (output A). For the signal b, only the optical comb and the beat 23 of the CW laser are extracted by the band-pass filter 139 that transmits only the vicinity of the frequency _fr-LD1 , and is _input to the mixer 140. From the signal c, only the optical comb and the beat 24 of the CW laser are extracted by the band-pass filter 141 that transmits only the vicinity of the frequency f _s-LD2 , and enters the mixer 140. With beat signal 23 by mixer 140
24 is multiplied to generate beat signals 25 and 26 of beat signals 23 and 24. Beat signals 25 and 26
For example, only the low frequency beat 25 is extracted by the bandpass filter 142 and sent to the phase comparator 124 (output B).

FIG. 13 shows a configuration example of the circuit 123.
The input from the photodetector 121 is amplified by an amplifier 137 and divided into two signals d and e.
From the divided signal d, only the optical comb and the beat 23 of the CW laser are extracted by a bandpass filter 139 that transmits only the frequency _fr-LD1 , and is divided into two. One of the divided signals is used to stabilize the frequency of the CW laser (output D). The other signal is guided to the mixer 140. The signal e is extracted by the bandpass filter 141 that transmits only the vicinity of the frequency f _s-LD2 , and only the beat 24 of the optical comb and the CW laser is extracted and divided into two. One of the divided signals is used to stabilize the frequency of the CW laser (output E). The other signal is guided to the mixer 140. The mixer 140 mixes the frequency signals of the frequencies f _r-LD1 and f _s-LD2 extracted by the bandpass filters 139 and 141 to generate beat signals 25 and 26. For the beat signals 25 and 26, for example, only the beat 25 on the low frequency side is extracted by the band pass filter 142 and is sent to the phase comparator 124 (output F). The band-pass filter 142 used for the beat signals 25 and 26 in the circuits 110 and 123 may be set so as to extract the beat 26 on the high frequency side.

FIG. 14 shows a configuration example of the circuit 111.
A constant frequency signal g oscillated from the frequency reference 112 and an input h from the output A of the circuit 110 are guided to a frequency comparator 143 to extract a frequency difference between the signal g and the signal h. The output from the frequency comparator is led to the controller 144, and the output of the controller 144 is led to the controller 145 that controls the frequency of the optical comb.
The controller 144 controls the controller 145 so that its input becomes a set value, and the controller 145 controls the oscillation frequency of the optical comb according to the output of the controller 144. For example, when the optical comb oscillator 101 is composed of an optical fiber, the optical comb oscillator 101 is controlled by applying stress to the optical fiber to change the oscillator length, or by applying stress or changing the temperature to change the refractive index. This can be realized by changing the optical path length. With this circuit 111, the oscillation frequency of the optical comb, that is, the mode interval 3
Can be kept constant with respect to the frequency reference 112.

An example of the optical system 125 is schematically shown in FIGS.
FIG. 15 shows a portion of the optical system 125 that is closest to the object 126 to be measured. Lens 146 is optical system 1
It is assumed that the lens is closest to the 25 objects to be measured 126, and the lens 146 and the object to be measured 126 are separated by a distance of 147 (Xm). When the object 126 to be measured is inclined by an angle 148 (Y rad) with respect to the optical system 125 as shown in (a), the reflected light 150 from the object 126 to be measured 149 is 2 × X × Y m Only displace on the lens 146. Therefore, taking into account the assumed distance 147 to the object to be measured and the inclination 148 of the mirror surface of the object to be measured, the aperture of the lens 146 is set to 2 × X × Y m or more. When the surface of the object to be measured is the scattering surface 151 as shown in (b), the scattered light 152 returns to the lens 146. When the scattered light 152 is scattered isotropically from the irradiation position of the measurement light 149, the amount of light that can be collected by the lens 146 is proportional to the square of the diameter of the lens 146, so the aperture is increased to increase the amount of light and the signal-to-noise ratio. Can be increased.

FIGS. 16 to 19 show examples of optical systems that scan the measurement light two-dimensionally.
FIG. 16 shows an example in which a polygon mirror 153 is used. As shown in (a), the measurement light 154 incident on the scanning optical system has its propagation direction changed by the polygon mirror 153, and the measurement light 155 whose propagation direction has been changed is irradiated onto the object to be measured. As shown in (b), the measurement light 155 irradiated to the object to be measured changes its direction in accordance with the rotation 156 of the polygon mirror, and scans the surface of the object to be measured one-dimensionally. By using a combination of two polygon mirrors whose rotation axes are orthogonal to each other, the measurement light 155 can be two-dimensionally scanned on the surface of the object to be measured.

FIG. 17 shows an example of an optical system that two-dimensionally scans the measuring light 154 using an oblique mirror 158 provided on the cross section of the cylinder 157. As shown in (a), the measurement light 154 incident on the scanning optical system is
The direction can be changed by the oblique mirror 158, and the measurement light 155 whose direction has been changed is irradiated onto the object to be measured. The measurement light 155 rotates in the direction 160 in accordance with the rotation 159 of the cylinder 157, that is, the oblique mirror 158. The measurement light 155 can be scanned circularly by the rotation 159 of the cylinder. On the other hand, as shown in (b), when the oblique mirror 158 is rotated by the rotation axis 161 perpendicular to the cylindrical major axis through the point irradiated with the measurement light from the oblique mirror 158, the measurement light 155 is rotated 159. Can be scanned in different directions. In this way, by combining the rotation 159 about the cylindrical axis and the rotation about the rotation axis 161 with the oblique mirror 158, the measurement light can be scanned three-dimensionally on the surface of the object to be measured.

FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of an optical system that scans the measurement light 154 using a parabolic mirror 163 and a polygon mirror 153. As shown in (a), the polygon mirror 153 having a rotation axis at the focal point of the parabolic mirror 163 is rotated, and the position and angle at which the measurement light 154 strikes the surface of the parabolic mirror 163 are changed. Parabolic mirror 163
Depending on the position and angle of contact with the surface, the measurement light 155 irradiated from the parabolic mirror 163 to the object to be measured is 1
It can be scanned dimensionally. Further, as shown in (b), the parabolic mirror 163 and the polygon mirror 153 are integrated and rotated in a direction orthogonal to the rotation axis of the polygon mirror 153, so that the measurement light 154 can be two-dimensionally scanned on the surface of the object to be measured. is there. In this method, the measurement light 155 irradiating the object to be measured can be made parallel. In the combination of the parabolic mirror 163 and the polygon mirror 153, since the polygon mirror 153 is installed in the parabolic mirror 163, there is an area that cannot be scanned on the object to be measured. for that reason,
As shown in (c), by using an object in which the parabolic mirror 163 is halved, such as the parabolic mirror 164, it is possible to eliminate the area that cannot be scanned due to the polygon mirror 153.

FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of an optical system that scans the measurement light 154 using a pair of mirrors 165 and 166. FIG. As shown in (a), the mirror surfaces of the mirrors 165 and 166 are opposed to each other, and are rotated by rotation axes 167 and 168 that are orthogonal to each other. By the rotation of the rotation shaft 167 of the mirror 166, the measurement light 155 emitted from the scanning optical system can be scanned one-dimensionally. As shown in (b), the position of the mirror 166 can be changed by the rotation of the rotating shaft 168 of the mirror 165, and therefore the measurement light 155 emitted from the scanning optical system can be scanned one-dimensionally. By combining the rotation of the rotation shaft 167 of the mirror 166 and the rotation of the rotation shaft 168 of the mirror 165, the measurement light 155 can be scanned two-dimensionally on the surface of the object to be measured. Instead of rotating the mirror 165 and the mirror 166, the rotating shafts 167, 16
The measurement light 155 may be scanned by vibrating around 8.

FIG. 20 shows another example of a device that performs length measurement / ranging. The apparatus configuration shown in FIG. 20 is a configuration for making the oscillation frequencies f _LD1 and f _LD2 of the first CW laser 113 and the second CW laser 114 more stable.
The light oscillated from the optical comb oscillator 101 is coupled to the optical fiber 103, and the optical comb resonator 101
It propagates through an isolator 104 for stabilizing In the configuration shown in FIG. 20, the optical comb is branched into three by the fiber coupler 169. The intensity ratio of the light when dividing into three does not necessarily need to be divided into three equal parts. The light propagating to the fiber couplers 172 and 175 is weaker than the light propagating to the output coupler 170, so that the measurement light and reference light It can be determined appropriately in consideration of improvement in measurement accuracy, device configuration, etc., such as intensifying light to be coupled.

One of the branched optical combs propagates to the output coupler 170. Output coupler 1
70 and beyond are the same as in FIG. 9, and a part of the description is omitted. A part branched into three is combined with the light of the CW laser 113 by the fiber coupler 172 and detected by the photodetector 177. The light detected by the photodetector 177 is a beat signal of the frequency difference _fr-LD1 between the optical comb and the CW laser 113, and hits the beat 23 in FIG. The beat signal detected by the photodetector 177 is guided to the circuit 178 and used to keep the oscillation frequency of the CW laser 113 in a fixed relationship with the frequency of the optical comb. A specific example of the circuit 178 is shown in FIG. Only the frequency of _fr-LD1 is extracted from the input j from the photodetector 177 by the filter 182 and converted to a proportional voltage by the FV converter 134, and the output voltage of the FV converter 134 is made constant by the PI controller 135. Thus, the voltage applied to the CW laser driver 136 is controlled. With such a configuration, the frequency _fr-LD1 can be kept constant, and the frequency difference 22 of the CW laser 113 can be kept constant.

The light branched into three by the fiber coupler 169 and guided to the fiber coupler 175 is combined with the light emitted from the CW laser 114 by the fiber coupler 175. The combined light is detected by a photodetector 179. The signal detected by the photodetector 179 is a beat signal of the frequency difference _fr-LD2 between the optical comb and the CW laser 114, and hits the beat 24 in FIG. The beat signal detected by the photodetector 179 is guided to the circuit 180 and used to stabilize the oscillation frequency of the CW laser 114. A specific configuration example of the circuit 180 is shown in FIG. Only the frequency of f _s-LD2 is extracted by the filter 183 from the input k from the photodetector 179, the frequency is converted to a voltage proportional to it by the FV converter 134, and the output voltage of the FV converter 134 is constant by the PI controller 135. The voltage applied to the CW laser driver 136 is controlled so that With such a configuration, the frequency f _s-LD2 can be kept constant, and the frequency difference 23 of the CW laser 114 can be kept constant.

As the filter 182 used here, a low-pass filter that transmits the frequency f _r-LD1 and does not transmit the frequency _{equal to} or higher than _{fr + 1-LD1} can be used. Further, when it is desired to remove a signal having a frequency lower than _{fr-LD1, a} band pass filter may be used, or a low pass filter and a high pass filter may be used in combination. The filter 183 transmits the frequency f _s-LD2 and f
_A low-pass filter that does not transmit frequencies above _{s + S-LD2} can be used. And f
_When it is desired to remove signals having a frequency lower than that of _{s-LD2, a} band pass filter may be used, or a combination of a low pass filter and a high pass filter may be used.

When the frequency of the first CW laser 113 and the second CW laser 114 is kept constant with the optical comb by the configuration as shown in FIG. 20, (a) the frequencies f _r-LD1 and f _s-LD2 It is not necessary to prepare a filter with excellent attenuation characteristics that separates and extracts beat signals with close frequencies, and (b) in the process of stabilizing the frequencies of the CW lasers 113 and 114 with respect to the optical comb. There is an advantage that a stable element can be removed.

