JP2013206649A - Transparent electrode, method for manufacturing the same, and electronic device - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a transparent electrode having both sufficient conductivity and high optical transparency, a method for manufacturing the same, and an electronic device which is improved in performance by being provided with the transparent electrode.SOLUTION: The transparent electrode includes: a base layer 1a formed using a compound A containing nitrogen atoms; and an electrode layer 1b formed on the base layer 1a by a wet coating system using a solution containing a compound B containing silver atoms.

Description

  The present invention relates to a transparent electrode, a method for manufacturing the same, and an electronic device, and more particularly, to a transparent electrode having both conductivity and light transmittance, a method for manufacturing the same, and an electronic device including the transparent electrode.

  An organic electroluminescent element (hereinafter also referred to as an organic EL element) using electroluminescence of organic material (hereinafter abbreviated as EL) is a thin film that can emit light at a low voltage of several V to several tens V. It is a complete solid-state device of the type and has many excellent features such as high brightness, high luminous efficiency, thinness, and light weight. For this reason, it has attracted attention in recent years as surface light emitters such as backlights for various displays, display boards such as signboards and emergency lights, and illumination light sources.

  Such an organic electroluminescent element has a configuration in which a light emitting layer composed of an organic material or the like is sandwiched between two opposing electrodes, and the emitted light generated in the light emitting layer passes through the electrode and passes to the outside. It is taken out. For this reason, at least one of the two electrodes is configured as a transparent electrode.

As the transparent electrode, an oxide semiconductor material such as tin-doped indium oxide (SnO ₂ —In ₂ O ₃ : Indium Tin Oxide, abbreviated as ITO) is generally used, and ITO and silver are laminated. Thus, studies have been made to reduce the resistance (see, for example, Patent Documents 1 and 2). However, since ITO uses indium which is a rare metal, it is expensive as a material, and in order to reduce resistance, it is necessary to perform annealing at about 300 ° C. after film formation. Therefore, a configuration in which a metal material such as silver having high electrical conductivity is thinned, and a configuration in which conductivity is ensured with a film thickness thinner than that of silver alone by mixing aluminum with silver have been proposed (for example, Patent Documents). 3). Also disclosed is a method for producing a transparent conductive film using a cheaper facility by applying a silver complex compound on a base layer having an organic acid metal salt without using a vacuum film forming step. (For example, refer to Patent Document 4).

  However, in each of the proposed methods, even if the electrode is a transparent electrode made of silver or aluminum having a high electrical conductivity, both sufficient conductivity and high light transmittance as an electrode can be achieved. It was difficult to plan.

JP 2002-15623 A Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2006-164961 JP 2009-151963 A JP 2010-531033 gazette

  The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and the solution is to provide a transparent electrode having sufficient conductivity and high light transmittance, a method for manufacturing the same, and the transparent electrode. To provide an electronic device with improved performance.

  As a result of diligent investigation in view of the above problems, the present inventor contains an underlayer formed using a compound A containing nitrogen atoms on a substrate, and a compound B containing silver atoms on the underlayer It is found that the transparent electrode having the electrode layer formed by the wet coating method using the solution to improve both the electrical conductivity and the light transmissive performance can realize the transparent electrode. It is up to.

  That is, the said subject of this invention is solved by the following means.

  1. It has a base layer formed using a compound A containing nitrogen atoms, and an electrode layer formed by a wet coating method using a solution containing a compound B containing silver atoms on the base layer. Transparent electrode.

  2. 2. The transparent electrode according to item 1, wherein the compound B containing a silver atom is a silver complex compound.

  3. 3. The transparent electrode according to item 1 or 2, wherein the compound A containing a nitrogen atom is a compound having a heterocycle having a nitrogen atom as a heteroatom.

  4). The transparent electrode according to any one of Items 1 to 3, wherein the compound A containing a nitrogen atom is a compound having a pyridine ring.

  5. The transparent electrode according to any one of Items 1 to 4, wherein the compound A containing a nitrogen atom is a compound represented by the following general formula (1).

〔式中、Ｘは、Ｎ（Ｒ）、酸素原子、硫黄原子またはＳｉ（Ｒ）（Ｒ′）を表し、Ｅ_１〜Ｅ_８は、Ｃ（Ｒ_１）または窒素原子を表し、Ｒ、Ｒ′及びＲ_１は各々水素原子、置換基または一般式（１）におけるＹ_１との連結部位を表す。＊は一般式（１）におけるＹ_１との連結部位を表す。Ｙ_２は単なる結合手または２価の連結基を表す。Ｙ_３及びＹ_４は、各々５員または６員の芳香族環から導出される基を表し、少なくとも一方は環構成原子として窒素原子を含む芳香族複素環から導出される基を表す。ｎ２は１〜４の整数を表す。〕
６．前記一般式（１）で表される化合物が、下記一般式（２）で表される化合物であることを特徴とする第５項に記載の透明電極。 General formula (1)
(Ar ₁ ) _n1 -Y ₁
Wherein, n1 represents an integer of 1 or more, Y ₁ is when n1 is 1 represents a substituent, if n1 is 2 or more represents a mere bond or n1 divalent linking group. Ar ₁ represents a group represented by the following general formula (A), and when n 1 is 2 or more, a plurality of Ar ₁ may be the same or different. In addition, the compound represented by the general formula (1) has at least two condensed aromatic heterocycles in which three or more rings are condensed in the molecule. ]

[Wherein X represents N (R), an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or Si (R) (R ′), E _{1 to} E ₈ represent C (R ₁ ) or a nitrogen atom, and R, R 'And R ₁ each represent a hydrogen atom, a substituent, or a linking site with Y ₁ in formula (1). * Represents a linking site with Y ₁ in the general formula (1). Y ₂ represents a simple bond or a divalent linking group. Y ₃ and Y ₄ each represent a group derived from a 5-membered or 6-membered aromatic ring, and at least one represents a group derived from an aromatic heterocycle containing a nitrogen atom as a ring constituent atom. n2 represents an integer of 1 to 4. ]
6). 6. The transparent electrode according to item 5, wherein the compound represented by the general formula (1) is a compound represented by the following general formula (2).

〔式中、Ｙ_５は、アリーレン基、ヘテロアリーレン基またはそれらの組み合わせからなる２価の連結基を表す。Ｅ_５１〜Ｅ_６６は、各々Ｃ（Ｒ_３）または窒素原子を表し、Ｒ_３は水素原子または置換基を表す。Ｙ_６〜Ｙ_９は、各々芳香族炭化水素環から導出される基または芳香族複素環から導出される基を表し、Ｙ_６及びＹ_７の少なくとも一方と、Ｙ_８及びＹ_９の少なくとも一方は、各々窒素原子を含む芳香族複素環から導出される基を表す。ｎ３及びｎ４は各々０〜４の整数を表すが、ｎ３＋ｎ４は２以上の整数である。〕
７．前記一般式（２）で表される化合物が、下記一般式（３）で表される化合物であることを特徴とする第６項に記載の透明電極。

[Wherein Y ₅ represents a divalent linking group composed of an arylene group, a heteroarylene group, or a combination thereof. E _{51 to} E ₆₆ each represent C (R ₃ ) or a nitrogen atom, and R ₃ represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent. Y _{6 to} Y ₉ each represents a group derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or a group derived from an aromatic heterocycle, and at least one of Y ₆ and Y ₇ and at least one of Y ₈ and Y ₉ are , Each represents a group derived from an aromatic heterocycle containing a nitrogen atom. n3 and n4 each represents an integer of 0 to 4, but n3 + n4 is an integer of 2 or more. ]
7). 7. The transparent electrode according to item 6, wherein the compound represented by the general formula (2) is a compound represented by the following general formula (3).

〔式中、Ｙ_５は、アリーレン基、ヘテロアリーレン基またはそれらの組み合わせからなる２価の連結基を表す。Ｅ_５１〜Ｅ_６６、Ｅ_７１〜Ｅ_８８は、各々Ｃ（Ｒ_３）または窒素原子を表し、Ｒ_３は水素原子または置換基を表す。また、Ｅ_７１〜Ｅ_７９の少なくとも１つ、及びＥ_８０〜Ｅ_８８の少なくとも１つは窒素原子を表す。ｎ３及びｎ４は各々０〜４の整数を表すが、ｎ３＋ｎ４は２以上の整数である。〕
８．前記銀錯体化合物が、１）下記一般式（４）で表される銀化合物と、２）下記一般式（５）で表されるアンモニウムカルバメート系化合物、一般式（６）で表されるアンモニウムカーボネート系化合物、一般式（７）で表されるアンモニウムバイカーボネート系化合物及びこれらの混合物から選ばれる少なく1種と反応させて得られる化合物であることを特徴とする第２項から第７項のいずれか一項に記載の透明電極。

[Wherein Y ₅ represents a divalent linking group composed of an arylene group, a heteroarylene group, or a combination thereof. E _{51 to} E ₆₆ and E _{71 to} E ₈₈ each represent C (R ₃ ) or a nitrogen atom, and R ₃ represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent. At _least one of E 71 _{to E 79,} and at least one of _E 80 _{to E 88} represents a nitrogen atom. n3 and n4 each represents an integer of 0 to 4, but n3 + n4 is an integer of 2 or more. ]
8). The silver complex compound is 1) a silver compound represented by the following general formula (4); 2) an ammonium carbamate compound represented by the following general formula (5); an ammonium carbonate represented by the general formula (6) Any one of Items 2 to 7, which is a compound obtained by reacting with at least one selected from a system compound, an ammonium bicarbonate compound represented by the general formula (7), and a mixture thereof. The transparent electrode according to claim 1.

〔上記一般式（５）〜（７）において、Ｒ^１〜Ｒ^６は、互いに独立して、水素原子、置換若しくは非置換の、炭素数が１〜３０の範囲内にある脂肪族アルキル基、脂環族アルキル基、アリール基またはアラルキル基、複素環化合物基、または高分子化合物基を表す。〕
９．前記電極層の膜厚が、４〜９ｎｍの範囲内であることを特徴とする第１項から第８項のいずれか一項に記載の透明電極。 General formula (4)
Ag _n X
[Wherein X is an oxygen atom, sulfur atom, halogen atom, cyano group, cyanate group, carbonate group, nitrate group, nitrite group, sulfate group, phosphate group, thiocyanate group, chlorate group, perchlorate group, tetrafluoroborate Represents a substituent selected from a group, an acetylacetonate group, a carboxylate group, and derivatives thereof. n is an integer of 1 to 4. ]

[In the general formulas (5) to (7), R ^{1 to} R ⁶ are each independently a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, An alicyclic alkyl group, an aryl group or an aralkyl group, a heterocyclic compound group, or a polymer compound group is represented. ]
9. The transparent electrode according to any one of Items 1 to 8, wherein the electrode layer has a thickness in a range of 4 to 9 nm.

  10. It is a manufacturing method of the transparent electrode which manufactures the transparent electrode as described in any one of Claims 1-9, Comprising: After forming a base layer on the base material using the compound A containing a nitrogen atom, A method for producing a transparent electrode, wherein an electrode layer is formed by a wet coating method using a solution containing Compound B containing silver atoms on the underlayer.

  11. An electronic device comprising the transparent electrode according to any one of Items 1 to 9.

  12 The electronic device according to item 11, wherein the electronic device including the transparent electrode is an organic electroluminescent element.

  By the above-mentioned means of the present invention, it is possible to achieve both improvement in conductivity and light transmission in the transparent electrode, and transparency superior in production suitability (production cost and productivity) by applying a wet coating method. An electrode, a manufacturing method thereof, and an electronic device that includes the transparent electrode and has excellent driving suitability at a low voltage can be provided.

  It is presumed that the above problem can be solved by the configuration defined in the present invention for the following reason.

  The transparent electrode of the present invention is obtained by applying a solution containing a compound having a silver atom on a base material composed of a compound containing a nitrogen atom on a base material by a wet coating method. The electrode layer is formed. As described above, when the electrode layer is formed on the base layer using the wet coating method, the silver atom contained in the coating solution constituting the electrode layer is a compound containing a nitrogen atom constituting the base layer. The interaction causes suppression of aggregation of the compound having silver atoms on the underlayer surface. As a result, it is possible to form an electrode layer having a uniform thickness in which the occurrence of liquid drift, mottle, and aggregation is suppressed even though the thickness is extremely thin. By using a transparent electrode having such characteristics, since it has a thinner film thickness, it has high light transmittance and excellent electrical conductivity.

  In addition, as described above, the method for producing a transparent electrode according to the present invention is characterized in that an electrode layer is formed by applying a wet coating method, and a vacuum that requires a large facility as in the past is required. Compared to the vacuum deposition method, the capital investment cost for the thin film formation method by the vapor deposition method can be kept extremely low. It takes a short time, and furthermore, when a flexible film material such as a resin film or a thin glass film is used as a base material, it can be easily applied to a roll-to-roll process, etc. Industrially, it has the advantage of being able to achieve a reduction in manufacturing costs and an increase in production efficiency, and suitability for mass production.

