JP2013254473A - Method for automatically translating chinese sentence into japanese sentence - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for interpreting Chinese from the beginning of a sentence and automatically translating it.SOLUTION: Chinese is divided from the beginning for every word, the word is converted into Japanese using a dictionary, when a plurality of candidates are present, a part of speech of the word is identified from a structure of the sentence, and a translation word fitted thereto is selected. Even when a Chinese sentence is literally translated in translation work, the inversion of the word order of a part, the word order of which is different from Japanese, can be avoided by using "corresponding adverbs (adverb phrases)" that are prepared beforehand. The translation obtained by this method is slightly redundant, however, can produce a significant rough draft as Japanese. The redundant rough translation sentence can be converted into normal Japanese by performing shortening process.

Description

  The present invention relates to a technology for automatically converting Chinese sentences into Japanese sentences using a computer.

Japanese Patent Application 2012-108088 Published by Takashi Kinoshita, “Chinese to be interpreted from the front by common sense and responsiveness” Kazeensha 2011 Published by Takashi Kinoshita, “Translating Japanese into Chinese from Word to Word,” Kazeensha 2011

  Traditionally, automatic bilateral translation by computer has progressed through two stages. That is, in the first stage, the source language was grammatically analyzed and converted into the target language based on it. This method has been useful to some extent for translating between homogenous languages like European languages, but between heterogeneous languages, the processing time increases exponentially with just a little longer sentences, and grammar analysis Just a little misaligned, it became a completely unknown translation, which was far from practical.

  Therefore, in the second stage, a number of parallel example sentences between the source language and the target language are created, model example sentences are extracted by comparing which translation example sentences are close to the parallel example sentences, and the translation words are determined by comparison with these. The method is now taken. In addition, minimal grammar analysis was also performed at this time. This is called “statistical method”. According to this method, although the translation accuracy is somewhat improved, the amount of prepared example sentences is enormous, and therefore the example sentence collation time increases at an accelerated rate. In addition, an enormous memory location is required to store example sentences.

  Currently, in English-Japanese translation, the dictionary of the total number of translated example sentences has reached 5 million example sentences, and the number of words has reached 20 million words when including technical terms. However, as is well known, the completeness of the translation is not yet at the stage of becoming useful. And if it says only in Chinese, there is not much literature, but the same tendency continues.

For example, “The translation series translation engine (converter = transfer) and module (example sentence)” is, and there is an outline as follows.
“Continuous development and development globally new technology (→ continuously developing world-leading new technology)”. The original text is broken down into parts of speech, such as “Undevelopment d Development v Reference v World n New u Technology a (← d: Adverb, v: Verb, n: Noun, u: Particle, a: Adjective)” The What is the correct meaning when these are combined? The translation is determined in the light of a large number of parts of speech tags (17 million words). The trouble is that there is a part-of-speech tag that becomes unnecessary “break-open” and “departure-trigger” branches in the middle of word division. If the “verb-verb” part of “draw” is interpreted normally, the later verbs will be treated as nouns, becoming “developing to lead” and becoming meaningless. In order to correct this, further correction by trial and error is required. In other words, it takes much time to determine the correct sentence.

Translation completeness varies greatly between languages. Satisfaction is said to be about 70% between languages with similar grammar and vocabulary, such as between English / Rankan, French / Italian, or Japanese / Korean. On the other hand, foreign things such as Japanese / English and Japanese / European languages are not practical and are at a low level of about 20% or 30%.

If so, why is the translation completeness different between languages? It is difficult to translate because of the difference in grammar, especially in the order of words, and in order to avoid it, it is a means of searching for similar example sentences that do not consider the psychological effects of human beings, but leave it to the “statistical method”. This is because it tries to break through. In the first place, a word is a language sequence that is logically connected based on a person's psychological action, and tries to obtain the target language by means of ignoring the word order and ignoring the logic of grammar analysis. The idea itself is impossible. Therefore, if both languages are similar, translation satisfaction will be 70%, and if they are not similar, it will result in only 30% at most. For this reason, language translation requires a translation system that translates the source language one word at a time from the beginning of the sentence as much as possible.

  The inventor has long considered a means of interpreting Chinese from the beginning of a sentence. Through this work, I found that the word order in the translation work is different from the previous one by using the “corresponding adverb (phrase)”. For example, for a phrase such as “in Shanghai”, “in” is the place where “where is in Shanghai”. Becomes the antecedent for deriving "~", and then to get the actual translation, this "place" is an unnecessary word, so you can delete this word and say "in Shanghai" . From the beginning, it seems that it would be good to translate “in Shanghai” to “in Shanghai”, but the translation of “in” has spread to “de / ni / in / a”, and so on. If you don't need it later, the method of cutting off is better.

  Taking this approach hides the significance of language conversion in this process. explain. In other words, “Location is Shanghai” in the first half is a direct translation that does not change the word order to the original Japanese language, and this direct translation alone is significant as a Japanese language. Considering the phrasing expression of “place is ...” in the language transition form, converting “in Shanghai” to the intermediary type of “place is in Shanghai,” and from this sentence closer to Japanese, If you remove the lighter “place is” part, it will be “in Shanghai” and you will get smooth Japanese. In other words, in “Place is in Shanghai,” the first half of “Place is in Shanghai” makes you feel Chinese, and in the second half, “Shanghai,” makes you feel like Japanese. In addition, there is a logic for smooth translation between Japan and China.

  After dividing the word "Unrequited ..." shown above into words and then rationally connecting the words according to this theory, taking into account the built-in logic, the next sentence can be obtained without any difficulty. In other words, it is “continuous development (development, development), withdrawing (leading) world (world) new (new) technology (technology)”.

The most important part of this translation is the "development" part. The logic of the word of "development", have led to the "development to ... a", and this is interpreted to rationally Japanese, "to develop ... the (word)" or "development, it is, ... (sentence ) 's thing has become. " In the latter, ultimately it has been adjusted Kotobajiri and "that to ... to develop", can be in the same format as the former. In the text analysis of cyber, and downplay the fact that "development" is in concert with the "development to ... a", "Development - lead" portion of does not lead skillfully. In other words, with statistical methods, the theory of making up for this part is weak, so it takes time to translate.

By the way, how much word order is different in both Japanese and Chinese languages? If you look closely at Chinese, you will notice the following: The minimum structure " interposition -expression element" becomes "expression element- particle " in Japanese, and the structure is completely opposite, but "interposition-expression element" and "expression element-particle" are combined into one. Overall, the overall structure of a Japanese-Chinese language is almost the same when viewed as a set of elements (sentences). This is very different from English. In other words, if the words that form the center of the word are considered as “ verbs ”, their explanatory words (interpositions / particles) as “ virtual words ”, the imaginary words are omitted, and only the actual words are arranged, most of the languages in Japan and China The same word order. This is a very important word order feature when translating both Japanese and Chinese languages.

In other words, Chinese has a structure of “subject, subject, auxiliary verb-like phrase, time, place, means, what to do, what to do, (and more) tense and other elements, particles, and this structure is“ Except for the part of “auxiliary verb structure”, the latter structure is almost the same word order in Japanese and Chinese languages. No, in Chinese, it is connected to “adverb-auxiliary verb” to form one meaning, so if you look at this part as a similar structure of adverb, you can see that the structure of both languages in Japan and China is increasingly similar. . This can be understood by considering the historical process that the main Japanese skeleton was created as a rough sentence skeleton by people who traveled from the continent during the Yayoi period 2,000 years ago . As an example, the passages written only in kanji at the time of their introduction had a rough meaning as Japanese if appropriate sounds (katakana) were added between kanji. By the way, the word that was made to read the sutra correctly was Katakana (Katakana).
So, if you use appropriate “correspondence phrases” in the “auxiliary verb” part (see 0061) and “interposition structure” part that take the inverted structure in word order, Chinese can be automatically converted into Japanese easily. By the way, there are many onomatopoeia and mimetic words such as “Kachikachi” or “Dobon, Bukubuku” in Japanese, which is a word used by people in the Yayoi period 2,000 years ago as a technique to avoid reversal of word order. By mimicking, word order fall was largely avoided. Today, there are no other onomatopoeia and mimetic words in the world, and it is a historical heritage that has an infant-like smell.

  By adopting such a method, it is possible to translate from almost all Chinese sentences. In particular, Chinese with only kanji has one meaning for one character, so unlike other English or European languages, there is very little ambiguity in translation. Using the principle of the previous paragraph, the inventor repeated the work of creating a series of responsive words for each word for kanji with different word order of translated words, and creating a translation (primary translation) of translation Figured out.

  Even with this translation, the meaning can be taken as Japanese, but the translation is too verbose. Therefore, next, it is necessary to remove unnecessary antecedent words from the completed translation. If you finish the translation in this way, it becomes a normal Japanese sentence. The language conversion in this process is between Japanese and Japanese, so there are very few erroneous conversions. The present inventor has thus completed a completely new translation method from Chinese to Japanese. In addition, the “correspondence phrase” for the kanji word is not limited to one. If further research is made, a more favorable translation can be found, and the same can be found in the finish conversion translation from day to day. The present invention leaves room for further improvement. That can be said to be a future issue.

Further explanation will be continued. Basically, Chinese is automatically translated into Japanese using the method described in the previous section. However, if there are two or more meanings in a Chinese character, it is necessary to select the meaning. In addition, you must solve the grammatical matters such as where the word breaks in a series of sentences are, and how to determine how the sentences are connected.
In the present invention, the selection of meaning is determined from the whole sentence, the position of the word (kanji), and the sentence attribute to which the word belongs. For example, if it is near the beginning of the sentence, it will be “auxiliary verb”, if it is near the end of the sentence, it will be “minor change of movement (aspect)”, and if it is in the middle of the sentence, it is a child's book or a essay sentence, With reference to a conversion word table (dictionary) prepared in advance as to whether the word belongs to the field, the word was determined as a translated word. Note that the frequency conversion table is the same kind of “probability” that indicates the connection between words.

As for the separation of meanings, the heading word table of this dictionary was created from the heading words described in the commercially available Chinese-Japanese dictionary , so that it was recognized as one word. In this case, the proper noun is not included in the word table, which is a problem, and the case where the general name is a proper noun in the sentence is also problematic. In this regard, the classification from the classification table described in the preceding paragraph was followed according to the classification, and those deemed appropriate by other means to be “proprietary nouns” were followed. For example, “Ikkyu” that appears in the text below (0022). The meaningless character string was treated as a proper noun. For example, “Tsukurihama” (← This sentence does not appear). Fortunately, Chinese proper nouns generally use characters that are not normally used, so if several unknown kanji characters continue, it will not be a big mistranslation even if it is judged as a proper noun. . It can be said that this is a future issue. In the present invention, research on word breaks has not been sufficiently performed, but commercially available “Yahoo” and “Excite” translations have exactly the same translation situation.

  Currently, there are “Yahoo!”, “Excite” and other things in the automatic translation software for Chunichi currently in circulation in Ichii. Therefore, let us compare the effects of the “translation” by this translation software and the “planned translation” by the present invention. At first glance, you can see that the translation of the present invention is superior. In the table below, the correspondence is clarified by adding symbols such as (Note 1), (Note 2), and (Note 3) so that the word order of the completed sentence can be clearly understood.

Furthermore, there is another great effect. In the method of converting sentences with a great emphasis on grammatical analysis, the grammatical constraints are large, and it is difficult to judge the accuracy of translated sentences that appear in the intermediate stage even if you try to make the translations a little more accurate. The conversion program cannot be changed easily.
On the other hand, this translation system has a low grammatical gravity, so the “translation” that occurs during translation can be surely meaningful if read by a person. Accordingly, the translation accuracy can be improved one after another based on the “original translation” that has already become meaningful. This is because the “day-to-day” translation stage has already been entered . This effect is very large.
In the present invention, when translating from a plain translation, it has been pointed out that the selection of words and phrases and the improvement of the translation method have been pointed out, and this point is related to this. Let's return to this paper and compare the commercial software with the planned translation of the present invention.

Example 1, Chinese sentence of a break (from a fairy tale).
In the text below, Chinese simplified characters are not allowed for application, so Japanese characters will be substituted. If there are no applicable characters, use brackets to explain the characters. For the present invention, the same method is used for handling Chinese sentences. In addition, the preceding vocabulary (drawer) is distinguished by adding a strikethrough in the original text. However, in the description, neither a strikethrough, lowercase letters nor character modification can be used. Where appropriate, underlined and parenthesized text was used.
Before the eternity, the famous Kowa Naosho ceased to leave Japan. Ankokuji Temple is a six-year-old year-end holiday. The temple elder elder first eye joy was over. Kazuhisa Owa, one person who took a holiday. Ankokuji is a four-year-old Kowasho, Iwakazu and others. Ichiten, elder expression resting firewood candle, emergency life. The elder theorem is a vigorous image. At last, the dad's punishment was completed. Second heaven, suspected symptom, and elder expression. For more information, please contact us. One break: “Last night ■ (← Lee 爾) unrequited democratic visceral society 佛 ← ← (← mouth horse)?”

Example 2, Chinese text of a restaurant ticket case (from newspaper)
On May 20, this year, the 16th edition of the bulletin, the second-class vote position, the “Railway Car Box Box, Ryokan Citizens Approval Railway Department”, the news report Ryoan Citizens Citadel Pillar Clerk of the Railway Department. On May 24th, the proposed opening of the Beijing Central Hospital opened. Yesterday in the afternoon, the reporter of the prosecution of the gold pillar, the other officials of the railway department of the other notifications, the death of both sides within the time limit of the current appeal, the judgment was already made. “Registration is effective 15th in the future, the railway department is required to recover the public demands at the time of my mission, I am present, etc. ■ (← gate) recovery results ■ (← 尼)!”

Since the explanation will be long, only Table 1 will be explained briefly. "很久earlier, Japan DeRyo one个有name specific small Osho yelling Ikkyu." The statement, the verb has two. To tie this verb, use “te” like “~, ...” to make a smooth sentence. In addition, there is a “comma” after “before the eternity” and the sentence is once cut. In such a case, the Japanese sentence is also marked with a “dot” and cut there. However, the sentences in Table 2 continue with a “comma” and the sentences continue. However, in such a sentence, the principle is to cut the sentence with two verbs (see 0324 below). Will hit the “dot” and continue the sentence. Whether or not they are connected is determined by the mode of the “connective”. This will be described later (0271). A series of verbs, such as “completion of joy and excitement,” translates into words, “smoothly, joyful, raised, and so on”. , "smooth, joy, rose, was" marked as. The plain translation can be expressed in other ways.
In the original translation, “smooth and smart rest” should be translated as “smart and clever, such a rest”, but the relationship between “smart and clever” is not well understood. Therefore, in such a case, it will become smooth if "and" is supplemented in the middle. “Te” is a connected word, meaning “hand”, and “so” is a word that receives the previous word, meaning “it”. As a whole, it plays the role of receiving "Dawn" with "So" and connecting to "Smart". In the final translation, change "and" to "de / te" and "smart and clever" to make the translation smooth.
Numerals may be processed appropriately. In this case, “four people Kazunao” entered the process of judging that “four people” are followed by “people”, and as a result, “four people”. Like “Ikkyu ::” I said “Ikkyu said ...”, but because the sentence is long, it ’s easier to see if it ’s inverted. Also, since Chinese has been temporarily cut as “one break:”, it is consistent with this.
In the sentence “Illustrated by Elders”, it is easier to see when “Noo” is added as “The Elders have found that I have a rest.” Of course, “The elder found it.
The sentence in Table 2 should be cut appropriately as the sentence continues slowly, but here it cannot be written too long. This will be described later in general terms (0324).

    Now, the main issue of invention translation will be described. As described above, the main body of the Chinese sentence is roughly in the form of “subject-subject-subject-auxiliary-phrase-time-place-means-what-to-what-to-and-to-more-other-element-particle. ing. The first problem here is what kind of “particle” the word of “sentence” is connected, and then what “particle” is “time”, “place” and “other elements” in the sentence. And finally, how should we handle “end of sentence”? A description will be made sequentially.

As explained in the beginning of Chapter 1, the explanation starting from Chapter 1 is pre-interpreted in two booklets, “Chinese to be interpreted from the front with common sense and responsiveness, Kazeshasha”, “Japanese is translated into Chinese from the front for each word. If you read "Kazeensha", it will be easier to understand the difference in language structure between Japan and China.

Chapter 1, description of the basic structure of Chinese (topic, subject, object) In Chinese, in principle, words (nouns) are simply placed in the “topic”, “subject”, and “object” expressions. And the words that correspond to Japanese “particles” are not added. That is, in Chinese, there is no word indicating “ha / ga /”. On the other hand, Japanese distinguishes “ha”, “ga”, “ha”, etc., so the question is how to make these words correspond to Chinese. The annoyance is that the Japanese word “ha / ga /” is not fixed and can be changed to “ha → ga”, so that the following particle is changed accordingly, and even in the consensus verb When you convert the verb, the “particle” changes. For example, "elephant, nose is long" if, if the "elephant nose", and "long elephant's nose." In addition, "I love music" is statement, and the conversion of "love → prefer", "I prefer the music" as the conversion of "the but →" occurs. This is one of the difficult parts of Japanese.

It is difficult to use "ha". In other words, in Chinese, the bare “word” near the beginning of the sentence is rough, but it can be interpreted as “topic” and “particle” can be inserted. So, if the sentence doesn't connect well, or if you know later that another particle is good, think about the conversion to “ha → is ///////////” etc. . The following logic works for this.
An example is shown. It is "human" if "the person", and "thing" if "the thing". Then, it is necessary to adjust the "state" of the verb that follows it, and in a case where "people" was "active voice", usually if we "stuff" is the "passive". However, in the case of a "thing", "the ones, who, how to,""who" is omitted in some cases the interpretation of that there is reasonable, at that time, it is also the translation of the remains "active voice". Which is appropriate depends on the nature of the “verb”. The reason for this interpretation comes from the historical nature that it is difficult to incorporate ending changes in bare Chinese characters, and that in Chinese, the distinction between active / passive, passive / serving, etc. is ambiguous. In other words, if the kanji that is the real word is defined, the interpersonal / objective relationship is roughly determined, so it can be said that the expression to divide the delicate emotion is not necessary. By the way, as Western material culture invades China, the expression of Japanese style that accepted Western culture has increased because of the importance of interpersonal / objective relationships. Then, in the future, the situation of Chinese approaching Japanese may occur. Then, the method of the present invention becomes a further advantageous method.

So, take a look at Japanese. When it is appropriate to use “to” or “toga” as the “particle” in Japanese, the “particle” can usually be replaced with “ha”. So, in Chinese, even if it is difficult to understand the nature of the word at the beginning of the sentence, in order to translate the word, it is only necessary to translate it as "~ ha" (see above). This technique is allowed because of the plasticity of Japanese “particles”. On the other hand, in the case where “Matter” is placed at the beginning of a sentence in Chinese and an explicit “topic” is desired, it is expressed as “Seki Yu ~” / “~ Talk” / Seki ˜. To convert this into Japanese, follow that interpretation. If it is translated, it will be “related to about” or “in the story of”. In Japanese, these words can be simply the topic “~ ha” or the assumption / condition “if” depending on the content of the expression.
Also, if you want to clearly say “to” in Chinese, use “bunch-”. However, this conversion is not true “convert”, but is a viewpoint conversion similar to the particle conversion of “ha → ga” (see 0055). At this time, it can be easily translated into Japanese according to the meaning of “ha” (for picking up / emphasizing) and “ha” (for controlling / instructing). See below (see 0054).

  So far, I have explained 説明 “ha / ga / o”, but since it is still complicated, before I start explaining the translation method, I clarified the meaning of the basic particle and the Japanese / particle used in this translation method. deep.

<Ha>: "Ha" plays the role of adding a word "ha" to a word. It is said to be a “collecting particle”. What are you going to do with it? Usually, it is set as “topic” and “subject”. In addition, the pick-up can be picked up in an emphasis, and the word is “emphasized” and “emotional” is added. It should be noted that “ha” is attached to various elements and does not necessarily represent “subject”. It can be attached to the object of action, the place, the time, and the means. For example, "the ball (← in this case,""woa" ball "will disappear),""inTokyo," "Today," so as to the "In the tool."

<GA>: “GA” is attached to a certain word and has a function of specifying the object. How to identify “Choose” from many things, and “specify” it as the subject. Together, it may be said to be “selective / clear particle”. When “ga” represents “subject”, it is similar to “ha”, and when “ga” is represented, it is similar to “ha”, and in many cases, interchangeability and mixed use are seen. In contrast to “ha”, “ha” indicates the premise of the sentence, and “ga” indicates the subject in that case. The difference from “O” is that “O” is accompanied by a normal action, but “GA” is not an action but a state (love / hope / possible etc.). That said, it is difficult to distinguish between reality. Recently, the influence of English grammar has increased the notation of “ga” to “wa”. In this translation, we will follow the original usage of “ga”. However, more than 90% of newspapers use “O” notation, and there may be a time when it is necessary to adopt “O” in this translation.

<O>: “O” has the function of “controlling / instructing” an object with a certain word. “Dominance” is the same as the meaning of “bunch” in Chinese, and “instruction” indicates that the rule is weak and the object is instructed with anything. There is no Chinese corresponding to the instruction, and it plays the role of the instruction just by placing the word naked after the verb. This structure is very similar to "interposition-expression element". The hiragana “ha” is a character created from the kanji character “far” and implies “an object that exists far away”, that is, “instruction”.

<Ni>: “Ni” is a word that refers to “the other side”. What is “the other side”? Insert "other party / destination / a certain point / a certain time". “Ni” is a character derived from “Jin” and represents “person”, that is, “other party”. Probably, the pronunciation of the Chinese word “■ (← I 爾)” is borrowed. In addition, ties in the form of "Operation", "to ~" is in, but often represents a "reverse connection", this expression in this translation is not used. "There" is also there is a shape similar to a "but for ~", because the meaning is difficult Sadamari, I do not use as much as possible in this translation.

<Te / de>: There is no essential difference in meaning between “te / de”. Originally, there was no distinction between “te / de” in Chinese sounds, and since ancient times in Japan, “te / de” was distinguished by the ease of pronunciation. The meaning of "te" was simply used as a character to "connect" sentences. In other words, it is an abbreviation of “perform the operation and perform the next operation”, and expresses the meaning of “and”. In addition, the pronunciation of "te" is stepping on the rhyme with "give (← e) Ru", also represents the meaning of "possible / transitive verb". In addition, with a "no", representing the "cause / reason" or a simple "Junsetsu" in the form of "I was ~".

<No>: “no” indicates “ owned / managed ” from “A” to “B” in the form of “B of A”. “Management” has a common concept with “subject”, and the distinction from “ga” is a problem, but in this translation, “no” is not used in the meaning of “subject”.
Finally, it is summarized in Table 2K.

(Outline operation) Enter into this paper. The second structural problem is “outside motion”. Next to the topic and subject in Chinese is the word “auxiliary”, which is called “outline expression”. The reason for this is that the Chinese structure is expressed as “outline expression—substance action (facts)”, and in this case “substance action (facts)” has no facial expression (subjective element). To indicate the “naked fact” itself, and to express the “facts” in one sentence, “external description” is added before “substance action (facts)”. In other words, a somewhat subjective word like “I saw / heard it” is placed before “substance action (facts)”. These “outer form expressions” include “outer action”, “adverb (phrase)”, “auxiliary verb”, and “negative word”. In addition, such a structure has a deep Chinese representation that expresses "outline display (virtual)-its contents (verb)" as " where is where and where" or " means uses what". It comes from the linguistic philosophy of existing fundamental "internary structure (= prepositional structure)".

The “outer motion” here refers to an operation (word) that determines the outline of the main body operation such as “say”, “see”, “feel”. This is a kind of pictographic language because Chinese can be expressed in a metaphor, using kanji as pictographs, with no explanatory words between the expression elements, and just arranging them. In such an emoji text, for example, in the sentence “He said that the earth is round”, first, “He said” is expressed as an external motion, and then “Earth” is a real motion (facts). Is rounded. On the other hand, Japanese, entity operates (fact) is, in the words to describe with a subsequent description language (agglutinative language), "he said," it is, of the "he said ‥‥" It is expressed in form, and there is a big difference in word order between the two languages. This adjustment of the difference in expression can be easily avoided by using “correspondence expression”. Shown in the examples of “Ikkyu” and “Newspaper article” above. In addition, the meaning of “strikethrough” used in (Table 1) and (Table 2) is a symbol that indicates that it is preferable to delete the original translation when it is made the final translation, and guides the operation for doing so. . Moreover, since the middle line cannot be used in the text, the underline was substituted. The underline used throughout this specification is also used to clearly indicate that it is an important word. Furthermore, “/” means “or”.

Continue further. If, for example, <Tomomichi>, usually "know was, what the" or "know was, what if you were, for the" is to become the, in the case of the latter, and moved after the position of the "wo", and Japanese The difference becomes larger. So, in the latter case, let's say “I knew. That was ...”, and then put the two sentences together to say “I knew… (what is)”, and finally, “… (what It ’s easy to understand. ” In this translation, since long in this representation, it will be to maintain the response relationship of "knew ... a". As an aside, these compatibility methods are very useful for conversation practice.
It should be noted that the捉Ru as always "knew ... a", may be the end of the word ends with a verb. At that time, in accordance with the grammatical rules, connect words such as "no / to / ni". Next, an example will be described.

Although there are many “o” as the vocabulary for the contour movement, “to / ni” is also used. First, I will clarify the meaning of these particles when they are linked to the contour movement.
<Wo>: "wo" represents the "control-instruction", "to ~, the object is, ... but the" work the logic of, the normal response word is "to ~ ... a". “O” is attached to most actual operations.
<And>: “To” is a word that comes from “stop” and means “stop” there. What does it stand for? There are two, one is the substantive meaning that the situation ends there and something new happens, and the other is the end of the sentence, where the nested sentence ends there. In the meaning of the contour action, it represents “end of nested sentence”.
<Ni>: “Ni” represents “the other side” and, when expressed in a sentence, represents “the future”. At this time, it takes the form of "to -""to be able to ~". (0057).

List the main external motion words. Take the following responsive relationship.
<Chichi>: I knew. What 's the / what What is it, that the.
<Theory>: ~ said. Who What is it, and.
<听>: ~ heard. What / what is copper, and.
<Decision>: ~ is determined. What 's the / what people try, and.
<Acquisition>: ~ felt. What people is if the / what is, from. How is it?
<Sense>: ~ felt. What people is if the / what is, from. How is it?
<Approval>: ~ accepted. What people is if the / what is, from. How is it?
<Hope>: ~ hope. What 's the / Who What do you want to do, that. So that what is, to.
<Wish>: ~ (Sincerely) hope. What 's the / Who What do you want to do, that. So that what is, to.

Some examples will be described.
"Theory": ". Other theory Earth ene" on, "he said, earth, round," said the. And in a normal sentence, “He said the earth is round.”