Here, the above (b) will be briefly described.
When stabilizing the first CW laser 113 or the second CW laser 114 with respect to the optical comb, the frequency difference between the frequency of the CW laser and the mode of the optical comb that is closest in frequency is used. Finally, the oscillation frequency of each CW laser 113, 114 is increased to a high frequency corresponding to the required measurement accuracy, but the oscillation frequency of each CW laser 113, 114 may be very close immediately after the CW laser is activated. In that case, two beat signals with the optical comb appear at very close frequencies. In that case, if the circuit used to stabilize the CW laser is configured as shown in FIG. 13, only one of the filter 139 and the filter 141 is transmitted. For example, when the filter 139 is transmitted, the output F is obtained. It will not be possible. Then, there is no input to the driver of one CW laser, and the oscillation frequency is not controlled. In addition, even in a CW laser that uses the output D to control the oscillation frequency, a signal of two frequencies is input to the FV converter, and PI control is performed based on this, so it becomes unstable. However, in the configuration shown in FIG. 20, each of the CW lasers is combined with an optical comb separately to generate a beat signal, and each beat signal is detected by a separate photodetector, so the above problem does not occur. . Since only the beat of the CW laser itself and the optical comb exists in the signal extracted by filtering the beat signal, there is no problem that the frequency control becomes unstable.

FIG. 23 shows a specific configuration example of the circuit 181 in the configuration diagram shown in FIG.
The input from the photodetector 121 is amplified by an amplifier 137 and divided into two parts, m and n. The divided signal m is extracted only by the optical comb and the beat 23 of the CW laser by the bandpass filter 139 that transmits only the frequency f _r-LD1 frequency, and the signal n is transmitted only near the frequency f _s-LD2 The bandpass filter 141 that extracts the optical comb and the beat 24 of the CW laser is extracted and guided to the mixer 140. The mixer 140 mixes the frequency signals of the frequencies f _r-LD1 and f _s-LD2 to generate beat signals 25 and 26. For the beat signals 25 and 26, for example, only the beat 25 on the low frequency side is extracted by the band pass filter 142 and sent to the phase comparator 124 (
Output M). The band-pass filter 142 used for the beat signals 25 and 26 in the circuits 110 and 123 may be set so as to extract the beat 26 on the high frequency side.

Next, regarding the problem (B) related to the application of length measurement and distance measurement using an optical comb to the electric machine industry, the cause will be described first, and then the countermeasure will be described.
When measuring and measuring distance using an optical comb, the self beat is observed. The self-beat generated by detecting an optical comb with a photodetector depends on the frequency band of the photodetector, but is roughly
10 ⁴ occurs. However, the beat signal used for actual distance measurement is only one beat among those beats. Therefore, it is difficult to extract only the target beat from a signal (hereinafter referred to as background) that is spread over the entire frequency band detected by the photodetector. further,
The intensity of the target beat signal is as weak as about 10 ³ -10 ⁴ of the detected optical signal. When measuring with weak light so that the photodetector does not saturate, the required beat signal is very weak. It becomes.
As a result, the signal-to-noise ratio is lowered and the measurement accuracy is lowered. In order to solve this problem, before detecting light with a photodetector, only the necessary beat signal periphery is selectively extracted using an optical bandpass filter, and the necessary signal occupies the detected optical signal. Although it has devised measures such as increasing the ratio of, it has not yet reached an essential solution.

Therefore, the present invention proposes a method using only light necessary for length measurement without a background.
As the light source, multiple CW lasers that oscillate at a single frequency with controlled oscillation frequency, CW lasers that oscillate in multiple modes with a single CW laser, or CW lasers that oscillate at a single frequency are divided into two parts. Or use both with frequency modulation. Thereafter, FIG. 24 (a)
As an example the case of using a CW laser which oscillates at a frequency f ₁ and (201) a CW laser (202) which oscillates at a frequency f ₂ as a light source as shown in, for explaining the principle and configuration example.

  A CW laser emitted from a light source is divided into two, one as reference light and the other as measurement light. The reference light is detected by the photodetector after being divided, and a beat signal corresponding to the difference frequency is obtained as shown in FIG. 24B (203). The measurement light is irradiated to the object to be measured after being divided. Measurement light reflected or scattered by the object to be measured is collected and detected by a photodetector to obtain a beat signal corresponding to the difference frequency. The beat signal of the measurement light is delayed in phase by an amount corresponding to the distance that propagates back to the object to be measured compared to the beat signal of the reference light. The distance to the object to be measured can be obtained from the phase delay and the beat frequency. The distance measurement accuracy is determined by the frequency of the beat signal, that is, the frequency difference between the light emitted from the light source, the stability of the frequency difference, and the phase measurement accuracy.For example, the phase is π using light with a frequency difference of 50 GHz. When determined with an accuracy of / 50, the distance measurement accuracy is approximately 30 μm.

In this detection principle, the measurement light detected by the photodetector has only two modes. for that reason,
If the light intensity of the frequency f ₁ is the light intensity of the frequency f ₂ at a1 is matched by a2, the signal detected is expressed by Equation 1.
(Equation 1) | a1 * exp (i 2π f ₁ t) + a2 * exp (i 2π f ₂ t) | ^ 2 = a1 ^ 2 + a2 ^ 2 + a1 * a2 * exp (
i 2π (f ₁ -f ₂ ) t) + a1 * a2 * exp (-i 2π (f ₁ -f ₂ ) t)
This shows that the beat signal is 2 * a1 * a2 / (a1 ^ 2 + a2 ^ 2 + 2 * a1 * a2) of all detected signals, and if a1 = a2, 50% of the total Is a beat signal that can be used for measurement. Since the case where an optical comb is used as a frequency reference is several percent of the total signal, the signal strength can be increased about 10 times in this detection method.