Schematic sectional view showing an example of the configuration of the transparent electrode of the present invention Schematic sectional view showing an example of an organic electroluminescence device to which the transparent electrode of the present invention is applied Schematic sectional drawing which shows another example of the organic electroluminescent element to which the transparent electrode of this invention is applied Schematic sectional drawing which shows another example of the organic electroluminescent element to which the transparent electrode of this invention is applied The schematic sectional drawing which shows an example of the illuminating device which enlarged the light emission surface using the organic electroluminescent element provided with the transparent electrode of this invention. Schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the configuration of an organic electroluminescent device produced in the example

  The transparent electrode of the present invention has an underlayer formed using a compound A containing nitrogen atoms and an electrode layer formed by a wet coating method with a solution containing a compound B containing silver atoms in this order. Thus, it is possible to achieve both improvement in conductivity and improvement in light transmission in the transparent electrode. This feature is a technical feature common to the inventions according to claims 1 to 11.

  As an embodiment of the present invention, it is preferable that the compound B containing a silver atom is a silver complex compound from the viewpoint of further manifesting the effect of the present invention. Moreover, it is preferable that the compound A containing a nitrogen atom is a compound having a heterocycle having a nitrogen atom as a heteroatom. Moreover, it is preferable that the said compound A containing a nitrogen atom is a compound which has a pyridine ring. The compound A containing the nitrogen atom is a compound represented by the general formula (1), and the compound represented by the general formula (1) is a compound represented by the general formula (2). Furthermore, it is preferable that the compound represented by the general formula (2) is a compound represented by the general formula (3). The silver complex compound is represented by 1) a silver compound represented by the general formula (4), 2) an ammonium carbamate compound represented by the general formula (5), or the general formula (6). It is preferable that it is a compound obtained by making it react with at least 1 sort (s) chosen from the ammonium carbonate type compound, the ammonium bicarbonate type compound represented by the said General formula (7), and these mixtures. Moreover, it is a preferable aspect that the film thickness of the said electrode layer exists in the range of 4-9 nm.

  Hereinafter, the present invention, its components, and modes and modes for carrying out the present invention will be described in detail. In addition, "-" shown in this invention is used in the meaning which includes the numerical value described before and behind that as a lower limit and an upper limit.

  Hereinafter, the details of the configuration of the transparent electrode of the present invention, the manufacturing method thereof, the use of the transparent electrode, and the like will be described with reference to the drawings.

<Transparent electrode>
[Configuration of transparent electrode]
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of the transparent electrode of the present invention.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention has a two-layer structure in which an underlayer 1a and an electrode layer 1b formed by a wet coating method are laminated on a base material 11, For example, the base layer 11 is provided on the base 11 in the order of the base layer 1a and the electrode layer 1b. Of these layers, the underlying layer 1a is a layer formed using the compound A containing nitrogen atoms, and the electrode layer 1b is a layer formed by wet coating a solution containing the compound B containing silver atoms. It is.

  Next, the detailed structure of the base material 11 used for forming the transparent electrode 1 having such a laminated structure, the base layer 1a constituting the transparent electrode 1, and the electrode layer 1b will be described. The term “transparent” in the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention means that the light transmittance when measured at a wavelength of 550 nm is 50% or more.

〔Base material〕
Examples of the substrate 11 that can be used for forming the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention include glass and plastic, but are not limited thereto. Further, the substrate 11 may be transparent or opaque. When the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention is used in an electronic device that extracts light from the substrate 11 side, the substrate 11 is preferably transparent. Examples of the transparent substrate 11 that is preferably used include glass, quartz, and a transparent resin film.

  Examples of the glass include silica glass, soda-lime silica glass, lead glass, borosilicate glass, and alkali-free glass. On the surface of these glass materials, from the viewpoints of adhesion with the underlayer 1a, durability, and smoothness, a method of performing physical treatment such as polishing, or a film made of an inorganic or organic material, if necessary, A method of forming a hybrid film in which these films are combined is applied.

  Examples of the resin film include polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene, polypropylene, cellophane, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate (TAC), cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate ( CAP), cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose nitrate or derivatives thereof, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene vinyl alcohol, syndiotactic polystyrene, polycarbonate, norbornene resin, polymethylpentene, polyether ketone, polyimide , Polyethersulfone (PES), polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfones Cycloolefins such as polyetherimide, polyetherketoneimide, polyamide, fluororesin, nylon, polymethylmethacrylate, acrylic or polyarylate, arton (trade name, manufactured by JSR) or appel (trade name, manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals) Examples thereof include resins.

On the surface of the resin film, a film composed of an inorganic material or an organic material, or a hybrid film combining these films may be formed. Such coatings and hybrid coatings have a water vapor transmission rate (25 ± 0.5 ° C., relative humidity 90 ± 2% RH) measured by a method according to JIS-K-7129-1992 of 0.01 g / ( m ² · 24 hours) or less of a barrier film (also referred to as a barrier film or the like) is preferable. Moreover, the oxygen permeability measured by the method based on JIS-K-7126-1987 is 1 × 10 ⁻³ ml / (m ² · 24 hours · atm) or less, and the water vapor permeability is 1 × 10 ⁻⁵ g / A high barrier film of (m ² · 24 hours) or less is preferable.

  The material for forming the barrier film as described above may be a material that has a function of suppressing intrusion of an electronic device such as moisture or oxygen that may deteriorate, such as silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, etc. Can be used. Furthermore, in order to improve the brittleness of the barrier film, it is more preferable to have a laminated structure of these inorganic layers and layers (organic layers) made of an organic material. Although there is no restriction | limiting in particular about the lamination | stacking order of an inorganic layer and an organic layer, It is preferable to laminate | stack both alternately several times.

  The method for forming the barrier film is not particularly limited. For example, the vacuum deposition method, the sputtering method, the reactive sputtering method, the molecular beam epitaxy method, the cluster ion beam method, the ion plating method, the plasma polymerization method, the atmospheric pressure plasma weighting. A combination method, a plasma CVD method, a laser CVD method, a thermal CVD method, a coating method, or the like can be used, but an atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization method described in JP-A-2004-68143 is particularly preferable.

  On the other hand, when the base material 11 is opaque, for example, a metal substrate such as aluminum or stainless steel, a film, an opaque resin substrate, a ceramic substrate, or the like can be used.

[Underlayer]
The underlayer 1a according to the present invention is a layer formed using a compound A containing nitrogen atoms. When such an underlayer 1a is formed on the substrate 11, the film forming method is not particularly limited, and wet coating methods such as a coating method, an ink jet method, a coating method, and a dip method are used. Examples thereof include a method using (wet process), a method using a dry process such as a vapor deposition method (resistance heating, EB method (electron beam method), etc.), a sputtering method, a CVD method, or the like. Of these, the vapor deposition method is preferably applied.

  The compound A containing a nitrogen atom constituting the underlayer 1a is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound containing a nitrogen atom in the molecule, but a compound having a heterocycle having a nitrogen atom as a heteroatom is preferable. Examples of the heterocycle having a nitrogen atom as a hetero atom include, for example, aziridine, azirine, azetidine, azeto, azolidine, azole, azinane, pyridine, azepan, azepine, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, thiazole, imidazoline, pyrazine, morpholine, thiazine, Examples include indole, isoindole, benzimidazole, purine, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, pteridine, acridine, carbazole, benzo-C-cinnoline, porphyrin, chlorin, choline and the like.

  In the present invention, compounds represented by the following general formulas (1) to (3) are particularly preferable as the compound having a heterocyclic ring having a nitrogen atom as a hetero atom.

  Below, the detail of the compound represented by General formula (1)-(3) which can be used suitably for this invention is demonstrated.

(Compound represented by the general formula (1))
General formula (1)
(Ar ₁ ) _n1 -Y ₁
In the general formula (1), n1 represents an integer of 1 or more, Y ₁ is when n1 is 1 represents a substituent, if n1 is 2 or more represents a mere bond or n1 divalent linking group. Ar ₁ represents a group represented by the following general formula (A), and when n 1 is 2 or more, a plurality of Ar ₁ may be the same or different. In addition, the compound represented by the general formula (1) has at least two condensed aromatic heterocycles in which three or more rings are condensed in the molecule.

In the general formula (1), examples of the substituent represented by Y ₁ include an alkyl group (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, Octyl group, dodecyl group, tridecyl group, tetradecyl group, pentadecyl group, etc.), cycloalkyl group (eg, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, etc.), alkenyl group (eg, vinyl group, allyl group, etc.), alkynyl group (eg, ethynyl) Group, propargyl group, etc.), aromatic hydrocarbon group (aromatic carbocyclic group, aryl group, etc.), for example, phenyl group, p-chlorophenyl group, mesityl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, Azulenyl, acenaphthenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthryl, indenyl, pyrenyl, Biphenylyl group), aromatic heterocyclic group (for example, furyl group, thienyl group, pyridyl group, pyridazinyl group, pyrimidinyl group, pyrazinyl group, triazinyl group, imidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, thiazolyl group, quinazolinyl group, carbazolyl group, carbolinyl group , A diazacarbazolyl group (in which one of carbon atoms constituting the carboline ring of the carbolinyl group is replaced by a nitrogen atom), a phthalazinyl group, etc.), a heterocyclic group (eg, pyrrolidyl group, imidazolidyl) Group, morpholyl group, oxazolidyl group, etc.), alkoxy group (eg, methoxy group, ethoxy group, propyloxy group, pentyloxy group, hexyloxy group, octyloxy group, dodecyloxy group, etc.), cycloalkoxy group (eg, cyclopentyl) Oxy group, cyclohexyl Oxy group etc.), aryloxy group (eg phenoxy group, naphthyloxy group etc.), alkylthio group (eg methylthio group, ethylthio group, propylthio group, pentylthio group, hexylthio group, octylthio group, dodecylthio group etc.), cycloalkylthio Groups (eg, cyclopentylthio group, cyclohexylthio group, etc.), arylthio groups (eg, phenylthio group, naphthylthio group, etc.), alkoxycarbonyl groups (eg, methyloxycarbonyl group, ethyloxycarbonyl group, butyloxycarbonyl group, octyloxy) Carbonyl group, dodecyloxycarbonyl group, etc.), aryloxycarbonyl group (eg, phenyloxycarbonyl group, naphthyloxycarbonyl group, etc.), sulfamoyl group (eg, aminosulfonyl group, methyl) Aminosulfonyl group, dimethylaminosulfonyl group, butylaminosulfonyl group, hexylaminosulfonyl group, cyclohexylaminosulfonyl group, octylaminosulfonyl group, dodecylaminosulfonyl group, phenylaminosulfonyl group, naphthylaminosulfonyl group, 2-pyridylaminosulfonyl group, etc. ), Acyl group (for example, acetyl group, ethylcarbonyl group, propylcarbonyl group, pentylcarbonyl group, cyclohexylcarbonyl group, octylcarbonyl group, 2-ethylhexylcarbonyl group, dodecylcarbonyl group, phenylcarbonyl group, naphthylcarbonyl group, pyridylcarbonyl) Group), acyloxy group (for example, acetyloxy group, ethylcarbonyloxy group, butylcarbonyloxy group, octylcarbonyl group) Xy group, dodecylcarbonyloxy group, phenylcarbonyloxy group, etc.), amide group (for example, methylcarbonylamino group, ethylcarbonylamino group, dimethylcarbonylamino group, propylcarbonylamino group, pentylcarbonylamino group, cyclohexylcarbonylamino group, 2-ethylhexylcarbonylamino group, octylcarbonylamino group, dodecylcarbonylamino group, phenylcarbonylamino group, naphthylcarbonylamino group, etc.), carbamoyl group (for example, aminocarbonyl group, methylaminocarbonyl group, dimethylaminocarbonyl group, propylamino) Carbonyl group, pentylaminocarbonyl group, cyclohexylaminocarbonyl group, octylaminocarbonyl group, 2-ethylhexylaminocarbonyl group, Silaminocarbonyl group, phenylaminocarbonyl group, naphthylaminocarbonyl group, 2-pyridylaminocarbonyl group, etc.), ureido group (for example, methylureido group, ethylureido group, pentylureido group, cyclohexylureido group, octylureido group, dodecylureido group) Group, phenylureido group naphthylureido group, 2-pyridylaminoureido group, etc.), sulfinyl group (for example, methylsulfinyl group, ethylsulfinyl group, butylsulfinyl group, cyclohexylsulfinyl group, 2-ethylhexylsulfinyl group, dodecylsulfinyl group, phenylsulfinyl group) Group, naphthylsulfinyl group, 2-pyridylsulfinyl group, etc.), alkylsulfonyl group (for example, methylsulfonyl group, ethylsulfonyl group, butyl) Sulfonyl group, cyclohexylsulfonyl group, 2-ethylhexylsulfonyl group, dodecylsulfonyl group, etc.), arylsulfonyl group or heteroarylsulfonyl group (for example, phenylsulfonyl group, naphthylsulfonyl group, 2-pyridylsulfonyl group, etc.), amino group (for example, , Amino group, ethylamino group, dimethylamino group, butylamino group, cyclopentylamino group, 2-ethylhexylamino group, dodecylamino group, anilino group, naphthylamino group, 2-pyridylamino group, piperidyl group (also called piperidinyl group) , 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl group), halogen atom (for example, fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom, etc.), fluorinated hydrocarbon group (for example, fluoromethyl group, trifluoromethyl group, etc.) , Pentafluoroethyl Group, pentafluorophenyl group, etc.), cyano group, nitro group, hydroxy group, mercapto group, silyl group (for example, trimethylsilyl group, triisopropylsilyl group, triphenylsilyl group, phenyldiethylsilyl group, etc.), phosphate ester group (For example, dihexyl phosphoryl group), phosphite group (for example, diphenylphosphinyl group), phosphono group and the like.