"Determination": ". Extraordinary decision meeting breaks standing on the horse open" is, "the extraordinary, determined, the meeting (a →), amend, time is in the afternoon, and, open, and" the. The usual sentence is “I decided to open a meeting in the afternoon.
Annotate. Opening a "meeting" in the "people", to be "a meeting" is it normal form. But, it also captured as a topic the "conference,""meeting". In this translation, words that appear near the beginning of a sentence are first regarded as “topics”, then checked whether they are “people” or “things / things”, and whether or not “ha / o” is appropriate. (See 0052). When there is a meaning of “emphasis”, it is translated as “meeting”.

"Hope": ". We hope ■ (← Lee Er) tomorrow ability to come" is, "I hope, you, tomorrow, competent, able to come, that the" a. The last of the "can come, that" is, may be "able to come so".
Annotate. In the Japanese expression, "hope" is a word that gives hope that with some faintly in the future, seems to Japanese softer is better to as "in-so". Therefore, in this translation, generally referred to as "in-so". In the case of one word after the "hope" is to be "that ~".

Next, let's mention the verb when there is a partner.
<Assistance>: ~ is, lent a hand, and, on Daredare (/ is) ... help you.
<Professor>: ~ is taught, and, in Daredare, anything. And, it was what 's the.
<Q>: ~ it was question, in Daredare, what us about.
<Instruction>: ~, what should I do to everyone who ordered?
<Kotae応>: In answer, and answer / consent, to Daredare, whatever it.
<OK>: to deepen it, and understand / research, what people have, that the copper.
<Feed>: ~ is sent was, in Daredare, what 's the.

Give example sentences.
"Assisted": ". Other ■ (← Lee Gate) aiding farmers Osamuwarimugiko" is, "They lent a hand, (and) to farmers (→ is), the to harvest, help was, wheat " The usual sentence is "They helped the farmers harvest the wheat." Or, “They helped the farmers to harvest the wheat.”
Annotate. When the second “person” appears, there are two forms of expression. Since “~ ni” expresses the other party, “~ ni” is the basic rule (0057). In addition to continue to represent the payoffs and "was doing to ~". However, based on “they helped” as a standard, it is in principle that “the farmers will harvest”. This is an English grammatical idea. Which is to be adopted? Depending on the situation judgment, it is better to divide whether it is appropriate to make “Profit Profit” the main subject or “Simply describe”. This always occurs in the case of “salary”. This problem always occurs when there is a “partner” in the operation, which will be described later (see 0222).

"Today": ". Zhang Roshi Christian We ■ (← Lee Gate) Chinese" is, "Zhang, teacher, teach, to we, the Chinese" become. Normal translation is, "Zhang teacher, to us, to me. Tell me the Chinese" or "Zhang teacher, to us, teach the Chinese." Become.
Annotate. In this example, there is no verb corresponding to “I ■ (← Imon)”, so the problem of “we / to us” does not occur. The selection of the "me Professor El / teaching" also a similar and precedent. In addition, “teaching” has the meaning of a service such as “teach me… get / get”. See Chapter 3 (see 0206).

"Question": ". Other questions ■ (← Lee Er) Ichi个problem" is "he is, the question was / to you / one of the / problem". The usual translation is "I asked you a question".
"Instructions": ". Senior instruction other ■ (← Lee Gate) now world horse mandatory reaching那里" is "senior was the instruction, to them, today, afternoon, without fail, so as to reach, over there." . The normal translation says, “The senior ordered them to get there over this afternoon.”
Annotate. "Instruction" is, "the instruction, to Daredare, if you so" in a fixed form, this, "is Daredare, that if you, the instruction to" is the phrase, somewhat funny feeling of the English literal translation adjustment.

"Kotae応": ". ■■ Kotae応 Kyuware buyer machine" is "Dad, answered, you accept, to me, that that will buy, the mobile phone". In normal translation, "Dad, to me, that me to buy a mobile phone (→ and) was accepted." Become.
Annotate. The meaning of “response” may be “(simply answered)” or “accepted (profit etc.)”. Since the decision cannot be made in an instant, stop it in the form of " answer , ..." and if you find that the latter sentence is "profit provision", then give the translated word "accepted". Also, if it is a simple “response”, it is assumed that “answered”. Since “Profit Grant” is expressed in the form of “~ Keru ”, “Buy” is “Buy me ”. In addition, the "answer" in the sense similar to "say", saying clippers can also be a "~ and consent". This is more natural.

"OK": ". Ware很OK ■ (← Lee Er)" is, "I am, so, to deepen it, you understand, you the" a. The usual translation is "I understand you very well."
Annotate. “Ok” means “understand / investigate” and must be distinguished. As in the previous paragraph, a preposition of “ deepen it ” is placed in front of this verb, and one of them is judged. Here, “understanding” is appropriate.

“ Send ”: “I ’m a lifetime, I ’ve sent another one (← Bi) thanks”. “I had a birthday, that day, at that time, he sent Te, it gave me, me, and the one set, a gift ". The usual translation is "He gave me a gift on my birthday."
Annotate. “Send” is a verb “send”, but it is not known whether it is “benefits”. Judgment is made on the subsequent part, and it is determined whether or not to give "~". This sentence is divided into the first and second stages, and the question is how to grasp these two relationships. The premise is the handling of “Naichiten”. "I had that day ..." or "I had that day ..." This interpretation is obvious, but it is natural to add “target” in the middle to make it mean. Then, the relationship between the former stage and the latter stage becomes “at that time”. If "that day ... I missed", the usual sentence would be "Naichiten lifetime".

(Adverb) The second form of external expression is adverb. After the topic (subject) notation, “adverb” may come as an explanation of the actual action. Adverbs, for example, with a responsive expression such as "maybe ..." for "general" and "maybe ..." for "yaomi", bring out the outline of the actual action (facts) and the actual action (facts) ). These words adapt the adverb's responsiveness to sentences as they are. Refer to the section of sentence order (0323). Give an example.
<Mostly>: would probably ‥‥.
<Yaomi>: Perhaps ... maybe .
<Kowa怕>: probably ‥‥.
<Required>: Always ‥‥ no Senebanara.
<Appropriate>: Of course ... should .
<Course>: It is natural ‥‥'s / should do.
<Constant>: Always .
<Nature>: Naturally .
<Self>: Do it yourself .
<One person >: Do it alone .

Give example sentences.
“Generally”: “Following Rizan to Nishiyama, almost 20 Yukari,” says, “At first, it will be from here to Nishiyama, and there will probably be twenty kilometers.” It becomes. In general translation, it is "from here to Nishiyama, there will be maybe 20 kilometers.".
Annotate. "Maybe ..." has no particular problem. Here, the relationship between the first and second stages is not clear, but how do you see "From here to Nishiyama"? Since there is no subject in the latter part, it is most appropriate to interpret it as “topic”.

"Maybe": ". ■ (← Lee Er) circumstance找one找, Shinya ■ ability找到" is, "is you, fine, look, hey, look for, Well, possibly, a competent, looking, are arrival It may be . " The normal translation is "If you (→)) search finely (→), maybe you can find it."
Annotate. There is no problem with the translation of "Ya Xu". The problem is the relationship between the first and second stages. Relationship between the two sentences that were sandwiched between "Maybe" is the most reasonable to the "If what people to, possibly to ‥‥". No, but there are also other relationships, but can also be in other translations by making table, as will be described later, it may be decided that if there is no specific translation "When you ~". "找one找" operation where there is a "one" in the middle, as is, because it is "a little doing to try" about the lighter meaning, than a clear "what if" expression "Looking see if", "search and" About is a lighter expression.

"Kowa怕": ". Nursing這様Ko, Kowa怕 required under rain" is, "see, this state, Well, perhaps, from now on, get off (→ full), wonder, rain" becomes. The normal translation is "If it looks like this, it will probably rain."
Annotate. There will be no problem with "From now on ...". The problem is the relationship between the first and second stages. This is also the same as the previous section, and “This state ... will fall”, so the first stage is “Premise” and the second stage is “Estimation result”.

"Essential": ". ■■ (← Lee Gate) Required effort learning" is a "You are, always, strive, and, learning, not Seneba". The usual translation is "You have to learn hard."
Annotate. There is no problem with "I must ...". A little question is how to do “effort learning”. If you interpreted subdivided, verb one by one to put a "must Ne", "must be effort, and, should not be take into learning," but to, signed a verb, as described above in "and" must "Ne last "Is enough. The sentence (0072) shown in the example of “command” does not have “necessary”, but if there is “necessary”, it can be understood even if there is no word at the end of the response. Follow the last word of the dominant word.

“Neighborhood”: “I ■ (← Gate) unrespectful opinion.” “We should respect, of course , not the same, such an opinion”. The usual translation is "We should respect different opinions naturally."
Annotate. There is no problem with the response expression of “response”. However, “should” is the same as “must”, but in this translation, “should”. “Distinct” usually gives a translation of “different” and follows it. “Target” gives a plain translation of “Yes” when connected from a predicate, but this is not necessary for translation.

"Natural": ".這是small cold, rest both heaven natural Kaiyoshimi manner" is, "This is, it is small, it is cold, to rest, two days, naturally, are gathered, and liking, croton I, the kind that's ". The normal translation is "This is a little cold, so it's better if you rest for 2 days (→ 2 or 3 days)."
Annotate. The conclusion of “naturally” is usually “becomes”, but there are many uncertainties. Follow any other word conclusions. In the text, “meeting” means “future”, and this word is dominant. Therefore, the conclusion of “should be” is attached. However, the conclusion of “meeting” is “should / will / may”, and it is necessary to divide it by making a table.

In addition, examples of adverbs are given. Although an appropriate classification name is given for the necessity of classification, it is convenient. Since the method of use is the same as that described above, most items show only responsiveness.
<Time adverb>: Indicates what state the action is in now.
<Already>: Already ... The expression “already” is somewhat hard, so that it is possible to select “already” depending on the nature of the sentence. See (0034) for example sentences.
<Resident>: it is now ... to. “Present” represents “in the presence of anything” and represents the premise of “location / time / others”. When representing the "hour" is "is now ... to".
<Seizai>: I am right now ... then. “Positive” represents “correct = just exactly”, that is, “positive”. See (0167) (0237) for example sentences.
<Take>: Just ... just done . See (0255) for details.
<Inguinal>: there is that once ... was.
<Early>: Morning / early . If it is “morning”, a modifier is added in front of it.
<Still>: Immediately / already / if it is. Details in the section on forward and reverse connection. (0259, 0261).
<Stool>: Smoothly . The meaning of “stool” is “convenient / convenient / easy / defecate” and is difficult to translate in one word. Give an example.
Example: ".此事required other self appear, we inconvenient exchange other narrative" is, Motoyaku "This means that, from now on, he (→ is), on their own, you should put out the face, and, I Is not smooth at all, picking it up, replacing him, and talking, can't speak, "the final translation is" this thing he should face himself, Is bad and I can't speak for him. "

<Duplicate adverb>: Indicates how the action is related to the previous action.
<Re>: In addition ... to be (dynamic) / ... and from the (shape). “Re” does not mean “again = second time”, but indicates “strength” of the operation of “continue”, and the interpretation varies depending on the mode. “Operation” is “after further” and “state” is “even after”.
<Also>: Repeat and repeat . “Mata” means bifurcated and indicates that there are two actions and states. In the state, it becomes “Mata… Mata…”, and the word “Repeat” is not necessary. See (0110) for example sentences.
<Normal>: Always / well ...
<Ordinary>: always / every so often ... to. Similar to ordinary, but ordinary is also an adjective.
<Outgoing>: Often ... “Frequently” continues as “Frequently”, but sometimes it is not “Frequently”.
<Continuous>: Continuously . See (0006) for example sentences.

<Strong adverb>: The meaning of the face may be used.
<很>: Very good . Modified auxiliary verbs and adjectives. “Very” originally modifies the adjective and changes “Very / Well” to modify the verbal word.
<Very>: Very / very .
<Enough>: Enough / very .
<Most>: most / best .
<Comparison>: Compare / relatively . Easily distinguish between verbs and adjectives.
<■ (← phrases)>: Satisfied ... enough for ...

<Range adverbs>
<City>: Both (component) / all (vague) / always (frequency). Both “co” and “all” have almost the same meaning, but “both” means “this” and “that” or something that points to it. Matches the word. “Always” when expressing frequency.
<All>: All / all . If you don't need “no” in the connection, take “no” and continue down.
<Light>: the shiny ... to not / just ... only. It means “to lose to the point where it shines” or “less to be nothing”. When translating “Lose”, it is difficult to do concrete translation. You should decide the translation by making a table.

<Verbal Adverbs>
<Yes>: Skillfully, finally / finally / apparently . “Yes” means “Yes” and is a grammatical “auxiliary verb”, but in Chinese, there is no reason to distinguish words near the beginning of a sentence as “adverb” or “auxiliary verb”. Therefore, the meaning of “OK” as an adverb arises. It expresses the surprise of feeling “skilled”. If it is a letter, it will be the first translation.
<Sole>: To the bottom , finally (positive) / Even if it reaches the bottom, is it ... (question). If you say “to the bottom” as the word to draw “bottom”, it is easy to make a plain translation.
<Study>: Where are you stuck ? Emphasized word used in question sentences.
<Reject>: Contrary to expectations . Then, “What is it? The meaning can be selected by making a table, but since it is diverse, it is only necessary to “do not expect” for the time being. See (0263) for explanation and example sentences.

<Limited quantity>
<Year>: Late, but finally (moving / hours) / only (things) / just (only). “Taiji” is a word for “reduction concept”. In the case of verbs, it's "just finished ...", in the case of things, it's "just ...". See (0096) (0099) for example sentences.
<只>: Just (motion) / only (name). Next, let's say just (normal) / just (emphasis). “只” stands for “reduction concept” and often corresponds to “just ...” or “just…”. “只” creates logical words for sentence decision making such as “只要”, “只有”, “只好”. See sentence connection (0308, 0266).
<Kinkin>: slightly / Dada ... only.

<Similarity>: “I want to see” “I” looks like “I” is something similar to the previous one, but in the Chinese structure, I focus on verbs.
<Ya>: That's also ... Precede the verb to indicate that it is similar to the previous action. "Ya Xu ...", "... Wa ... ya" and "Ren ... ya" appear in the vocabulary that is easy to work with. Examples of sentences are in (0232) (0254) (0262) and the like.

<Similar to Japanese>: It has almost the same structure as Japanese and may be used as it is.
<Joint>: Together ... / all ... It is recommended that the state is “Matched ...” and the operation is “All ...”.
<All>: The above (0086).
<About>: Approximately / Maybe . “Approximate” when related to numbers, “Maybe” when operating.
<Generally>: Summary / General . “Overview” can be used as a matter, and “rough” can be used as an adverb.
<Minimal>: At least . When logical analysis is performed, it is "A little, but still".
<Tsuyoshi>: Perfect . Say that time, space, and quantity are exactly what you want or match.

  (Auxiliary Verb) The third form of external expression is auxiliary verbs. “Auxiliary verbs” are expressed near the beginning of a sentence in Chinese, but in Japanese, they are placed after the main verb near the end of the sentence, and the order of words is always reversed during the day, and “correspondence” is always used for translation. The main ones are “Kan”, “Sen”, “Toku”, “Kai”, “Noh” and “Can”. These vocabulary words are cumbersome and are summarized in Table 2L first.

(Required) “required” is a general judgment for the future and has various meanings. In many cases, the meaning cannot be grasped only by “essence”, and a specific “adverb” is often added and expressed in the form of “essential-specific intention” or “specific intention-important”. The "Motoyaku" of "necessary" from this thing, and give a convenience translation of the "from now ...", "must be ‥‥ from now," "would be ‥‥ from now", etc. and the subsequent verb Harmony. For the final translation, it is only necessary to delete the word “from now” which is no longer necessary (see 0009). It should be noted that even if “from now” is left, there is no major obstacle to obtaining meaning. In other words, if there is no next perfect translation, leave "from now on" to make it easier to understand.
Depending on the sentence, there may be no “following” verb without the main verb. At that time, since “Kaname” also serves as the main verb, it supplements the main verb as “( from now on ) is necessary ”. “Necessary” may be a translation of “I want” depending on the type of object. The translation selection will be described later (see 0336). Give an example.

<Main>: For example, if in the most simple sentences ". Under horse required under rain", first, Motoyaku is "in the afternoon, now, the rain will have full" and, then, to remove the "from now" The final translation should be “It will rain in the afternoon.” In addition, in the representation of the future of the operation, if for example the "other main science Yuei.", Motoyaku is "He is, from now, will learn, swimming a" becomes a, and "learn from now" is, "learn In the sense of " I want to ", adjust the final translation to be so. In addition, "he ... pair", the translation selection, further comprising ish Japanese If the translation of the "wants him ... was." In addition, in the “summit”, it is assumed that “I want to do it ”, that is, “I want to eat”.

Example 1: ". Other main studies English" is, Motoyaku "he, from now on, to learn, they want want / was, the English / is", assuming that, usually translation is "he is, wants to learn English . "
Annotate. "I want ~" is, ending of Conclusion varies by person. The first person is “ I want to do it ”. Although it is somewhat unnatural to say “ I want to do ” in the second person, it may be set as “ I want to do ”. In the case of a question, it often comes up, but you can just say "Do you want to ...". In the third person, it is natural to say "I want to do it ". "- is that" is stepping on the rhyme with "~ is Ru A", made the meaning of the "there is a kind of objective state". “Participant” before “Tagaru” takes the form of “I want to do” because “Tagaru” represents an action.

Example 2: “Wash fruit required washing and purification talent” is “Fruit must be washed now , cleanly and (albeit late), finally, competent and eaten”. The normal translation is "Fruit should be washed neatly, and finally eaten."
Annotate. The interpretation of “wash-clean” can be “wash and clean” or “wash, and make the result clean”. In this translation, we simply interpreted it as meaning “clean”. “Talent” means “I can finally do that”. “Talent” may be “finally… do”, but in order to clarify the meaning of “finally”, it is easy to understand when “delayed” but “delayed but finally” (see 0088).

Example 3: ". The other main one支鋼brush" is, "he is, from now, the one, the fountain pen (→ is), need it" and. In normal translation, and "ga" again to return to the "wo", "he is, wants to make a fountain pen.".
Annotate. “Kai” means “from now on” as an auxiliary verb, but when there is no main verb, it is necessary to add the main verb. The original translation is “necessary” in this translation, but it is changed to a concrete meaning in the actual translation. In this example, “I want”.

<Constant need>: Make a plain translation with a vocabulary expression of "I must do it now ...". If the original words are used for the original translation, it is easy to make a vocabulary. Therefore, in the main translation, it is “necessary”, but “must have” is not inconvenient.
Example: ". Ryoshirube certain essential depth input crowd" is, Motoyaku the "leaders, always, from now on, enter deeply, there is a need, the crowd, in the" and. The final translation is "The leader needs to go deep into the crowd."
Annotate. “Necessary” is interpreted differently depending on the person, and even if it takes the same ending, the meaning is slightly different. In the first person, it represents the “decision” of the person. The second person and the third person always represent “requests” for achieving a certain purpose with respect to others. “Enter” is “Enter ... (to what)”. If “Enter” is “Location”, it may be “Enter, where”. In the case of "people", and directly because it is unnatural to as "the people""Into the ~".

<Mandatory requirements>: carried out by a concert expression "sure, no Senebanara ‥‥ from now." “Mandatory” has the same meaning as “Constant”. Since the sound is stronger than “constant”, the conclusion is “must be”, but “necessary” is not a mistranslation. “Mandatory” itself has implications for the future, so there are many sentences in which “Mandatory” is omitted and “Mandatory”.
Example: ".応該Hisage倡essential requirements flower specific Sensaihana" is, "of course, proposed, should be, (it) always, from now on, consumption should do (→ use only), such, money ( →), but I was late, but I should finally consume it. " The usual translation is "I advocate that only the necessary money should be consumed."
Annotate. "Hisage倡", the concert with "proposed to ..." said. “To” is attached to the end of the sentence, so here it is “Suggested. Since the content of “advocacy” is long, you may enter “it” for interpretation. When specifically interpreted from “talent”, “saika” means “consumed only at that time”.

<Summary>: This is a case where “I think, from now on”.
If there is no main verb, then “name” is the main verb. For example, "I needed Fusako.": In Motoyaku, "I will, from now on, the room is, (we need)," and, in the final translation, and "I, room I need / want.". Also, “I need east and west.”: In the original translation, “I will eat from now, such things are (necessary)”, and in the final translation, “I want food.” To do. <Required> may be “necessary” or “want”. The selection can be made by making a table.

(Thinking) “Thinking” represents the widest content that “thinking” represents. The original translation of this character is "I thought / I thought ... and /". The contents of “I think” are diverse, using different words in Chinese, and often using “approval” and “reason”, but at that time, follow the translation of that word. In Japanese, it is the same reasoning to change the expression to “think” when “think” is necessary. The use of “I think / I thought” is divided according to whether it is currently ongoing or at a certain time. In general, if it is true, it may be “I thought”. In some cases, it may be better to select a different translation of “Sou” in relation to “Object”. In preparation for this, the action selection according to the type of “verb-object” is set as described in the previous section (see 0186). "Verbs" may come after "Sou", but at that time, the original translation is "I want to ...", and in the final translation, "I want to" is removed and "I want to ..." Just do it. Give an example.

<Virtual>: For example, if "I virtual other certain meetings come basis", in the "I am, I thought, he is, always, gathered, when the come, such that it" Motoyaku and, in the final translation, " I think he will come without fail. and ". Here, the distinction of “ha / ga” becomes a problem, but the selection is made based on the weight of “he… come”. If there is no judgment word, “ha (story of ~)” is set. Another example. In addition, if "our virtual past events.", Motoyaku is "I think, that it has gone," and, "past events" is because that in the past, in the final translation "I remembered a thing of the past." And In addition, if "other virtual one meeting儿possible required under rain.", "He, I thought, after a while, there is a possibility, from now on, it rains, might, and" the final translation is, "he , it might rain After a while, I thought. to. " In this case, the word “may be” is attached to the “possibility”. In addition, the structure becomes "I think ..." said the Motoyaku is changing to "... I think", it may be left as it is. It is easier to see the sentence if you leave it.

Next is a case where a verb is included in the content of “I think” and “I want to do it ”. For example, if "I virtual those explorers.", Motoyaku is "I am, I think, to hit the thing, the explorers, want and become" the final translation is, "I want to be explorers." To do. In this case, “Moto” is a word of “I want to be” because “To” and “I think” disappear in the conclusion because the external motion and the real motion are fused. In addition, “To” is a general term, and the plain translation is “I will hit / be”. The selection depends on the case.

(Gain) “gain” means “get”, but this also has a broad meaning. The general operation, the future operation, the current operation, and the past operation have different aspects but give the meaning of “get”. Interestingly, the pronunciation of the "get" in Japanese, stepping on the rhyme with "e (acquisition)" or "te (= t e) (= and)", are also similar meaning pronunciation. From this, it is thought that the "particle / verb ending" of the Japanese "e, te" has come from ancient China. "Obtaining" of future operations, giving the meaning of the "should be obtained To ‥‥", representing the "obligation". Even in Chinese, the pronunciation changes in this sense. A description will be made sequentially.

<Acquisition of general operation>: In the case of a general operation, it becomes a headword and is directly stored in the dictionary. For example, “acquisition (acquisition)” “acquisition (acquisition)” “profit (gain)”. Furthermore, if such be not become entry word "obtained tuberculosis", "obtaining, tuberculosis" in, if you make a translation selection table of the verb, it can be easily converted to "become".

Example: ". Constant做的clothes Kaebotsu Yu做obtained" is, "(determined, make →) to order, such, clothes (→ is), does not proceed to the previous, still, still, there, to make, to give the are not. " The final translation is “The clothes you ordered are not yet ready”.
Annotate. “Constant” means “to order”, but for the sake of clarity, it is interpreted from the word source here. The first “thing” is usually considered as a topic “~ ha”, but in order to capture the “identified thing”, the subject is more like Japanese, so conversion of “ha → ga” Do. Even if not, “ha” itself has a “subject” display function, so this is not an error (see 0054).
"To - El (possible)", in the traditional usage, but the was the "is not ~", from the condemnation of "La Without Words", recently became a "~ is Sera". Furthermore, recently, due to the influence of English, the redundant form of “I can do it ” has come to be used. In this translation, we use “to be able”, but when it is necessary to simplify the expression, we adopt the “to be able” type.

<Acquisition of past operation>: In this case, it is a case of “ having done ...”, which is expressed as “做得 做” in Chinese. When translated, it becomes "~, get it , ...", and in the final translation, it is "~ ...", but it disappears because the meaning of "get" is light. For example, "听得■ (← Tatsukokorohen + Tung)" is "was found to hear", "Mitoku ■ (← Tatsukokorohen + Tung)" is "look has been found." In addition, "Snow孩子toys give good open heart ■ (← mouth Ali)." Is, Motoyaku is "a child of the snow, playing, and got it, well open, the heart, Hi" in the final translation is a "child of the snow, the heart is often open. playing well." It should be noted that “the heart is open” can also be “feeling better” by using the translation selection table. In other words, this kind of “profit” is substantially the same as Japanese “te”. For each final translation, a selection translation that takes the meaning of “get” into consideration should be prepared.

Example: “■ (← Foot Pills) get a good kid.” Says, “Run, get it , even if you run out of breath, you wo n’t go up at all. It was like that. " The final translation is “I ran out of breath”.
Annotate. If there is no “no”, it is “run, get, breath expired, came”, but because there is “bad”, it will “be out of breath”. The “moment” here refers to “the mental state of the person”, that is, “the mood”. To get the final translation, it is not easy to get it from the original translation, so some day-to-day translation is required. It's easy to make a table.

<Obtained currently in operation>: In the case of the current operation, the meaning of "I got it". The difference from the past action is that the word after “gain” is “state”. For example, "■ (← leg wrapped) obtained很快" is, Motoyaku is "running, is like get it, very fast" and, in the simple "run, the way is, very fast" may be with. Note that “like” may be “to swing”. "Run, the run swing is ...". The final translation is “Running is very fast”. In addition, "Manabu obtained good" is, "learn, the way is, well became" a "well-studied" from. This translation can be interpreted in the past as "learned and better", but "good" represents the current / current state, and "meaning" changes the tense of "study" is not. So the conclusion is the question of how to make the final translation tense.

Example: ". Other specific day language copy obtained also漂亮also Seisei" is, "He, of, Japanese, write, get it, the way is, also (repeatedly), but clean, and, (repeatedly ) It ’s also in place. ” The general translation is "His Japanese is very clean and well-written".
Annotate. "Copy obtained漂亮" is "Write, get, beautiful", if this is reasonably interpreted, becomes "wrote, is how to get it, it is beautiful." Other interpretations are possible, but the interpretation is somewhat unreasonable. "In addition" means "bifurcated", the meaning of "to overlap the same thing / at the same time the same state occurs". In the latter case, it is “repeatedly, the state of ~”, so when the second half becomes “state”, it is better to delete this wording.