FIG. 25 shows a specific configuration example of a distance measurement system that performs measurement based on this measurement principle.
The CW laser 204 oscillating at the frequency f ₁ is driven and controlled by the circuit 205, and the CW laser 206 oscillating at the frequency f ₂ is driven and controlled by the circuit 207. For the CW lasers 204 and 206, a CW laser that can control the oscillation frequency and oscillates in a narrow band is used. For example, a feedback CW laser may be used. The CW laser 204 is stabilized by the isolator 208, and the CW laser 206 is stabilized by the isolator 209 so that the reflected light or scattered light from the outside does not return to the oscillator, thereby stabilizing the CW laser oscillation. The light emitted from the CW laser 204 is divided into two by the fiber coupler 210, and one of them reaches the photodetector 211. The light emitted from the CW laser 206 is split into two by the fiber coupler 212, and one of them reaches the photodetector 211. The photodetector 211 detects the light from the CW laser 204 and the CW laser 206 and outputs a beat signal corresponding to the difference frequency f ₁ -f ₂ (203 in FIG. 24). The beat signal output from the photodetector 211 is guided to the circuit 213 and compared with the frequency of the frequency source 214. As the frequency source 214, as shown in FIG. 10, an atomic clock, a high-accuracy oscillator, or a radio signal with a constant frequency used in GPS (Global Positioning System) can be used. The circuit 213 compares the beat signal with the reference frequency and outputs a current or voltage proportional to the frequency difference. A signal proportional to the frequency difference is input to the circuit 205 and the circuit 207, and is used for controlling the oscillation frequency of the CW laser 204 and the CW laser 206 to control the frequency difference to be constant. Thus, by using an external reference frequency, the difference between the oscillation frequencies of a plurality of CW lasers can be kept constant.

Next, the measurement system will be described.
A part of the light emitted from the CW laser 204 and split by the fiber coupler 210 reaches the fiber coupler 215 and is mixed with a part of the light emitted from the CW laser 206 and split by the fiber coupler 212. The light that is mixed and propagated is split into reference light and measurement light by the fiber coupler 215. Here, the light splitting ratio of the fiber coupler 215 does not need to be 1: 1, and may be appropriately selected so that the reference light is weak and the measurement light is strong. The reference light is received by the photodetector 216, converted into a beat signal corresponding to the frequency difference, and sent to the circuit 217. The measurement light is split by the fiber coupler 215, passes through the isolator 218, is emitted from the fiber to the atmosphere by the output coupler 219, and is irradiated to the object to be measured 221 through the optical system 220. The light reflected or scattered by the object to be measured is received by the optical system 221, the optical path is branched by the beam splitter 222, and detected by the photodetector 223. The photodetector 223 converts the measurement light into a beat signal corresponding to the frequency difference and sends it to the circuit 217. The circuit 217 measures the phase of the reference signal beat signal and the measurement light beat signal, and measures the phase delay of the measurement light beat signal with respect to the phase of the reference light beat signal. The distance from the frequency to the object to be measured is calculated, and the calculated distance is displayed on the display means 224.

In addition to the measurement light, background light filled with the measurement environment is also incident on the photodetector 223. for that reason,
There is a concern that a signal due to background light is obtained over a wide band, and a necessary beat signal of the measurement light is buried or deteriorated. Therefore, a necessary beat signal can be prevented from being buried in the background by appropriately using a filter 225 that transmits only the frequency in the vicinity of the measurement light immediately before the photodetector 223.

For example, the circuit 213 includes a frequency divider 226 and a phase comparator 227 as shown in FIG. The input p from the photodetector 211 is frequency-divided by the frequency divider 226 to a frequency substantially equal to the reference frequency. The output of the frequency divider 226 becomes the input of the frequency comparator 227, and is used to obtain the frequency difference P from the reference frequency q. Here, the frequency comparator 227 may use, for example, a lock-in amplifier or a phase lock loop circuit (PLL circuit).

  The circuits 205 and 207 are configured by using a PI controller 228 and a CW laser drive circuit 229, for example, as shown in FIG. The PI controller 228 controls the CW laser driving circuit 229 so that the frequency difference between the CW laser beat signal output from the circuit 213 and the reference frequency becomes a predetermined amount. Here, the control of the CW laser 204 and the CW laser 206 may be such that the frequency of both the CW lasers is controlled and the oscillation frequency difference is kept constant, or one of the CW lasers is oscillated without control, The oscillation frequency difference between the CW lasers may be kept constant by controlling the oscillation frequency of the other CW laser. When controlling both CW lasers, the frequency control range can be increased by controlling the CW laser drive circuit by reversing the operations of the PI controllers 228 of each other.

A configuration example of the circuit 217 is shown in FIG.
The reference light measured by the photodetector 216 is converted into a beat signal and input to the circuit 217 (see FIG. 28).
r), the measurement light measured by the photodetector 223 is converted into a beat signal and input to the circuit 217 (FIG. 2).
8 s). Input r is mixed with a constant frequency reference signal oscillated by frequency source 232 in mixer 230, and input s is mixed with a constant frequency reference signal oscillated by frequency source 232 in mixer 231. Here, the reference signal is not the same as the measured beat frequency, and the frequency differs by about kHz to MHz. The signals r, s mixed with the reference signal are filtered by filters 233,
Only the beat signal corresponding to the difference frequency is extracted by 234 and input to the phase comparator 235. The phase comparator compares the phases of the beat signal generated from the measurement light and the reference signal and the beat signal generated from the reference light and the reference signal, and calculates the distance to the object to be measured from the phase difference. In this way, even high-frequency beats where filtering and phase comparison are difficult to perform directly can be processed relatively easily. If the filter used or the frequency band for phase comparison can directly process the beat frequency, it can be directly input to the phase comparator without mixing with the reference signal or filtering, and the phase difference can be measured. it can.