  These substituents may be further substituted with the above substituents. In addition, a plurality of these substituents may be bonded to each other to form a ring.

Specific examples of the n1-valent linking group represented by Y ₁ in the general formula (1) include a divalent linking group, a trivalent linking group, and a tetravalent linking group.

In the general formula (1), examples of the divalent linking group represented by Y ₁ include an alkylene group (for example, ethylene group, trimethylene group, tetramethylene group, propylene group, ethylethylene group, pentamethylene group, hexamethylene group). Methylene group, 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene group, heptamethylene group, octamethylene group, nonamethylene group, decamethylene group, undecamethylene group, dodecamethylene group, cyclohexylene group (for example, 1,6-cyclohexanediyl group) Etc.), cyclopentylene group (eg, 1,5-cyclopentanediyl group, etc.), alkenylene group (eg, vinylene group, propenylene group, butenylene group, pentenylene group, 1-methylvinylene group, 1-methylpropene group) Nylene group, 2-methylpropenylene group, 1-methylpentenylene group, 3- Methylpentenylene group, 1-ethylvinylene group, 1-ethylpropenylene group, 1-ethylbutenylene group, 3-ethylbutenylene group, etc.), alkynylene group (for example, ethynylene group, 1-propynylene group, 1-butynylene group, 1 -Pentynylene group, 1-hexynylene group, 2-butynylene group, 2-pentynylene group, 1-methylethynylene group, 3-methyl-1-propynylene group, 3-methyl-1-butynylene group, etc.), arylene group (for example, o -Phenylene group, p-phenylene group, naphthalenediyl group, anthracenediyl group, naphthacenediyl group, pyrenediyl group, naphthylnaphthalenediyl group, biphenyldiyl group (for example, [1,1'-biphenyl] -4,4'-diyl group 3,3′-biphenyldiyl group, 3,6-biphenyldiyl group, etc.), tellurium Phenyldiyl group, quaterphenyldiyl group, kinkphenyldiyl group, sexiphenyldiyl group, septiphenyldiyl group, octiphenyldiyl group, nobiphenyldiyl group, deciphenyldiyl group, etc.), heteroarylene group (for example, carbazole) Ring, carboline ring, diazacarbazole ring (also referred to as monoazacarboline ring, which indicates a ring structure in which one of carbon atoms constituting carboline ring is replaced by nitrogen atom), triazole ring, pyrrole ring, pyridine ring, A divalent group derived from the group consisting of a pyrazine ring, a quinoxaline ring, a thiophene ring, an oxadiazole ring, a dibenzofuran ring, a dibenzothiophene ring and an indole ring), a chalcogen atom such as oxygen and sulfur, and three or more rings A group derived from a condensed aromatic heterocycle formed by condensation of (Here, the condensed aromatic heterocycle formed by condensation of three or more rings is preferably an aromatic heterocondensation containing a heteroatom selected from N, O and S as an element constituting the condensed ring. Specifically, an acridine ring, a benzoquinoline ring, a carbazole ring, a phenazine ring, a phenanthridine ring, a phenanthroline ring, a carboline ring, a cyclazine ring, a kindrin ring, a tepenidine ring, a quinindrine ring, a triphenodi ring. A thiazine ring, triphenodioxazine ring, phenanthrazine ring, anthrazine ring, perimidine ring, diazacarbazole ring (represented by any one of carbon atoms constituting a carboline ring replaced by a nitrogen atom. ), Phenanthroline ring, dibenzofuran ring, dibenzothiophene ring, naphthofuran ring, naphthothiophene ring, benzodifuran ring, benzodithiophene ring, naphthodifuran ring, naphthodithiophene ring, anthrafuran ring, anthradifuran ring, anthrathiophene ring, anthradi Thiophene ring, thianthrene ring, phenoxathiin ring, thiophanthrene ring (naphthothiophene ring) and the like.

In the general formula (1), examples of the trivalent linking group represented by Y ₁ include ethanetriyl group, propanetriyl group, butanetriyl group, pentanetriyl group, hexanetriyl group, heptanetriyl group, and octant. Liyl group, nonanetriyl group, decanetriyl group, undecanetriyl group, dodecanetriyl group, cyclohexanetriyl group, cyclopentanetriyl group, benzenetriyl group, naphthalenetriyl group, pyridinetriyl group, carbazoletriyl group, etc. Is mentioned.

In the general formula (1), the tetravalent linking group represented by Y ₁ is a group in which one trivalent group is further attached to the above trivalent group. For example, a propanediylidene group, 1,3- Propanediyl-2-ylidene group, butanediylidene group, pentanediylidene group, hexanediylidene group, heptanediylidene group, octanediylidene group, nonanediylidene group, decandiylidene group, undecandiylidene group, dodecandiylidene group, cyclohexanediylidene group Group, cyclopentanediylidene group, benzenetetrayl group, naphthalenetetrayl group, pyridinetetrayl group, carbazoletetrayl group and the like.

The divalent linking group, the trivalent linking group, and the tetravalent linking group may each further have a substituent represented by Y ₁ in the general formula (1).

As a preferred embodiment of the compound represented by the general formula (1), Y ₁ preferably represents a group derived from a condensed aromatic heterocycle formed by condensation of three or more rings, The condensed aromatic heterocycle formed by condensing the ring is preferably a dibenzofuran ring or a dibenzothiophene ring. Further, n1 is preferably 2 or more.

  Furthermore, the compound represented by the general formula (1) has at least two condensed aromatic heterocycles formed by condensation of three or more rings in the molecule.

When Y ₁ represents an n1-valent linking group, Y ₁ is preferably non-conjugated in order to keep the triplet excitation energy of the compound represented by the general formula (1) high, and further, Tg ( From the viewpoint of improving the glass transition point or glass transition temperature, it is preferably composed of an aromatic ring (aromatic hydrocarbon ring + aromatic heterocycle). Non-conjugated here means that the linking group cannot be expressed by repetition of a single bond (also referred to as a single bond) and a double bond, or the conjugation of aromatic rings constituting the linking group is sterically cleaved. Means.

(Group represented by general formula (A))
In the general formula (1), Ar ₁ represents a group represented by the following general formula (A).

In the general formula (A), X represents N (R), an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or Si (R) (R ′), and E _{1 to} E ₈ represent C (R ₁ ) or a nitrogen atom. , R, R ′ and R ₁ each represent a hydrogen atom, a substituent or a linking site with Y ₁ in the general formula (1). * Represents a linking site with Y ₁ in the general formula (1). Y ₂ represents a simple bond or a divalent linking group. Y ₃ and Y ₄ each represent a group derived from a 5-membered or 6-membered aromatic ring, and at least one represents a group derived from an aromatic heterocycle containing a nitrogen atom as a ring constituent atom. n2 represents an integer of 1 to 4.

Here, in N (R) or Si (R) (R ′) represented by X in the general formula (A), C (R ₁ ) represented by E _{1 to} E ₈ , R, R ′ and R _The substituent represented by each ₁ is synonymous with the substituent represented by Y ₁ in the general formula (1).

In the general formula (A), the divalent linking group represented by Y ₂ has the same meaning as the divalent linking group represented by Y ₁ in the general formula (1).

Furthermore, in the general formula (A), as the 5-membered or 6-membered aromatic ring used for forming a group derived from a 5-membered or 6-membered aromatic ring represented by Y ₃ and Y ₄ respectively, For example, benzene ring, oxazole ring, thiophene ring, furan ring, pyrrole ring, pyridine ring, pyridazine ring, pyrimidine ring, pyrazine ring, diazine ring, triazine ring, imidazole ring, isoxazole ring, pyrazole ring, triazole ring, etc. It is done.

Furthermore, at least one of the groups derived from a 5-membered or 6-membered aromatic ring represented by Y ₃ and Y ₄ represents a group derived from an aromatic heterocycle containing a nitrogen atom as a ring constituent atom. However, examples of the aromatic heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom as the ring constituent atom include an oxazole ring, a pyrrole ring, a pyridine ring, a pyridazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyrazine ring, a diazine ring, a triazine ring, an imidazole ring, and an isoxazole ring. , Pyrazole ring, triazole ring and the like.

<Preferred embodiment of the group represented by _{Y 3>}
In the general formula (A), the group represented by Y ₃ is preferably a group derived from the 6-membered aromatic ring, and more preferably a group derived from a benzene ring.

<Preferred embodiment of the group represented by _{Y 4>}
In the general formula (A), the group represented by Y ₄ is preferably a group derived from the 6-membered aromatic ring, and more preferably an aromatic group containing a nitrogen atom as a ring constituent atom. A group derived from a heterocyclic ring, particularly preferably Y ₄ is a group derived from a pyridine ring.

<Preferred embodiment of group represented by general formula (A)>
As a preferable aspect of group represented by the said general formula (A), it represents with either the following general formula (A-1), (A-2), (A-3) or (A-4). Groups.

In the general formula (A-1), X represents N (R), an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or Si (R) (R ′), and E _{1 to} E ₈ represent C (R ₁ ) or a nitrogen atom, respectively. R, R ′ and R ₁ each represent a hydrogen atom, a substituent or a linking site with Y ₁ in the general formula (1). Y ₂ represents a simple bond or a divalent linking group. E _{11 to} E ₂₀ each represent C (R ₂ ) or a nitrogen atom, and at least one of E _{11 to} E ₂₀ represents a nitrogen atom. R ₂ represents a hydrogen atom, a substituent or a linking site. However, at least one of E ₁₁ and E ₁₂ represents C (R ₂ ), and R ₂ represents a linking site. n2 represents an integer of 1 to 4. * Represents a linking site with Y ₁ in the general formula (1).

In the above general formula (A-2), X represents N (R), an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or Si (R) (R ′), and E _{1 to} E ₈ each represents C (R ₁ ) or a nitrogen atom. R, R ′ and R ₁ each represent a hydrogen atom, a substituent or a linking site with Y ₁ in the general formula (1). Y ₂ represents a simple bond or a divalent linking group. E _{21 to} E ₂₅ each represent C (R ₂ ) or a nitrogen atom, and E _{26 to} E ₃₀ each represent C (R ₂ ), a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or Si (R ₃ ) (R ₄ ). And at least one of E _{21 to} E ₃₀ represents a nitrogen atom. R ₂ represents a hydrogen atom, a substituent or a linking site. However, at least one of E ₁₁ and E ₁₂ represents C (R ₂ ), R ₂ represents a linking site, and R ₃ and R ₄ each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent. However, at least one of E ₂₁ and E ₂₂ represents C (R ₂ ), and R ₂ represents a linking site. n2 represents an integer of 1 to 4. * Represents a linking site with Y ₁ in the general formula (1).

In the general formula (A-3), X represents N (R), an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or Si (R) (R ′), and E _{1 to} E ₈ each represents C (R ₁ ) or a nitrogen atom. R, R ′ and R ₁ each represent a hydrogen atom, a substituent, or a linking site with Y ₁ in the general formula (1). Y ₂ represents a simple bond or a divalent linking group. E _{31 to} E ₃₅ each represent C (R ₂ ), a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur element or Si (R ₃ ) (R ₄ ), and E _{36 to} E ₄₀ each represent C (R ₂ ) or a nitrogen atom. And at least one of E _{31 to} E ₄₀ represents a nitrogen atom. R ₂ represents a hydrogen atom, a substituent or a linking site, and R ₃ and R ₄ each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent. However, at least one of E ₃₂ and E ₃₃ represents C (R ₂ ), and R ₂ represents a linking site. n2 represents an integer of 1 to 4. * Represents a linking site with Y ₁ in the general formula (1).