<Profit of future motion>: When “profit” represents future motion, it represents “duty”. The judgment is based on whether or not “verb” comes after “get”. In other words, in Motoyaku, when the structure of "give做" is, "to get it is - it must be" and, when it becomes a "做obtained" is, "to ~, and, got it, … (And more) ”. In the final translation, “To get it” is deleted, and “I have to do it”. For example, if "I give Saichi ■.", Motoyaku is, "I am, to get it, must go, once" and, in the final translation is "I must once go.".

Example: ". ■ (← Lee Er) virtual main good results就obtained effort" is, "You are, I think, from now on, good, grades, want, so, immediately, to get it, must be efforts" The final translation is "If you want to get a good grade (/), then you have to make an effort" (see 0385).
Annotate. “The key” is “auxiliary verb”, but there is no main verb, so here it is “ I want to take it now ”. “Otoko” responds to “(and) immediately / already / if it is ...”. Normally, it will be “immediately”, and “immediately” may be used here. “Described later (0261)”. There is no particular problem with “profit”.

(Meeting) “Meeting” means “Meeting”, and there are many idioms of that meaning, but when placed in front of the verb, it becomes an “auxiliary verb” that represents the future, and “ Meeting … Can ” or “(Meeting) sometimes it becomes ... the meaning of it is there "to be. “Can” is usually the case when “person” is the subject, and “There is something” is often the case. Even if the actual translation is reversed, the meaning is similar and not a big error. The choice between “can” and “something” can be easily distinguished by creating a table, and there is little confusion between the two. A description will be made sequentially.

<Can be, Kai meaning of>: logical meaning of "meeting," said the meaning of "if we also meeting several times, so that something can be". It is an action of “person” and usually has the structure of “person- meeting -verb” and can be translated as “the person can do anything”. For example, if "Waresogaku Board做中formula拉面.", Motoyaku is "me, I think, I want to learn, and gathered, so that it can be, of the Chinese, ramen", and the final translation is, "I , and want to learn so as to be Chinese-style noodles. ". It should be noted that, "Sogaku" The earlier, the but said that the "want to,", if it contains a "verb phrase" to the words "Sogaku" receives "on" (see 0076 or later).

Example: ". Other standing China study abroad Ryo Ryotoshi, why Council theory Chinese" is, Motoyaku is "He, location, to China, to study, and so, two years, so, and gathered, talk to, Chinese Becomes ". The final translation is “He studied in China for two years, so he can speak Chinese.”
Interpret. "Gathered in ... can be", if as short as possible representation, and "gathered in ... cell". In this translation, if you can use "~", use "~", and if you can't use it, use "~".

<There is a thing, Kai meaning of>: when the "meeting" is suffering from a "thing" is, "if we also meeting several times, sometimes, there are things that ... to" the logical works of. Give an example. "Wind and rain Kisakisai Association Yes sunshine." Is, Motoyaku is a "of wind and rain, then, (but delayed) finally, sometimes gathered, there, there is that there is sunshine", the final translation is, “After the wind and rain, sometimes the sun finally comes in.” Note that “age” becomes a response translation of “(although it was late, but finally ...)” (see 0096).

Example: “Under the circumstances of the species, ■ (← I 爾) Think other society inanimate ■ (← Kuma)?”, “The place is this kind of situation, under, you think, he (→), meeting, sometimes happening, there are things , cares, is that? " The final translation is "Do you think he might get angry under this circumstance?"
Annotate. “■ (← I 爾) thought” becomes “you think…”. Since “after another party” represents a change in “get angry”, it is “something”, not “can”. The distinction is made according to “can do” or “changes in things”.

(Noh) “Noh” means “ability”, which also has many idioms, but it means “can” when placed before a verb. The original translation is “I have authority / authority” Usually, it is simply “ capable and capable ”. When the content of “noh” relates to “authority / authority”, it means “can do” meaning “ may do ”. It is not a mistake to make both “can”. If you make a table, you can select a translation. It should be noted, "can" representation of the native Japanese words are, so "- is (e Ru)", the verb is when the native Japanese words is adjusted so as to be the ending to "be". In addition, when it becomes “impossible”, it becomes “impossible… cannot be done”, but often the substance is often “because there is no permission / no authority ”. It is a translation of “prohibition” “do not be” (0141). This can be selected by “table preparation”. Give an example.

<Possible, the ability of the meaning of the>: for example, "■ (← Lee Er) ability逮住這只old tiger ■ (← mouth horse)" is, Motoyaku is "you, competent, caught, this one animal In the final translation, “Do you catch this tiger?” (See 0383). The measure will be described later (0319). Another example. “Kisogami:“ Both sides of the impossible bridge ”” is written on both sides of the bridge, which is completely impossible and cannot be walked. In the final translation, it says "It is written on a wooden bill: Don't walk on both ends of the bridge" (see 387). As for “arrival”, refer to (0238).

Example: “■ (← insects under the mouth) is still indeterminate Noh image I am a good guy.” The original translation is “Sure, I am not necessarily competent at all. of me, like a mother, arrow is, the gain, the situation is, so also, the good, and not a translation. " The final translation is, “I certainly can't do that well like my mother.”
Annotate. “■ (← insects under the mouth)” means “always… but ”. "Non-constant" is "at all, not in necessarily servant ...". The “image” becomes “like a circle…”. "做obtained good" is, "doing, get, the situation is good" becomes. "那麼" is a "An'nani also", is also the meaning of the stronger. At that time, add "mo".

And (optionally more) "possible or more", in the sense of "to the mosquito, to have that follows", which represents the "acceptable". It is better to respond to the interpretation given to this as " You can ... in this situation ." The Japanese translation of “can” often refers to “can”, but the meaning of “can” often means “can do ”. Of course, there is a case where it is better to “can” and it is a recent trend, but it is often not inconvenient to “can do”. The original translation is unified here.

<Variable or more of also good, the meaning of the then>: typical sentence of "May I" is "?這儿hotel are:抽煙■ (← mouth horse)", "Here, in this situation, smoked a cigarette, Te Is it okay ? " The normal translation is "Can I smoke here?" Recently, although often referred to as "good" and "can", according to which, the "Do you Uh-priming". There is no particular problem, but “good” feels more everyday. Then, "one year Since then allowed more than band孩子." Is, Motoyaku is "one year, thereafter, in this situation, good to take, child", and the final translation is "one year after is, with the children You can go. " This sentence indicates that permission has been granted by the other party.

Give an example. In the "个儿并不large, variable-than Hozai Kabutosato", Motoyaku the "magnitude, also in conjunction with, large, rather, in this situation, release the hand, (be → put) good to put, place Is "inside the pocket" and the final translation is "the size is not too big and can be put in the pocket". In the case of this sentence, “entering” has no relation to “permission”, so it is not suitable for final translation. It needs to be “put in ” meaning “possible”. It is necessary to create a table to select “allowable” or “possible”.

(Negative Words) The fourth form of expression is negative words. The negative expression in Japanese is “… No” at the end of the sentence, but in painting-like Chinese, it is placed in front of the verb in the form of “un / subject-what”. In order to change Chinese sentences into Japanese sentences, it is preferable to use “relationship relations” and “not at all / remains / a little / ˜ / not yet / still” according to the form of the sentence. Furthermore, the form of “negative auxiliary verb” and “positive or negative” has a unique meaning. The modes are “presence / absence / degree / emphasis / idiom / case of death / emphasis of death” and “denial of auxiliary verb” “affirmation or denial”. In the case of general negative expressions, redundant words should be deleted in the final translation, and in that sense are words that are used only in plain translations. That said, there is an example sentence that can't be translated in the end, and at that time, it is not meaningless at all because this word must be left. The other unique expressions with “un” are used because they are translated in the dictionary.

<Not at all>: For example, in the case of “not a pencil”, it is a “yes / no” problem, so in order to clarify it by the antecedent, clearly emphasize the meaning of “no” It is better to use a “relationship relationship” of “ not at all ”.
So, if "crawling non-Shi pencil.", Motoyaku "This is, indeed, not a pencil," and, in the final translation to remove the "at all", and "This is not a pencil.". The same is true for simple verbs. For example, "Snow孩子not Fuekoe." Is, "child of the snow, at all, the voice was not out, voice" in the final translation is "snow of the child was not my voice.". In addition, “screaming” seems to be duplicated with “(voice comes out), voice comes out”, but the original meaning of “吭” means “throat” and “out of throat” Does not include “voice”. That's why you can't say "scream" or "speak". There are many such words in Japanese, Chinese and English.

<Sorry, it will be unsatisfactory>: To express the degree, there is a little resistance to "she is not beautiful at all". Therefore, when the subsequent word represents “degree”, the original translation of “not” should be “remainder”. For example, if "這地how non-heat not cold.", Motoyaku "This region is, too, not hot, and, very, cold, no", and the final translation is "The region is not as hot, not cold." And

Next, take a slightly complicated sentence as an example.
Example: ".怎様production basis instead of non-thick neat and clean" is, Motoyaku is "integrally any, has occurred, whether such things, not go to the previous, still, very, very (→ too much), not clear "The final translation is" I don't know how it was made. "
Annotate. Motoyaku of "bold" is, "very ... it / too" next, and this put the "not", and "degree is not terrible." Therefore, “fat” should be “not too much”. Interrogative words are easy to understand when emphasized. Therefore, the original translation of “Ms. The original translation of “Return” is “Do n’t go ahead, still / return”. “Target” is “such thing” when there is no “east-west” (= thing) after “target”.

<Not a little also, to become>: If the degree representation has been strengthened, emphasis of expression, may be "not a little also not ... / a". Denial is a kind of emphasis, "not out" is good even with a "" on emphasized that "a not" (see 0054). In any case, it may be “little”, but if there is a word indicating “specificity” near it (for example, within the first five letters of the word), it can be followed. Even if there is an error in the selection of “Too / A little”, there is little confusion in the text.

Example: ".這件It's Me one point儿 Metropolitan non-understanding" is, Motoyaku "This matter is, it is, I, even a little, all, all, a more deeper, to understand (→ known), there is no" next to The final translation is "I don't know anything about that."
Annotate. “One-point capital” is an emphasis on “a little”, so “I don't understand a little”. "OK", since there are two meaning of "understanding / Survey", place the location before that "more deepen in" in front of, to select the translation.

<Even if it is not>: This type of Chinese sentence pattern is "one action-not-another action". The important thing is that “some actions are positive” and “other actions are negative”, and there is a “reverse connection relationship” before and after the movement. "I interpret this logically" and "I did some action, but as a result, no other (related) action happened." So, this Motoyaku is, may be set to "even if some action, another operation did not occur." In the final translation, say "I can't ... / I can't ...". The selection of “can / do” can be done by making a table, but this type of expression is usually listed as a headword in the dictionary. For example, in a negative form of "听得■ (← Tatsukokorohen + Tung)", "Mitoku ■ (← Tatsukokorohen + Dong)" (0130 described), "听not ■ (← Tatsukokorohen + Dong) ( I heard do not know even if) "" Mi not ■ (← Tatsukokorohen + Tung) (but if you become seen do not know even if) ".

Give example sentences.
Example: ". WareSusumu Ryota很久, other就是听not Susumusa" is, Motoyaku is "I recommend was, did so, to him, very, long, so, he, immediately, it is, really, listen also, proceed to the middle, does not enter into it (→ put not) ", and the final translation is," I have been advised long, he is, and just listen not. ".
Annotate. "Recommendation" is concert with the "advice to ... to ... to do that." “Employment” is used to mean “I did it right away” with a firm tone. In other words, it's about "I can't help". The relationship between the foreword and the back sentence is a reverse connection, and is connected with “ga”. “I will not go inside” will be “I will hear” but “I will not go inside”.

<Still still>: “Die” is also “Die”. “Exclusion” has the same meaning as “No” but is a little different. “No” is “not” in the future, but “excluded” is “not yet”, meaning “it is none now, but it will change to yes in the future”. In such cases, often use “exclusion”. Therefore, in order to clarify this difference, it is advisable to distinguish “ not yet ” from “ not yet ” as “ not yet ”.

Example: ". We deaths Yes devised做這species Buryo" is, Motoyaku is, "I am, still, there, spare time (→ is), no, and (→ So), move the hand, this kind "I can't (do not do)", and the final translation is "I have no time to talk about that kind of waste."
Annotate. “Death” responds to “not yet…”. “Death” applies to all of the subsequent verbs, so “做” becomes “ does not move even if the hand is moved”. “Nothing” is a “waste story”, but when analyzed, it becomes “nothing, no chatter”. Since the relationship between the previous stage and the subsequent stage is a “cause-result” relationship, “So” is used for connection. That's why you can conclude the original translation and the completed translation, but the translation shown here is better. The “time (time)” part is light, so it can be said that it is “the time ...”, but it is quite difficult to make this kind of judgment. This is an issue for the future.
Finally, there is a difficult “yes / no” problem. "No" is because state to the "~ there is no" is it usually, because "negative" is the meaning of strengthening its own, want to use the "is" emphasis. Which is appropriate? This does not consider the whole purpose. Examined whether a simple "no", may be to determine "- is not" or "- there is no".

<Still, become death>: If there is a word or phrase, which means the emphasis in the vicinity of the phrase, including "death", it is preferable to emphasize in addition the "to" and "still", "to still". In this case, “ni” represents reverse connection. “Near” is enough to be judged within 5 characters before and after “Death”, as in (0128). It should be noted that even if there is no “ni”, there is no particular obstacle to the translation.

(Negative form of auxiliary verbs) If the auxiliary verbs are made negative, when translated into Japanese, the translated form may be unexpected. Therefore, these meanings are usually listed as independent words in the dictionary. It ’s better to use vocabulary related words individually. Use the following vocabulary.

<Unnecessary>: "Never ... Don't do it.""Areimportant" widely expresses the future, but if you add "No" to it, it is one meaning of "this will not happen in the future." Prone to "prohibited". To express this, the accompanies should be " Never ...". For example, “ unnecessary loud quarrel.” Means that the plain translation is “ never loud and should not be noisy”, and the final translation is “not loud and noisy”. When there is an emphasized word in the sentence, “never” is “absolutely”.

<Waste>: meaning than "unnecessary" is weak, is "not necessarily ... need to be." “Sorry” represents “Obligation” (0111), but if this is negated, “To obtain it, there is nothing you have to do ”. It means "not necessary". At this time, the expression changes into a gentle expression even in Chinese, and denial of “gain” becomes “unnecessary”. For example, in the "unnecessary release standing heart on.", Motoyaku is, "necessarily, there is no need to worry about, the heart, over the" next, in the final translation is "good to not have to worry about.". “Up” comes out here, “up” means “approaching and going up”, and it means “coming here” and “coming now”. The postfix (small change word) after the verb will be described later (see 0228).

<Fukai>: about the fact, "No way ... will the be". When the logical interpretation of the "Fukai", "also gathered many times, do not be ... able to as a time", and this is where the clogging, representing the meaning of the strong "kind of thing does not occur." In responsive expression, “No way ... I don't / can't do it”. “Mai” is understood as a shortened form of “Well, no” and is a “Negative guess”. In Chinese, there are few such ambiguous words, so it is safe to say that there is no fixed form. However, when you want to express your emotions, you say “no”.

Example 1: In ". Other Fukai ignorance Road", to the "he is, even if completely gathered, is not that you do not know." Motoyaku to normal becomes a, which in the Motoyaku is "He is, indeed, at all "There is nothing you don't know," and the final translation should be "He never knows." This sentence seems to be able to make “meeting” “can”, but the expression is too complicated. When it comes to such a complicated shape, it is better not to use “can”.

Example 2: In “ Unrequited sympathy” (← 爾 那) ■ ”, the original translation is“ No , it will be less, it will / will not be , your thing, that part, that kind of thing The final translation is “No way, your share will / will not decrease”. Since “■” is “part” or “quantifier”, it becomes “share”. If it is “People- ■”, it may be “the thing of that person”. You can sort translated words by making a table. Also, in this sentence, it is more interesting to express “feeling” if it is “no”.

<Impossible>: "I can't / can't do it ...""Impossible" means "I can't (I don't have authority / authority) ...", but if the sentence is based on (/ specify) "■ (← I 爾)" “I can't” is understood as meaning that there is no “authority”, and it means “forbidden” as “I should not do”. Even if “■ (← I 爾)” is not included, “10,000” means “prohibited” because “■ (← I 爾)” is included. For example, “ unusable lottery” has a plain translation of “incompetent here and cannot smoke”, but the final translation is “ do not smoke here”. In the case of “I”, it can be left as “I can't”, and in the case of “Other”, if there is a preamble indicating “Authority”, “I can't” can be “I ca n’t do” Even if not, the meaning of “prohibited” is fully expressed.

In Chinese (favorable-unfavorable), there is an expression in which the same kanji character is used for “bad”. If the interpretation is, follow it to the law of the above-mentioned "even if ~, ... and not" next meaning unclear. If the pre-verb and the post-verb are the same, the substance is a question sentence that says, "Do you want to do it ...?" Even in Japanese, “whether or not” is a question. Motoyaku is, "or ~, really, ... and not whether" When you place and "really", to clarify the question of content. In this case, in Chinese, words such as “■ (← Kuchima)” are added instead of “■ (← Koma)” at the end of the sentence, and it is clear that it was a questionable meaning when reading to the end of the sentence Become. "■ (← mouth nun)" represents the meaning of the confirmation of the much "It was so". In that sense, the pronunciation of “■ (← Mouth)” in Chinese is similar to “Ne” in Japanese. Many of these expressions are listed in the dictionary as headwords.

Example: ".這是not Shi ■ (← Lee Er) specific brush", Motoyaku "This is it, really, you, pen Is" and the final translation "This is your pen "". Another example. In the "■ (← Lee Er) capacity non-performance bunch這本manual borrowing feed me?", Motoyaku is, "is you, also a talented, really, grab, this book, and, do you lend me, me And the final translation is "Can you lend me this book?" Since the expression of interpersonal relationships is usually expressed before the movement in Japanese, the word order may be changed when the word order operation is performed, and “You can lend me this book?”

Chapter 2, Description of Chinese Body Actions From here, the explanation will be shifted to the "body actions". “Substantive action” usually accompanies “subject / outline expression”, but since the story was Chapter 1, the following will be described. The expression structure here is the opposite of Japanese in the form of "interposition-its object", and an appropriate "correspondence expression" is required (see 0009).
The subsequent part of “substance action” has the form of “accompanying situation—action”. “Attached situation” includes “time”, “place”, “means”, “purpose”, “reason”, “metaphor”, “comparison”, “similarity”, etc., followed by “actual operation”. . Note that the “main body operation” has the same structure as the “accompanying operation”, and there is no reason to distinguish it, and it cannot be clearly distinguished. A description will be made sequentially. In addition, “accompanying situation” has a complicated expression using “verb” (“cause / reason”, “assuming / condition”), and this verb has a word (logical word, compound compound) explaining it. (Verb words), which is described in another section.

(Time) The expression of “time” is almost the same as Chinese and Japanese, and it is enough to convert Chinese kanji into Japanese as it is. Detailed description. To express the premise of “thing” in Chinese in general, “present…”. Interpretation says, "(As a premise) exists ... and (under that premise) ...". For example, "the standing appeal date", Motoyaku is "there is (/ time), appeal deadline, of which the" next, final translation is "in the appeal date". In contrast, in the "standing 3-point", "there is, at 3:00, the time to," but becomes, usually "hour" is, know just "3 o'clock", in Chinese, in a complex "hour" If not, “present” is not written. On the other hand, in Japanese, “time” is usually given as “to”, and “ni” is appended. There is no problem even if it is not attached (see 0009). In addition, in the case of “Yesterten / Imaten / Myoten” in Chinese, “In” is not added, but “N” is not added in Japanese, and “Time” that is not “one point” is “Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow” It is normal. At this time, it may be the same as Chinese, and such words are described in the dictionary.

  To represent complex times, Chinese is very similar to Japanese, with words such as “Last / Previous / Previous / After / After / Time / Time” at the end of the word representing time. If it is translated, it will be “after / before / before / after / at / at / at that time”. While receiving the previous word with “So”, expressing the mode of the time is very easy to understand as Japanese.

Example: ".這目basis Shi Shou Date Katariwa Chinese fusion after progress conversation practice", Motoyaku is, "this purpose, it is now the Prefect, Japanese, at the same, the Chinese, and fusion, and then, advances the thing The final translation is "This purpose is to practice conversation after fusing Japanese and Chinese." In the final translation, it is better to set “in” in this case to “in…”, so “in” may be selected by word selection. If not, there will be no major hindrance.

(Place) The expression of “place” is more complicated than “time”, but it is basically the same as “time”. When it is simple, for example, if the "standing Shanghai", Motoyaku is "location, Shanghai", in the final translation to remove the "place" and "Shanghai". If an explanatory word such as “middle / outside / front / back” is necessary for “location”, the expression is “present / outside / outside / front / back”. This structure is exactly the same as the Japanese particle addition structure and is very easy to understand. At this time, you can just say “in / out / out / in front / after” while receiving the previous word. In addition, “middle” is often omitted in Japanese, so it may be selected whether to omit it by making a table. Of course, you do not have to. "Standing Jas village" is, in the "Location of the room, the inside with" Motoyaku next, the final translation is "in the room". Note that “present” is also used for “time” (see 0145), but since the frequency is low, the predecessor of the “present” response may be “place”. Later, if you know that the subsequent word is “time,” you can easily look back and correct it.

(Yes) “Present” is used to indicate “existence”, and it is similar but slightly different from the expression “existing” of “location”. This distinction is indicated by the distinction of “present / present / used”. “Existing” means “existing” (time / place / thing), “existing” means “owning”, “existing” means “in”. There is. Since “exist” has been described above, “exist” is described here.

<Yes>: If “I am” is expressed as “I am” and “Yes” near the beginning of the sentence, the following words will not continue. “Yes” usually appears in “location”, and it appears near the beginning of the sentence. The “call word” that satisfies these requirements is preferably “ has (ha) ... is (thing) / is (person)”. “Ha” is added when it doubles as “topic”.

Give an example.
Example 1: ". We closed some Shiten" is, Motoyaku is "(in →) I, there, of one book, dictionary, there is" a final translation is "to me, there is a dictionary . " “I” is “for me” because “I” represents “topic” as well as “topic”.
Example 2: ".這種Entama brush I Shinya Yes manner" is, Motoyaku is "of this kind, round, Tama, brush (→ ballpoint pen), I, it also, there, there, just that things And the final translation is "I have this kind of ballpoint pen". “Yes” does not need “ga” because there is no word indicating “what”.
Example 3: ".這孩Ko已経Yes We那麼KoRyo" is, Motoyaku "This, children, already, there, I, Te outside, the same to the same extent, so much, tall, became so The final translation is "This child is already as tall as me."
Example 4: ". Yes firmament We removed by obtaining special early" is, Motoyaku is to "there, one day, there is, on that day (→ One day), I, to go there, as you get it, special The final translation is "One day, I went specially early."
Annotate. “Ariichiten” is “There was a day”, and to continue to the next sentence, supplement “the day”. For the explanation of “How to get it” in “Getting”, see the section (0109).

<U>: “U” is the same character as “O” in Japanese and means “In O”. However, the dictionary has many translations and it is difficult to take substantial meaning. The time being, "related to the (→ it), ... (it) is (topic) / to Oite (location) / from (starting point)" may regarded as. The first "it" is, in Motoyaku processing in the case of "Yu" is directly attached to things, even in this case, "the matter is, the - in ..." rather than as, plainly "that matter, ... in If you and / to was therefore "due to it quick. The “in” of the place is a more emotional expression than “location”. For example, if the "copy Yu Shanghai", "wrote, location, in Shanghai," rather than as "it wrote, related to the (→ it), in Shanghai, Oite, but" it is better to be with. This, "wrote was is, Oite in Shanghai" is not inconvenience as. To express the last starting point, it is safe to say "From".

Example 1: ". ■ (← Takekanmuri to audit) Tamahisai, Honchi Corps loses Yu customer Corps" is, Motoyaku's "basketball, the game (in →), local, team, lost, the invite and I in team ", the final translation is" in a basketball game, was defeated local team was invited to the team. ".
Annotate. It is easy to say “do what” if “us” is added to “verb / thing”. In the first stage, “~ ha” is first used, but since the sentence is cut here, the meaning of “premise” is taken to be “in”. And this premise is assumed to be “to” in the final translation. "Lose", the concert with "lose ... to".

Example 2: "centralized energy Yu learning" is, Motoyaku is "to focus, the energy, it is, in learning, but Oite" and, the final translation is "to focus energies on learning.".

Example 3: ". Bitter Yu Botsuyu time", Motoyaku is "painful, it is, still, there, no time, but from" the final translation is "is painful in no time.".

(Method / Means) To indicate “method / means”, “for / in” is used in Chinese. The difference is “for” in the case of a concrete object, and “below” in the case of an abstract. If the interpretation is, in the "it enters I equity = used (= use)", "but still I (or more) to ..." and, together with the Gogen that "with". Thus, "in response representation" is "method, ... in / to use" "means, with at ...". The usage of “use” with “de / use” may be “use” if the number of characters in the object portion is long, and “de” if it is short (up to about 3 characters).

For example 1: “For a variety of expressions, an expressive story, vomit pronunciation”, the original translation is “If this is a story that uses this kind of method, then comes and expresses it. For example, there was a pronunciation of <Kan> there, and the final translation is "If it was expressed in this kind of system, there was a pronunciation of <Kan>."
Example 2: ". Mirai than our experience, Yuichi pcs students learning advanced ■很快" In, Motoyaku is, "means, of me, with experience, come from it, and see, of some one person, The student's progress in learning (→) was very fast, ”the final translation says,“ From my experience, a student's learning progress (/) was very fast. ” To do.

(Start / End) In principle, "subordinate" is used to indicate "start point" and "arrival" is used to indicate "end point". The response word of Motoyaku is surprisingly difficult, origin "from the beginning ...", "end-point" is good if "throughout the is ... until / to". “To” represents an objective “end point”, and “ni” refers to the other side as “destination”. Even if there is an error in judgment, it does not make a big mistake. In addition, there are a wide range of starting and ending points, where the starting point is “self / separation / reason” and the end point is “to / go / out”. I will explain a few.

<Subordinate>: “Subordinate” also has the meaning of the main verb (→ follow), and it is necessary to determine whether it is an intern or a main verb. Interpret is widely used for “time / place / range”.
Example 1: ". Main removed by Tiananmen, follow這儿one straight往西" is, Motoyaku from "Now, I want to go, to Tiananmen, in it, initially, from here, straight, the destination, towards the west, Go to ", and the final translation is" To go to Tiananmen, go straight west from here. "
Annotate. There is no particular problem with “subordinate”. “Necessary” is “I want to do” because it is an action of “person”. “Out” is an intermediary described later, but here, since there is no main verb, “go” is supplemented. The utterance at the end of the sentence has a meaning of "if you want to go" in the first part, so in the second part, "Please do" in response to it.