  In the configuration example shown in FIG. 25, length measurement is performed using two CW lasers. In this configuration, the beat signal used for length measurement is one frequency, and the measurement range is limited to the wavelength corresponding to the beat frequency. In order to expand the measurement range and achieve high-accuracy length measurement over a wide range, it is necessary to combine with another length-measurement / ranging method or use a lower frequency beat. Here, we propose CW lasers that oscillate at three or more different frequencies, and measure and measure distances using beat signals between the CW lasers.

The principle will be described with reference to FIG. In FIG. 29, the frequency of the CW laser used is f1>f2> f3
, f2, and f3, and the measured phase is measured with an accuracy of 1/100. f1, f
When a CW laser with two frequencies of 2 and 3 is detected by a photodetector, the resulting signal is f1-f2, f2-f3
, f1-f3 beat frequencies. Where f1, f3 = 100 * (f2-f3)
When a frequency of 2, f3 is selected, the measurement accuracy is determined by the beat of f1-f3, which has the highest frequency, and a measurement range 100 times that of f1-f3 is obtained by the beat of f2-f3 at 1/100 of that frequency. It is done. Similarly, by increasing the frequency of the CW laser to 4 and controlling the oscillation frequency interval, the measurement range can be expanded while maintaining the measurement accuracy, or the measurement accuracy can be improved while maintaining the measurement range. Is possible. Specifically, for example, four frequencies f1, f1>f2>f3> f4
Using four CW lasers oscillating at f2, f3, f4, f1-f4 = 100 GHz, (f2-f4) = (f1-f4) / 100 = 1 GHz, (f3-f4) = (f1-f4 ) / 10000 = 10 MHz If the frequency is controlled, the measurement range is 15 m with an accuracy of 15 μm. In this method, the measurement accuracy is determined by the upper frequency limit of the photodetector and circuit, and the measurement range is determined by the oscillation line width of the CW laser used. That is, the beat frequency of the lowest frequency that determines the measurement range is determined by the nearest mode interval, but the mode interval cannot be made smaller than the oscillation line width. In reality, if a CW laser having an oscillation line width of about 100 kHz is used, it is possible to use a beat signal of about 200 kHz, and the measurement range in that case is about 750 m. To achieve a measurement range of 750 m while maintaining an accuracy of 15 μm, at least five CW lasers are required to determine the phase of the beat signal with an accuracy of 1/100. In addition, it is possible to add a CW laser for the purpose of generating higher frequency beats necessary to improve the measurement accuracy.

A configuration example in the case where length measurement is performed using three CW lasers will be described with reference to FIG.
CW lasers 242, 243, and 244 that oscillate at a single frequency are connected to the drive circuits 245, 246, and 2 respectively.
It is driven by 47. The light oscillated from the CW laser 242 passes through the isolator 248 for stabilizing the CW laser, is guided to the fiber coupler 249, and is divided into two. One of the divided parts is led to a fiber coupler 250 for use as a reference for controlling the oscillation frequency, and the other is led to a fiber coupler 251 for use as measurement light. The light split ratio of the fiber coupler 249 does not need to be 1: 1, the light guided to the fiber coupler 250 is weakened, the light guided to the fiber coupler 251 is strengthened, and the measurement light is strengthened as necessary. The strength can be determined appropriately. The light oscillated from the CW laser 243 passes through the isolator 248 for stabilizing the CW laser, is guided to the fiber coupler 252 and is divided into three. Part of the split light is directed to the fiber coupler 250 for use as a reference to control the frequency difference with the CW laser 242. The light guided to the fiber coupler 253 is used as a reference for controlling the frequency difference with the CW laser 244. The light guided to the fiber coupler 251 is used as measurement light. Here, the light branching ratio of the fiber coupler 252 does not need to be 1: 1: 1, and the intensity ratio can be appropriately determined as necessary, for example, by increasing the light used for measurement. The light oscillated from the CW laser 244 passes through the isolator 248 for stabilizing the CW laser, is guided to the fiber coupler 254, and is divided into two. One of the divided parts is led to a fiber coupler 253 for use as a reference for controlling the oscillation frequency, and the other is led to a fiber coupler 251 for use as measurement light. The light split ratio of the fiber coupler 254 does not need to be 1: 1, but the light guided to the fiber coupler 253 is weakened, the light guided to the fiber coupler 251 is strengthened, and the measurement light is strengthened as necessary. The strength can be determined appropriately.

The light of the CW laser 242 and the CW laser 243 mixed by the fiber coupler 250 is detected by the photodetector 255 and converted into a beat signal. The beat signal that is the output of the photodetector 255 is
It is guided to the circuit 256 and frequency-compared with a fixed reference frequency oscillated by the frequency source 257. The output of the circuit 256 is guided to the drive circuit 245, and based on the output of the circuit 256, the oscillation frequency of the CW laser 242 is controlled to be a constant frequency difference from the oscillation frequency of the CW laser 243. The light of the CW laser 243 and the CW laser 244 mixed by the fiber coupler 253 is detected by the photodetector 258 and converted into a beat signal. The beat signal, which is the output of the photodetector 258, is guided to the circuit 259 and frequency-compared with a reference frequency of constant frequency oscillated by the frequency source 257. Circuit 259
Of the CW laser 243 and the CW laser 244 are controlled based on the output of the circuit 256 so that the oscillation frequencies of the CW laser 243 and the CW laser 244 are constant. Here, as the frequency source 257, for example, as illustrated in FIG. 10, an atomic clock, a GPS signal, an output of a stabilized oscillator, or the like can be used.