In the general formula (A-4), X represents N (R), an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or Si (R) (R ′), and E _{1 to} E ₈ each represents C (R ₁ ) or a nitrogen atom. R, R ′ and R ₁ each represent a hydrogen atom, a substituent, or a linking site with Y ₁ in the general formula (1). Y ₂ represents a simple bond or a divalent linking group. E _{41 to} E ₅₀ each represent C (R ₂ ), a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur element, or Si (R ₃ ) (R ₄ ), and at least one represents a nitrogen atom. R ₂ represents a hydrogen atom, a substituent or a linking site, and R ₃ and R ₄ each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent. However, at least one of E ₄₂ and E ₄₃ represents C (R ₂ ), and R ₂ represents a linking site. n2 represents an integer of 1 to 4. * Represents a linking site with Y ₁ in the general formula (1).

  Hereinafter, the group represented by any one of the general formulas (A-1) to (A-4) will be further described.

In the groups represented by the general formulas (A-1) to (A-4), N (R) or Si (R) (R ′) represented by X, and E _{1 to} E ₈ In C (R ₁ ), each of the substituents represented by R, R ′, and R ₁ has the same meaning as the substituent represented by Y ₁ in the general formula (1).

In the groups represented by the general formulas (A-1) to (A-4), the divalent linking group represented by Y ₂ is a divalent group represented by Y ₁ in the general formula (1). It is synonymous with the linking group.

Formula _E 11 _{to E 20} in _{(A-1), E 21} ~E 30 in the general formula (A-2), the general formula _{(A-3) E 31 ~E} 40 in, in the general formula (A-4) In E _{41 to} E ₅₀ , the substituent represented by R ₂ of each C (R ₂ ) represented by E _{41 to} E ₅₀ has the same definition as the substituent represented by Y ₁ in the general formula (1).

  Next, a further preferred embodiment of the compound represented by the general formula (1) according to the present invention will be described.

(Compound represented by the general formula (2))
In the present invention, among the compounds represented by the general formula (1), a compound represented by the following general formula (2) is preferable. Hereinafter, the compound represented by the general formula (2) will be described.

In the general formula (2), Y ₅ represents an arylene group, heteroarylene group or a divalent linking group of a combination thereof. E _{51 to} E ₆₆ each represent C (R ₃ ) or a nitrogen atom, and R ₃ represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent. Y _{6 to} Y ₉ each represents a group derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or a group derived from an aromatic heterocycle, and at least one of Y ₆ and Y ₇ and at least one of Y ₈ and Y ₉ are , Each represents a group derived from an aromatic heterocycle containing a nitrogen atom. n3 and n4 each represents an integer of 0 to 4, but n3 + n4 is an integer of 2 or more.

In the general formula (2), the arylene group and heteroarylene group represented by Y ₅ are the arylene groups described as an example of the divalent linking group represented by Y ₁ in the general formula (1). Each having the same meaning as a heteroarylene group.

As a preferred embodiment of the divalent linking group consisting of an arylene group, heteroarylene group or a combination thereof represented by Y ₅ , a condensed aromatic complex formed by condensing three or more rings in the heteroarylene group. It is preferable to include a group derived from a ring, and the group derived from a condensed aromatic heterocycle formed by condensation of three or more rings is a group derived from a dibenzofuran ring or a dibenzothiophene ring. Derived groups are preferred.

In C (R ₃ ) represented by E _{51 to} E ₆₆ in the general formula (2), the substituent represented by R ₃ is the substitution represented by Y ₁ in the general formula (1). Synonymous with group.

In the general formula (2), as groups represented by E _{51 to} E ₆₆ , 6 or more of E _{51 to} E ₅₈ and 6 or more of E _{59 to} E ₆₆ are each represented by C ( R ₃ ) is preferable.

In the general formula (2), Y _{6 to} Y ₉ each represents a group derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or a group derived from an aromatic heterocyclic ring, and a group derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon ring. Examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon ring used for forming benzene ring, biphenyl ring, naphthalene ring, azulene ring, anthracene ring, phenanthrene ring, pyrene ring, chrysene ring, naphthacene ring, triphenylene ring, o-terphenyl ring, m -Terphenyl ring, p-terphenyl ring, acenaphthene ring, coronene ring, fluorene ring, fluoranthrene ring, naphthacene ring, pentacene ring, perylene ring, pentaphen ring, picene ring, pyrene ring, pyranthrene ring, anthraanthrene ring Etc.

Furthermore, the aromatic hydrocarbon ring may have a substituent represented by Y ₁ in the general formula (1).

In Y < ₆ > -Y < ₉ > in General formula (2), as an aromatic heterocyclic ring used for formation of the group each derived | led-out from an aromatic heterocyclic ring, a furan ring, a thiophene ring, an oxazole ring, a pyrrole ring, a pyridine, for example Ring, pyridazine ring, pyrimidine ring, pyrazine ring, triazine ring, benzimidazole ring, oxadiazole ring, triazole ring, imidazole ring, pyrazole ring, thiazole ring, indole ring, indazole ring, benzimidazole ring, benzothiazole ring, benzo Oxazole ring, quinoxaline ring, quinazoline ring, cinnoline ring, quinoline ring, isoquinoline ring, phthalazine ring, naphthyridine ring, carbazole ring, carboline ring, diazacarbazole ring (replace one of the carbon atoms constituting the carboline ring with a nitrogen atom) Indicates the ring Etc. The.

Furthermore, the aromatic heterocyclic ring may have a substituent represented by Y ₁ in the general formula (1).

In the above general formula (2), a nitrogen atom used for forming a group derived from an aromatic heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom represented by at least one of Y ₆ and Y ₇ and at least one of Y ₈ and Y ₉ Examples of the aromatic heterocycle containing oxazole ring, pyrrole ring, pyridine ring, pyridazine ring, pyrimidine ring, pyrazine ring, triazine ring, benzimidazole ring, oxadiazole ring, triazole ring, imidazole ring, pyrazole ring, Thiazole ring, indole ring, indazole ring, benzimidazole ring, benzothiazole ring, benzoxazole ring, quinoxaline ring, quinazoline ring, cinnoline ring, quinoline ring, isoquinoline ring, phthalazine ring, naphthyridine ring, carbazole ring, carboline ring, diaza Carbazole ring (composing carboline ring) A ring in which one of the carbon atoms is further substituted with a nitrogen atom).

In the general formula (2), the groups represented by Y ₇ and Y ₉ each preferably represent a group derived from a pyridine ring.

In the general formula (2), the groups represented by Y ₆ and Y ₈ each preferably represent a group derived from a benzene ring.

(Compound represented by the general formula (3))
In the present invention, among the compounds represented by the general formula (2) described above, a compound represented by the following general formula (3) is preferable. Hereinafter, the compound represented by the general formula (3) will be described.

In the general formula (3), Y ₅ represents a divalent linking group composed of an arylene group, a heteroarylene group, or a combination thereof. E _{51 to} E ₆₆ and E _{71 to} E ₈₈ each represent C (R ₃ ) or a nitrogen atom, and R ₃ represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent. _However, representative of at least one and at least one nitrogen atom of the _E 80 _{to E 88} of E 71 _{to E 79.} n3 and n4 each represents an integer of 0 to 4, but n3 + n4 is an integer of 2 or more.

In the general formula (3), the arylene group and heteroarylene group represented by Y ₅ are an arylene group described as an example of a divalent linking group represented by Y ₁ in the general formula (1), Each is synonymous with a heteroarylene group.

A preferred embodiment of the divalent linking group consisting of an arylene group, heteroarylene group or a combination thereof represented by Y ₅ is a condensed aromatic heterocycle formed by condensation of three or more rings with a heteroarylene group. A group derived from a condensed aromatic heterocyclic ring formed by condensing three or more rings is preferably included, and a group derived from a dibenzofuran ring or a dibenzothiophene ring is preferable. Are preferred.

In C (R ₃ ) respectively represented by E _{51 to} E ₆₆ and E _{71 to} E ₈₈ in the general formula (3), the substituent represented by R ₃ is Y ₁ in the general formula (1). It is synonymous with the substituent represented by these.

In the general formula _(3), or six of six or more and _E 59 _{to E 66} of the E 51 _{to E 58} are preferably each represented by C _{(R 3).}

In the general formula (3), it is preferable that at least one of E _{75 to} E ₇₉ or at least one of E _{84 to} E ₈₈ is a nitrogen atom.

Furthermore, in the general formula (3), it is preferable that at least one of E _{75 to} E ₇₉ and at least one of E _{84 to} E ₈₈ are each a nitrogen atom.

In the general formula _{(3), E} 71 ~E ₇₄ and _E 80 _{to E 83} may be mentioned as each C is a preferred embodiment be represented by _{(R 3).}

Further, in the general formula (2) or a compound represented by the general formula _{(3), E 53} is represented by C _{(R 3),} and it is preferable _{that R 3} represents a linking site, _{further, E 61} at the same time It is preferably represented by C (R ₃ ) and R ₃ represents a linking site.

_Furthermore, it is preferable that _{E 75} and _{E 84} are each nitrogen _atom, E 71 _{to E 74} and _E 80 _{to E 83} are preferably each represented by C _{(R 3).}

(Specific examples of compounds represented by general formulas (1), (2) and (3))
Below, the synthesis example of the exemplary compound 5 is shown as an example of the synthesis example of the compound represented by General formula (1), (2), and (3) which concerns on this invention.

<Synthesis of Exemplary Compound 5>
Exemplified Compound 5 was synthesized according to the following synthesis flow.

Step 1: Synthesis of Intermediate 1 Under a nitrogen atmosphere, 3,6-dibromodibenzofuran (1.0 mol), carbazole (2.0 mol), copper powder (3.0 mol), potassium carbonate (1.5 mol) Were mixed in 300 ml of DMAc (dimethylacetamide) and stirred at 130 ° C. for 24 hours. The reaction solution thus obtained was cooled to room temperature, 1 L of toluene was added, washed with distilled water three times, the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was subjected to silica gel flash chromatography (n-heptane: toluene = 4: 1 to 3: 1) to obtain Intermediate 1 in a yield of 85%.

Step 2: Synthesis of Intermediate 2 Intermediate 1 (0.5 mol) was dissolved in 100 ml of DMF (dimethylformamide) at room temperature and in the atmosphere, and NBS (N-bromosuccinimide) (2.0 mol) was added. Stir overnight at room temperature. The resulting precipitate was filtered and washed with methanol, yielding intermediate 2 in 92% yield.

Step 3: Synthesis of Compound 5 Under a nitrogen atmosphere, intermediate 2 (0.25 mol), 2-phenylpyridine (1.0 mol), ruthenium complex [(η ₆ -C ₆ H ₆ ) RuCl ₂ ] ₂ (0 0.05 mol), triphenylphosphine (0.2 mol) and potassium carbonate (12 mol) were mixed in 3 L of NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) and stirred at 140 ° C. overnight.

After cooling the reaction solution to room temperature, 5 L of dichloromethane was added, and the reaction solution was filtered. The filtrate was distilled off the solvent under reduced pressure (800 Pa, 80 ° C.), and the residue (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) was subjected to silica gel flash chromatography (CH ₂ Cl ₂ : Et ₃ N = 20: 1 to 10: 1). It refine | purified in.

  Each fraction was collected and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved again in dichloromethane and washed three times with water. After the organic phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain Compound 5 in 68% yield.

  Subsequently, although the specific example (Exemplary compounds 1-112) of the compound represented by General formula (1), (2) and (3) which concerns on this invention is shown, this invention is not limited to these.

(Electrode layer)
The electrode layer 1b according to the present invention is formed by a wet coating method using a solution containing a compound B containing silver atoms on a base layer.

  Examples of the compound B containing silver atoms used for forming the electrode layer according to the present invention include silver complex compounds having various ligands in addition to silver salt compounds such as silver halide, silver nitrate, and organic acid silver. Is mentioned. Especially, it is preferable that the compound B is a silver complex compound.

(Compound B containing silver atoms)
As a preferable example of the silver complex compound applicable to the present invention, a silver compound represented by the following general formula (4), an ammonium carbamate compound of the general formula (5), an ammonium carbonate compound of the general formula (6), Examples thereof include a silver complex compound obtained by reacting the ammonium bicarbonate compound of the general formula (7) or a mixture thereof.

General formula (4)
Ag _n X
In the general formula (4), X represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a cyanate group (also referred to as a cyanate group), a carbonate group (also referred to as a carbonate group), a nitrate group (also referred to as a nitrate group), Nitrite group (also called nitrite group), sulfate group (also called sulfate group), phosphate group (also called phosphate group), thiocyanate group (also called thiocyanate group), chlorate group (also called chlorate group), perchlorate group ( Selected from a perfluorophosphate group (also referred to as a tetrafluoroborate group), an acetylacetonate group (also referred to as an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylate group (also referred to as a carboxylate group), and derivatives thereof. Represents a substituent. n is an integer of 1 to 4.