Example 2: "? ■ (← Lee Er) follow Inmo Jiko start work ■ (← mouth horse)" is, Motoyaku is "You, the beginning, integrated, time of, from time to time, or to start, work, yes The final translation is "When do you start work?"
Annotate. "Subordinate Inmo Jiko", although with a interrogative, eventually becomes "from when". The “~ ka” of the “question” is attached to the verb. Then, “Do you want to start?”

Example 3: ". Slave Roshi arrival same Gackt participation Ryo Spring Planting" is, Motoyaku is "the beginning, from the teacher, throughout the, until classmate, all took part, do, in the spring, plant trees to" and, The final translation is "All the teachers to classmates participated in the spring planting."

<To>: “To” also has a meaning as a “verb”, and it is necessary to distinguish it from an injunction. However, if “to” is “to reach”, the handling of verbs and intransitives will not change much. If it is a verb, “go” should be supplemented at the end.
Example: ". Other Shi recent arrival in Beijing came manner" is, Motoyaku is "He is, it is, recently, throughout the, until Beijing, and came here, kind of thing I" and the final translation is, “He has recently come to Beijing.”
Annotate. In the "arrival Beijing come", and "came to Beijing". “Target” will be described later (see 0310).

<Direction>: “Direction” also has verb handling. However, there is no problem in handling if you respond to " Go to ...".
Example 1: ". Accordance victory run toward victory" is "the beginning, from the victory, go ahead, and, the other side is, towards victory, go" and, the final translation is, towards the victory from the "victory Go forward. "
Annotate. "Run toward" is, "Towards to-go" and it's easy if interpreted in one word, there is no such single word in the dictionary. This means that "running" and "direction" are not yet strongly linked. The result is the same, but interpreted as above. “Run” is a verb that makes it respond to “ go forward , walk / go ” (see 0198).

Example 2: ". Toward Chakuhigashi Kitahisa" is, Motoyaku is "towards, doing so, to the northeast, and, flying, go there" and, the final translation is flying while towards the "Tohoku I will go. "
Annotate. Since “verb” has the ending “verb” in “mu”, “mu” is a verb, and “ go to ni / he ”. “Arrival” is the ending of “I am doing ”. See (0238) below.

<Outward>: “Outward” has the same meaning as “Muko / Morning” and is often compatible. "Forward" is regarded as a destination, in response translation or equal to "destination is towards the ...".
Example 1: ". Car Corps open forward Lhasa" is, Motoyaku is ". Automobile Corps, open the gate, forward destination, toward the Lhasa, which ran" and, the final translation is, "automobile Corps, Lhasa "I ran towards".
Example 2: ". ■■ (← mouth own, Lee Gate) forward northern extremity儿走" is, Motoyaku is ". We, the destination, towards the north, go ahead, let's go" and then, the final translation "We will head north." Since “■■ (← Mouth, I Gate)” is calling out to the people there, the wording should be “Let ’s go”.

(Purpose) To simply express “Purpose”, use “Take / End”. The difference between the two is whether or not to add realism to the “motion”. In other words, adding “OK” increases the sense of reality. In Japanese, rather than as "When the rain Ru later", but the same theory as the person who is referred to as "rained et al.," Is the increasing sense of realism. In the Japanese translation, there is no need to make a big distinction. For the time being, “for” is set as “it is for that purpose” and “for end” is set as “for the purpose… for that purpose”, but they may be the same. In addition, when the words below “for” are long, it is better to use “to do” to clarify “objective expression”.

Example 1: In ". Because I ■ (← Lee Gate) specific cooperation amicably success Cheers", Motoyaku is, "it, of our, cooperation, amicably, to succeed, to the, to toast (←" When the content of “for” is long, “for that”) ”, and the final translation is“ toast to make our cooperation successful ”.
Example 2: In ". TameRyo DaSusumu international market, other ■ (← Lee Gate) positive standing developed new products", Motoyaku is, "objective is to hit the hand, proceed to the middle, to the international market, enter, the Therefore , they say, “The new product that we are developing now”, and the final translation is “They are developing a new product to go to the international market.”

(Cause / reason) “Cause / reason” describes the relationship with the previous facts to show the cause and effect of things. The cause indicates the last (= Nehara) fact, and the reason indicates the elapsed fact. In addition, it is the purpose and result that show future facts, and the purpose is described in the previous section. If the result is simply to show the result, it is sufficient for Chinese to show the operation one after another as a feature of the emoji language. To indicate an explicit result, you can enter the word “result”.
In Chinese to show the "Cause" is the "cause", Motoyaku is "cause ... a, thereby" and, and to show the "why" is "reason", to "pass-through (to the) ... in , and thereby ". “Hara” represents “spring” and “Yu” represents “passing point”.

<Yu>: “Yu” has many words that indicate “move (/ pass)” in the dictionary, and “Yu” is one of them. Where should I go from where? There are a variety of intermediate facts. It is “reason” if it is a matter, “via” if it is a route, and “right” if it is a person. In Chinese, all of these are “reasons”. Among them, the case where the cause and effect are expressed as the center is “Yu”. The if Shimese Motoyaku "to pass, and, related to the is ... a, thereby," but becomes, if convenient to "Yu", "~ is", the same as the "why".

Example 1: In ". Football reason democratic negotiations, elections production", Motoyaku is, "Football is via, the democratic consultation, thereby election, and, procreation" and the final translation is, " The tournament representative will make an election by democratic consultation. "
Annotate. What to do with “election production”? Do you see "election" as a verb or a noun? Both can be solved. Verbs are as described in the text, and nouns are “and (and)) elections are born”. Which is better depends on the overall tone. Judgment depends on the table, but it is a future task.
Example 2: “ Yu readers are welcomed, the kind book is welcome.” The original translation is “ pass the reader, come from, see the letter, so this kind of book is very The final translation says, “This kind of book is very welcomed by looking at the letter from the reader.” In this case, the conclusion of “Yu” must be “Matter (noun)” before it, and “Thing” is entered.
Example 3: In ". Yukari于 work specifically related system, our standing Shanghai sojourn Ryo几天", Motoyaku is to "pass through, work, the, relationship, whereby, I, the location, in Shanghai, stay, The final translation is "I stayed in Shanghai for a few days because of my work."

(Metaphors / Comparison) These are expressions to compare the body movement with something. This is done by “image / Ryo / ratio / presence / absence”. In Chinese, the metaphor / comparison expression is only "metaphor / comparison", so this alone is not meaningful in Japanese. Therefore, it is necessary to indicate the details of metaphors and comparisons after each word. Its representation, in turn "image: like it to / like as ‥‥" next "如: for example, it is as / in / of seems to as / as ‥‥", the following "ratio: compared to the and ~, but ‥‥ than that ", the fourth is" yes: There ... there is, at the same to the same extent ... it ", fifth," still, there ... is present (/ a), rather than a degree, it is preferable to the ... no. "

The first “statue” is “similar” in meaning, so it complements “round”. The second "Ryo" has a wide meaning of "freely ...", so it is "That ..." for the time being. . The third “ratio” does not know which one is larger only by “compare”, but adds a response word “ more than that” to the statement. The fourth “Yes” is similar and includes the vocabulary “ equivalent to it”. In the fifth “exclusion”, a response word “ not so much … not” is entered .

<Image>: In ". Other specific臉image other哥哥", Motoyaku is, "He, of, face, though, of his, like a brother, Similar", and the final translation is, "he The face is similar to his brother. " In this case, since there is no “main verb” in this sentence, “image” is an interposition, but “similar” to the main verb is supplemented.

<如>: Example 1: In ". Positive 如 above Tokorojutsu" Motoyaku is "exactly, for example, more than, at the, like, discussed" and the final translation is "just above To (/ like). " In the past, "Yodo" was also used in Japan.
Example 2: In addition, ". China Yugo ten multi-个少number of ethnic groups, 如 Kura group,維吾Er group, Hui, etc., etc." In, Motoyaku is, "China, the, 50, of several, there are ethnic minorities, and , for example, Tibetan, Uygur, such as Hui, and there ", the final translation is," in China, cage 50 several of the ethnic minorities, Tibetan, Uygur, things such as Hui " In this statement, because there is no main verb to the portion of the word cut compensate for the "there," but, at that time, because the connection condition is "- is / ~ there are", "such as" is "something like" Change.

<Ratio>: In ". Walesa ratio ■ (← Lee Er) Sagoteki", Motoyaku is (a →) "I go is, to compare is, you, go, it than, good condition And the final translation is "I go better than you go.""Walesa (I go)" in this sentence since has become the subject of a sentence as a whole, "I → I" converted and, to compensate for the "no" to this "me to go." To do.

To strengthen the degree of comparison to say, such as "very high" is, to "give many (= (is it) get like, ... very large)" or "ORyo (= it, ... very often)." Add to the end of the word. The translation is as follows. “Sama” may be “swing”. “Swing” is not suitable for all words, and “sama” has generality.
Example 1: ". We ratio ■ (← Lee Er) high-yield many" is, "I am, to compare is with you, than that, tall, I like to get it is, very often" and. “Swing” means “there is a lot of height swing ”.
Example 2: In addition, ". I ratio ■ (← Lee Er) high ORyo" is, Motoyaku is "I, to compare is with you, than it is tall, it is, very often", The final translation is "You are much taller than me."

<Yes>: "? Other specific Chinese Yes ■ (← Lee Er) good ■ (mouth horse)" is, Motoyaku is "He, of, Chinese is, in there, you, there is, at the same to the same extent, good The final translation is "Is his Chinese as good as you are?" Another example is at (0151). For the general interpretation of “Yes”, see (0150).

<Botsuyu>: ". We哥哥Botsuyu other那麼high" is, Motoyaku is ". I, brother, still, that there, he is not a degree, tall, no," and the final translation is "My brother is not as tall as him."

(Partner) The “partner” of “action” may be “to be together” with the partner or “what kind of action” is to be performed on the partner. The former is “to” and the latter is a grammatical problem such as “passive” and “useful” (described in Chapter 3). Here, the former is described.

The form of "the Daredare", in the Chinese There are three state of the "sum / grant /跟", meaning is slightly different. "Harmony" is a simple parallel represents "anyone who (/ what what)", and "given" is, in the case where trick the operation from this side to the other side becomes "~" said, for example, "A given B ”Becomes“ A and B ”by“ working from A to B ”(the appearance is the same), and“ 跟 ”is the opposite of“ given ”(inferior)“ this side is facing ( with after the people), it may become in the relationship that it to the ~ together ". To In these response representation, all "other party, ... and," but say even, clearly is better to divide the aspects, Motoyaku is, "sum" is "the other party is ... and", "given" is " the other party is lobbying ... to, at the same (→ This is, after all "the other party is ... and" may be) and ". And, "跟" is a troublesome, but "opponent, here is ... with after, (it together / it / it from a) to ~", easy-to-thing "opponent, ... in conjunction with the "

<Sum>: "? Seki于這matter events ■ (← Lee Er) sum other stories stories, good not good" in, Motoyaku is "related to, for this matter, you (→ is), opponent, and he, to talk, a little, to talk, it, good, really, and is that so? ", the final translation is" on this matter, you do I will to talk with him. ".
Annotate. First, words near the beginning of the sentence are considered as “topics”. And finally, in “like”, what should be done with the phrase “~ is ...” until then? The sentence so far can be received as "~ ha" again, and the whole should be consistent. Then, the previous “ha” is converted to “ga”.

<Given>: In ". Japanese given Chinese manner臉形native Japanese words saying specifically deep structure enough Sukechika", Motoyaku is, "Japanese, and the Chinese, the, face form, your opponent, and language, that, “The deep structure is well-facing and close”, and the final translation is “The deep structure of Japanese and Chinese faces and language are sufficiently close.”
Annotate. How to grasp the whole structure. Two “targets” and one “sum” come out, and so far are connected to one and become a “topic”. The description of “target” will be described later (see 0310).

<跟>: In ". Sakutenware 跟 Ototoototomi Film SaRyo", Motoyaku is "Yesterday, I, your opponent, with from here after the brother, the same together (→ partner, together with his brother), see, a movie and, there in went ", the final translation is" yesterday, I am, and went to see a movie together with his brother. ".
Interpret. Interpretation of “跟” is complicated, but often ends up with “to”. In other words, by omitting the majority of Motoyaku, but not to "together with his brother." As for the context of the operation of “Nen” and “Non”, “Non” is first and “Nen” is behind. In Chinese, this is the order of time, but in Japanese it is reversed. In order to adjust this, “N” is added to the “objective” expression in “the previous action”. This will be described later (0235).

(Action) In Chinese, “time, place, means, human relation” is expressed, and “action” is written at the end. This order of expression is the same as in Japanese.
In many cases, “motion” is expressed in conjunction with “object of motion” in the form of “motion—its matter”, not just motion alone. Note that the “object” in this context is broader than the “object” in English. In other words, "What do you want to do - what / what / which to / either to / from either" and hit the "purpose". In the Chinese expression, in the case of an action with “concreteness” (= present action / anterior action), a series of actions are in the form of “interposition-its element-verb”, and “general” actions (= In the case of (general action / intracerebral action), simply “the matter” is arranged in the form of “verb—its element”. For example, it is the difference between "read document" and "bunch這本statement read Ryo". The former may be translated according to the handling of “interposition”, while the latter is expressed in the form of “what? -What”. This structure is the same as the interpretation of "interposition-its elements" (similarity between verb and interposition, the following). For example, it may be considered that can be interpreted in 2-like "for tool" is "a tool in the" "using the tool".

(Similarity between verbs and interpositions) Looking at the history of human language development, sentence expression distinguishes between “action” and its “partner (object)”, “subject” and “object”. Without doing it, I have been in the form of "what- how " or " how- what" for a long time. Many linguists have explained that the occurrence of language is “SVO”, “SOV”, “VSO”, “VOS”, etc., but that has been discussed in the last 10,000 years. That's why. Tens of thousands of years ago, it was more undifferentiated and childish. By the way, many “particles” in Japanese are often borrowed from Chinese. Some words have already been pointed out. In undeveloped life, particles were not necessary in life-related sentences. Furthermore, the conjugation word (northern language) is still undifferentiated as “what-how”.
As the language developed, it became necessary to connect sentences. At that time, in Chinese, it was differentiated as “ used , chopsticks, and eaten, rice”. In addition, if the Japanese "the chopsticks, use was, and, rice, ate" began to give a description language to the "things" and so on. In the real representation, "Using, chopsticks - food, rice" or "with chopsticks - rice, ate" became like. In Chinese, the expressions “use chopsticks → for ■ child (■ is pleasant for bamboo crown)” and “use chopsticks → for ■ child (■ is pleasant for bamboo crown)” are the same in terms of shape. . Following this process, in Chinese, the word for motion is also used for situational expression, and if “operability” is light, it is called “interposition” in “situation explanation”. In other words, there is essentially no difference between verbs and interpositions. For example, “salary” is the usage of the verb “to do” and the intern “to ni”.

In (interposition), let's start with the intern.
The general verbs are “in / out / existing”, “for / following”, “subordinate / self / arrival / reaching”, “reaching / causal / reasoning”, “image / such / ratio”, “sum / given / 跟”, “supply / subject”. / Messenger / scream / concession, etc. ", except for the last item. Here, let's talk about inflections that indicate other specific situations.
Because verbs that express concreteness are expressed as verbs by diminishing the meaning of the verbs, they can be expressed well even if they are converted back to verbal expressions, as long as the words are not reversed. However, this always causes a reversal of the word order, and if there is ambiguity, the translation of the injunction can only be determined after reading the elements that follow it. If this instability is not resolved, automatic translation is difficult. Therefore, a workaround is the use of “correspondence expressions” that use the broader terms of the translation. For example, if the "sit", "to sit down ... and, it (which was a means) / ride" It is a translation that, and the like. Since it is not difficult, only a few examples will be given.

<Sitting>: “Sitting” means “sitting”, but when the logic of “sitting down ...” works, it becomes an intern that becomes “~”. So, with the broader concept of verbs and through, and "sat down ... to, to it in / sit / ride / position".
Example 1: ". ■■ (← mouth own, Lee Gate) sitting under consultand" is, Motoyaku "We, sat down, and, to go down, and, come here, try to talk." And the final translation is "We will sit down and talk."
Annotate. In this case, “sitting” is the verb “sitting” because it has the end word “under coming”. “Underway” is an “auxiliary verb” and may be appropriately translated. The last sentence will be "~" because there is "■■ (← mouth, Lee gate)" at the beginning.
Example 2: “Naka impossible sitting public train ■ left”, the translation is “I ca n’t go to there by public car (→ bus) , sitting down, sitting down and sitting down (/ Do n’t go there. ”And the final translation is“ You ca n’t go there by bus. ” In this sentence, the meaning of “impossible” is not “ability” and there is no “authority”, and it is “prohibited” and may be “don't” by interpretation. There is no choice but to judge from the context.

<Pair>: “Pair” means “face to face”, but the other party may be “thing / thing” or “person”. In Japanese, this is distinguished, so it is necessary to divide the case in later words. In the last “~”, “person / thing” is the same. Therefore, the vocabulary translation says, “ To do is (thing / thing) / the other party is (person)… do it against it”.
Example 1: ". Spear opening pair Chakutekijin" is, Motoyaku is set to "muzzle (→ a), against, doing so, the people of the enemy", the final translation is, the "muzzle toward the enemy "
Annotate. "Spear opening" is regarded as the topic to "muzzle", to change the "thing" So "the muzzle." “Muzzle is ” is no mistake. See (0051). “Pair” is “verb” because “wear” is worn, and “ to ” (toward) → “ to ”.
Example 2: ". Et al. V. Waresetsu Ryo這件thing" is, Motoyaku is "He, the other party is, for me, was talking about, you do, this, of matter, for things" and, the final translation is, “He told me about this.”
Annotate. “Pair” is an intern and “the other party is against me”. "Theory" becomes " Speak ... and (direct word) / About (ground sentence)". See (0058).

<Kiyu>: “Kiyu” is a verb in the sense of “ride (or straddle) in (horse, motorcycle, etc.)”, but when it is followed by “how”, it becomes lighter and becomes an intern in the meaning of “means” Become. The response verb "across ... to, and, it in / ride (or the like)" and.
Example: ". Previous sitting car on the team, currently open car" is, Motoyaku is "In the past (→ is), across, the car (→ bicycle), and, ride, and, go up, the group (→ workplace), now (→), open the gate, drive the car and go there, and the final translation is “I used to work by bicycle , but now I go by car”.
Annotate. In this case, “Kim” is a verb, but since there is a “upper group = going to work” later, it can be treated as an intern. Of course, there is no inconvenience even with verbs. "Open" drives a car, but it can be treated the same as "coach". Since “Previous” and “Present” are in a synonym, it is assumed that “~ is.

<Away>: "away" is the "from away ..." in the sense of the Japanese, the Chinese, further "from away ..., and there until" there is also logic to work with. That distinction may simply be to describe the "distance" of that "from - to ...," but, in stating that the "future" is, again added the words, compensate and "And, until there". Since “from” and “to” appear at the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to the discrimination, but there is no big error even if the discrimination is made in reverse.
Example 1: ". Guangzhou away depth ■ (← Tsuchikawa) near, away from Hong Kong far" is, "Guangzhou, away, from the depth ■ (← Tsuchikawa), it is close, and, away, from Hong Kong, it is far" The final translation is “Guangzhou is close to Shenzhen (← Tsuchikawa) but far from Hong Kong”.
Annotate. Although it is fine, what to do with “Deep ■ (← Tsuchikawa)” is usually “~ is close / ~ close”, and this example can be interpreted as well, but “Deep ■ (← Tsuchikawa), Hong Kong” is the opposite. "~ Ha" is added. Another Motoyaku, "Guangzhou, away, up to a depth ■ (← Tsuchikawa), near" can also. The difference between preamble, come on behalf on whether or not the figurative who are in the "Guangzhou". "Because away depth ■ (← Tsuchikawa)", "Hong Kong away" are a pair, ideographic person it can be seen that you are in the "Guangzhou". Therefore, it can be seen that the expression “from” is correct. Otherwise, both expressions hold.
Example 2: ". Away Opening changed Yes both small time" is, Motoyaku is "away, from the opening, and, until there, not go to the previous, still, there, of the two, time, there is" a, final The translation is "There are still two hours until the opening".

<Order>: “Order” means “(the head (= page) follows the flow of the river)”, but there are two specific translations: “along with” and “order”. Therefore, the response translated as "it obediently follow ... along / in order to". Next, “ sequential flight ” is a little difficult to interpret, but it is a single word “ following ”, but if you say “ follow it straightforwardly and smoothly along the route”, it means “bypass”.
Example: ". Order Chakuichihai cherry tree one straight run,就是we ■ (← Lee Gate) Mura儿" is, Motoyaku is follow the "And honestly, while doing so, a row, cherry tree, along the, to the earlier Go, go, and then, immediately, it is our village, "and the final translation is" Go straight along the cherry blossom trees and you will be our village. "
Annotate. “Order” is a verb because there is “run” later, but when these are linked, the above “interposition translation” appears. Since “prevention” can be interpreted as the “condition” in the preamble, the connection word “when it is” and the interpretation word “it is immediately” appear. The last “儿” is about “~” in a light sense, and is expressed above when expressed in sentences.

<Self>: “Self” is a hieroglyph that points to “nose” and means “start your nose”. From here, various meanings of “naturally / naturally” come out. The vocabulary translation is " naturally ... from (objective) / more (subjective) / self-powered (adverb)". When it comes to verbs, many are in the dictionary. "
Example 1: ". Results not ■ (← phrase many) ideal, now after its own This effort" is, Motoyaku is "grades, too, not contented, not enough to ideal, so in the future, naturally (→ of course) , You should make an effort, "and the final translation is" The results are not ideal and should be made in the future. "
Example 2: ". The next train self-Beijing Hiraki往Urumqi" is, Motoyaku is "of Imatsugi, train, naturally, from Beijing, to open the gate, the destination, towards Urumqi, go "The final translation is" This train goes from Beijing to Urumqi. "

(Types of particles in action) In order to express the action of “going to where” in Chinese, for example, “ex-Shanghai” is simply used, and an explanatory word corresponding to “to” is not included. In Japanese, it is common to put some particles, and the relationship of “action-object” is expressed in the form of particles. Interestingly, there are certain rules for both this verb and particle.
For example, in terms of verbs, the endings of verbs often end with “ru / su / u / ku / mu”. This ending is not just a coincidence, it makes sense. "Ru" is the original form of Japanese (neutral movement), and when it is attached to Chinese, it becomes "Su (Chinese movement)", which changes to "Sue (modern)". Furthermore, the endings were "U (joint action) / ku (coming action) / mu (coming action)". This is useful for Japanese-to-Chinese translation, but it's not here, so I'll leave it here.
These verbs are typically accompanied by a particle such as “on / in / de / to / from / more”. “On / Ni / de” was explained (see table 0060). Here is a quick look at the typical example.

<Direct display>: In general, “O” is used to indicate that a certain action is confronted with an object. Therefore, in the translation Sino-Japanese causes the concert with the "~ ... a". As an aside, it is often omitted because it is understood even if there is no “O”. For example, “eating fish” is “eating fish”. Furthermore, “learn” becomes a verb of “learn”. This knowledge is useful for translation from “day to middle”. By the way, there is no word that hits “O” in Chinese. For example, in the form of “eating / seeing / jumping / simulating—what”.
<Indication of location>: The verb “de / ni” is associated with the verb indicating the relationship with the location. Concert with, "the" is "is - where the" - "in" is "Where to ~" the concert with. "To" is, for the more static behavior, "put / live / stay - where" there is a response to.
<Display of motion>: To represent motion, it is represented by “ni / he”. The difference is that “ni” indicates the destination of the motion and “to” indicates the destination of the motion. “Ni” and “he” can be distinguished conceptually in this way, but they cannot be used in practice and are mixed. Many are idiomatic.
For example, "go / forward / back - Where to / in" the concert with.
<Display of start / end>: To indicate the start point, it is indicated by “from / to”. “Kara” is an objective expression, and “more” is a subjective expression. A recent trend is the use of “kara”. “More” is often used to indicate “comparison” and “reason”.
For example, "retire / leave - from where,""big / fast - more than anything" - such as "disease to / win anything more."
“End” is added to indicate the end point. “Until” is common to “ni / he”, and “until” is not used much.

(Comprehensive operation) From here, we will describe what kind of particles the operation is likely to be combined with. At first it is a comprehensive movement, but even if it is said to be comprehensive, it depends on whether it is centered on hands or feet. As for the antecedent of the vocabulary, I tried to make the original word as much as possible. If you study individual translations, you will get better translations. There is room for further research.

(Use of the whole body) Operation using the whole body.
<■ (← Power C)>: Apply power and process / create .
<做>: Move the hand ... the to / do.
<NOTE>: Well ... the to / do. “Doshi” means “trunk” although the language is different.
<Work>: with the act ... the cause / to work.
<■>: exalted the hand ... the to / do.
<Progress> :( thereof) that complete the ... the.

(Hand use) Operation that uses the hand mainly.
<Striking>: hit the hand ... a.
<Bottom>: Put your hand down. Note that “upper / lower” is often an operation complement (explained later).
<拿>: to fit the hand ... with a / take.
<幇>: Help me to lend a hand .
<■>: Open the gate ... to.
<找>: take-divided into ... Find / put out your fishing.
<■ (← Tehen + dispute)> trying to de-the :( predicament) desperately ... from withdrawing / ... earn.

(Foot use) The action of using the main foot.
<Running>: Go ahead and walk to / go to ...
<Progress>: Go inside and enter ...
<Over> :( approaching from there) pass / there be so the (ending).

(Each individual action) There is no particular relevance, but a little grouped.
(1 set)
<Nursing>: Look ... the, see / read / to judge.
<Seen>: met by ... view, to meet.
<Information>: the idea is ..., test to / inspect / study.
<Precaution>: Read the nostalgic I think ..., subjected to a mind / voice to put out.
<Question>: Go through the gate ... and ask / visit .
<Management>: There is a reason ... to, to manage / partner.

(2 sets)
To <living> :( there) patiently to ... to, live / stay.
<Stop> :( there) not in ... to move, to stop / to stay.
<System> :( to it) connected by thread ..., to connect / related.
<Interpolation>: much ... the, writing plug in / difference.
<Output>: among them ... the issues / lays / more than.
<掉>: swing to the left and right ... fall from / to drop / to lose.

(3 sets)
<Exchange>: with your hands folded ... and intersect / to surrender.
<Release>: release the hand ... put.
<Exchange>: interchanging it was taken up in hand ... and. See (0083) for an example.
<刮>: while刮skills ... a, blow / shave.
<Beat>: beating the t ... the, hit / take.

(4 sets)
<Through>: In Buttoshi ... is lead / be seen / the inform.
<Puncture>: a hole, the, pass / wear.
<Toru>: gradually To, but, through / leak.
<Line>: Goes well ... Great / Perform / Go / Spread .
<Complex>: Wrong ... Bad / Inferior .
<Corrupted>: by overuse, will break / worsen / useless.