The lights of the CW lasers 242, 243, and 244 guided to the fiber coupler 251 are mixed and divided into two. One of the divided lights is guided to a photodetector 260 to be used as a phase reference light, and CW
The signal is converted into a beat signal corresponding to the frequency difference between the lasers 242, 243, and 244 and guided to the circuit 261. The other light divided by the fiber coupler 251 is used as measurement light. The measurement light is emitted from the fiber at the output coupler 262, passes through the optical system 263, and is irradiated onto the object 264 to be measured. The measurement light reflected or scattered by the object to be measured is collected in the optical system 263, the optical path is divided by the beam splitter 265, and the light detector 26 passes through the filter 266.
Detected at 7. The measurement light converted into the beat signal by the photodetector 267 is guided to the circuit 261 and phase-compared with the beat signal of the reference light. Here, the optical system 263 may be composed of an optical system for scanning the measurement light as exemplified in FIGS. 15 to 19 and an optical system for light projection, and description thereof is omitted. The filter 266 disposed immediately before the photodetector 267 is used to remove background light that is collected in the optical system 263 and mixed with the measurement light. For example, the filter 266 transmits only the frequencies of the CW lasers 242, 243, and 244. Such as a bandpass filter.

An example of a specific configuration of the circuits 256 and 259 is shown in FIG.
The beat signal from the CW laser, which is the output of the photodetectors 255 and 258, is input to the circuit 246 or 259 from Q in FIG. 31, and the frequency is reduced to, for example, a fraction of an integer frequency by the frequency divider 269. . Thereafter, the frequency comparator 270 performs frequency comparison with a constant frequency signal from the frequency source 257, and outputs a voltage or current determined by the difference between the frequencies (q in FIG. 31). The configuration as shown in FIG. 31 is effective when the beat frequency of light is relatively high, or when the difference between the oscillation frequency of an oscillator or the like used for the frequency source and the beat frequency of light is large. On the other hand, when the frequency of the frequency source to be used is about the same as the beat signal, or when the beat signal is included in the band of the phase comparator, the frequency divider 269 is not necessary, and the beat signal and the frequency source The 257 signals may be directly phase compared.

A specific configuration example of the circuits 245, 246, and 247 is shown in FIG.
A voltage or current determined by the frequency difference between the beat signal, which is the output of the phase comparator 270, and the frequency source 257 is input from the R to the circuit 245 or 246 or 247. The input R controls the CW laser drive circuit 272 by the PI controller 271 so that the oscillation frequency of the CW laser becomes the set frequency. Thus, the oscillation frequency of the CW laser can be stabilized by controlling the CW laser and beat detector, the circuit for comparing the phase with the reference frequency, and the CW laser drive circuit by the PI controller. The PI controller 272 may use a PID controller.

In the configuration shown in FIG. 30, the CW lasers 242, 243, 2 are provided by the circuits 245, 246, 247.
44 is driven and controlled, but it is configured to control the CW lasers 242 and 244 so that they oscillate freely without controlling the CW laser 243 and have a relatively constant frequency relative to that frequency. Good. In this case, the circuit 246 is not necessary.

FIG. 33 shows a specific configuration example of the circuit 261 that inputs beat signals from the photodetector 260 and the photodetector 267.
It is assumed that the reference light converted into a beat signal by the photodetector 260 is input from the T to the circuit 261. The beat signal of the reference light is branched and partly guided to the mixer 273 and mixed with the signal from the frequency source 274. Here, the frequency of the frequency source 274 is selected as a very close frequency although it does not coincide with the highest frequency in the beat signal of the reference light. The mixed signal of the reference light beat signal and the frequency source 274 signal is guided to the filter 275, and only the beat signal frequency corresponding to the frequency difference between the reference light beat signal and the frequency source 274 signal is extracted. . Thus, when the signal to be extracted has a high frequency, a beat is generated by mixing with a signal of a very close frequency although it does not match the target frequency, and can be extracted as a low frequency signal. Similarly, the measurement light converted into the beat signal by the photodetector 267 is input from the U to the circuit 261 and branched, and a part thereof is guided to the mixer 276. Frequency source 27 in mixer 276
4 is mixed with the signal from 4, and a low-frequency beat corresponding to the frequency difference between the highest frequency of the measurement light in the beat signal and the signal from the frequency source 274 is generated. The beat is extracted by the filter 277 and guided to the phase comparator 278 together with the output of the filter 275. In the phase comparison 278, the phases of the beat signals extracted by the filter 275 and the filter 277 are compared, and a voltage or current determined by the phase difference is output (t in FIG. 33).
. On the other hand, a part of the input T and the input U divided after the circuit 261 is input to the filters 279 and 280, respectively, and is filtered so as to leave only the lowest frequency beat signal. The phase of the filtering result is compared by the phase comparator 281 and a voltage or current determined by the phase difference is output from the circuit as an output u (u in FIG. 33).

Here, the filters 275, 277, 279, and 280 are any of a bandpass filter, a lowpass filter, and a highpass filter, or a combination thereof, and can be appropriately selected in view of transmittance, band, and phase characteristics. As the frequency source 274, a GPS signal, an atomic clock, a stabilized oscillator, or the like can be used according to the required accuracy, or the frequency source 257 of FIG. 30 may be used.