In the general formulas (5) to (7), R ^{1 to} R ⁶ are each independently a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an aliphatic group A cyclic alkyl group, an aryl group or an aralkyl group, a heterocyclic compound group, or a polymer compound group is represented. R ¹ and R ² or R ⁴ and R ⁵ can be independently linked to each other with an alkylene containing or not containing a heteroatom to form a ring.

  Specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (4) include silver oxide, silver thiocyanate, silver cyanide, silver cyanate, silver carbonate, silver nitrate, silver nitrite, silver sulfate, silver phosphate, perchloric acid oxidation. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, silver, silver tetrafluoroborate, silver acetylacetonate, silver acetate, silver lactate, silver oxalate, and derivatives thereof.

In the general formulas (5) to (7), R ^{1 to} R ⁶ are specifically, for example, a hydrogen atom, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, amyl, hexyl, ethylhexyl, Heptyl, octyl, isooctyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, docodecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, aryl, hydroxy, methoxy, methoxyethyl, methoxypropyl, cyanoethyl, ethoxy, butoxy, hexyloxy, methoxyethoxyethyl, Methoxyethoxyethoxyethyl, hexamethyleneimine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, ethylenediamine, propylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, triethylenediamine, pyrrole, imidazole Pyridine, carboxymethyl, trimethoxysilylpropyl, triethoxysilylpropyl, phenyl, methoxyphenyl, cyanophenyl, phenoxy, tolyl, benzyl groups and derivatives thereof, and polymer compounds such as polyallylamine and polyethyleneamine, and their Although it can select from a derivative, it is not limited to these.

  Specific examples of the ammonium carbamate compound represented by the general formula (5) include, for example, ammonium carbamate, ethyl ammonium ethyl carbamate, isopropyl ammonium isopropyl carbamate, n-butyl ammonium n-butyl carbamate, isobutyl ammonium. Isobutylcarbamate, t-butylammonium t-butylcarbamate, 2-ethylhexylammonium 2-ethylhexylcarbamate, octadecylammonium octadecylcarbamate, 2-methoxyethylammonium 2-methoxyethylcarbamate, 2-cyanoethylammonium 2-cyanoethylcarbamate, dibutylammonium dibutylcarbamate Dioctadecyl A Monium dioctadecyl carbamate, methyl decyl ammonium methyl decyl carbamate, hexamethylene imine ammonium hexamethylene imine carbamate, morpholinium morpholine carbamate, pyridinium ethyl hexyl carbamate, triethylenediaminium isopropyl bicarbamate, benzyl ammonium benzyl carbamate, triethoxysilylpropyl ammonium tri Examples thereof include one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group consisting of ethoxysilylpropyl carbamate and derivatives thereof.

  Specific examples of the ammonium carbonate compound represented by the general formula (6) include, for example, ammonium carbonate, ethyl ammonium ethyl carbonate, isopropyl ammonium isopropyl carbonate, n-butyl ammonium n-butyl carbonate. , Isobutyl ammonium isobutyl carbonate, t-butyl ammonium t-butyl carbonate, 2-ethylhexyl ammonium 2-ethyl hexyl carbonate, 2-methoxyethyl ammonium 2-methoxyethyl carbonate, 2-cyanoethyl ammonium 2-cyanoethyl carbonate, octadecyl ammonium octadecyl carbonate, dibutyl Ammonium dibutyl carbonate, diocta Silammonium dioctadecyl carbonate, methyl decyl ammonium methyl decyl carbonate, hexamethylene imine ammonium hexamethylene imine carbonate, morpholine ammonium morpholine carbonate, benzyl ammonium benzyl carbonate, triethoxysilylpropyl ammonium triethoxysilylpropyl carbonate, triethylenediaminium isopropyl carbonate, And one or a mixture of two or more selected from these derivatives.

  Specific examples of the ammonium bicarbonate compound represented by the general formula (7) include, for example, ammonium bicarbonate, isopropylammonium bicarbonate, t-butylammonium bicarbonate, 2-ethylhexylammonium bicarbonate. One or a mixture of two or more selected from carbonate, 2-methoxyethylammonium bicarbonate, 2-cyanoethylammonium bicarbonate, dioctadecylammonium bicarbonate, pyridinium bicarbonate, triethylenediaminium bicarbonate, and derivatives thereof Is included.

  On the other hand, the kind and manufacturing method of the ammonium carbamate compound, ammonium carbonate compound or ammonium bicarbonate compound are not particularly limited. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,542,214 (1985. 9.17), an ammonium carbamate compound from a primary amine, a secondary amine, a tertiary amine or at least one mixture thereof and carbon dioxide. When 0.5 mol of water per 1 mol of the amine is further added, an ammonium carbonate compound is obtained. When 1 mol or more of water is added, the ammonium bicarbonate compound is obtained. Is obtained. At this time, it can be produced at normal pressure or under pressure without a special solvent. However, when a solvent is used, alcohols such as water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, glycerin, etc. Glycols, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetates such as carbitol acetate, ethers such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, hydrocarbons such as hexane, heptane, Examples thereof include aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and toluene, and halogen-substituted solvents such as chloroform, methylene chloride, and carbon tetrachloride, or mixed solvents thereof. Carbon dioxide is bubbled in a gas phase. ling) or may use a solid phase of dry ice, can react at supercritical (supercritical) state. For the production of the ammonium carbamate, ammonium carbonate or ammonium bicarbonate derivative used in the present invention, any known method can be used in addition to the above method as long as the structure of the final material is the same. Also good. That is, it is not necessary to specifically limit the solvent, reaction temperature, concentration or catalyst for production, and the production yield is not affected.

  An organic silver complex compound or a silver complex mixture can be produced by reacting the ammonium carbamate compound, ammonium carbonate compound or ammonium bicarbonate compound thus produced with a silver compound.

  For example, at least one silver compound as represented by the general formula (4) and a compound or a mixture thereof as represented by the general formulas (5) to (7) are usually used in a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction can be carried out directly without solvent in the pressure or pressure state. When a solvent is used, the solvent may be water, alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol or butanol, glycol such as ethylene glycol or glycerin, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, carbitol acetate, etc. Acetates such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone and acetone, hydrocarbons such as hexane and heptane, aromatics such as benzene and toluene, and chloroform and methylene chloride, A halogen-substituted solvent such as carbon tetrachloride or a mixed solvent thereof can be used.

(Synthesis example of silver complex compound)
Below, the typical synthesis example of the silver complex compound which is a typical example of the compound B containing the silver atom which concerns on this invention is shown.

<Synthesis of Silver Complex Compound (1): Synthesis of 2-ethylhexylammonium-2-ethylhexylcarbamate silver complex>
In accordance with the following method, silver oxide and 2-ethylhexylammonium-2-ethylhexylcarbamate were reacted to synthesize 2-ethylhexylammonium-2-ethylhexylcarbamate silver complex as the silver complex compound (1).

  In a 50 ml three-necked flask equipped with a stirrer, 3.25 g (10.75 mmol) of 2-ethylhexylammonium-2-ethylhexyl carbamate was dissolved in 10 ml of methanol, and then 1.0 g (4. 31 mmol) was added and reacted at room temperature. The reaction solution initially reacted with a black suspension, and it was observed that the color became light and changed to a transparent color as the silver complex compound was formed. It turned into a solution. The solution is filtered using a 0.45 micron membrane filter to remove unreacted silver oxide and then all the solvent is removed under vacuum to give a white solid. This was recrystallized from ethyl acetate and dried, and the mass was measured. As a result, 4.22 g (yield: 99.4) of 2-ethylhexylammonium-2-ethylhexylcarbamate silver complex was obtained as the silver complex compound (1). %). Melting | fusing point of the obtained silver complex compound (1) was 57-58 degreeC, Comprising: As a result of the thermal mass analysis, the silver content was 22.0 mass%.

<Synthesis of Silver Complex Compound (2): Synthesis of Silver Complex of n-propylammonium-n-propylcarbamate>
In accordance with the following method, silver oxide and n-propylammonium n-propylcarbamate were reacted to synthesize an n-propylammonium-n-propylcarbamate silver complex as the silver complex compound (2).

  In a 50 ml three-necked flask equipped with a stirrer, 1.74 g (10.75 mmol) of n-propylammonium-n-propylcarbamate was dissolved in 10 ml of methanol, and then 1.0 g (4. 31 mmol) was added, and the mixture was reacted by stirring at room temperature for 2 hours. As a result, a colorless transparent silver complex compound solution was obtained by the same reaction as described above. After filtering this solution using a 0.45 micron membrane filter, all the solvent was removed under vacuum to obtain a white solid. After drying this, the mass was measured. As (2), 2.42 g (yield: 88.3%) of n-propylammonium-n-propylcarbamate silver complex was obtained. As a result of thermal mass spectrometry, most of the decomposition was completed at 130 ° C. or lower, and silver metal remained, and the silver content was 38.4% by mass.

<Synthesis of Silver Complex Compound (3): Synthesis of Silver Isopropyl Ammonium Isopropyl Carbamate Complex>
According to the following method, silver oxide and isopropyl ammonium isopropyl carbamate were reacted to synthesize an isopropyl ammonium isopropyl carbamate silver complex as the silver complex compound (3).

  In a 50 ml three-necked flask equipped with a stirrer, 1.60 g (10.75 mmol) of isopropylammonium isopropyl carbamate was dissolved in 10 ml of methanol, and then 1.0 g (4.31 mmol) of silver oxide was added. And reacted at room temperature. This reaction solution was initially reacted with a black suspension, and as the silver complex compound was formed, it was observed that the color became light and changed to transparent. As a result of stirring for 2 hours, the reaction solution was colorless. A clear solution of was obtained.

  After filtering this solution using a 0.45 micron membrane filter, all the solvent was removed under vacuum to obtain a white solid, which was dried and measured for mass. As a result, the silver complex compound ( As 3), 2.48 g (yield: 95.5%) of isopropylammonium isopropylcarbamate silver complex was obtained. As a result of thermal mass spectrometry, most of the decomposition was completed at 130 ° C. or lower, and silver metal remained, and the silver content was 37.2% by mass.

<Synthesis of silver complex compound (4): synthesis of n-butylammonium-n-butylcarbamate silver complex>
In accordance with the following method, silver oxide and n-butylammonium-n-butylcarbamate were reacted to synthesize an n-butylammonium-n-butylcarbamate silver complex as the silver complex compound (4).

  In a 50 ml three-necked flask equipped with a stirrer, 2.04 g (10.75 mmol) of n-butylammonium-n-butylcarbamate was dissolved in 10 ml of methanol, and then 1.0 g (4. 31 mmol) was added and reacted at room temperature. This reaction solution was initially reacted with a black suspension, and as the silver complex compound was formed, it was observed that the color became lighter and changed to transparent. As a result of stirring for 2 hours, the reaction solution was colorless. A clear solution was obtained. The solution was filtered using a 0.45 micron membrane filter and then all the solvent was removed under vacuum to give a white solid. As a result of measuring the mass after drying, 2.79 g (yield: 92.0%) of n-butylammonium-n-butylcarbamate silver complex was obtained as the silver complex compound (4). As a result of thermal mass spectrometry, most of the decomposition was completed at 130 ° C. or lower, silver metal remained, and the silver content was 33.2% by mass.

<Synthesis of Silver Complex Compound (5): Synthesis of 2-ethylhexylammonium carbonate silver complex>
In accordance with the following method, silver oxide and 2-ethylhexylammonium carbonate were reacted to synthesize a 2-ethylhexylammonium carbonate silver complex as the silver complex compound (5).

  In a 50 ml three-necked flask equipped with a stirrer, 3.72 g (11.61 mmol) of 2-ethylhexylammonium carbonate was dissolved in 10 ml of methanol, and then 1.0 g (4.31 mmol) of silver oxide was added. did. The reaction solution was observed to gradually turn into a clear color as the reaction proceeded with the black suspension, and after 2 hours, turned into a completely colorless clear solution. The solution is filtered using a 0.45 micron membrane filter to remove unreacted silver oxide particles and all the solvent is removed under vacuum to give a white solid, which is dried, As a result of measuring the mass, 4.02 g (yield: 85.2%) of 2-ethylhexylammonium carbonate silver complex was obtained as the silver complex compound (5). Melting | fusing point of this silver complex compound (5) was 55-57 degreeC, and the silver content was 21.43 mass% as a result of the thermal mass spectrometry.