(5 sets)
<Osamu>: well-trimmed ... a, be training to / repair.
<Instrumentation>: the ready ..., decorate / gain.
<Responsible>: bear the burden ... the, shoulder / undertake.
<Raw>: It is a breath ..., produce / cause.
<Printing>: Scrub To ... the, polish / Keotosu.

(6 sets)
<Back>: bear the burden ... the, burdened / avoid / to memorize.
<Commandment> :( himself) commandments and ... the, quit / be wary.
<Species>: Species / Race / When you grow up , plant the seeds .
<Medical>: Treat the doctor / revert to ...
<Yes>: to make a pair ... the, match because the men and women / crossing to / harmony.

(7 sets)
<Last name>: the name is a ... last name.
<Love>: What I like is to love / ... it is.
<澡>: Wash your body ... take a bath .
<Misao>: Move the hands and feet, take, manipulate, to gymnastics.

Chapter 3, description of opponent behavior in Chinese (partner notation) In Chinese, when expressing “state”, the verb itself does not change the ending, but the “interpersonal relationship” notation is changed, and the result is In Japanese, it is expressed in the form of “passive”, “utility” or “other relationships”. A description will be made sequentially.

(Passive) “Passive” is a case where the “decision right” of the “acting subject” is weakened by some action, and is expressed by the word “cover” in Chinese. For example, when it interpreted the "We the other hitting Ryo.", "I, to him, is to be, as a result, was hitting," but become, this does not take meaning. So, make this the ordinary Japanese, "was hit" is to be inflected to passive to have been "hit". What should I do. Motoyaku shows the first in the "response representation", "was caught, to whom, and, - has been" good and. In the above sentence, the plain translation is "I was caught , hit by him and hit", and the final translation is "I was hit by him."
Passiveness is often expressed as a “profit and loss account” in the colloquial expression along with the following service. This is related to the omission of “subject” in Japanese. See below (0211).

Let me give you an example.
Example 1: ". Sakazukiko the Ototoototoda crushed Ryo" is, Motoyaku the "cup, to caught was, brother, and, crushed (→ divided) was, so was" the final translation is "cup, the brother It was cracked. "
Annotate. "Sakazukiko" is the topic in may be a "cup", but when the normal "thing" is the subject, it is common to the purpose of the operation, "the cup" (object) is in Japanese, but in passive sentence of It ’s more natural to keep the influence of English or “ha”. Incidentally, "ae Ru" is the ending of "withering grinding" passive, "a" is "there", "e" means "get", "obtaining a state in which (objectively)" as a whole It makes sense and this is the passive identity.

Example 2: ".這件events not meeting the Roshi Tomomichi manner" is, Motoyaku "This, matter of, thing is, at all, even if gathered (→ No way), caught was (→ circle), the teacher, then, it is known, things are not, and such that it ", the final translation is" this matter is, no way I can is not known to the teacher. ".
Annotate. In this sentence, there is a question of how to correlate the “translation” and “subject”. You can nest “covers” and say, “No way (captured, be done), there is no trap”. Details are described in (0323). The last “There is no known thing” was spoken and “No way…”, but it is not necessary.

Example 3: ". Other novels to be translated formed various characters" is, Motoyaku is "He, of, novel, caught was, and has been translated, and it is (naturally), a variety of, in character , and has been ", the final translation is" his novels, been translated, various. "→" his novels became the language of the will, and in a variety of languages were translated. ".
Annotate. In this statement, have become "the translation", there is no word of "to whom". At that time, you can continue the sentence directly. “Consists” responds to “it becomes ...”, but may take the meaning of “consists” and put “naturally”. Finally, the relationship between “translated” and “becomes a letter”, this sentence seems to be an abbreviation of “translated and represented in various characters (languages)”. If it takes a meaning, it becomes the above-mentioned last translation. Such an interpretation will be an issue for the future.

Example 4: ". We object to be Roshi HyoAge" is, Motoyaku is "I am, in caught was, teacher, and, praise was" the final translation is ". I was praised to the teacher" or "I "I had my teacher give up ."
Annotate. If you omit the subject in this sentence, you were "praised by the teacher," but it is unknown who you are. At this time, if you say, “Teacher gave up, ” it means “I” even if there is no word “I”. When there is such a background, it is assumed to be “received (= I received profit = beneficiary act)”. The choice is reasonable based on the presence of the letter “I”.

(Principal role) “Principal role” means that the “acting subject” “influences” the “partner's heart” and places certain restrictions on the other party's “action”. The ending of the action will be "~ Ash". When the phoneme analysis, and "Oh → there is a, then → to s, e → get e, Ru", and "objectively, the state is, to be able to." This is the essence of the service.
There are a wide variety of modes of “action restraint”. In Chinese, when “use / transfer / scream / teaching / contract / decree” is generally used, it is usually expressed as “use”. However, anything that has influence in other words has the meaning of "usefulness". If this concept is further advanced, even "passiveness (intentional restraint)" falls into the category of service, and it is difficult to distinguish between them, and passive and service will merge at the extreme of interaction. In Japanese, there are a number of actions that make you think that passive and working roles have been reversed. (See 0215.)
The typical ones are listed here, “use / transfer” expresses influence only, “scream / teaching / contract” includes the meaning of each of those aspects, and “decree” is “spontaneous”. Represent. Explain using example sentences.

<Use>: This is often the sentence term, "Using, who the (/ what), and ... make" a. In general, to show the "other party" in Japanese as "on", because the meaning of the "~ a" "~ bunch" becomes stronger, in many cases to be unsuitable as a translation of the causative. Therefore, the "partner relationship" is generally to be "on", in response expression "send a use, to whom, and ... make" better to the shape of. However, in the case of animals, without a bit too funny even "running dogs", but much funny in but rather "to run to the dog." But, if the desired product to the operation stick, as "the wo →", "the dog (in →), eat the bait," there is a sense of discomfort and do not. In general, it is said that “O” is when restraint is strong and “Ni” is weak (relative to the other party). Because this is the case, there is a great need for case separation, and future issues remain.

Give an example. In "We use other such RyoYoshihisa completion.", Motoyaku is "I sent a use, to him, and, was make myself understood wait, very, long, so the" next, the final translation is "I, to him It made me wait a long time. "
Annotate. This sentence can also be translated into a normal service form. It becomes like this. "I, with, him and was waiting, did so, very, long, so the" and. In addition, the loss account can be interpreted. Then, Motoyaku is "me, send a use, to him, and wait, I got", and the final translation is "I am, I had him waiting." Become. The selection depends on the context, but the judgment is preferably “usage type” for the local sentence and “lossy expression” for the conversation sentence. In order to categorize it finely, it is necessary to categorize cases.

<Grant>: “Give” means “give”, but when you think “what, how to give, what will happen”, the next is not clear. So, "Joe" is in the ultra-free translation "came across, to whom, and, ... is not was / to ask was / were doing" and, in the decision-making between the two, is to that there has been some impact Good. In order to obtain this result, other super-translational words such as “I met / transferred” may be considered and used. The reason why the last word is broadly divided is that the meaning of “transfer” has spread widely to “ utility-passive-profit ”. At the same time, it is quite difficult to automatically determine “transfer”, and there is an aspect that cannot be said to be wrong even if it is translated in any way.
For example, in "I Yuzuru other and wine.", Motoyaku is, "I came across, to him, and, was Mase drinking, avoid" and, in the final translation, "I, to him, the liquor I was doing it to drink. and ". “I did” is because the act of “he-drink” becomes “beneficial” for him, but it is not necessarily necessary. See the next section on “Losses and Losses” (0222).

Let me give you an example.
Example 1: ". Roshi Yuzuru student peacetime multi-听多theory" is, Motoyaku is "teacher, came across was, and to students, peacetime (→ from the usual), many, was skein hearing, and, often, to talk The final translation is “Teachers have students listen and talk a lot.”
Annotate. “Join” only indicates “community” and does not reveal the relationship. The relationship must be judged from the behavior and the relationship between the parties. What is the teacher making a student? Learning instruction. Then, “Let's listen-speak”. However, since it will benefit the student, it is not a mistake to say " I let you listen." “Normal time” is usually “normal time”, but in this case, “ from normal time” is better. That decision is a challenge for the future.

Example 2: ". Medical students not Yuzuru sick and wine" is, Motoyaku the "doctor, completely (→ -), even if encountered, to the sick, and, not to drink, a drink," and, the final translation is "doctor , Don't make sick people drink alcohol. "
Annotate. The relationship between the doctor and the sick is a powerful instruction. Then, in addition to "non", and "not Mase-in". In addition, if there is a “non” in the sentence, the next word is assumed to be “~ even ” in the reverse connection system. In this way, you can see that there is a consonant conclusion. That's “no”.

Example 3: ". Yuzuru year light-person multi-Soso, another forgotten Ryo before human hardship" is, Motoyaku come across ", to young people, and, many, thought-provoking, a little, thought-provoking, and, never, do not forget , To do so, the hard work of the former, "and the final translation is" Let the young people think a lot and not forget the hard work of the former. "
Annotate. How do you see the relationship between you and youth? From the overall perspective, I feel like I want to ask. When that happens, you will be asked to think (← request) and “don't forget (← strong hope)”. Then, it becomes the above interpretation. Why guide that interpretation? For half, you can select translations according to the case, but half is for future work.

<Yelling>, <Professor>: The two are, "shout / teach, to whom, and ... make" a. Since these two kanji characters include the meaning of the main verb in addition to the interpersonal relationship, a translation of “main verb” is also added at that time. Since the Chinese pronunciation of “scream” and “Kyo” is the same as “jiao”, there is an aspect that conversation is judged by the strength of vocabulary, regardless of whether it is “Scream” or “Kyo”.
Give an example. Example 1: In ". Roshi yelled another bunch wolfberry read three cursory", Motoyaku is "teacher, shouted, to him, and, grabbed, the sentence and, and Mase read, 3 cursory", and the final translation Becomes "Teacher read three sentences."
Example 2: In the "Jiji Judaism Waregaku song", Motoyaku the "old man, taught, me, and, were it academic, singing the" next, the final translation is "The old man, to me, learn the song " In addition, the "academic singing" is, because my interests, by the Word Selection good to to be able to be "let me learn" further "tell me." In addition, when the interpersonal relationship is “teaching”, it may be translated as “to give me”.
Comparing “Scream” with “Jo”, “Je” has a meaning that is too broad to be translated. Strength can be affirmed. In order to divide the case, this judgment is taken into consideration.

The meaning of “scream” is broad and means “scream / call / order / name ...”. Then, in the "call" as well, meaning the occurrence of a causative, not only the "call it ... cause", "call the shots, and, to whom, and, if make" can be the form of. This makes a strong sense. However, there is no “call” translation in the final translation. In other cases, the appropriate word can be determined by simple case classification (see Table 1A).

Example 1: ". Mama yelled woman儿Sagai East-West" is, Motoyaku is "mom, cried, to the girl, and, was skein row, and was purchased Align, things" and, the final translation is "mom , Let the girl go shopping. "
Annotate. In Chinese, the outline action is applied to all of the actual actions. Then, “I will go and buy”. In the Japanese, and so that in the order of - - "row buy", in addition to "on" in order to reverse the time-dependent expression, "going to buy,""linepurchase" is the opposite, not in this order. The final translation could mean “shout” and “mom told / telled the girl to go shopping”. It should be used in infant stories.
Example 2: ". Wareototoototo yelled We跟他lump儿hitting network sphere" is, Motoyaku is "me, brother, cried, to me, and, partner, here is after me (→ and me) "I told you to play and play tennis together," and the final translation was "My brother asked me to play tennis together."
Annotate. A simple "If yelled We punching network sphere" only, "shouted, to me, and, was make myself understood hitting the hand, and, to play tennis (/ make)" it becomes. “Scream” in this case is “say”, which is synonymous with “order”.

(Loss and Gain Account) “Salary” means “benefit”. So, to payoffs shape and "was doing to ~". Response translation is, but there is still room for investigation, "took taken, to whom, and, was doing was ‥‥" good to the. “Salary” is a somewhat old word “hang”, which is appropriate, but it is difficult to grasp the meaning, so I dared to “take it”.

Give an example.
Example 1: ". Possible specific story, Wareso supply other ■ (← Lee Gate) purchase one point Reimotsu" is, Motoyaku has a "possibility, that, if the story, I think, take taken, to them, Then , I want to buy and give one gift. "The final translation is" If I can, I want to buy one gift for them. "
Annotate. In the “medal” part, a translation of “thought” is added after “salary” (see 0101). In “Salary” “Salary” (← I 爾), Japanese language is expressed differently depending on profits. If "I (/ your) → he", and "I (/ you) is, I'll him ... to (donor type)". If "He → I", "He (/ is), to me ... us to" become. If "He → You", and "he is, I'll you to ... to". Only “pay me” becomes “do me (beneficial form)”. For example, if the "other paper we buy the East-West", Motoyaku is "He, took taken, to me, and, bought me, the thing" and, the final translation is "He is, I am to buy things He gave me.

Example 2: "?請■ (← Lee Er) bunch這些irradiation Kata交supply small king, good ■ (← mouth horse)" is, Motoyaku is to "ask, you (→ How do), grab, of these, photo the, and, by personal delivery, taken take (→ to be delivered), the king's, it, good, and is either "Yes, the final translation is" whether, please pass these photos king's in, are you sure you want . "
Annotate. In this case, “salary” has no word for “thing”. Therefore, “salary” also serves as the main verb. Since it is followed by “supply”, it is “handed over”. Where, in this statement, or not Seiritsuta sentence of "paper Small King exchange這照piece". Establish. The word “pay… community” was used frequently, and finally the word “compensation” was created. It is the same reasoning as “resident”.

(Behavior to ask) To ask someone something, "Please do ...". In Chinese, it is “contract…”. So, to give a response translated to this, and "to ask, to whom, and, as will be." If the action against the other party is not marked with “■ (← I 爾)”, “Please please…”.

Give an example.
Example: ". China student ■ (← Lee Gate) 請 neck destination Symbol living transformant-type", Motoyaku is the "students of China, was to ask, first of all, to store, applicable, the format", the final The translation says, “Chinese students first asked me to remember the appropriate format.” Another example. In the "In此請 simple Symbol living various Jo况.", "Cause, because this, if, briefly, please store, various of the situation" becomes. Also, the final translation is “Since this is the case, please remember the various situations”.

(Spontaneous operation) A person may perform an operation that is the surrounding atmosphere. This operation is called “spontaneous” operation. In Chinese, this "decree people ...做" or "(the god) life (= Ordinance) Ji was, in person, and, ... is (=做) was" to express in the form of. The responsive expression is “ Unintentionally , the person has ... Give an example. In the "natural-old man sweat glands secretion doubled.", Motoyaku is "naturally, instinctively, people, of the sweat glands, secretion, doubling the (/ is allowed)" and the final translation is "naturally, people, sweat The secretion of "has doubled."

Chapter 4, description of the start, continuation and end of Chinese operations The last part of the actual operation is a description of the start, continuation and end of operations. In Chinese, this can be shown near the beginning of a sentence, or as a small change in movement at the end of a sentence. In Japanese, almost everything ends with a sentence. For Chinese sentence expression, the plain translation can be processed in the same way as the contour movement, and the sentence ending expression is almost the same in both Japanese and Chinese languages. Requires some conversion technology. In addition, the characters appearing in this chapter should be understood in the meaning of auxiliary verbs at the end.
In order to indicate “start”, “coming / departing / starting / starting / coming / coming / coming”, etc. are used, “continuing” is using “correct / present / arriving”, and “ending”. “-/ End / Complete” or the like is used. Furthermore, there is a problem of “temporal system” and “question expression”. Details will be described below.

(Operation start expression) The words representing the start will be sequentially described.
<Start>: “Start” expresses the feeling of “getting up” and “something begins and continues for a long time ”. This has 2 state, - if "force things", "Ru because start - something", and - if "things cause", that is "the matter is, Ru beginning or" Normal It is. In the latter, it can also be interpreted as hidden "human", can also as "the matter, Ru because start". Distinction of "Me-Ru / ~ Ru or," said undifferentiated hardly the only Chinese characters. In the latter case, the preamble is received by "their", and "Then Ru beginning", when the statement is linked to below, may be in the form of "te" and "then started to".

Give an example.
Example 1: In ".従今heaven cause execution summer Ordinance time", Motoyaku is "the beginning, from today, starting from it, to perform, daylight saving time" as the final translation is "from today, to run the daylight saving time." . “Ki” also becomes “Kiyo”. Both of these meanings are the same as the “t” of the “past” in the final translation. The meaning of “coming” will be described in the next section (0231).
Example 2: In ". Woman Yonin bunch one个書■ cause come", Motoyaku is "of the woman, servants, grabbed, one of the, book, and, picked up, starting from it, came to here." Next Here, “here” means “here”, which means “current / local point”, and the completed translation is “helping the woman picked up a book. (← I mean, "I mean here"

<Coming>: “Coming” means “approaching” and where is it approaching? If it is interpreted as “approaching now ”, “the operation has continued until now”, it is a translation of “having been done ”. In response, the previous word is received with “So” and “And then”. If there is a “verb” immediately after, then “when” is omitted.

Give an example. In the "■ crops come theory Futada YuFutoshi ■也需needed rain water", Motoyaku the "opponent, to the crop, then, and say, completely, only, there, the sun is, there is, not only, be it Also, rainwater is necessary (→ also), and the final translation is "From the crop, not only the sun but also rainwater is necessary." There are some words that are a little verbose. To explain, “To the crop, then say” means “to say from the viewpoint of the plant”, but it is difficult to convert. " Even so, it is not particularly funny. “Rainwater” is also because “ya” responds to “rainwater”.

“Come” can be “done” and “come”. The "can", in the sense of "come out come out to the outside / to the outside", and the meaning of "it begins." Give an example. In "Kakiko specific seed early bunch Me拿can ■ (← mouth Tomoe)", Motoyaku is "persimmon, of, kind of, early, early, grab, buds, and, hands together, held in the hand, Go out and do it , "and the final translation is" The seed of the bud, take the sprout in your hand and go out. " In the normal translation of Japanese, it will be "~ buds", but you may make such a phrase selection, but you can stop it if it is troublesome, and there is no particular inconvenience in acquiring meaning. In addition, it is better to be able to erase because “join hands and hold in hand” is redundant.

In the case of “coming down”, “coming” means “the time is coming now”, means “going down and reaching now”, and “has been done ”. The vocabulary translation is "Come down ...". Give an example. In the "猴子掉under come Ryo.", Motoyaku the "monkey, fall, and, down, come, so was" the final translation is "monkey, fell to the bottom.". Here, “fall down, down” becomes “fall down” in Japanese.

<Last>: “Last” means “go away from the present location”, but in an ideal sense, it means “start now (go)”. In response representation, "and, in there, went" Tosureba well, in the final translation, the leading part simply as "went to -" should be the purpose representation. Give an example. In the "■ (← mouth own) ■ (← Lee Gate) Midenkage removed by Ryo", Motoyaku "We, saw, movies and,, went there, so the" next, the final translation is "We I went to see the movie. " “Ni” represents the purpose (= the other party). See (0221).

(Continuation expression of motion) To express the continuation of motion near the end of a sentence, it may be in the form of “positive / existing / existing-verb”, and may be appended with “end”. "Positive" represents the meaning of "I just ... you" in the language of "strengthening". "Standing" is "now, there" in the sense of "We are now ... to". "Seizai" is "just, (now) there" in the sense of, "We are right now ... then". “Arrive” means “ I am on the path of the motion” and “I am performing the motion”. If expressed as "positive / Seizai" of earlier they overlap, may be set to "(now) ... is" as a whole.

Give an example.
Example 1: "This孩子crab positive哭的Jiko under Tsugihachi很快land flying" is, Motoyaku hits in "thing, of children, crab, exactly, are you crying, that, at the time, then, bee But it was very fast and flew and came here. ”The final translation was“ When the cub was crying, the bee flew very quickly. ”
Example 2: In ". This孩子crab instead of standing哭的Jiko Umitai Namerarai Ryo", Motoyaku is, hit the "thing, of children, crab, but still does not proceed to the previous, now, crying, at that time, “The kelp slipped and came here,” said the final translation, “When the pupa was still crying, the kelp slipped.”
Example 3: ". Patrol entertainer line Seizai那里Shokei" is, Motoyaku is "of the patrol, entertainer, is one line, exactly, now, over there, small, a break, to have" the final translation is " A group of travel entertainers is taking a short break there. "

Give examples of “wear”. In the "猴子resident dendritic Kazuki branch Noriyuki between慢慢land sitting wearing.", Motoyaku the "monkey, location, branch of a tree, with it, the branches of the tree, that, in between, slowly, slowly, sitting, The final translation is "The monkey sits relaxed between the tree branches." The tense is “present tense” here, but “past tense” can be selected depending on the content of the story. It should be noted, "and" Chapter 7 reference to "slowly".
An example of “present”. In the "fire vehicles standing Hi奔.", Motoyaku "train, now, flying, and rush" and the final translation is "train is rushing flying.". Depending on the choice of words, it may be "~".

(End expression of motion) To express the end of motion in kanji, the kanji may be interpreted appropriately, so it may be a bare verb, and to express "end" clearly, You can add “OK”. If there is no “end”, it gives the feeling that the sentence is still connected, and if “end” is given, it gives the feeling that the sentence is cut. In Japanese, the utterance that says “I want to…” seems to continue the sentence, but if I say “I did”, no matter how many words there seems to be after that, the sentence ends here A new sentence begins. Therefore, even if the “motion” of the past is continued, “ta” is not added to the intermediate motion, but “ta” must be added only at the end. For example, it "was the shopping go to Kyoto.".
“Complete” means “end”, but it means “complete” and is not described here (see 0243).

  When Chinese characters are in dictionary form in Chinese, the original translation predicts the end of the sentence, translates it to “past tense” or “present tense”, confirms the “state” at the end of the sentence, and later You may change the state of the verb. In order to make a prediction, fact description sentences often have “past”, and logical sentences that express truth often have “present tense”.

Take an example.
Example 1: In ". Mai woman ear We呆立immobility", this is translated into the past tense because it is depiction fact, "Dancer in the Motoyaku, saw, I (→ is), stood dazed, completely, was immobility It was, in the the "next, final translation, and" dancers, I saw a dazed of Ru falling immobility der. ". In terms of tense, in Japanese, when several verbs are arranged, even if they are arranged as "present tense (original form)-present tense (original form)-past tense", the final form is "past tense" Then, all of this series of verbs means "past". The same is true for the Chinese language, and the sense of “time” is more ambiguous and may be meaningful in accordance with the circumstances of the scene. become.
Example 2: ". Zaiyama street猴子揀到 Ryo Kakiko specific seed", in the Motoyaku, "Location of the mountain road, above, monkey, picked up, the led, did so, persimmon, of, species In the final translation, "The monkey picked up a spider seed on the mountain road."

<Two Usages>: “End” is “finished” and essentially means “complete”, but this also means “past”. In Chinese, when the meaning of "the past" is placed immediately after the verb, as "做Ryo", meaning that "was, was so" → "was ~". However, this also includes the meaning of “complete”. Then, when the meaning of "complete" is placed in the end of the sentence, representing the contents of a lightly in the end Joshi sense of Japanese "- it is finished." In the sense that the operation is not incomplete, it means “complete”, but there is often no need to translate it into Japanese. In other words, it is determined whether the purpose of the first half is the past, and the tense is followed (see 0238).

Give an example.
Example 1: ". We buy Ryo single electricity view desk" is, Motoyaku is set to "I bought was, and so, of a single, the TV", in the final translation, "I bought one of TV " In the original translation, “I bought it,” it was “light”, but it ’s light, so it does n’t have to be from the beginning, but it ’s easier to understand it to indicate “the past”.
Example 2: ". Bunch tool做完Ryo就去" is, Motoyaku is "grab, to work, to, and, ended, If you do, Well (→ cod), immediately, go there," and the final translation is "When you are finished the work, soon to go.".
Annotate. This “end” means “complete” and is not “past”. The "complete", in the sense of the "kind of change is Ru happened (/ happened / is in a state of remains took place)", the second half has a "就" (concert of "Ryo ...就"), as a whole Means "That happened (Ra)". Even in Japanese, this usage expresses a sense of realism and uses the same usage. Connection relationship is "Well" But, "~ other, et al". This is done because the previous phrase represents the content of “future” for the purpose of the sentence.
Example 3: In ". Waresoyu when那様認為Ryo", Motoyaku is "I am, I think, there, when is there (when → there), so, was recognized, did so, and" and to The final translation is "I thought I recognized that at one time."

(Question Expression) Chinese question sentences are not limited to the beginning of sentences if they are interrogative words like English. . In this respect, the Japanese language is roughly the same, but the difference is that the Japanese word (always) puts a question word “~” at the end of the sentence. No, but in Chinese, it is not a questionable word, but a final particle such as “■ (← Mouth)”, which has almost the same meaning, is placed.
Now, with the technology that translates this into Japanese, at the moment when the “question word” comes out, it is placed in the form of “ha (← topic)” and then the emphasis is expressed (for example, “unity”). If this is the case, the reader will be plain, but it will be easier to make sense.

Give an example. In the "■ (← Lee Er) removed by ■ ri (■ (← mouth nun))", Motoyaku is, "You (/ is), to go is, Where is integral, (I heard)," and, The final translation should be "Where are you going?" However, the meaning of "Where are you going to go?" In this case, “■ (← 尼)” hits “Ne / sa / yo” in Japanese and gives the end-of-sentence, so it can be ignored as a translation. Another example is given.

<什麼>: “什麼” is “what” followed by various words. For example, in the case of time:
Example: ". ■ (← Lee Er) Shi Inmo Jiko儿到Date inherently" In, Motoyaku is, "You are, it is, in time together, leading, in Japan, and, what I came here, That's the answer , and the final translation is "When did you come to Japan?" “Kuru” is the main verb, but it is omitted because it has the same meaning as “To”. “Target” is about “Things”, but since the whole is a question sentence, the words at the end of the sentence are aligned and changed to “~ ka”.

<Title>: The meaning is "(why) why do you ...". "■ (← Lee Er) for Inmo哭了?" Is, Motoyaku "If you really Why cry, those of I" is the final translation is, "You are, what had been why crying." To do. “End” in this case can be taken as the verb “past / complete” or “emotion” at the end of the sentence. It doesn't make a big mistake in either case, but in such cases it is reasonable to interpret that "verb-end" is connected.

<Who>: “Who” represents “subject / object”, not the subject, because the person in front is unknown. Then, the "Do Who is (/ a), ... to".
Example 1: In “ Who Nari,” the original translation is “Who is going there, there ? ” And the final translation is “Who is going there?” Here, if you add “unity” and increase the level of “question”, the meaning is reversed to become “antonym” and it is easy to hear the meaning of “nobody goes”. This misunderstanding cannot be judged here alone, but only from the whole translation. This kind of expression is universally present in languages around the world, such as Japanese, Chinese, and American. This judgment can only be left to the reader unless it is a typical sentence. Even in Japanese, it is the same as being unable to interpret the sentence “Who will go?”.