FIG. 34 shows another configuration example of the circuit 261.
Depending on the phase comparator and filter band used, it is not necessary to lower the frequency of the beat signal of the measurement light and reference light using the frequency source 274, and the phase of the beat signal directly generated by the photodetectors 255 and 258 is not required. May be compared. In that case, as shown in FIG. 34, each of the inputs T to U is divided into two, and only the beat signal that determines the measurement accuracy with the highest value is extracted by the filters 282 and 283, and the phase comparator 284 extracts them. Are compared, and a voltage or current determined by the phase difference is output (t in FIG. 34). The low-frequency beat signal extraction and phase comparison may be the same as the configuration example shown in FIG.

  In Fig. 30 to Fig. 34, a specific configuration of an apparatus that uses three CW lasers, generates two beat signals, and measures the distance to the object to be measured by measuring the phase difference between the measurement light and the reference light. The configuration has been described as an example. In the present invention, the number of CW lasers used is not limited to three, and can be increased to an arbitrary number in a timely manner. Then, the frequency difference of the n CW lasers is controlled to be constant, and the beat signal necessary for measurement is extracted from the beat signal generated by n! / 2 (n-2)! The distance to the object to be measured can be obtained from the phase difference between the measurement light and the reference light and the beat frequency.

As mentioned above, although the invention made by the present inventor has been specifically described based on the embodiment, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention. Needless to say.

7 ... Photo detector 8 ... Self beat 11 ... Reference light 12 ... Measuring light 13 ... DUT 14 ... Phase difference 22 ... Beat signal 23 corresponding to frequency difference of CW laser ... Corresponding to frequency difference between optical comb and CW laser Beat signal 24 ... Beat signal 25 corresponding to frequency difference between optical comb and CW laser ... Beat signal 26 of optical comb and CW laser beat signal ... Beat signal 101 of optical comb and CW laser beat signal ... Optical comb oscillator 102 ... excitation light source 103 ... optical fiber 104 ... isolator 105 ... output coupler 108 ... photodetector 109 ... filter 112 ... frequency source 113 ... frequency variable CW laser oscillator 114 ... frequency variable CW laser oscillator 115 ... CW laser drive circuit 116 ... CW laser Drive circuit 117 ... fiber coupler 118 ... output coupler 121 ... photodetector 22 ... filter 123 ... circuit 124 ... phase comparator 125 ... optical system 126 ... DUT 128 ... oscillator 129 ... atomic clock 130 ... GPS signal 131 ... antenna 153 ... polygon mirror 163 ... concave.

Claims (33)