<Synthesis of Silver Complex Compound (6): Synthesis of Isopropyl Ammonium Carbonate Silver Complex (1)>
According to the following method, silver oxide and isopropylammonium carbonate were reacted to synthesize isopropylammonium carbonate silver complex (1) as silver complex compound (6).

  In a 50 ml three-necked flask equipped with a stirrer, 2.01 g (11.18 mmol) of isopropylammonium carbonate was dissolved in 10 ml of methanol, and then 1.0 g (4.31 mmol) of silver oxide was added. The reaction solution was observed to gradually turn into a transparent color as the reaction proceeded with the black suspension, and after 2 hours, turned into a completely colorless clear solution. After filtering this solution using a 0.45 micron membrane filter, all the solvent was removed under vacuum to obtain a white solid, which was dried and measured for mass. As a result, the silver complex compound ( As 6), 2.41 g (yield: 80.2%) of isopropylammonium carbonate silver complex (1) was obtained. As a result of thermal mass spectrometry, silver metal remained at 130 ° C. or lower, and the silver content was 38.6% by mass.

<Synthesis of Silver Complex Compound (7): Synthesis of Isopropyl Ammonium Carbonate Silver Complex (2)>
According to the following method, silver carbonate and isopropylammonium carbonate were reacted to synthesize isopropylammonium carbonate silver complex (2) as silver complex compound (7).

  In a 50 ml three-necked flask equipped with a stirrer, 2.07 g (11.52 mmol) of isopropylammonium carbonate was dissolved in 10 ml of methanol, and then 1.0 g (3.60 mmol) of silver carbonate was added. The reaction solution was observed to gradually change to a transparent color as the reaction proceeded with the yellow suspension, and after 6 hours, changed to a completely colorless transparent solution. After filtering this solution using a 0.45 micron membrane filter, all the solvent was removed under vacuum to obtain a white solid. After drying this, the mass was measured. As (7), 2.42 g (yield: 78.8%) of isopropylammonium carbonate silver complex (2) was obtained. As a result of thermal mass spectrometry, silver metal remained at 130 ° C. or lower, and the silver content was 32.23 mass%.

<Synthesis of Silver Complex Compound (8): Synthesis of 2-ethylhexylammonium bicarbonate silver complex>
In accordance with the following method, silver oxide and 2-ethylhexylammonium bicarbonate were reacted to synthesize a 2-ethylhexylammonium bicarbonate silver complex as the silver complex compound (8).

  In a 50 ml three-necked flask equipped with a stirrer, 4.86 g (25.37 mmol) of 2-ethylhexyl ammonium bicarbonate was dissolved in 10 ml of methanol, and then 1.0 g (4.31 mmol) of silver oxide was dissolved. Added. The reaction solution was observed to gradually turn into a transparent color as the reaction proceeded with the black suspension, and after 2 hours, turned into a completely colorless clear solution. After filtering this solution using a 0.45 micron membrane filter, all the solvent was removed under vacuum to obtain a white solid. After drying this, the mass was measured. As (8), 4.33 g (yield: 73.9%) of 2-ethylhexylammonium bicarbonate silver complex was obtained. The melting point of the silver complex compound was 56 to 57 ° C., and as a result of thermal mass analysis, the silver content was 21.48% by mass.

  The silver complex compound according to the present invention is not limited to the compound obtained by the synthesis method shown above. Examples of other silver complex compounds include those disclosed in JP-A-9-235287, J. Pat. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2012, 134 (3), pp 1419-1421, and the like.

  A solution (hereinafter also referred to as a coating solution for forming an electrode layer) used to apply the compound B containing silver atoms according to the present invention, for example, the above-described silver complex compound onto the underlayer by a wet coating method is prepared. In order to adjust the viscosity of the coating solution and to form a smooth thin film, a solvent may be required. Examples of solvents that can be used in this case include water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and 1-methoxy. Alcohols such as propanol, butanol, ethylhexyl alcohol, terpineol, glycols such as ethylene glycol, glycerin, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methoxypropyl acetate, carbitol acetate, acetates such as ethyl carbitol acetate, methyl cellosolve , Butyl cellosolve, diethyl ether Ethers such as tellurium, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, dimethylformamide, ketones such as 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, hexane, heptane, dodecane, paraffin oil, hydrocarbons such as mineral spirits, benzene And aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene, and halogen-substituted solvents such as chloroform, methylene chloride, and carbon tetrachloride, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, and mixed solvents thereof.

  When forming the transparent electrode of the present invention, the electrode layer 1b according to the present invention is formed on the base layer 1a by using a wet coating method, but the electrode layer is free from high-temperature annealing after the film formation. However, if necessary, it is preferable to perform annealing at a relatively low temperature of about 80 to 150 ° C. The annealing time is not particularly limited, but for example, a treatment for about 1 to 30 minutes is preferable. Examples of the annealing method include hot plate, hot air treatment, infrared irradiation method, radiant heat method and the like. When using rigid glass or the like as a base material, no significant difference occurs as a result of using any annealing method, but when using a flexible base material such as a resin film, hot air treatment, infrared irradiation method, A non-contact method such as a radiant heat method is preferred.

  The electrode layer coating method for imparting conductivity is not particularly limited as long as it is a wet coating method. Depending on the physical properties of the electrode layer forming coating solution, spin coating, roll coating, spray coating, dip coating, flow ( flow coating, doctor blade and dispensing, inkjet printing, offset printing, screen printing, pad printing, gravure printing, flexographic printing, stencil printing, imprinting, xerography, Lithography or the like can be selected and used, and is particularly preferable. Mention may be made of down coating, spray coating, inkjet printing method.

  The electrode layer 1b according to the present invention preferably has a thickness in the range of 4 to 9 nm. If the film thickness is 9 nm or less, it is preferable from the viewpoint that the absorption component or reflection component of the layer is small and the transmittance of the transparent electrode can be maintained high. Moreover, if the film thickness is 4 nm or more, the conductivity of the electrode layer is sufficient, which is preferable.

  The above-mentioned film thickness is an electrode layer having a desired film thickness by appropriately setting the coating solution concentration of the compound containing silver atoms suitable for the coating method and the wet film thickness at the time of coating for each coating method. Can be obtained.

  The transparent electrode 1 having a laminated structure composed of the base layer 1a and the electrode layer 1b formed thereon has a configuration in which the upper part of the electrode layer 1b is further covered with a protective film, or another conductive layer is laminated. It may be a configuration. In this case, it is preferable that both the protective film and the conductive layer have optical transparency so as not to impair the optical transparency of the transparent electrode 1. Moreover, it is good also as a structure which provided the other layer as needed also under the base layer 1a, ie, between the base layer 1a and the base material 11. FIG.

[Characteristics of transparent electrode]
The transparent electrode 1 of the present invention configured as described above uses a wet coating method to apply a solution containing a compound B having silver atoms onto an underlayer 1a configured using a compound A containing nitrogen atoms. The electrode layer 1b obtained by coating is provided. As a result, when the electrode layer 1b is formed on the underlayer 1a, the silver atoms constituting the electrode layer 1b interact with the compound containing nitrogen atoms constituting the underlayer 1a. Aggregation of the compound containing silver atoms on the surface of the formation 1a is suppressed.

  Here, generally, in the coating film formation of the electrode layer 1b containing silver as a main component, the silver particles are easily isolated by forming a mottle or the like in an island shape, and uniform conductivity is obtained when the film thickness is thin. The sheet resistance value becomes high. Therefore, in such a case, it is necessary to increase the film thickness in order to ensure conductivity. However, if the film thickness is increased, the light transmittance is lowered, so that it is not suitable as a transparent electrode.

  However, according to the transparent electrode 1 having the configuration defined in the present invention, since aggregation of silver is suppressed when coated on the underlayer 1a as described above, formation of the electrode layer 1b mainly composed of silver is achieved. In the film, as in the case where the silver particles described above are used, an island-like isolated state hardly occurs, and a stable and uniform electrode layer coating film can be obtained, which is advantageous from the viewpoint of conductivity.

  The term “transparent” in the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention means that the light transmittance at a wavelength of 550 nm is 50% or more as described above. Compared to an electrode layer containing as a main component, scattering is less likely to occur, and since a silver component is present in a dissolved state, a film having sufficient light transmittance can be obtained.

  On the other hand, the conductivity of the transparent electrode 1 is ensured mainly by the electrode layer 1b. Therefore, as described above, since the electrode layer 1b is formed of a compound containing silver as a main component, it is possible to ensure conductivity with a thinner film thickness, and to improve conductivity and light transmittance in the transparent electrode 1. It is possible to achieve both.

《Use of transparent electrode》
The transparent electrode 1 of the present invention having the above-described configuration can be used for various electronic devices. Examples of electronic devices include organic electroluminescent elements, LEDs (light emitting diodes), liquid crystal elements, solar cells, touch panels, etc. As electrode members that require light transmission in these electronic devices, A transparent electrode 1 can be used.

  Hereinafter, as an example of the application, an embodiment of an organic electroluminescent element using a transparent electrode will be described.

[Application of transparent electrodes to organic electroluminescent devices]
[First example of organic electroluminescence device]
(Configuration of organic electroluminescence device)
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a first example of an organic electroluminescent element (hereinafter also referred to as an organic EL element) using the transparent electrode 1 as an example of the organic electroluminescent element of the present invention. Hereinafter, based on FIG. 2, the structure of the organic electroluminescent element 100 is demonstrated.

  The organic electroluminescent element 100 shown in FIG. 2 is provided on the transparent substrate 13, and in order from the transparent substrate 13 side, the light-emitting functional layer 3 configured using the transparent electrode 1, an organic material, and the like, and the counter electrode 5a. Are stacked in this order. The organic electroluminescent element 100 is characterized in that the transparent electrode 1 uses the transparent electrode 1 composed of the base layer 1a and the electrode layer 1b of the present invention.

  For this reason, the organic electroluminescent element 100 is configured to take out the generated light (hereinafter referred to as emitted light h) at least from the transparent substrate 13 side.

  The layer structure of the organic electroluminescent element 100 is not limited and may be a general layer structure. Here, the transparent electrode 1 functions as an anode (that is, an anode), and the counter electrode 5a functions as a cathode (that is, a cathode). In this case, for example, the light emitting functional layer 3 is laminated in the order of the hole injection layer 3a / the hole transport layer 3b / the light emitting layer 3c / the electron transport layer 3d / the electron injection layer 3e from the transparent electrode 1 side which is an anode. However, it is essential to have at least the light emitting layer 3c formed using an organic material. The hole injection layer 3a and the hole transport layer 3b may be provided as a single layer as a hole transport / injection layer. Similarly, the electron transport layer 3d and the electron injection layer 3e may be provided as a single layer serving as an electron transport / injection layer. Among these light emitting functional layers 3, for example, the electron injection layer 3e may be made of an inorganic material.

  Moreover, as the light emitting functional layer 3, in addition to these layers, a hole blocking layer, an electron blocking layer, or the like may be laminated at a required position as necessary. Further, the light emitting layer 3c may have a structure in which a plurality of light emitting layers for each color that emit light emitted in each wavelength region are provided, and the light emitting layers for each color are stacked via a non-light emitting intermediate layer. The intermediate layer may function as a hole blocking layer and an electron blocking layer. Furthermore, the counter electrode 5a, which is a cathode, may have a laminated structure as necessary. In such a configuration, only a portion where the light emitting functional layer 3 is sandwiched between the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5 a becomes a light emitting region in the organic electroluminescent element 100.

  In the layer configuration as described above, the auxiliary electrode 15 may be provided in contact with the electrode layer 1 b of the transparent electrode 1 for the purpose of reducing the resistance of the transparent electrode 1.

  The organic electroluminescent element 100 having the above-described configuration is sealed on the transparent substrate 13 with a sealing material 17 to be described later for the purpose of preventing deterioration of the light emitting functional layer 3 formed using an organic material or the like. It has been stopped. The sealing material 17 is fixed to the transparent substrate 13 side with an adhesive 19. However, the terminal portions of the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5a are provided on the transparent substrate 13 so as to be exposed from the sealing material 17 while being insulated from each other by the light emitting functional layer 3.

  Hereinafter, the details of the main layers for constituting the organic electroluminescent element 100 described above are as follows: the transparent substrate 13, the transparent electrode 1, the counter electrode 5a, the light emitting layer 3c of the light emitting functional layer 3, the other layers of the light emitting functional layer 3, The auxiliary electrode 15 and the sealing material 17 will be described in this order. Then, the preparation method of an organic electroluminescent element is demonstrated.

(Transparent substrate 13)
The transparent substrate 13 is a base material (11 in FIG. 1) on which the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention described above is provided, and among the base materials 11 described above with reference to FIG. A substrate 11 is used.