Example 2 “That person who ’s not left one, ■■ (← I 爾, I gate) who ’s chosen?” Is, “There are so many people (→), but they ’re just talented, You can only go there, it is only one person, so you are going to choose the plan (→), who is the one who chooses? ", And the final translation is" of this many people, Only one person can go (but) but who are you going to choose? "
Annotate. “Who” is “Choose-Who” and “ Who is the one who chooses ? ”. In "這麼" has the meaning of emphasis "so (also)", "only", "only Nosa" including, there is a 2-like interpretation, "However, competent, can go is, ~ too No / just ... " There is a strong reverberation to say that it is not too much. In conversation, you should be able to select “just”.

(Other aspects of motion) In addition to “current / past / future”, “time” and “motion” may be “just ... just done / when (→ Go)” or “~” There is a form of “There is (→ over)”. In addition, there are expressions such as “just… just”, “too much”, and “so / but… becoming”. First, the first group of “Excess / Tone / Takeshi / General” will be described.

<Over>: “Over” means “(approaching from there), passing by”, meaning “the operation has passed”, and giving a translation of “has done”. In Chinese, there is no strict distinction between “done (done)”, “had done (done)” and “have ever done (overdue)”, which also affects Japanese. In Japanese, even if you have made the original translation of “over” (/ they have been in progress), “do” may be better in Japanese, but there are not many inconveniences. In many cases, it is listed as a headword in the dictionary.

Give an example.
Example 1: ". Sudden shower従山foot toward our迅猛land Yoko掃over-come" is, Motoyaku is "a shower is, initially, from the foot, headed towards me, and furiously, sweeping broom, (from there ) Passed here and came here, "and the final translation was," The shower was passing like a sweeping broom from the foot of the mountain toward me. "
Example 2: In ". Mai woman crawling line's Solstice now we已見over both the next", Motoyaku's "dancers, this, of the line, a person (a →), the lead is, until now, I have already , there is a saw, things, and twice ", in the final translation, and" I, a person of one line of dancers, have seen twice in the past. ". Here, the reason for and "- line""aline" does not distinguish between "a / a" to the Chinese, there is a "me" in the postamble, "I, there is ever seen." Because it becomes.

<To>: “To” means “hit” and means “to face something”. This is, to be associated with the "hour", "per to ~, ... ~ the / ~ to became / the time / on the fly" and it often becomes. “To” often appears at the beginning of the sentence, so in the original translation, it should be “That hits ...”.

Give an example.
Example 1: ". This Reiwarekyu ■ (← Lee Er) a small amount Chikakiko" is, Motoyaku hits in "thing, to thank you, at that time, I, taken consuming, and to you, of little, persimmon The final translation is "Thanks, I will give you a little jealousy."
Annotate. Here, “to” is “at the time of”, but the judgment can be made from the relationship between “thank you” and “we pay ■ (← i 爾)”.
Example 2: ". This the那様theory basis Jiko crab也変Tokuso main seed Ryo" is, Motoyaku hits in "thing, caught, so, I was told, at that time, crab, it also , Changed, gained, thought, now, I wanted a seed (→), and the final translation was "When I was told so, the moth also changed and wanted a seed " In this sentence, there is a word that indicates the time of "the target time ", so follow it.
Example 3: In ". Offender This place human", Motoyaku the "culprit, hit the thing, on the spot (→ on the fly), caught, caught was" the final translation is "culprit, I was arrested on the spot. " “Same” has a translation in the dictionary.

<Tsuyoshi>: "Tsuyoshi" is, I mean "hard-strong", but when combined with time become the meaning of "there is no between with the ~", comes to it in response translated as "just right now and -" . It changes with “Takego (just now) / Goji (just now)”, but the meaning is almost the same. In addition, when it becomes connected with the state and becomes “good”, it becomes “ perfect ”.

Give an example.
Example 1: In ". Both only Big Wild Goose Tsuyoshi HiOkoshi come", Motoyaku is "of two, large, Wild Goose is, right now, flying, starting from there, I came here, only it" in, the final translation, " Two big kites are just flying. "
Annotate. What should we do with the particle of “Ryokan Daigo”? This is accompanied by a specific descriptive word “two”, so it is better to set the movement “ga” in front of you. Therefore, the "two wings of the large geese."
Example 2: In ". Tsuyoshi Saize telephone tin standing sound ■ (← mouth horse)", Motoyaku is "right now, at last, is it, of the telephone, Bell, now, was ringing, it just, it was so And the final translation is "Is the phone bell just ringing now?"

<General>: “General” means “near future” and means “the action is about to happen”. In a vocabulary expression, “ I ’m trying to become a general now ”. In another sense, it may be accompanied by a “spoken story” and a condition may be expressed as “if you do it now ”. “Condition” and “Assumption” are similar, but “Condition” is different in that it does not consider the possibility of occurrence.

Give an example.
Example 1: ". Ship Masaru Akiraikari" is, Motoyaku the "ship, now proceeds, and is, the anchor that attempts to open," and the final translation is "ship, trying to raise the anchor to Masaru . "
Example 2: In the "Shou Chinese" standing Shanghai "random" Shanghai ", mosquitoes following expression Botsuyu responsibility what problems", the "now proceeds, the Chinese statement," standing Shanghai "is, to make it, it," Shanghai even if the in "was and, in this situation, even if it occurs, yet at all, any, kind, there is no" next problem, the final translation is "now," resident Shanghai "of China statement, as" in Shanghai " But no problems will occur. " The reason why “general” ends with “ even as ” is because the last word is “no”. In addition, it is "- even" in the same reason, "even if it occurs."

(Forward / reverse) Go to the second group. “In / Out”. To represent the "Junsetsu" in Japanese, to be a representation that includes "~ Te / ~ of the / ~ element / ~ it", etc. and "Te" is large ( "Te" is meant to connect (See (0058)). Since Chinese is a painting-like word, connecting “motion” in order means “order”. However, there are times when I want to express clearly “order” or “enhance” so that I use the word “hi”.

To represent the reverse connection in Japanese, "~ be / ~ be / ~ also But" such as in the expression, including the "even" at the end ( "also" is an enlarged emotional language, in this case, the "reverse connection" (See (0278)). Also, use words such as “~ ga / ~ but” and “but”. In the case of reverse connection, the reader does not know whether the sentence leads to reverse connection at the stage of reading the sentence head. Therefore, in this case, a word such as “certainly / evenly / temporarily” is often placed at the beginning of the sentence as an antecedent of “acoustic response”. On the other hand, in Chinese, when “reverse connection” is already implied just by reading the beginning of the sentence, the sentences are often connected without including the character “reverse connection”. Therefore, the joint between sentences may be interpreted appropriately as “forward / reverse”. When you want to indicate reverse connection, it is indicated by “Reject”. In addition, there are “However / Yes”. This will be described later (see 0287).

<就>: "就", in the sense of "take", representing the meaning of the "prior acts of results, 就-out to stabilize the rear rows in the result". If this is expressed as a response, then “and immediately / if it is” then “more (← surprised feeling)”. The case of “if so” is a case where a specific antecedent such as “if” is attached (see 0385). In addition, the part of the word “Oto” is likely to be attached with “to (past) / to be decided (a natural result = a destiny)”. In the story, the latter translation is appropriate, and in the end of the story, it is better to be able to select “it will be” by making a table (see 0262,0022).

Give an example.
Example 1: ".猴子communicated after the sides也不Nursing 就逃掉Ryo" is, Motoyaku the "monkey, Hatewa, until around the post, it is also, at all, not look, so, immediately, fled, And it fell, ”said the final translation,“ The monkey ran away without seeing even later ”. Here, “ream” corresponds to “even eventually ...” and represents “emphasis” as a whole.
Example 2: ". Main Shi ■ (← Lee Er) unexploded can specifically Hanashiware 就 scissors bunch ■ (← Lee Er) (Zuizuibin flights land) cutting" is, Motoyaku is "If you, at all, emit, If it is a story that does not come out, I will use it with scissors, grab, you, and (unconditionally) I will cut off ", and the final translation is" If, "If you don't come out, I'll cut you off with scissors." Here, in order to translate “you” into “■ (← i」) ”, the translation of“ you ”can be selected by selecting the phrase for a sentence like“ Old Story ”(see 0343). .

<Rejected>: “Rejected” indicates that a “natural” result does not occur, an “unexpected” result occurs, and the sentence is “reverse connection”. In reverse expression, in Japanese, if you say “but” at the beginning of the sentence, the meaning of the sentence may be reversed if there is no word like “but” before. Therefore, the response expression of “reject” should be “ disappointing … but ”, and in the final translation, “reject” according to the situation. If there is no preceding reverse conjunctive word, “unconformity” is left as it is.
The meaning of “rejection” is similar to “Tanzen”, but “rejection” is an adverb and expresses “different from expectation” for the direct result, whereas “Tanre” is a conjunctive. In the process of showing the connection with, it is a word that expresses “but the result was different”. However, when responding to "■ (← insects under the mouth) but ... but", it does not make much difference.

Give an example. "Yes Shi, we atrial retirement standing furious bounce." I am, "(I want the mosquitoes, it →) However, I, the, heart, contrary to expectations, now, the furious, jumping, running." next, the final translation is "However, my heart, was rather fiercely bouncing flight.". Here, the reason why the end of the sentence is “has been” is that there is “present” and the whole is a sentence of “fact description” (see 0239).

(Emphasis logic word) Go to the third group. I will talk about “只 / 太 / 連”. Emphasizes or weakens the elements in both Japanese and Chinese. I'll talk about it here. The first is “只”.

<只>: “只” means that the fact that is taken up is “ just that ”. In Japanese, there are both affirmative and negative expressions to express “只”, but here, only negative expressions are used to simplify things. Response representation, and "not just only ... to".
Give an example. In the "look at me only first place old large grandfather board thigh sitting standing fireside.", Motoyaku is "I, just, seen, not only, of one person, ol ', the old man is, are cross-legged, location "At the furnace end", the final translation is "I have only seen one old man sitting cross-legged at the furnace end."

<Bold>: "bold" is the meaning of "very great", the representation of the Japanese is composed of a large content of the width of "... and too / very ... it". For example, in the sense of the Japanese, "Today, very hot not" and "- too hot" is totally different feeling, in the Chinese, are not represented by this distinction. Therefore, it is better to simply say “Very ...” in the vocabulary expression of “bold” and “Very too much” only when there is some emphasis.

Give an example.
Example 1: ". Intame那柿Ko thickness Shibu opening Metropolitan good image curvature Ryo" is, Motoyaku is "cause, the persimmon is very, and astringent, mouth, all, in the round, was a curved likely, it was so "The final translation is" That was a bit awkward, so my mouth was about to turn. " Here, if “I was about to bend” is evaluated as an emphasized word, “~, the trap is too astringent,…”, but here there is no big difference. If you make a detailed selection decision table, you can distinguish between them.
Example 2: ". Kowa怕這个semester ■ (← Lee Er) Result thickness ORyo, SusumuKatsu" is, of Motoyaku are afraid ", this, in the semester, you, absence from school is too very much, “Dick”, and the final translation is “This semester, you ’re worried that there are too many extras, Dick.” In this sentence, there is a “depression”, so it ’s better to say “very… too much”. In addition, although it deals with “depression” (explained in 0079), in the present invention, “verb” is not distinguished from “interposition”, so “what is afraid is ...”.

<Ream>: “Ream” means “belonging to ...”, but this expression is often used in Chinese as an emphasis on “ even ...”. Response representation at this time, may be "Hatewa ... even". The distinction is that “ya” appears in the subsequent word, so it is better to interpret it as an emphasis at that time (“ren… ya”). When there is no “ya”, make it possible to select the case that is emphasized by making a table.

Give an example. "那个palm basis seed Shu plants well-known continuous song Shinya the creation Ryo." Is, Motoyaku is "Ano, palm, for, in fact, everyone, are well-known, and, Hatewa, up to the song, it is also, It was captured and created, "and the final translation was" The fruit of that lion is well-known to everyone and has been created into a song. " Here, although it is the last “end”, this is the current fact of light completion (“There has been such a change so far (see 0243)”), so the expression should be in the present tense. However, it is not particularly funny even if it was “created to a song”.

The basic translation related to the sentence description has been completed in Chapter 5 and up to Chapter 4 regarding the connection of Chinese sentences . The following chapters will be described in the surrounding area. First, we begin with the general theory of “sentence connection”.

Chinese is an emoji-like sentence expression that connects sentences without the sense of connecting sentences. Japanese, on the other hand, has a “sticky” nature that usually puts connected words when connecting sentences down. Therefore, what kind of words to put into the translation of Chinese without connection is a problem.
For example, suppose there is a sentence “It rains. The road gets wet.” How can I make this one sentence in Japanese? "~ Raining, wet ~""~ raining, and, - wet""~ raining, so, wet ~""I fell ~ wet ~""Because fell ~, wet - When the "" ~ raining, and falls ~ ~ get wet, "", connect any number and the like - wet ".
The best connection is determined by the factual contents of the previous sentence and the subsequent sentence, the presence or absence of words connected in the original sentence, and the like. However, it is not clear whether the word selected by a certain criterion is the best. Hereafter, I will consider a little, but there are major challenges in the future.

(Words that connect sentences) In Japanese, there are the following four connection types as words that connect sentences.
"Its the / its Re is": These represent the Junsetsu. "Its to" may, "its (→ it)" is a word which receives the front of the word, in the "teeth" continuous forms "to" (conjunctive form), "te" is connected by means of the "hand" Words (see 0058). The result is a word that simply connects the antecedent and posterior in the simplest form, without expressing any cause or effect. In Chinese translation, if none of the connecting words are often connect in the form of "its to". Also in the present invention, the translation of the continuous “verb-verb” is “and”.

On the other hand, because the rhyme of "the Re its" is "e (= get)", "won the action, then what kind of behavior occurs," represents the light cause-and-effect relationship. In terms of the statement of "rain" above, "If Re later the rain, the road is wet," Since the cause-and-effect relationship that is recognized, "rain, Re is ... wetted its" connection that is the appropriate connection. But it's a bit verbose. Thus, the "fallen in". By the way, "full, to its" Do not you be the same "falling," said before and also to shorten. So, "its to" and "in Re its" will be the same in the shortest form. In many cases, there is no need to distinguish. However, there are times when it is necessary to distinguish, and in this invention (specification), it has been distinguished when the sentence is cut once.

"It if / when to do so": The following group, something to be "~ if / ~ and". "~ A et al (general expression)," said conservative as "~ other et al. (Realistic representation)". “If” is “if that is the case”, the pretext is “condition” and the postscript is “conclusion”. The sentence “rain” continues with “ If it rains,”. So, if you want to clarify the preamble as “condition”, you can use “if”. It is difficult to determine what is in a long sentence, and there will be future challenges.

On the other hand, "and to do so" there is a light meaning a little. “To” is “stop”, and the logic “when it stops , something happens next ” works, and “to” is “condition” in a broad sense, but has the meaning of prompting the next action (change). It is not funny to say “when it rains” in the sentence “rain”. To express a light causal relationship (general truth), you can use “to”. However, even in this case, it must be judged by the whole long sentence whether it is expressed by this logic. In that sense, problems still remain.

"However": In the "deer" is "Yea", representing the meaning of the "naturally". If a strong “shi” is attached to this, the meaning is reversed and changes to “reverse connection”. The logic is "Naturally." Stronger “reverse connection” can be found in many words, not only in Japanese but also in Chinese and English. In Japanese, it represents “reverse connection” of the next variation of “~ mo”. It becomes "but also".
In the statement of "rain", "It was raining, but, ... wet" not a. "But" is being applied, "fell was, however, wet Naka was Tsu" but if an unexpected result occurs as. It cannot be used in this sentence.

" Even ": When "~ mo" and "mo" are attached, there is often a response "no". When the stick is "not" in Chinese, "even if ~, ... not" very large at the time of the. See (0130). In addition, when a logical word is added to the preamble and a word such as “even / temporarily / if” comes, it is likely to be “~”. It cannot be used in the “rain” sentence as in the previous section.

If you roughly show the above relationship in relation to Chinese, it will be as follows.
Its to: "- / obtained", in Re its: "give /就", if it: "就/ talk", and to do so: "做...做", even if to do so: "no", and only : "But / Yes".

(Words that receive the preface) Chinese expressions are preceded by outline expressions, and in Japanese, they are followed. This is usually accomplished by using the “ so ” and receiving the preamble. “So” means “it”, and all words can be received. More specifically to connect to the bottom, "it / it / it / it also" is often to be. In the ending, it is like "its Uslu / its was cow".
These paraphrasings may or may not be paraphrased, and these paraphrases are just a convenience when creating a translation, but they are a very useful tool for the reader.

So what do you do specifically? Generally speaking, the usage of “ha / ga / o / mo” may be followed.
“That is ”: Most of the previous words can be accepted as “That”. This is a somewhat longer “ topic ” paraphrase. The paraphrase when continuing the external movement to the real movement like "He said". Paraphrasing when continuing long sentences such as conditional clauses and time clauses downward. Although not a complete Genkae to the other, "location / time / means" description of the premise context of. Furthermore, it is a case where the end of the sentence is received with “So”.
Chinese sentences have a sentence pattern in which the verb “existing sentence” precedes the subject. At that time, if you put it in the form of “~, it is ... (/)”, the Japanese word order will be maintained as it is. For example, “rainfall” is “falling, it's raining”.

“That is ”: It is mainly in the following cases that the sentence is linked as “it”. Near the end of the sentence, when you want to express the " state " such as "hot" and "red" or the expression " possible " once before the sentence. Furthermore, this is not a paraphrase, but it is a time when we want to paraphrase the subject in a clause such as a premise (topic), condition, or time.
In the previous section, “That is ...”, but the same sentence can be expressed in inverted in Japanese. For example, "it fell was, rain". In addition, if "Iesatoyu both individuals.", "At home, in there, two people, people, have" become. Which expression is used in which case depends on the word, so follow it, but if it is not decided, separate according to the meaning of “ha / ga”. Further study is needed.

"It": the is better to put the "it" is, but mainly in the following cases. This is when the direct verb is too sudden to make sense. “It” in this sense is similar to the sense of “form subject / form object” in English. Furthermore, replacement when the object is long.

“It too ”: There is no typical example of adding “also”. It is an idiomatic case when it is easier to understand if the text is also marked with "mo".

(Connectives) Even in emoji-like Chinese, it may not be meaningful unless an explanation is given between sentences. At that time, put it in. Conjunctions seem difficult, but in many cases they have the same expression structure as Japanese, and their logical interpretation is very similar, so it's actually easy. Next, some of them are listed as vocabulary words. The following is a response expression. The relationship with “forward / reverse connection” was described in (0259).
<Shikakisaki>: logic, in the "after natural Ru, ...", Motoyaku, the final translation together, become "Then, ...".
< However > / Yes>: The logic is “ However , there is one exception (and there is an exception), that is (=)”. Both the original translation and the final translation are “ But …”. Even in Chinese, if “strong” words such as “but”, “immediately”, “out”, etc. are entered, it is easy to reverse, and is similar to “~” in Japanese. “Ta” is a word that is “just” and similar to “唯” and “Yui”. "Yes Shi" is, "I want a yes, it (zero), (→ However), unfortunately, ..." regarded as.
<Intame>: logic, in the "Sunowa for the cause", Motoyaku is, "the cause is, ... so" in the final translation is "... so".
<Reason>: logic, "in its place (= results), there is a thing of the following" in, Motoyaku, the final translation together, the "So ...".
<如果/ main Shi>: "如果" is "For example, there is a result, if ... if" in, Motoyaku, the final translation together, and "If ... if". “Ryo” has the meaning of “to freely ... / can / try / compare”. And, "necessary Shi" is, Motoyaku in "from now (on) it is there (zero), If ...", and the final translation is "if ... if."
<Sundeshika>: logic is "already it because scold" and, Motoyaku, the final translation together, "already, ... it was now that".
<Immediate use ... ya>: logic, "Soku, use, even as an example ... the, ... it also ..." in, Motoyaku is, "even as the example ... was, it also ... I", and the final The translation is "even if ...". “Old” was explained above.
<尽管... Tadashize>: logic, "to Jin, the management, ... still, ~ is, however tooth one (there are exceptions) ... it is" in, Motoyaku, the final translation is, "for example, ... in Even if it exists. "

Give an example.
"Shikakisaki": ". Sakize刮了几天wind, Shikakisaki Matashita Ryo几天rain" is, Motoyaku is "First of all, it is, while刮skills, blew, a few days, the wind is, after natural Ru (= then ) Repeatedly, it went down again (→ fell), some days, it was raining, "the final translation was" First, the wind blew for some days, then it rained for some days. " To do.
A natural phenomenon that does not have an action subject does not have a word corresponding to the subject as “who / what”. In Chinese, it was historically expressed using “what to do” which is the primitive structure of the language (see 0185). The reason is simple, in the form of a "but" use "was ~ ... is" (existing statement).

"Tadashize": ".這里life ■ (insects under the mouth) Shika很tension, Tadashize很pleasant" is, Motoyaku is "here, the, life, certainly, very, but are nervous, But it's very pleasant, "and the final translation is" Life here is very tight but very pleasant. "
Annotate. “■ (insect under the mouth)” is the same as the structure of “I am sure… (but)” in a character that is not in Japanese, and leads the reverse sentence to the later sentence. It says that it is generally not good to "tension" in the first part, but in the latter part, but states that it also recognizes some exceptions that it is also "pleasant".

"Yes Shi": ". Waresokyu ■■ (Tomoe under the father, Tomoe under the father) Utsushishin, mosquitoes Shi Botsuyu time", Motoyaku is "I think, take taken, and the father,, wrote, want to do, the letter, but I want to and (it) Yes (→ However), still, there, and no time ", the final translation is" I am, but I want to write a letter to his father, time There is no. "
Annotate. "Pay ... Copy" is "I will write". Refer to the section that is “feed” (0075) instead of “feed ... feed”. “Yes” is the logic that “ I want to make it → (but) → I ca n’t do that ”). When continuing a sentence, if “but” is replaced with “ga”, it has the same meaning.

"Intame": ". Intame work忙, we已経几个month deaths times house" is, Motoyaku is Sunowa (→ The cause) for a "cause, the work (→ is), busy, I it So , I already have a few months (→ months), I haven't gone home yet, and the final translation is "I'm busy with work, so I I'm not going home. "
The topic (subject) in the causal theory is expressed as “ga”. After that, there is no problem.

"Why": ". Other standing China study abroad Ryo Ryotoshi, why Council theory Chinese" is, Motoyaku is "He, location, in China, to study, and so, two years, is a thing of the following under its place Yes (so), you can meet and speak, the Chinese language is (→)), and the final translation is "Since he studied in China for two years, (so) I can speak Chinese."
Annotate. “Study abroad – speak” has a natural causal relationship. So this sentence can be made without a connection.

"如果": ". 如果 Yes time, Waresosa travel abroad" is, Motoyaku has a "For example, the result, if, in there, if time want, I think, want to go, and, “For overseas travel”, the final translation is “If I have time, I want to travel overseas”.

"Necessary Shi": ". Main Shi Yes Inmo specific story, Kyuwareda phone ■" is from the "now, is it, in there, together, there is a kind of thing, kind of, talk, if, take taken, to me, and "Take a hand and call (or do), please do so", and the final translation is "If there is anything, call me."

"Sundeshika": ". Sundeshika ■ (Lee Er) Tomomichi,応該靠訴landlord King就小" is, Motoyaku in the "already, it because of natural Ru (→ already), you, know, of So , immediately, only the king should lean on, and all of you should sue, ”the final translation is“ if you already know, the king (only) should sue. "
Annotate. In this sentence, “■ (I と)” and “Little King” are the same person. There is no problem with “already”. In the case of “ job ”, “ job ” is not an adverb, but an “adjective” meaning of limitation. Meaning is somewhat exceptional, "The take is, it is the king's" the meaning of, the "only king-san, ...". However, it may be omitted depending on the sentence because it is too strong if "only" is entered. The logical consistency is maintained with the word “Take = Immediately”.

"Immediate use ... ya": ". Immediate use ZaiTakashifuyu season,這个harbor Shinya従不ice" is, Motoyaku is "Soku, use e (→ example), the location could be (time →), was the dead of winter, also, this, one, the harbor, it is also, even follow (→ until now), at all, and does not "ice, the final translation is a" in the middle of winter, there is not that this harbor was freezing until now. " To do.

"尽管": ". 尽管 NamaRyobyo, firmament也没rest" is, Motoyaku is to "Jin, the management, and (→ example), resulting, did so, the disease is, nevertheless, one day, it also, still, rest, and did not ", and the final translation is" even if sick, did not rest even one day. ".

Chapter 6, Summary of responsive expressions The core of the present invention is to convert (translate) Japanese words that have different word orders into meaningful Japanese with Chinese word order while avoiding word order reversal using responsive expressions. There is. So far, I've talked about various responses, so I'll summarize here. That said, if you change your mind, you will find a new good relationship, and the ones listed here are not the best. It is an intermediate best, and further research is awaited in the future.
The root cause of word order reversal is that all expressions are expressed as “category—its content” in Chinese, and “topic—its evaluation” in Japanese. Here, “category” means “interposition / dynamic component” and may be roughly called “preposition”, and “evaluation” means “particle / dynamic component”. In other words, it may be roughly called “particle”. This relationship is often expressed as “real words, imaginary words”. In terms of the above words, “verb” means “the contents” and “topic”, and “imaginary” means “interposition / verb” and “particle / verb sex”. In other words, even if the Chinese and Japanese have the same outline, the “verb / imaginary” is reversed in the minute part, so the “correspondence” is always expressed for the Chinese “imaginary”. It is necessary to adjust the word order.
“Dynamic” elements that are reversed in word order appear in verbs, auxiliary verbs, interpositions, conjunctions, adverbs, and logicals. Here, a logical verb is a kind of adverb, a word that expresses negation, emphasis, or other special meaning.

In part, this story has been done up to the previous chapter, so here I will show you how to respond and what word the response will be. I can't show all of them, so I'll outline the main things that came out.

Response expression table 1 (outline operation)

“Assistance” has various expressions in Japanese. Here, "helped, what, is it, what you to," but was, in (0069), was "lent a hand, and, (/ is) ... help to Daredare". The annotation was (0070).

Response expression table 2 (adverb that modifies the whole sentence)

Correspondence expression table 3 (auxiliary verbs for decision making)

"做得- state", there is a variety of expressions, here was a "~ Works pretend ... it", if in simple words, may be used as the "manner in which ~ is ... it is." See (0110).

Response expression table 4 (negative words)

Response expression table 5 (explanation and connection words)

There is no appropriate reason to avoid reversing the word order of “subordinate”, and here “the starting point is from ...” is emphasized in common with others, but it may be “ from the beginning ...” shown in the text. See (0158). See (0159) for annotations.