A distance measuring device for measuring a distance to an object,
A light source that oscillates light at constant frequency intervals;
A plurality of CW lasers controlled to have a constant frequency difference with respect to the frequency of the light source;
Means for irradiating the object with the plurality of CW lasers;
Means for spatially scanning the plurality of CW lasers on the surface of the object;
Means for receiving the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered by the light source and the object and observing beats;
Means for generating a beat signal of a beat signal by the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered by the light source and the object;
Means for extracting the phase of the beat signal of the beat signal by the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered by the light source and the object;
Means for extracting a phase of a beat signal of a beat signal by the plurality of CW lasers before irradiating the light source and the object;
The beat signal phase of the beat signal between the light source and the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered by the object, and the beat signal beat by the plurality of CW lasers before irradiating the light source and the object A distance measuring device for measuring a distance to the object by comparing phases of signals. Extract beats by the light source and the plurality of CW lasers,
By extracting beats between the occurring multiple beats,
2. The distance measuring device according to claim 1, wherein a beat phase between the plurality of CW lasers is extracted. Using the light source and the plurality of CW lasers,
Using triangulation and time-of-flight methods,
2. The distance measuring device according to claim 1, wherein a distance to the object is measured. By the light emitted from the light source,
2. The distance measuring device according to claim 1, wherein a distance to the object is measured. By changing the frequency difference between the plurality of CW lasers controlled to have a constant frequency difference with respect to the light source,
2. The distance measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the distance measuring accuracy and the distance measuring range are changed. The plurality of CW lasers,
Spatially scanning on the surface of the object by a rotating polyhedron having a mirror surface,
2. The distance measuring device according to claim 1. The plurality of CW lasers,
2. The distance measuring apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pair of mirrors is spatially scanned on the surface of the object by rotating or vibrating the mirror. The plurality of CW lasers,
2. The distance measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the object surface is spatially scanned by a rotating polyhedron having a concave mirror and a mirror surface. The CW laser,
2. The distance measuring device according to claim 1, wherein a spatial scan is performed on the surface of the object by rotating a mirror surface having two rotation axes. A distance measuring device for measuring a distance to an object,
A light source that oscillates light at constant frequency intervals;
A plurality of CW lasers controlled to have a constant frequency difference with respect to the frequency of the light source;
Means for irradiating the object with the plurality of CW lasers;
Means for spatially scanning the plurality of CW lasers on the surface of the object;
Means for receiving the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered by the light source and the object and observing beats;
Means for generating a beat signal of a beat signal by the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered by the light source and the object;
Means for extracting the phase of the beat signal of the beat signal by the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered by the light source and the object;
Means for extracting a phase of a beat signal of a beat signal by the plurality of CW lasers before irradiating the light source and the object;
The beat signal phase of the beat signal between the light source and the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered by the object, and the beat signal beat by the plurality of CW lasers before irradiating the light source and the object A distance measuring device for measuring a distance to the object by comparing phases of signals. A distance measuring device for measuring a distance to an object,
CW laser with multiple oscillation frequencies variable,
Means for acquiring beats by the plurality of CW lasers;
Means for stabilizing the frequency of the oscillation frequency difference between the plurality of CW lasers constant,
An optical system for irradiating the object with the CW laser;
An optical system for scanning the surface of the object with the plurality of CW lasers;
An optical system for receiving the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered from the object;
Means for extracting beats between the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered from the object;
Means for extracting the phase of the beat between the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered from the object;
Means for calculating a distance from the extracted phase to the object;
A distance measuring apparatus that measures a distance to the object based on a difference between at least one of reflected light and scattered light from the object and a phase before irradiating the object. To stabilize the frequency of the plurality of CW lasers,
The distance measuring device according to claim 11, wherein beats by the plurality of CW lasers are used. To stabilize the frequency of the plurality of CW lasers,
12. The distance measuring device according to claim 11, wherein the calibrated frequency signal is used as a frequency reference. In the frequency reference,
12. The distance measuring device according to claim 11, wherein a global positioning system (GPS) signal is used. In the frequency reference,
12. The distance measuring device according to claim 11, wherein an atomic clock is used. In the frequency reference,
12. The distance measuring device according to claim 11, wherein a stabilized oscillator is used. Stabilizing the frequency of the plurality of CW lasers,
11. The distance measuring device according to claim 11, wherein the distance measuring device is realized by maintaining a constant difference frequency between the beat and the frequency reference by the plurality of CW lasers. The distance measuring device according to claim 11, wherein there are a plurality of difference frequencies between beats of the plurality of CW lasers and a frequency reference. Divide the beat of the multiple CW lasers to lower the frequency,
12. The distance measuring device according to claim 11, wherein phase comparison is performed. The beats of the plurality of CW lasers,
The frequency is lowered by mixing with the signal of the beat frequency and the frequency close to the frequency,
12. The distance measuring device according to claim 11, wherein a beat phase is extracted. In the plurality of CW lasers,
The distance measuring device according to claim 11, wherein a frequency-stabilized CW laser, an external resonant CW laser, or a narrow-band oscillation CW laser is used. By triangulation method and time-of-flight method using the plurality of CW lasers,
12. The distance measuring device according to claim 11, wherein a distance to the object is measured. The plurality of CW lasers,
12. The distance measuring device according to claim 11, wherein the object surface is spatially scanned by a rotating polyhedron having a mirror surface. The plurality of CW lasers,
12. The distance measuring device according to claim 11, wherein spatial scanning is performed on the surface of the object by rotating or vibrating the paired mirrors. The plurality of CW lasers,
12. The distance measuring apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the object surface is scanned spatially by a rotating polyhedron having a concave mirror and a mirror surface. The CW laser,
12. The distance measuring device according to claim 11, wherein spatial scanning is performed on the surface of the object by rotating a mirror surface having two rotation axes. A distance measuring device for measuring a distance to an object,
CW laser with multiple oscillation frequencies variable,
Means for acquiring beats by the plurality of CW lasers;
Means for stabilizing the frequency of the oscillation frequency difference between the plurality of CW lasers constant,
An optical system for irradiating the object with the CW laser;
An optical system for scanning the surface of the object with the plurality of CW lasers;
An optical system for receiving the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered from the object;
Means for extracting beats between the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered from the object;
Means for extracting the phase of the beat between the plurality of CW lasers reflected or scattered from the object;
Using means for calculating the distance from the extracted phase to the object;
A distance measuring apparatus that measures a distance to the object based on a difference between at least one of reflected light and scattered light from the object and a phase before irradiating the object. A distance measuring device for measuring a distance to an object,
A light source CW laser having a plurality of oscillation frequencies;
Means for obtaining a beat of the light source;
An optical system for irradiating the object with light emitted from the light source;
An optical system that scans the surface of the object with light emitted from the light source;
An optical system for receiving light emitted from the light source reflected or scattered from the object;
Means for extracting a beat between light emitted from the light source reflected or scattered from the object;
Means for extracting a phase of a beat between light emitted from the light source reflected or scattered from the object;
Means for calculating a distance from the extracted phase to the object;
A distance measuring apparatus that measures a distance to the object based on a difference between at least one of reflected light and scattered light from the object and a phase of light before irradiating the object. The light source,
29. The distance measuring device according to claim 28, wherein the distance measuring device is realized by combining a plurality of CW lasers oscillating at a single frequency. The light source,
29. The distance measuring device according to claim 28, wherein the distance measuring device is realized by dividing a CW laser oscillating at a single frequency and applying different frequency modulation to each of them. The light source,
29. The distance measuring device according to claim 28, wherein the distance measuring device is realized by extracting different frequency components from light sources that emit light in a wide band. A distance measurement method for measuring a distance to an object,
A light source CW laser having a plurality of oscillation frequencies;
Means for obtaining a beat of the light source;
An optical system for irradiating the object with light emitted from the light source;
An optical system that scans the surface of the object with light emitted from the light source;
An optical system for receiving light emitted from the light source reflected or scattered from the object;
Means for extracting a beat between light emitted from the light source reflected or scattered from the object;
Means for extracting a phase of a beat between light emitted from the light source reflected or scattered from the object;
Using means for calculating the distance from the extracted phase to the object;
A distance measuring method, comprising: measuring a distance to the target object based on a difference between a phase of at least one of reflected light and scattered light from the target object and a phase of light before irradiating the target object. A distance measuring device for measuring a distance to an object,
A light source that oscillates light at constant frequency intervals;
A plurality of CW lasers controlled to have a constant frequency difference with respect to the frequency of the light source;
Light branching means for branching light from the plurality of CW lasers into measurement light and reference light;
First detection means for irradiating the object with measurement light obtained by the light branching means, and detecting reflected light or scattered light from the object by the measurement light and light from the light source;
Second detection means for detecting the reference light and the light from the light source;
Calculated based on the signal obtained by the first detection means, the phase of the beat signal by the light from the light source and the reflected light or scattered light by the measurement light, and obtained by the second detection means Processing means for calculating the distance to the object by comparing the light from the light source and the phase of the beat signal by the reference light, calculated based on a signal;
A distance measuring device comprising:

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