“Yu” is a word for “movement”. “Yu” is one of them. See (0169) for other examples of “Yu”. "Ryo" means "free ..." but the reality is wide. See (0174).

Response expression table 6 (general operation)

Response expression table 7 (Interpersonal action)

"Paper," said the meaning of "do", but if you so meaning can be taken in Motoyaku own, "Installing take ... to, and ... and I'll" is easy to understand who was. See (0223) for details.

Response table 8 (emphasis, limits, etc.)

“Ayu” may represent a condition of “assuming”. At that time, the "If only there even → it is not can be ... in there." Which one of them can be judged from the text content by a table.

Response expression table 9 (question expression)

Chapter 7, Descriptions on Chinese explanatory words In Chinese, explanations of things and operations are really simple compared to Japanese. Everything is done with the three characters “target / ground / gain”. "Obtained" is connecting the operation as in the form of a "obtained by ... the behavior of ~", said at the auxiliary verb (0091). Here, the “target / ground” will be described with a slight extension. “Quantifier” is a kind of explanatory word, and is described here.

(Connection to the object) Description of the "thing" is from the "things" and explained that, "What 's things", from "Operation-state", "(located in the / state) what people to that product." . The former is "- of" and the latter "you are -" / "hoo". To tell you the Gogen, "the", "N line" of issues the feeling was "slightly" in the nasal, "Turning" is out of the feeling of the "now, are moving (dynamic state)", "I "Is connected to" I "and represents" Continued (static state) ". In contrast, Chinese, "target" leads to the condition that leads to the "pictorial", "- those were the target of the". Therefore, when connected to “thing”, it becomes “target” regardless of “thing / motion / state”. In other words, in order to translate “target” into Japanese, it is necessary to use them properly. These will be described in order.

<Description from thing>: The explanation from "thing" to "thing" is simple. Chinese has a structure of “object-object” or “object-object”, and it is sufficient to use “no / −” according to whether or not there is “object” for translation into Japanese. For example, well if "the Japanese economy,""the Japanese economy", may be set if the "Japanese economy,""Japan'seconomy". Also, in Chinese, if the connection is similar to a person, it may result in a connection that does not use “target”. At that time, if “no” is required in the Japanese expression, ". For example, "my mom" is not a "I specifically Mama" in "I Mama", the Japanese add it because it is necessary to "no". "The" is, and then you change as "say Do / like / so" by the aspect of the word, which is subsequent explanation, there is a case in which even good.

When making a translation, if the explanatory word before “target” is long, it is easier to create a translation by receiving the word “so” and connecting it down. Usually it is about 5 characters, but it can be made from 2 characters. For example, if the "Japanese economic development很慢.", Motoyaku is "Japan's economy, of its, development, very, slow" and, the final translation or equal to "the development of the Japanese economy is very slow.". Description word or further long, or was a description of the abstract concept, or was the explanation from the predicate, when that leads to a specific phrase, it may be better to put the word "say with". For example, it is an explanatory word for the words "information" or "request". Specifically, the in the "Ministry of Information publicly request", in the Motoyaku "of information, the public, say, request", and "request that information public" in the final translation.

The explanatory word is “target / −” in Chinese, but not only “ no ” but also “ na ” in Japanese. For example, in the "Jakujo specific night night", "lonely, quiet, such, the night of the night" in the Motoyaku, in the final translation, a "quiet night". In addition, "large basis Fusako" is "large, such, the room" in the Motoyaku next, in the final translation is "big room". The problem here is the distinction between “no” and “na”. This is “N” when the explanation word is “abstract explanation” and “no” when it is “specific explanation”. In terms of grammatical terms, the case of “adjective verb (/ na adjective / abstract noun)” or “combined verb” is “na”, and the case of other (= normal) is “no”.

In the use of the "target", there is a case in which clause is finished remains, for example, of the way "- basis" of "our manner". In this case, “formal nouns” such as “things / things / places” are omitted later. Usage is exactly the same as Japanese. How to deal with this, I use these properly according to the previous words. As an example, if "這是We basis.", Motoyaku "This, it is, I, things I of" the final translation is "This is, I for it.".
Another example. In "I ■ (← Lee Gate) Zesa learning basis.", Motoyaku is "We are, it is, go and learn, (purpose) just that," and, the final translation is "We, I went to study. " It should be noted that, in this interpretation, "- go, you learned," but can be 2 both, in Japanese, because usually this does not is, and intended to be construed in a "target,""go, what people in." Since the translation is redundant, it is better to omit “purpose”. See (0221).

In the Chinese <explanation from Operation>, "What are you doing people, what people" to represent the will, - in the form of "做mono". In Japanese, just delete "no" and you will be connected. However, in the plain translation, if there is a subject in the previous sentence, it is better to say “what are you doing, what is that”. For example, if the "other removed by specific Kyoto", Motoyaku is "he, went, (say / so) such, Kyoto" and the final translation is "he went Kyoto". In this case, tense becomes a problem, but it is only necessary to distinguish between the “hour” display word, the “facts description” sentence, and the “logic description” sentence. Even if confused, it doesn't make a big mistake.

<Description from state>: In Chinese, the description from “state” may or may not include “target”. In Japanese, there is no problem in the final translation because it is connected in the form of “~ i / ~ i”. In Motoyaku, Once you have all the "target" is "such as", leading to smooth as Japanese. For example, in if the "white paper", "white paper", if "beautiful manner Spring heaven,""beautiful, such a spring day" may be the "beautiful spring day" from.

(Explanation to action) The explanation to action is called "adverb (phrase)" in Japanese, and the expression is divided into various types. In Chinese, this kind of explanation is given in "~" and there is only one type. In other words, "~" must be properly used in Japanese. There are roughly three aspects of Japanese: “ku (dynamic state) / ni (static state) / and (unique)”. However, in the case of “to and”, “to” can often be omitted. An example. The "intensity rather than dancing,""quietlysleeps,""fighttall","flowing silky (and)". In addition, in the case of “~ ku”, more than 80% of people who utter “~ i” in Japanese colloquial language will need to be classified as “ku / i” in the future. For example, "beauty rather than dance" → "dance has beauty", such as "speed rather than running" → "run not fast."

This difference in Japanese is determined by the existence of the word “~ da (adjective verb / na adjective / abstract noun (0312))” as a state explanation word. The word source of “DA” represents “(static) definite state”. If “~ DA” is present, it is connected to the change word “to ni”, otherwise it represents the dynamic state “~ KU”. It will be connected. In the case of “to”, there is a unique “adverb”, so use that word. This is the case for “dignity” and “sarasara” above. In Chinese, there are very few onomatopoeia and mimetic words such as “Sarasara”, and they are often translated as appropriate. By the way, four of the Chinese language of the above, and so forth "furious land recoil,""drowsiness rest areas," "majestic land strategy,""sweaty atmosphere flow (←" static "is the same treatment as verb)".

(Explanation to the state) Since the “state” itself is an “explanatory word”, the explanatory word often has a problem with its degree. Applicable words are often "very much", "just a little", "not a little". Speaking in Chinese, “很”, “thick” (described above (0267)), “single point”, “scored point”, “minor”, “less”, etc.
These should be the following translations: “很” shall be “very” for both the original and final translations. "Bold" is already described. See (0267). “One point 儿” is “only one point but a little bit” for the original translation and “little” for the final translation, but “just” may be added. “Spotted” is used unpleasantly, the raw translation is “just there”, and the final translation is “little”. “One point 儿” and “Spotted 儿” need to be used properly in Chinese, but not in Japanese. “Minor” is “little” in the original translation and “little” in the final translation. “Just” may be added. “Insufficient” is not “not too much” but means “ not too much” in the sense of “pretty much”. Considering various cases, both the original translation and the final translation should be “not less”.

(Quantifier) In Chinese, the name of “thing” is often written with one kanji character, so it is difficult to distinguish one syllable when listening, and “quantifier” is often placed in front of it. Furthermore, it also plays the role of an imaginary word as a prescriptive word for an actual word. Because of the need for distinction, the number of measure is very large. For Japanese translation, use the same usage as Chinese, and change the ones that are different to Japanese quantifiers. However, in the original translation, in order to give a feeling of Chinese, the Japanese translation of Chinese is used as it is, and when it becomes unclear, it is replaced with a “one” translation.

The main quantifiers will be explained.
<Individual>: "Individual" means "Individual", and Japanese is used in the same way. For example, in "one piece apple", and "one of the apple". In the case of “one”, “one” is often omitted. For example, in the "crawling pieces problem", in the Motoyaku, "This, one of the (/ 1), a problem," but good as, better to omit the "pieces" is a natural in the Japanese, "crawling pcs" Is "this". The same treatment is applied to the following “只 / book”.
<只>: Quantifier that counts the paired objects and animals, “one set” and “one”. For example, "both only earlobes" is "one set of ears", "one only Kamoko" is "one animal duck". In the final translation, “a pair of ears” is “both ears”.
<Book>: “Book” means “central” and implies “book, diary, book”, etc. The corresponding Japanese word is “book”. For example, the "five this Form" in the "both this儿帳", "five books", "two volumes of the book".
<Zhang>: “Zhang” is a measure that means “flat” and counts “flat objects”. In Japanese, a thin object such as “paper” is referred to as “sheet”, and an object with a flat surface such as “desk” is referred to as “table”. For example, in the "tens of Zhang cowhide", and "10 pieces of cowhide" and also, "four Zhang ■ (← meaning of" desk ") child" in the "four table (/ desk)".
<Cup>: “Cup” stands for “cup” and is a quantifier that counts the liquid in the container. In the "full drink", "crawling Cup tea thick dark", "1 cup of sake,""This, tea, very, dark" become. In a later example, it is normal expression to add “to too dark” and “too”, and in the case of “tea”, “too” may be selected by making a table. See (0266).
<Article>: “Article” is a word that refers to an “elongated object” and is a measure that counts an elongated object. In Japanese, a thing with strong linearity such as “road / railway” may be counted as “1 article” or “1 line”. In the original translation, “article” is used to give a Chinese feeling. In the case of “river”, it is usually counted as “one streak”, and the Japanese translation is “streak”. Small items such as pants are usually “books” in Japanese, and “books”. There are still many things to be counted in “Articles”, but if there is a corresponding quantifier in Japanese, use it, and if there is none, “One”.
<Branch>: “branch” is a quantifier that counts “long things” like “branches”. In Japanese, there are many things that are counted as “branches” even in Japanese. Some of them are “books”. For example, "one branch flower" is "human branch of flowers", "one branch steel brush" is "one of the pen."
<Insignificant>: “Insignificant” is an indeterminate quantity that represents “some / some”. In Japanese, there are various expressions, and those that are used as dictionary entries are used. An explanatory word such as “one / many / small / light / heavy / long” is often added before “minor” and is often omitted. In the original translation, it is set as “some” / “ra”, and in the final translation, “some”, “ra”, “− / (t)” are used. For example, “ minor important replenishment” is “somewhat important, such replenishment” and “somewhat important replenishment”. Another example. In the "crawling 些 ■ (← Sat elevation) ■ (← Do及)", and "This, of et al., Garbage" in "these garbage". Although it is hard to understand that “minor” is “ra”, there is no problem because it is a dictionary entry word. In addition, in the "Yes 些 who Hee Huan ■ (← leg wrapped) walk.", Motoyaku is "certain, people, like, gallop is", and the final translation is "Some people, like jogging " In this example, “people” are used, but those with plurals are used.
In addition, <case: 1><title: 1 subject><house: one house><vehicle: 1 vehicle><sealing:1><lump: 1 lump = 1><bottle: There is a bottle>. There are still more, but it is not difficult to handle.

Although the word order of Chinese and Japanese is the same on the basis of the description frame for generating the final translation from the original translation in Chapter 8, the “standard notation” is not always used in both Chinese and Japanese. Then, it is better to change it to “standard notation” in translation. Here, the problem of changing the word order occurs in the conversion to the final translation. In the end-of-sentence notation, Chinese tends to keep sentences longer than Japanese while typing a comma. It is difficult to understand if it is shown as a single translation. Then, when there is a long sentence, the problem of the length of a sentence arises where it is suitable to cut. A description will be made sequentially.

(Standard order of text) Regardless of the order of the Chinese outline word, when translating into Japanese, the Japanese text order will be more beautiful. In Japanese, the outline is “topic (subject)-(partial) outline expression-time-place-partner-means-action-end expression". Since it was described in detail from Chapter 1 to Chapter 4 (0050 to 0270), it may be followed.

(End-of-sentence expression) The end-of-sentence expression has given quite verbose translations so that the logical contents can be understood by the skin. However, if the writing is clear, it is better to sort out (erase) useless characters. In addition, in “outer form expression” and “logical expression”, they are arranged near the beginning of a sentence in Chinese, but in the Japanese translation, they are always placed at the end of a sentence, and when a plurality of sentence end expressions overlap, the description order becomes a problem. What to do now. Roughly speaking, the first vocabulary word described is expressed backward, and finally, tense and end-of-sentence emotional words are connected . In other words, if “A... A”-“B... B” are consecutive in response, the Japanese sentence is made in the word order of “A- (B... B) -a”.

(Appropriate length of sentence) Chinese tends to continue a sentence longer than Japanese by typing a comma. For example, this is the case of the “Restaurant ticket case” in Example 2 (0034). Here we describe how to make a proper length sentence in Japanese. However, even if the cutting location is not appropriate, the meaning of the sentence is not greatly affected. It's a matter of readability.
Use the following principles to automatically adjust the end of the sentence with your computer: In the present invention, the sentence length has been adjusted according to this principle.
(Principle 1): If the sentence is flat, end the sentence at the end of the two verbs.
(Principle 2): When “I saw” and “…” are linked, as in “I saw ...”, the content of that range is kept uncut. However, in sentences such as “I said / I thought”, the contents of this “…” are often long, so when these verbs come to the beginning, cut them once.
(Principle 3): In sentences containing “connectives”, do not cut them before and after. At that time, if the sentences are connected according to the principle of (Principle 1), it is determined whether or not the previous sentence is cut into two, so that the place where the conjunction is entered is connected. Whether or not the preamble is connected is determined by whether or not the “causal” connection is strong. However, there is no major inconvenience even if it is cut.

Let's use the example of the “Dining Ticket Case” earlier as an example. First, give example sentences. The verb is underlined and the conjunction is in parenthesis.
"This year May 20, Kaiho seal 16 edition more than" two, etc. vote locus竟standing餐車car ■ Rugao citizen TsugeRyo Railways "for problems, reports Ryo Rugao citizen楊金pillar JoTsuge Railways one thing. May 24, the guide standing Beijing one medium Institute published Hirakiniwa, (however) Court deaths Yes Toniwa Senban. last heavenly horse,楊金pillar complaint reporters, other JoTsuge railways manner officer Tsukasatsui于hitting贏了, standing appeal deadline in both Metropolitan death Yes appeal, (why)-size决已Keisei效. "Zaihan决raw效 after 15 in the heaven, railway section the main pair our time Shin breath publicly request produced Kotaefuku, we currently就like other ■ (← Lee Gate) recovery results ■ (← mouth nun)! "The gold pillar theory ."

This is expressed only with verbs and conjunctions.
"~ (Sentence 1) to" ~ standing ~ TsugeRyo ~ "because, news Ryo - JoTsuge. (Sentence 2) -, - Hirakiniwa, (however) - Senban. (Sentence 3) ~, ~ complaint ~, ~ like tell-hitting 贏了, - died Yes appeal, (why) - students效. (sentence 4) "~ raw效 ~, ~ production ~, ~ such as ~! "(Sentence 5) -theory ."

explain. First sentence. It is better not to divide << ~ present ~ notification ~ >> in the text in parentheses. Overall, the next sentence has two verbs: “ report ” and “ notification ”. So you should cut it before that. Note that << ~ ... ~ >> is a single item in parentheses, and the question is whether this translation is necessary. If it's just a word, you should leave it in parentheses with quotes. However, the word translation may be further expressed in parenthesis notes. And if the text in parentheses is a sentence, you should translate it. This is the case. However, this double square bracket has a structure of “<<< ˜ ...... ˜ >>”, and this part is merely “interposition structure” as a whole. Then, this statement is "for ~. Then, press Ryo-JoTsuge.".
The second sentence is in the form of "~, ~ open garden , (but) ~ declaration ." This form is a form in which verbs are arranged one by one with respect to the conjunction “Ta”. In Japanese, it says, “I opened the court, but did not make a judgment”, and the appearance was connected as one sentence. So continue here.
The third statement, "~, ~ complaint ~, ~ JoTsuge-hitting贏了, - died Yes appeal, (why) - students效."'S form of. "楊金pillar complaint reporters" the foremost is, "said" So, cut here. Next, since the “exclusion appeal” part is an internal verb of “present”, this need not be considered. Also, since the next “ notification ” is a verb in the explanation of “official”, this need not be taken into account. Then, 3 statement, the "~ complaint ~, (off) - hitting贏了, (why) - students效.". And in the second half, they are connected by “because”, and they say “I won, so it became effective”.
The fourth sentence is "" ~ life effect ~, ~ creation ~, ~ etc ~! "". The first “live effect” is a part of “present”, so it does not need to be taken into consideration. Then, "~ Create ~, ~ etc ~" becomes "Create a circle and wait for a circle", which is a balanced Japanese sentence.
The fifth sentence is “~ Theory .” Since there is only one verb, it can be left as it is.
Put the breaks together. After all, this sentence becomes a problem of how to automatically cut off the part of “/” which is not the usual delimiter. In other words, “<< ~” because of, / report end ~ notification. ~ Open garden, but ~ declaration. ~ Prosecution ~ / ~ defeat, the reason ~ live effect. "~ Creation ~, ~ etc.! "~ Theory." The problem is one underlined. It's not very logical, but if the sentence continues after 30 characters, it can be solved by cutting at the next verb. A reference of more than 30 characters may be added to the location of (0324) to obtain an actual use standard.

Chapter 9, Description of Basic Principles of Computer Processing How can we perform the computer processing of the contents described in Chapters 1 through 7? From this chapter, we will discuss matters related to it.
In the present invention, it has been shown that if the corresponding expression is applied to the Chinese sentence, a significant verbatim translation can be made as Japanese, and even if the translations are arranged as they are, the translation is redundant but a significant sentence can be produced. Nonetheless, the problem of verb grammar changes and proper translation selection still requires some consideration as computer processing.
There is not only one way to create automatic translations of the logic up to Chapter 7 by computer processing. If a slightly different program description is also one method, there can be infinitely translated methods of translation, rather than tens of thousands, and the description of the program is not a problem in the present invention. In the present invention, as the simplest method, the basic description will be described by a method using spreadsheet software “Excel” and software “Visual Paysic” which automatically operates the software. In addition, the present inventor expects that a more advanced method will be developed later by an expert instead of specializing in program development.

In the present invention, this problem is solved by linking the part of speech code and the phrase selection code. For this purpose, a “part of speech table” and a “phrase selection table” are created. The purpose of creating a “part-of-speech table” is to apply the grammar to determine the connection between the context and the word. The “phrase selection table” is used to select a phrase when there are a wide variety of expressions. Use it to determine.
There are only a dozen types of categories used in the following part-of-speech tables, but we have prepared up to 26 wards in consideration of future increase / change (or full revision) of the part-of-speech categories. In addition, there are various word selections. Like the part of speech classification, the word selection table will be classified and numbered in the future, and the number of classifications will increase, so the number of classifications can be expanded from 01 to 99. It was. In addition, in order to create a smooth translation in the future, there is no problem even if the division is expressed with three digits (up to about 1000 types).

Part of speech table

Phrase selection table

(End-of-word change) Part-of-speech separation is necessary because the end of the word must be determined when connecting words that end. The change itself is in the normal Japanese grammar book. There are four types of parts of speech that change: verbs, auxiliary verbs, adjectives, and adjective verbs. In addition, verbs and conjunctions may require verb interpretation. In addition, there is no verb that expresses "change of state" in Chinese, "interpersonal verb (interposition)" plays the role of it, and a change table is necessary for it, and in addition, particles are sometimes changed to verbs May be good, and change tables are needed for this. Next, each part will be described.

  The verb has 5 stages, 1 top stage, and 1 bottom stage change for each line, and further, there are singular changes such as K-change and S-change. However, if you look at the final form (dictionary form) of the verb, for example, in "Reading", you can see that this "Reading" changes from "Mu" to "Maguri", just "5 steps" If you show only what you do, you will see the ending change of this verb. Therefore, the change of the verb can be understood by writing only “five steps” and “one step”. In addition, only “5” and “1” are known. In addition, there is no need for a symbol for each color because there is only one word for each of Ka-Ka and Sa-Ka.

Next, move on to adjectives. An adjective is a word with “~ i / ~ i” attached to a stem with “noun”, and its ending changes are determined only by the word or phrase connected below. Therefore, it is understood even if the ending of the adjective is not shown. Next is an adjective verb. Adjective is, minute only show in words words with such as "~ s / ~ I burned / ~'s Raka" (the noun of) stem, the same as the adjective, termination type (dictionary form) The However, when these two are connected to "adjective-noun" and "adjective verb-noun", it is better to distinguish this because the stem is connected to the same noun word. Therefore, the symbols “I”, “NA”, and “I”, “NA” for short.

  The last is an auxiliary verb. Auxiliary verbs are verbs or adjectives / adjective verbs with no unique ending changes. Therefore, it is sufficient to set “5/1 / i / na” as needed.

(Phrase selection) For example, “I” can be translated as “I” or “I”, or “■ (← I 爾)” should be “you” or “you” It's like a problem. It doesn't make any mistake, but “I / you” is more appropriate for a sentence with subjectivity like a story. So what do you do with this choice? The present inventor decided from which field the word should be translated from the whole sentence and decided the translated word. Here, the decision table is called a phrase selection table (Table 13).

How to use this table. The table contains a wide variety of content and cannot be fully explained. A few will be described.
Suppose you want to use a word for adults in general, and only for infants at certain times. At that time, from all or part of the series of documents (translated documents that need translation), determine whether the sentence is suitable for infants. In the example sentence, the column A is empty, so this column is used (see 0364)), and the code “01” is attached to the translated word. For example, the Japanese translation of “practice” in Chinese would be “practice / practice”, but if you want to use the translated word for infants, you should use “Okeiko”. At this time, if the code starts with "01", the translation of "practice" is automatically selected as "Okeiko". To put it a little more precisely, even without the “01” code, the judgment is based on statistics throughout the sentence, what percentage of the words are suitable for children, how many words are suitable for novels, Or you can decide how many paper-like words you have, how many special technical terms you have. The specific ratio is determined by a rule of thumb. In addition, more plainly, to the main translator, asked what or tone to the translation is good in advance, it is also in a form that follow it.

“Story” generally has many “past” sentences. So, if you judge the feeling of the whole sentence and if it is judged to be a narrative sentence, the code of “02” is automatically entered at the beginning of the sentence, and the tense of the whole sentence can be unified in the past. . However, it is not necessary to make a past sentence to the point of representing the “future”.
In any case, it is not so difficult to determine the characteristics of the sentence, and even if it is wrong, it can be corrected even after the translation is completed. Moreover, even if it is still a mistake, it is a branch leaf, and this part is a future problem.

  Next, let ’s go to “09”. This is the story of the beginning of the sentence, but the topic of “~ ha” at the beginning of the sentence may represent the definition of “to”. In Chinese, there is no expression that distinguishes the definition from the topic, and this judgment is difficult when Japanese is used, but the “topic” item is the “abstract item”, and the subsequent “under” is the “abstract explanation”. If so, it is better to think of the sentence as “definition explanation”. Therefore, it is better to automatically determine whether the sentence “Ze” is “to” with respect to the word before “Ze”. At this time, it is not wasteful to give a mark as to whether or not a specific word is likely to be “09” in advance.

Next, go to “10”. For verbs and auxiliary verbs, the word order is reversed during the day unless they are responsive. In this case, after giving a normal Japanese translation, the first word of response (light words) becomes unnecessary. However, it is better not to erase everything because of the correctness of meaning. Therefore, when it is judged that the word should be left as a whole, it is better to leave it, and if it is marked with a “10” at that time, it is easy to indicate what completed translation is good.
From the above, this table can be used when it is necessary to change the translation.

Chapter 10, Description of Word Arrangement Method by Excel As described at the beginning of Chapter 8, the computer implementation of the present invention can be implemented by various programs. In the present invention, commercially available software “Excel” and “Visual Basic” are used as one of them in order to visually confirm each step of the processing. This will be described here. Describe in the order of making a dictionary, dividing words into sentences, arranging translations (primary translation), and organizing translations (final translation).

In the present invention, an item “Untranslated” is placed in the middle of the translated sentence to create an appropriate Japanese translation from the untranslated sentence. So, if the “translation” is correctly translated, the subsequent translation process will be a problem of Japanese processing, and it is not necessary to think about what kind of Japanese is best to use from the original Chinese It is enough to improve the meaning later as Japanese. In that respect, it is very easy to create an improved program because you can consider improved Japanese while looking at the original translation on Excel . This point is a big feature not found in other automatic translation software, and is greatly appreciated.

(Dictionary making, word without change of word form) The translation of words without change of word form is easy. You only need to select a translation. In general, “I”, “■ (← I 爾)”, “Others”, etc. may be “I”, “You”, “He”. However, in the case of words in a conversation, it may be better to say "I", "you", "guy", etc. For example, if there is a conversation symbol ““ ”in the original text, and the code (“ 03 ”) is directed from the outside three parts in the story or the entire novel, the translation of“ I ”in this conversation sentence Will cause “I” to be selected. Also, if there is an instruction “04” or “05” elsewhere, the function “01” can be disabled. At that time, the translation selection only has meaning 1 in (Table 13), and even if this instruction is wrong, the translation itself is not seriously affected.

Selection of translations using a table with no inflection

(Change in form of noun / verb) For nouns and verbs with a change in part-of-speech, it is sufficient to add “do” after the noun form. Therefore, only one headline translation is required. In addition, since this ending change is “sa change”, no indication to that effect is necessary.

Inflection of nouns and verbs

(Interpersonal motion) Some motions include a partner, such as “who, what, what, what”. At that time, it is necessary to clearly show the passiveness, service, and derogatory expression. Therefore, it can be identified by the code shown in (Table 12).
For example, the distinction between “salary” and verb is determined from the sentence structure of whether the word is “subject”. In that sense, it is difficult to determine whether or not it is “interpersonal movement”. The determination must be made based on whether or not “pay” is near the beginning of the sentence, and it is necessary to determine which combination of “semantic 1”, “meaning 2”,. In order to make this determination, it is necessary to determine a translated sentence based on an example sentence with “salary”. This is an issue for the future.

Action to show the other party

(Sentence word splitting) Splitting a sentence into words is relatively easy because Chinese is unique in one word, but it is still quite troublesome. By the way, as shown in the example sentence of Mr. Ikkyu in (0022) and the newspaper example in (0035), there is a considerable mistake whether it is Yahoo or Excite.
The present inventor extracted from the text the part from the beginning of the sentence to the punctuation mark. Cut one character from the front of the sentence, check if the phrase is listed in the dictionary, and if so, add the second letter and check if the two-letter phrase is in the dictionary I found a word with more than two letters and separated it. According to this method, a word corresponding to a Chinese ending (auxiliary word) becomes, for example, “significant” or “excess” as one significant character, but in the method of the present invention, it is independent of such an auxiliary word. Since the translation is given, it is not so troublesome to make a rough translation.
However, this method does not deal with miscutting words. This is the case of the previous “Ikkyu” (0022). In order to cope with this, it is always necessary to proceed with back translation (from day to middle) at the same time. This operation is not completed in the present invention. However, this work should be relatively easy compared to other software, because the translations of the day and middle of the translation correspond one-on-one.

(Division of words and arrangement of translated words (primary translation)) Following the instructions in the previous section, the first sentence of “Ikkyu-san” is decomposed into words as follows.
“Tatsumi / Hisa / Previous /, / Japan / Departed / Ended / One / Individual / Famous / Makoto / Kazutaka / Scream / Ikkyu /.”
Now, what kind of translation does this give? It is the best translation technique that can be translated as long as the translations normally obtained from the dictionary are arranged without thinking, and the most important feature of the present invention is to aim for it. It becomes like this.
"Very / long / previous /, / Japan from / out to / the / one / one of / famous / Do / small / Shaved is / name went with the / Ikkyu /." Become. The problem here is the underlined part. There is no Chinese corresponding to this wording. But if you think about the structure of Japanese and Chinese sentences, you can put underlined translations without thinking. In other words, the structure of “place / out / people” in Chinese is seemingly disjointed, but is linked to “(where is) from where, (what) who came out”. So, if you make up for the parts that are missing when you use Japanese, you can translate. In other words, verbs such as “de” often have a structure such as “place / out / people”. At this time, it is instructed that the “place display word” should end with “~”. That's enough. Description of other underlined words is omitted. This completes the translation.

Next, let's look at the second sentence. Word decomposition is performed as follows.
"Six / Year / Na / Year /, / Ikkyu / Mato / Tsubaki / Take / Other / Send / To / End / Ankokuji /."
I'll add a Japanese translation to this.
The "6 / year old / the / year /, / Ikkyu / Roh / mom / grabbed / him / and / sent was / led was / to do so was / Ankokuji".

  Here, first of all, what is the interpretation of “Ikkyu”? Neither Yahoo nor excite has been translated correctly (0022). However, it can be understood that “Ikkyu” is a proper noun from the place of “Crying Ikkyu” in the previous sentence, and that “Ikkyu” is a proper noun if it is memorized. Even without this, from common sense judgment of “Ikkyu-no-i”, it can be understood that “Ikkyu” is a noun. Note that the significance probability cannot be achieved up to 95% in one determination. Therefore, it is possible to calculate whether or not “1 to” is “one rest / one, rest” with a probability function (judgment rate = applicable number / total number (total number> 5)). It is good to be able to determine the final translation when the significance is reached.

Next, why do you add “ha” to “mom”? The beginning of the Japanese sentence begins with "What story (topic), that is ...". In this case, if “person” precedes, it becomes easy to make a stable sentence. Therefore, if “wa” is added at the beginning of the sentence for convenience, it is sufficient for most sentences (see 0052).

  Next is “Complete delivery”, but if you say “Hold him,” and then continue the verb, the meaning will be confused in Japanese. Is added. Then, "I grabbed / sent him / and / sent".

The last "to Ankokuji" is, "was carried out, where where" from the, compensate for the "in".
From the above, the Chinese sentence order and the Japanese word order can be translated into Japanese with only a slight adjustment.

There are things to forget when making a translation. It is an auxiliary verb (0091). Chinese auxiliary verbs are described near the beginning of the sentence, so they are completely unfamiliar with Japanese. The main ones are “Kan”, “Sen”, “Toku”, “Kai”, “Noh”, and “Can”. When translating these into Japanese, you must always take the “correspondence structure” and divide it into two translations. Handling was described in detail below (0094).
In addition, there is a change in the ending of verb words, but this is not described here because it can be easily linked according to the grammar book.

(Organization of translations (final translation)) Once you have created a plain translation, the next step is to make a final translation to make it smooth Japanese. This operation is a conversion from redundant Japanese to normal Japanese, and in principle it is not difficult to translate from Japanese to Japanese. The problem here is the selection of translations according to the scene. The conversion policy is shown in (Table 13) (Table 14) (Table 15). For example, because the text of “Ikkyu-san” is a picture book for children, the sentence “Ikkyu / Mato / 媽媽” translates as “Ikkyu's mother is ...” rather than “Ikkyu's mother is ...”. Is better suited to the situation. This determination can be made by automatically selecting from “Table 13” whether “Ikkyu” → “Ikkyu-san” or “Mother” → “Mom”. If you don't, it's not a mistake.

  Next, whether to keep “很 / Hu / Previous” as “Very / Long / Previous”, “Long time”, “Long time”, or “Long time” There is a choice of translations. There are no major mistakes, but it depends on whether the text is judged as “for infants” or “for children”. This requires a difficult decision, and it is sufficient to make a decision by appropriately quantifying the tendency of this picture book. It is a future problem.

  The third is a combination of an interposition and its object, and there is no particular problem if it is a simple place, time, means, purpose, etc.

  The fourth is the case where the mode of the verb is determined from “human relations (a kind of interposition)” shown below (0206). According to the instructions in the commercial grammar book, this may be “passive” or “serving”, but it is not interesting anymore. This is a final means and means when the next means cannot find a translated word. In other words, in Japanese, it may be better to translate the service type into passive, and it may be better to translate the service form into a loss account. There is no other way to make judgments. In that sense, the creation of the best translation will be an issue for the future.

  The fifth is the end of the verb and the part of the ending of the verb. For example, in “Japan / out / end”, the Chinese characters are translated one by one, so the meaning overlaps with “out / out” or “out / out”, but in Chinese, the kanji cannot change the end. For this reason, “exit” is simply set to “exit” to make it “past”, and it does not have two meanings. Light kanji characters do not need to be considered difficult as aspects (changes in behavior), but can be understood as minute changes in word form. Then, “(what) came out” and “(from what) came out”.

Here is another example. “Grip / other / sent / arrived / terminated” becomes “gripped / hidden / and / sent / sent / done”. It's pretty verbose. In the first half, “Grabbed / He / And” should be called “He”. “Sent / arrived / such” in the second half is a series of meanings, and “arrived” of “sent / arrived” is light and “sent”. And “arrival / completion” is the lightest, meaning “arrived” with “completion”. The past tense “~ ta” as a whole is sufficient. From such a judgment, it is finally "I sent him". On a computer, it can be understood as a combination of two words “send / end”.

Chapter 11 shows the process of translating step-by-step by putting up a sentence of Mr. Ikkyu's sentence (0022) under the specific description of the program .
First, the whole sentence of Mr. Ikkyu's sentence is substituted (filled) into the “B2” frame of the Excel cell. From this sentence, the sentence until “reading mark” is taken out and substituted for “B3”. Here, “B2” and “B3” below mean operations for substituting (filling) the characters in the frame. Then, after describing the Excel function program, the processing result is shown.

(Word break)
Substitute the sentence “Ikkyu-san” in the B2 frame. This is manually substituted (filled).
B2: Before the end of the year, I left Japan and was retired from the famous Kowa Nao. Ankokuji Temple is a six-year-old year-end holiday. The temple elder elder first eye joy was over. ...
In the B3 frame, the sentence from the beginning of the B2 sentence to the first reading is cut and substituted.
B3: = LEFT (B2, FIND (".", B2)) → (The meaning of this "→" indicates the computer processing result of the program.)
The first character “很” of the sentence in the B3 frame is cut and substituted into B5 (B4 is left for work), and it is checked whether this “很” exists in the dictionary of the separate table. Naturally, it exists. Some characters do not exist, and if they do not exist, leave that character and move on to the next operation. For example, “,”.
B5: = LEFT (B3,1) → 很. Furthermore,
C5: = MATCH ((LEFT (B5,1), dictionary! B: B, 0) → 14 (← If the character “很” appears on the 14th line of the dictionary sheet, for example, it will appear in the C5 frame. (They have the same meaning.) “Dictionary” means an Excel work table “dictionary sheet”.
Next, two characters including “很” are substituted into D5 on the right side, and it is checked whether this “Eternal” is in another column of the 14th row of the dictionary. “Eternal” is not in the dictionary. Therefore, the character “D5” is erased (or left as it is) and the process proceeds to the next.
D5: = LEFT (B3,2) → Eternal. Furthermore,
E5: = MATCH ((LEFT (B3,2), dictionary! 14:14 , 0) → # N / A (← There is no solution in the dictionary). In addition, “Dictionary! 14: 14” is automatically performed. Requires the original value, and this term is described as “Dictionary! MATCH ((LEFT (B3,1), Dictionary! B: B, 0)”.

In the previous operation, the value “很” was assigned to the B5 frame. Next, the character “很” is deleted from the original B3 frame, and the same operation as “很” is performed for the next “kyu”. Then, as a matter of course, the character of “Ku” can be found from the dictionary, but there is no word (word) of “Kui”, and this operation ends here and moves to the next character of “i”.
B4: = B3 → Before the eternal period, the Japanese graduated from Japan. (← B4 frame is for work, move the value of B3 frame to B4 frame)
B3: = MID (B4, LEN (B5) + 1, LEN (B4)) → A long time ago, I left Japan and the famous Kowa Naoichi was closed.
B6: = LEFT (B3,1) → Hisa. Furthermore,
C6: = MATCH ((LEFT (B3,1), dictionary! B: B, 0) → 20 (← “h” is on the 20th line of the dictionary).
D6: = LEFT (B3,2) → After a long time. Furthermore,
E6: = MATCH ((LEFT (B3,2), dictionary! 20:20 , 0) → # N / A (← “Kui” is not listed in the dictionary, “# N / A” is the solution Also, here, “Dictionary! 20:20 ” will contain the original function value and become “Dictionary! MATCH ((LEFT (B3,1), Dictionary! B: B, 0)” ( Hereinafter, the case similar to this section is omitted).

Next, the same operation is performed after “I”, but “I” has a word “Previous”. So find out if it exists.
B7: = LEFT (B3,1) → Furthermore.
C7: = MATCH ((LEFT (B3,1), dictionary! B: B, 0) → 30 (← "" is on the 30th line of the dictionary)
D7: = LEFT (B3,2) → Previous. Furthermore,
E7: = MATCH ((LEFT (B3,2), dictionary! 30:30 , 0) → 3 (← “Previous” is in the third column of the seventh row of the dictionary)
Since the word “previous” exists in the dictionary, “following” in B7 is replaced with “previous”.
B7: = D7 → Previous.

  What you can see up to this point is that you need to write a lot of programs to separate words, so you can't write every single detail. In addition, the translation required continues, and the translation of one word is completed, and each time, the character is deleted from the “B3” frame, and continues until the required translation in the “B3” frame disappears. Since the description of this part is not an essential part, the description of the following word break operation is abbreviate | omitted.

  This program process cannot be automatically terminated by Excel. This is because there is no iteration function. However, if the same operation is described a hundred times assuming that about 100 characters need to be processed, the repetitive operation is essentially finished. The actual operation can be completed relatively easily by using the visual basic “For... Next” syntax repetition operation.

Therefore, in the same way, the results of word decomposition of “Before a long time ago, Japan's famous Kowa Naoichi Ikkyu.” Then, the following result is obtained in the B column.
B5: Samurai, B6: Kyu, B7: Formerly, B8 :, B9: Japan, B10: Out, B11: End, B12: One, B13: Individual, B14: Famous, B15: Target, B16: Small, B17: Osho, B18: Shouting, B19: Resting.
This string is the same as that shown in Table 1 by Ikkyu. However, (Table 1) is expressed somewhat abbreviated. In order to make the work table easier to see, the right and lower frame portions from the column C5 are left blank. Of course, you do not have to. This operation is easy with Visual Basic. The following.
Sub Delete when finished ()
Range ("C5: E1000"). Select
Selection.ClearContents
End Sub

(Dictionary search by dictionary)
When the sentence is divided into words, add a verbatim translation to the word.
It should be noted that the meaning of the word is a noun / verb / adjective that is the functional meaning of the word, and the substance, matter, place, time, etc. that are the physical meaning. . (Table 14) (Table 15) (Table 16). In this table, the meaning of Japanese corresponding to Chinese kanji is composed of two stages, meaning, grammar, and handling, so the values of both stages are obtained by the INDEX function.

  To look up a word in a dictionary, create a dictionary for each part of speech and get it. For example, to examine the meaning of “很” in “B5”, because “很” is an adverb, put “= INDEX (adverb! A: Z, row value, column value)” in the “C5” frame, Get from this. Here, the row value and the column value are “row value = 13” if “很” is listed in the 13th row of the adverb dictionary. MATCH (B5, adverb! A: A, 0) ”. There are cases where the part of speech may vary widely, so that it can be checked in order in preparation.

  By the way, in which column is the correct Japanese translation of “很”? This instruction is given by the “part of speech table” and “phrase selection table” shown in (0329). That is, if there is an instruction of “part of speech table” and “word selection table” in the first frame of the Japanese translation in the first column and an instruction of “word selection” shown at the beginning of the sentence, it is performed accordingly. In the sentence “Mr. Ikkyu”, I don't know at what stage of translation, but later, during the work, I find that this sentence is a sentence belonging to “01” “Toddler (story)” (see 0331). ). If you know, select a translation that does not violate the meaning of the “infant story” that begins with “很”. At the beginning of translation, I still don't understand the instructions. Therefore, at first, translation selection is started from “column value = 1”.

  This one-line frame should have “very” on it, and get a translation of “very” from here. Whether this translation is appropriate depends on the relationship with the next word, but at the selected stage, it is not yet known whether it is appropriate. Therefore, the values of the “part of speech” and “phrase selection” instructions directly under “very” are read. This operation puts “= INDEX (adverb! A: Z, row value + 1,1)” in the D5 frame, and obtains its value.

  This is also a later story, but if it turns out that the translation of “one” column translation is inconvenient, the column value is changed to “2” and the translation of the next column (column) is obtained. I don't know if this translated word is appropriate, but if I later find it unsuitable, I'll get a provisional translation by checking "3rd column", "4th column" and "5th column" sequentially. If an appropriate translation is not found even after the translation is completed, the part of speech of the translation is checked and fixed to the translation in the front row (of the most frequently used) of that translation. That is, when there is no optimal translation, this is the next best treatment.

(Concrete translation)
In making a specific translation, you must decide "topic, subject, time, place, ...". In this respect, the order of words in both Japanese and Chinese is similar, so when you determine that it is a place or a time, you will know the particles that are attached to that word. Even when you don't understand, Chinese has an “interposition” that makes it clear. The difficulty in determining particle is the distinction between “ha / ga /” that is not expressed in Chinese. This was explained in detail in the explanation from (0050).

  Moreover, since the correspondence relationship of the particle to the injunction is not one-to-one, even if there is a slight flaw, it does not become incomprehensible. In order to adjust the word order, it is also necessary to determine which expression in the postfix part is applied to the translated words in which Chinese kanji is a responsive expression in Japanese. The details are in the basic Chinese structure of Chapter 1 starting from (0049). In addition, the program description concerning this part can be written indefinitely, and it is not understandable that the description is read. Here, the troublesome explanation is omitted, and only the result of the example sentence “Mr. Ikkyu” is explained.

Let ’s go to the sentence of “Ikkyu-san”. The untranslated text will be written in column D.
D5: Tsubaki. “很” is an adverb and is a word that leads to “Very”. Therefore, “ very ”. I don't know if the treatment of “很” is correct at this stage, but I applied the grammar item here to determine whether the “Yu” combined with the next “hisa” is consistent with the grammar item. And confirm the Japanese translation of “很”. In addition to grammar, it is necessary to select a phrase, but this is not possible at this stage, and it will be a later decision. The scenes that require the same judgment occur below D6, but the description is omitted.
D6: Hisa. “Hisa” is an adjective and its ending changes, but if the next word is a noun, it is connected as it is. Here it is “ Long ”.
D7: Previously. “Previous” is “noun / adverb” but represents time. Next, there is “,” and judgment is required for processing. “Before Eternal” is the “time” at the beginning of the sentence, so it is considered as a premise of the sentence, and since it is a (infant) story (← later), “~” is added to the end of the sentence. It is not necessary to enter “thing”, and this processing may be omitted in a simple program.
D8: "," Is a punctuation mark. In Chinese, do not use “.” At the end of the sentence, and often connect the next sentence with “,”. Therefore, it is necessary to consider whether the translation is “,” or “.”. The outline is described as the appropriate length of the sentence in (0324). Here, “,”.
D9: Japan. “Japan” represents a place, but the next connecting word is accompanied by a particle such as “ha / de / ni / to / to”. How to connect is determined by the nature of the next “verb”. “Out” is connected to “out of”, so here “from Japan”.
D10: Out. “Out” is “out” and “out” is connected. Chinese verbs often have the present tense as “going out” when representing the nature (truth), but tend to become past tense as “going out” during stories. Judge it in relation to words representing time. Here, since there is a word next to “done” and the past, the overall form is “out” and the past tense.
D11: OK. “End” indicates “past / complete”, but the contents to be expressed are various. When directly connected to a verb, it represents a relatively explicit past and becomes “done”. D10 and D11 are combined and “departed”, but since the entire sentence is a narrative sentence, the sentence end is further adjusted and “ departed ”. This determination is based on the ending instruction in the case of “Story of column 02” in (Table 4).
D12: One. "One" means "one", but this is diverse. Represents the number, number, degree, etc. It cannot be decided only here, and it is judged with the following words.
D13: Individual. “Individual” means “individual” and represents various meanings in conjunction with the previous word. Here, “one” means “one person”. “One person (ordinary)” can also be changed to “something (accidental)”, but the judgment may or may not be judged from the entire story. Do not do it here.
D14: Famous. “Famous” is “famous” and there is no problem. That is, if the next word is "target", and the "famous", "no" is changed to "Do". The following.
D15: Target. “Target” is translated as “no”, but when the previous word is abstract (adjective verb), it changes to “na” (described in 0312). Here, it is “NA”. Also, when continuing from a verb or adjective, the next word is connected without a particle in Japanese (described in 0314).
D16: Small. “Small” is “small”, but the meaning spreads. Here, it is singularized in the form of “Kowasho = Kobozu”. The judgment is made by making a table regarding the usage of “small”. Note that it is not a big mistake even if it is not a single word.
D17: Osho. “Tasho” refers to Mr. Bo, and there is no particular problem.
D18: Shouting. “Screaming” has a broad meaning as well as “screaming”. Besides, there is a reason such as "Who makes the ‥‥", "the name is referred to as a ‥‥". In the case of “...”, it has a structure of “scream-person-motion” and is described in detail in Chapter 3 of (0206). And when “Crying-people”, it says, “I said the name”. Here is the last case.
D19: Take a rest. It is not self-evident what this means. Both Yahoo and Excite make a mistake. Eventually, when lining up with “scream-one-leave”, the question is which translation is best. The meaning of "Scream" is unnatural, and even if "Scream" is interpreted as the meaning of a working role and "Called, one and then rested", this is also unnatural. On the other hand, if “Ikkyu” is “proprietary noun”, it is natural that “I called that name Ikkyu”. However, what is judged as natural is a considerable challenge. To make a simple judgment, it is possible to make a table (in the present invention), but it is also possible to distinguish the meaning of “one”.

(One culture and word order adjustment as a complete sentence)
Finally, there is an operation to collect all the Japanese words in the D column and make them into one sentence. One sentence up to the punctuation mark is usually about 20 characters long, and it is enough if the characters in the D column continue to about 200 characters. For special ones, there is no particular problem even if it is expanded to 1000 characters. This sentence is substituted into the A2 frame.
A2: = D5 & D6 & D7 & D8 ... D199 & D200. However, at this time, if the auxiliary verb sentence is near the beginning of the sentence, the word order is reversed, so it is necessary to change the word order to D10 & D11 after D12 & D13 & D14 & D15 & D16 & D17, and the joint is `` It needs to be in the form of “te”. In other words, in this sentence, it is necessary to place the part of “small shaved” in place. Sentence connection was described in (0259). Then you get the next completed sentence.
“A long time ago, a famous little shaved boy came out of Japan and said his name was a break.”

(A series of automation by Visual Basic)
What has been described so far can be automated with Visual Basic (VBA). That is, while Excel is being executed, all the functions in the frame shown above are recorded with macro recording, and the macro (program automation) is completed based on that. It should be noted that subdivision of sentences into words, dictionary search, and accumulation of words for creating a completed sentence, etc., are adopted in the VBA because the iterative processing function “For... Next” can be used.

The description by VBA must be described one by one, such as designation of the frame position, designation of numerical values, etc. Even if only one operation is described on the paper, it becomes a huge amount and cannot be written here. In addition, even if you read the sentence, it is difficult to take the sentence because it is in English. Incidentally, for example, if a program sentence that substitutes the first character “很” in B5 is also written, it becomes complicated as follows (the first and last frame selection sentences are omitted).
Sub First character substitution ()
Range ("B5"). Value = Left (Range ("B3"). Value, 1)
End Sub
The following five example sentences show how the invention is implemented. The description of the cutting program to the word of the sentence is omitted.

Example sentence: Rain in the middle of the afternoon.
The following (Table 17) will be described.
(Beginning of sentence): In general, the longer the sentence, the more "translation" is required, but the short sentence does not require "phrase selection". Omitted below.
Afternoon: To indicate “hour”, usually add “ni”. "Noon" is a topic here, so add "ha". It is not necessary to perform the process of “to”, and it may be determined from the tone of the whole sentence.
Kaname: “Kaname” indicates the future, and “Will” is added at the end of the sentence. Although it may be another ending, the next word “rainfall” is a natural phenomenon, so here it may be “will be” (see 0094)).

Example sentences: ■ (← People) Noh residence ■ (← 這) Elder Tiger ■ (← Kuma)?
The following (Table 18) will be described.
(Sentence): This sentence has been translated to the end of the sentence, and it is determined that it is a child's story based on the relationship between “Old Tiger” and “Noh-Arrest-Human”, and “01” is selected at the beginning of the sentence. Is called.
■ (← I 爾): From the point that the sentence begins with “infant”, “■ (← I 爾)” is “you”. Also, since this represents the subject, “You are”.
Noh: “Noh” is “capable and capable”, and this “can” is added as a ending change of the verb.
Housing: when the "housing" has become a endings of the verb, and "We are staring to ~". In addition, when this "can" stick, marked with "(staring) to be not", and further "■ (← mouth horse)", and "What is not".
只: “只” is a unit that accounts for animals, etc. In Japanese, if “這” is attached, the translation of “只” is omitted.

Example sentences: ■ (← Human 爾) Efforts to obtain favorable results.
The following Table 19 will be described.
■ (← I 爾): Since this sentence is a general sentence, “■ (← I 爾)” may remain “You”.
Thought: “Soue” shall be “I want to do” when “Verb” follows (see 0101).
KANAME: “KAYA” represents the future, but there is no word for this verb in this sentence, so KAYA also serves as the main verb. Therefore, it is “necessary”. Here, since there is a “thought”, it changes to “want to need” and “want” in the completed sentence.
“Oto” means “order”, “and will ... / will be done immediately”, etc., but here the preamble expresses the condition (thought… on). The translation “if so” is given (see 0261).
Get: When “Get” comes before the verb and expresses “auxiliary verb”, it must be “must be ...”. It is easy to understand according to the Japanese language. The conclusion may also be “should be”. This translation is better when the whole sentence is judged to be a "paper-like" sentence. The judgment is “05 (article)” depending on whether there is an idiomatic expression when the sentence title, the end of the sentence, or punctuation is reached.

Phrases: Kisogami Photo: “Both sides of an impossible road”.
The following (Table 20) will be described.
(Beginning of sentence): This sentence is a sentence in "Ikkyu-san". Therefore, it is appropriate to use “01 (infant)” for this sentence. However, it is difficult to judge from this example sentence alone. Here, no such judgment is made. However, if it is understood from another part that it is a continuation of a long story, the whole sentence is defined as “01”.
On Kipai: it may be a 'up Kifuda "but as further which represents a" subject "," on the Kifuda is "also contemplated. In order to indicate “place” at the beginning of a sentence, it is normal to add “present” to it, so if there is no “exist”, it is better not to have “ha”. If so, do not add “ha”.
Copy: “Copy” means “write”.
Chaku: Here, “Chaku” comes after the verb and is a suffix. When it is a suffix, it means “continue” and “do”. However, "copy", because there in fact representation, and "wrote are". The next ":" means "that is", so this "written" can be brought to the end of the sentence. In other words, it can be said that “It is said that it cannot walk”. Such expressions are used when the written content (sentence) is short.

Example sentence: Nada-like productive refusal Kiyose.
The following (Table 21) will be described.
Tsuji-sama: The interrogative translation should be emphasized in order to get a sense immediately after reading (see 0244). Then, “Mr. Tsuji” gives a plain translation “How do you do it?”. Adding “no” makes the sentence softer (see 0309). The determination of whether or not “no” is necessary in this sentence may be made by determining whether or not it is “conclusive” as a whole.
Target: “Target” is usually “no”, but when the word to be received is “sentence”, a translation of “to” is given. In this case, since “target” is stopped, “That means” and “thing” are entered (see 0313). In the completed sentence, if it is "~", it is shortened to "~".
Futari: “Bold” is a word representing the degree, and when “fight” is attached to it, it is set as “not too much”.

This is the end of the description of the summary of the invention.

Claims (1)

When translating Chinese into Japanese, the first step is to divide the Chinese sentence into words from the beginning and convert the words into Japanese using the dictionary. If there are multiple Japanese translations, the part of speech of the word is identified from the sentence structure, and a translation that matches the part of speech is selected. In addition, using the “correspondence expression table” that has been prepared in advance, it is converted so that it is in the same word order as Japanese. Indicate in which category the translation is to be used, determine a specific translation according to the instruction category in the attached table, and if a specific translation is not found at this time, use the general translation of the kanji to select the translation And as the second level, at the end of the word Depending on the structure of the Japanese sentence or by adding a “particle” in accordance with the instructions of the Chinese injunction, the sentences made in this way are combined to make a Japanese translation, and then as the third level, which is the corresponding expression There is an evaluation word that judges whether it will be applied to a word from the “correspondence expression table” prepared separately, erases the first half translation of the response as necessary, and adds an intentional element near the beginning of the sentence. If the word is moved after the end-of-sentence verb, and if necessary, it is connected with the appropriate word according to the grammar so that it is naturally connected to the verb, and the ending change at the end of the sentence becomes redundant. The grammar rules are used to shorten the expression so that it ends with a normal ending as necessary, and these sentences are connected to form a completed Japanese translation. These series of operations are automatically performed using a computer. The translation method characterized by translating into.