(Transparent electrode 1: anode)
The transparent electrode 1 is the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention described above, and has a structure in which the base layer 1a and the electrode layer 1b are formed in this order from the transparent substrate 13 side. Here, in particular, the transparent electrode 1 functions as an anode, and the electrode layer 1b is a substantial anode.

(Counter electrode 5a: cathode)
The counter electrode 5a is an electrode film that functions as a cathode for supplying electrons to the light emitting functional layer 3, and a metal, an alloy, an organic or inorganic conductive compound, and a mixture thereof are used. Specifically, aluminum, silver, magnesium, lithium, magnesium / copper mixture, magnesium / silver mixture, magnesium / aluminum mixture, magnesium / indium mixture, indium, lithium / aluminum mixture, rare earth metal, ITO, ZnO, TiO ₂ , An oxide semiconductor such as SnO ₂ can be given.

  The counter electrode 5a can be produced by forming a thin film of these conductive materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering. The sheet resistance as the counter electrode 5a is preferably several hundred Ω / □ or less, and the film thickness is usually selected in the range of 5 nm to 5 μm, preferably 5 to 200 nm.

  In the case where the organic electroluminescent element 100 is a device that takes out the emitted light h from the counter electrode 5a side, a conductive material having a good light transmission property is selected from the conductive materials described above. What is necessary is just to comprise the electrode 5a.

(Light emitting layer 3c)
The light emitting layer 3c used in the present invention preferably contains a phosphorescent compound as a light emitting material.

  The light emitting layer 3c is a layer that emits light by recombination of electrons injected from the electrode or the electron transport layer 3d and holes injected from the hole transport layer 3b, and the light emitting portion is the light emitting layer 3c. Even within the layer, it may be the interface between the light emitting layer 3c and the adjacent layer.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular in the structure as such a light emitting layer 3c, if the light emitting material contained satisfies the light emission requirements. Moreover, there may be a plurality of layers having the same emission spectrum and emission maximum wavelength. In this case, it is preferable to have a non-light emitting intermediate layer (not shown) between the light emitting layers 3c.

  The total thickness of the light emitting layer 3c is preferably in the range of 1 to 100 nm, and more preferably in the range of 1 to 30 nm from the viewpoint of obtaining a lower driving voltage. In addition, the sum total of the film thickness of the light emitting layer 3c is a film thickness also including the said intermediate | middle layer, when a nonluminous intermediate | middle layer exists between the light emitting layers 3c.

  In the case of the light emitting layer 3c having a structure in which a plurality of layers are stacked, the thickness of each light emitting layer is preferably adjusted to a range of 1 to 50 nm, more preferably adjusted to a range of 1 to 20 nm. . When the plurality of stacked light emitting layers correspond to blue, green, and red light emitting colors, there is no particular limitation on the relationship between the film thicknesses of the blue, green, and red light emitting layers.

  For the light emitting layer 3c having the above-described structure, a light emitting material or a host compound described later is formed by a known thin film forming method such as a vacuum deposition method, a spin coating method, a casting method, an LB method, or an ink jet method. Can be formed.

  A plurality of light emitting materials may be mixed in the light emitting layer 3c, and a phosphorescent light emitting material and a fluorescent light emitting material (also referred to as a fluorescent dopant or a fluorescent compound) may be mixed and used in the same light emitting layer 3c. Good.

  As a structure of the light emitting layer 3c, it is preferable to contain a host compound (also referred to as a light emitting host or the like) and a light emitting material (also referred to as a light emitting dopant compound) and to emit light from the light emitting material.

<Host compound>
The host compound contained in the light emitting layer 3c is preferably a compound having a phosphorescence quantum yield of phosphorescence emission of less than 0.1 at room temperature (25 ° C.) when the light emitting layer contains a phosphorescent light emitting compound as a light emitting material. . More preferably, the phosphorescence quantum yield is less than 0.01. Moreover, it is preferable that the volume ratio in the layer is 50% or more among the compounds contained in the light emitting layer 3c.

  As a host compound, a well-known host compound may be used independently, or multiple types may be used. By using a plurality of types of host compounds, charge movement can be adjusted, and the organic electroluminescent device 100 can be highly efficient. In addition, by using a plurality of kinds of light emitting materials described later, it is possible to mix different light emission, thereby obtaining an arbitrary light emission color.

  The host compound used may be a conventionally known low molecular compound, a high molecular compound having a repeating unit, or a low molecular compound having a polymerizable group such as a vinyl group or an epoxy group (evaporation polymerizable light emitting host). .

  As the known host compound, a compound having a hole transporting ability and an electron transporting ability, preventing an increase in emission wavelength, and having a high Tg (glass transition temperature) compound is preferable. The glass transition point (Tg) here is a value obtained by a method based on JIS-K-7121 using DSC (Differential Scanning Colorimetry).

  Although the specific example (H1-H79) of the host compound which can be used by this invention below is shown, it is not limited to these. In the host compounds H68 to H79, x and y represent the ratio of the random copolymer. The ratio can be, for example, x: y = 1: 10.

  As specific examples of known host compounds, compounds described in the following documents may be used. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 2001-257076, 2002-308855, 2001-313179, 2002-319491, 2001-357777, 2002-334786, 2002-8860 Gazette, 2002-334787 gazette, 2002-15871 gazette, 2002-334788 gazette, 2002-43056 gazette, 2002-334789 gazette, 2002-75645 gazette, 2002-338579 gazette. No. 2002-105445, No. 2002-343568, No. 2002-141173, No. 2002-352957, No. 2002-203683, No. 2002-363227, No. 2002-231453. No. 2003-3165, No. 2002-234888, No. 2003-27048, No. 2002-255934, No. 2002-286061, No. 2002-280183, No. 2002-299060. 2002-302516, 2002-305083, 2002-305084, 2002-308837, and the like.

<Light emitting material>
Examples of the light-emitting material that can be used in the light-emitting layer 3c according to the present invention include phosphorescent compounds (also referred to as phosphorescent compounds and phosphorescent materials).

  A phosphorescent compound is a compound in which light emission from an excited triplet is observed. Specifically, a phosphorescent compound emits phosphorescence at room temperature (25 ° C.), and a phosphorescence quantum yield of 0.01 at 25 ° C. Although defined as the above compounds, the preferred phosphorescence quantum yield is 0.1 or more.

  The phosphorescence quantum yield can be measured by the method described in Spectroscopic II, page 398 (1992 edition, Maruzen) of the Fourth Edition Experimental Chemistry Course 7. Although the phosphorescence quantum yield in a solution can be measured using various solvents, when using a phosphorescent compound in the present invention, the above phosphorescence quantum yield (0.01 or more) is achieved in any solvent. It only has to be done.

  There are two types of light emission principles of the phosphorescent compound. One is that recombination of carriers occurs on the host compound to which carriers are transported to generate an excited state of the host compound, and this energy is transferred to the phosphorescent compound to obtain light emission from the phosphorescent compound. The other is a carrier trap type in which the phosphorescent compound becomes a carrier trap, and carriers are recombined on the phosphorescent compound to emit light from the phosphorescent compound. In either case, it is a condition that the excited state energy of the phosphorescent compound is lower than the excited state energy of the host compound.

  The phosphorescent compound can be appropriately selected from known compounds used for the light emitting layer of a general organic electroluminescence device, but preferably contains a metal of group 8 to 10 in the periodic table of elements. More preferred are iridium compounds, more preferred are iridium compounds, osmium compounds, platinum compounds (platinum complex compounds), and rare earth complexes, and most preferred are iridium compounds.

  In the present invention, at least one light emitting layer 3c may contain two or more phosphorescent compounds, and the concentration ratio of the phosphorescent compound in the light emitting layer 3c varies in the thickness direction of the light emitting layer 3c. It may be.

  The phosphorescent compound is preferably 0.1% by volume or more and less than 30% by volume with respect to the total amount of the light emitting layer 3c.

  The light emitting material (phosphorescent compound) contained in the light emitting layer 3c is preferably a compound represented by the following general formulas (8) to (10).

<Compound represented by formula (8)>
A phosphorescent compound represented by the following general formula (8) (also referred to as a phosphorescent metal complex) is a preferred embodiment that is contained in the light emitting layer 3c of the organic electroluminescent element 100 as a light emitting dopant. It may be contained in a light emitting functional layer other than the light emitting layer 3c.

In the general formula (8), P and Q each represent a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, and A ₁ represents an atomic group that forms an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or an aromatic heterocycle together with P—C. A ₂ represents an atomic group that forms an aromatic heterocycle with QN. P ₁ -L ₁ -P ₂ represents a bidentate ligand, and P ₁ and P ₂ each independently represent a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom. L ₁ represents an atomic group forming a bidentate ligand together with P ₁ and P ₂ . j1 represents an integer of 1 to 3, j2 represents an integer of 0 to 2, and j1 + j2 is 2 or 3. M ₁ represents a group 8-10 transition metal element in the periodic table.

  In General formula (8), P and Q each represent a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom.

In the general formula (8), examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon ring that A ₁ forms with P—C include a benzene ring, a biphenyl ring, a naphthalene ring, an azulene ring, an anthracene ring, a phenanthrene ring, a pyrene ring, a chrysene ring, Naphthacene ring, triphenylene ring, o-terphenyl ring, m-terphenyl ring, p-terphenyl ring, acenaphthene ring, coronene ring, fluorene ring, fluoranthrene ring, naphthacene ring, pentacene ring, perylene ring, pentaphen ring, Examples include a picene ring, a pyrene ring, a pyranthrene ring, and an anthraanthrene ring.

These rings may further have a substituent represented by Y ₁ described in the general formula (1).

++
In the general formula (8), examples of the aromatic heterocycle formed by A ₁ together with P—C include a furan ring, a thiophene ring, an oxazole ring, a pyrrole ring, a pyridine ring, a pyridazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyrazine ring, and a triazine. Ring, benzimidazole ring, oxadiazole ring, triazole ring, imidazole ring, pyrazole ring, thiazole ring, indole ring, benzimidazole ring, benzothiazole ring, benzoxazole ring, quinoxaline ring, quinazoline ring, phthalazine ring, carbazole ring, And azacarbazole ring.

  Here, the azacarbazole ring refers to one in which the carbon atom of the benzene ring constituting the carbazole ring is replaced with one or more nitrogen atoms.

These rings may further have a substituent represented by Y ₁ described in the general formula (1).

In the general formula (8), examples of the aromatic heterocycle formed by A ₂ together with QN include an oxazole ring, an oxadiazole ring, an oxatriazole ring, an isoxazole ring, a tetrazole ring, a thiadiazole ring, and a thiatriazole ring. , Isothiazole ring, pyrrole ring, pyridine ring, pyridazine ring, pyrimidine ring, pyrazine ring, triazine ring, imidazole ring, pyrazole ring, triazole ring and the like.

These rings may further have a substituent represented by Y ₁ described in the general formula (1).

In the general formula _{(8), P 1 -L 1} -P 2 represents a bidentate ligand, _{P 1} and _{P 2} each independently represents a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom. L ₁ represents an atomic group forming a bidentate ligand together with P ₁ and P ₂ .

Examples of the bidentate ligand represented by P ₁ -L ₁ -P ₂ include phenylpyridine, phenylpyrazole, phenylimidazole, phenyltriazole, phenyltetrazole, pyrazabole, acetylacetone, and picolinic acid.

  In the general formula (8), j1 represents an integer of 1 to 3, and j2 represents an integer of 0 to 2, j1 + j2 represents 2 or 3, and j2 is preferably 0.

In the general formula (8), M ₁ is a transition metal element of group 8 to group 10 (also referred to simply as transition metal) in the periodic table, and is preferably iridium.

<Compound represented by formula (9)>
Among the compounds represented by the general formula (8), a compound represented by the following general formula (9) is more preferable.

In the general formula (9), Z represents a hydrocarbon ring group or a heterocyclic group. P and Q each represent a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, and A ₁ represents an atomic group that forms an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or an aromatic heterocyclic ring together with P—C. A ₃ represents -C (R ₀₁ ) = C (R ₀₂ )-, -N = C (R ₀₂ )-, -C (R ₀₁ ) = N- or -N = N-, and R ₀₁ and R ₀₂ Each represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent. P ₁ -L ₁ -P ₂ represents a bidentate ligand, and P ₁ and P ₂ each independently represent a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom. L ₁ represents an atomic group forming a bidentate ligand together with P ₁ and P ₂ . j1 represents an integer of 1 to 3, j2 represents an integer of 0 to 2, and j1 + j2 is 2 or 3. M ₁ represents a group 8-10 transition metal element in the periodic table.

  In the general formula (9), examples of the hydrocarbon ring group represented by Z include a non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring group and an aromatic hydrocarbon ring group. Examples of the non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring group include, for example, cyclo A propyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, etc. are mentioned. These groups may be unsubstituted or have a substituent described later.

  Examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon ring group (also referred to as aromatic hydrocarbon group, aryl group, etc.) include, for example, phenyl group, p-chlorophenyl group, mesityl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, azulenyl. Group, acenaphthenyl group, fluorenyl group, phenanthryl group, indenyl group, pyrenyl group, biphenylyl group and the like.

These groups may be unsubstituted or may have a substituent represented by Y ₁ described in the general formula (1).

  In the general formula (9), examples of the heterocyclic group represented by Z include a non-aromatic heterocyclic group and an aromatic heterocyclic group. Examples of the non-aromatic heterocyclic group include an epoxy ring and an aziridine group. Ring, thiirane ring, oxetane ring, azetidine ring, thietane ring, tetrahydrofuran ring, dioxolane ring, pyrrolidine ring, pyrazolidine ring, imidazolidine ring, oxazolidine ring, tetrahydrothiophene ring, sulfolane ring, thiazolidine ring, ε-caprolactone ring, ε- Caprolactam ring, piperidine ring, hexahydropyridazine ring, hexahydropyrimidine ring, piperazine ring, morpholine ring, tetrahydropyran ring, 1,3-dioxane ring, 1,4-dioxane ring, trioxane ring, tetrahydrothiopyran ring, thiomorpholine Ring, thiomorpholine-1,1-dioxide And groups derived from a ring, a pyranose ring, a diazabicyclo [2,2,2] -octane ring, and the like.

These groups may be unsubstituted or may have a substituent represented by Y ₁ described in the general formula (1).

  Examples of the aromatic heterocyclic group include pyridyl group, pyrimidinyl group, furyl group, pyrrolyl group, imidazolyl group, benzoimidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, pyrazinyl group, triazolyl group (for example, 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl). Group, 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group, etc.), oxazolyl group, benzoxazolyl group, thiazolyl group, isoxazolyl group, isothiazolyl group, furazanyl group, thienyl group, quinolyl group, benzofuryl group, dibenzofuryl group , Benzothienyl group, dibenzothienyl group, indolyl group, carbazolyl group, carbolinyl group, diazacarbazolyl group (indicating that one of the carbon atoms constituting the carboline ring of the carbolinyl group is replaced by a nitrogen atom), quinoxalinyl Group, pyridazinyl group, triazinyl group, key Zoriniru group, phthalazinyl group, and the like.

These groups may be unsubstituted or may have a substituent represented by Y ₁ described in the general formula (1).

  The group represented by Z is preferably an aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or an aromatic heterocyclic group.

In the general formula (9), examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon ring that A ₁ forms with P—C include, for example, a benzene ring, biphenyl ring, naphthalene ring, azulene ring, anthracene ring, phenanthrene ring, pyrene ring, chrysene ring, Naphthacene ring, triphenylene ring, o-terphenyl ring, m-terphenyl ring, p-terphenyl ring, acenaphthene ring, coronene ring, fluorene ring, fluoranthrene ring, naphthacene ring, pentacene ring, perylene ring, pentaphen ring, Examples include a picene ring, a pyrene ring, a pyranthrene ring, and an anthraanthrene ring.

These rings may further have a substituent represented by Y ₁ described in the general formula (1).

In the general formula (9), examples of the aromatic heterocycle formed by A ₁ together with P—C include a furan ring, a thiophene ring, an oxazole ring, a pyrrole ring, a pyridine ring, a pyridazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyrazine ring, and a triazine. Ring, benzimidazole ring, oxadiazole ring, triazole ring, imidazole ring, pyrazole ring, thiazole ring, indole ring, benzimidazole ring, benzothiazole ring, benzoxazole ring, quinoxaline ring, quinazoline ring, phthalazine ring, carbazole ring, Examples thereof include a carboline ring and an azacarbazole ring.

  Here, the azacarbazole ring refers to one in which one or more carbon atoms of the benzene ring constituting the carbazole ring are replaced with a nitrogen atom.

These rings may further have a substituent represented by Y ₁ described in the general formula (1).

In -C (R ₀₁ ) = C (R ₀₂ )-, -N = C (R ₀₂ )-, -C (R ₀₁ ) = N- represented by A ₃ in the general formula (9), R ₀₁ , R ₀₂ each has the same definition as the substituent represented by Y ₁ described in the general formula (1).

In the general formula (9), examples of the bidentate ligand represented by P ₁ -L ₁ -P ₂ include phenylpyridine, phenylpyrazole, phenylimidazole, phenyltriazole, phenyltetrazole, pyrazabol, acetylacetone, and picoline. An acid etc. are mentioned.

  J1 represents an integer of 1 to 3, and j2 represents an integer of 0 to 2, j1 + j2 represents 2 or 3, and j2 is preferably 0.

Elements in the general formula (9), (also referred to simply as a transition metal) group 8-10 transition metal elements in the periodic table represented by M ₁ is represented by M ₁ as described in the general formula (8) It is synonymous with the transition metal element of 8th group-10th group in a periodic table.

<Compound represented by formula (10)>
One preferred embodiment of the compound represented by the general formula (9) is a compound represented by the following general formula (10).

In the general formula (10), R ₀₃ represents a substituent, R ₀₄ represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and a plurality of R ₀₄ may be bonded to each other to form a ring. n01 represents an integer of 1 to 4. R ₀₅ represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and a plurality of R ₀₅ may be bonded to each other to form a ring. n02 represents an integer of 1 to 2. R ₀₆ represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and may combine with each other to form a ring. n03 represents an integer of 1 to 4. Z ₁ represents an atomic group necessary for forming a 6-membered aromatic hydrocarbon ring or a 5-membered or 6-membered aromatic heterocycle together with C—C. Z ₂ represents an atomic group necessary for forming a hydrocarbon ring group or a heterocyclic group. P ₁ -L ₁ -P ₂ represents a bidentate ligand, and P ₁ and P ₂ each independently represent a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom. L ₁ represents an atomic group that forms a bidentate ligand together with P ₁ and P ₂ . j1 represents an integer of 1 to 3, j2 represents an integer of 0 to 2, and j1 + j2 is 2 or 3. M ₁ represents a group 8-10 transition metal element in the periodic table. R ₀₃ and R ₀₆ , R ₀₄ and R _06, and R ₀₅ and R ₀₆ may be bonded to each other to form a ring.

In the general formula (10), the substituents represented by R ₀₃ , R ₀₄ , R ₀₅ and R ₀₆ have the same meaning as the substituent represented by Y ₁ described in the general formula (1).

In the general formula (10), examples of the 6-membered aromatic hydrocarbon ring formed by Z ₁ together with C—C include a benzene ring.

These rings may further have a substituent represented by Y ₁ described in the general formula (1).

In the general formula (10), examples of the 5-membered or 6-membered aromatic heterocycle formed by Z ₁ together with C—C include an oxazole ring, an oxadiazole ring, an oxatriazole ring, an isoxazole ring, a tetrazole ring, Examples include thiadiazole ring, thiatriazole ring, isothiazole ring, thiophene ring, furan ring, pyrrole ring, pyridine ring, pyridazine ring, pyrimidine ring, pyrazine ring, triazine ring, imidazole ring, pyrazole ring, triazole ring and the like.

These rings may further have a substituent represented by Y ₁ described in the general formula (1).

In the general formula (10), examples of the hydrocarbon ring group represented by Z ₂ include a non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring group and an aromatic hydrocarbon ring group, and examples of the non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring group include cyclopropyl. Group, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group and the like. These groups may be unsubstituted or have a substituent described later.

Examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon ring group (also referred to as aromatic hydrocarbon group, aryl group, etc.) include, for example, phenyl group, p-chlorophenyl group, mesityl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, azulenyl. Group, acenaphthenyl group, fluorenyl group, phenanthryl group, indenyl group, pyrenyl group, biphenylyl group and the like. These groups may be unsubstituted or may have a substituent represented by Y ₁ described in the general formula (1).

In the general formula (10), examples of the heterocyclic group represented by Z ₂ include a non-aromatic heterocyclic group and an aromatic heterocyclic group. Examples of the non-aromatic heterocyclic group include an epoxy ring, Aziridine ring, thiirane ring, oxetane ring, azetidine ring, thietane ring, tetrahydrofuran ring, dioxolane ring, pyrrolidine ring, pyrazolidine ring, imidazolidine ring, oxazolidine ring, tetrahydrothiophene ring, sulfolane ring, thiazolidine ring, ε-caprolactone ring, ε -Caprolactam ring, piperidine ring, hexahydropyridazine ring, hexahydropyrimidine ring, piperazine ring, morpholine ring, tetrahydropyran ring, 1,3-dioxane ring, 1,4-dioxane ring, trioxane ring, tetrahydrothiopyran ring, thio Morpholine ring, thiomorpholine-1,1-dio Sid ring, pyranose ring, a diazabicyclo [2,2,2] - and the groups derived from the octane ring. These groups may be unsubstituted or may have a substituent represented by Y ₁ described in the general formula (1).

  Examples of the aromatic heterocyclic group include pyridyl group, pyrimidinyl group, furyl group, pyrrolyl group, imidazolyl group, benzoimidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, pyrazinyl group, triazolyl group (for example, 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl). Group, 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group, etc.), oxazolyl group, benzoxazolyl group, thiazolyl group, isoxazolyl group, isothiazolyl group, furazanyl group, thienyl group, quinolyl group, benzofuryl group, dibenzofuryl group , Benzothienyl group, dibenzothienyl group, indolyl group, carbazolyl group, carbolinyl group, diazacarbazolyl group (indicating that one of the carbon atoms constituting the carboline ring of the carbolinyl group is replaced by a nitrogen atom), quinoxalinyl Group, pyridazinyl group, triazinyl group, key Zoriniru group, phthalazinyl group, and the like.

These rings may be unsubstituted and may further have the substituent represented by Y ₁ described in the general formula (1).

In general formula (10), the group formed by Z ₁ and Z ₂ is preferably a benzene ring.

In the general formula _(10), as a bidentate ligand represented by P 1 _-L 1 -P _2, wherein in the general formula _(8), bidentate represented by P 1 _-L 1 -P ₂ It is synonymous with the ligand.

In the general formula (10), group 8-10 transition metal elements in the periodic table represented by _{M 1,} the above general formula (8), group 8 in the periodic table represented by _{M 1} to 10 It is synonymous with the group transition metal element.

  Further, the phosphorescent compound can be appropriately selected from known materials used for the light emitting layer 3c of the organic electroluminescent element 100.

  The phosphorescent compound according to the present invention is preferably a complex compound containing a group 8-10 metal in the periodic table of elements, more preferably an iridium compound, an osmium compound, or a platinum compound (platinum complex compound). Rare earth complexes, most preferably iridium compounds.

  Specific examples (Pt-1 to Pt-3, A-1, Ir-1 to Ir-45) of the phosphorescent compounds according to the present invention are shown below, but the present invention is not limited thereto. In these compounds, m and n represent the number of repetitions.

  Phosphorescent compounds applicable to the present invention include, for example, Organic Letter, vol. 16, 2579-2581 (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 30, No. 8, 1685-1687 (1991), J. Am. Am. Chem. Soc. , 123, 4304 (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 40, No. 7, 1704-1711 (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 41, No. 12, 3055-3066 (2002) , New Journal of Chemistry. , Vol. 26, 1171 (2002), European Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 4, pages 695-709 (2004), and synthesis by applying methods such as references described in these documents. it can.

<Fluorescent material>
In the present invention, a fluorescent light emitting material can be used as the light emitting material. Examples of fluorescent light-emitting materials include coumarin dyes, pyran dyes, cyanine dyes, croconium dyes, squalium dyes, oxobenzanthracene dyes, fluorescein dyes, rhodamine dyes, pyrylium dyes, perylene dyes, Examples thereof include stilbene dyes, polythiophene dyes, and rare earth complex phosphors.

(Injection layer: electron injection layer 3e, hole injection layer 3a)
The injection layer referred to in the present invention is a layer provided between the electrode and the light emitting layer 3c in order to lower the driving voltage and improve the light emission luminance. “The organic EL element and its industrialization front line (November 30, 1998) The details are described in the second chapter, Chapter 2, “Electrode Material” (pages 123 to 166) of “Nippon TS Co., Ltd.”, and there are a hole injection layer 3a and an electron injection layer 3e.

  The injection layer can be provided as necessary. The hole injection layer 3a may be present between the anode and the light emitting layer 3c or the hole transport layer 3b, and the electron injection layer 3e may be present between the cathode and the light emitting layer 3c or the electron transport layer 3d.

  The details of the hole injection layer 3a are described in JP-A-9-45479, JP-A-9-260062, JP-A-8-288069 and the like. As specific examples of the hole injection layer, copper phthalocyanine A phthalocyanine layer represented by 1), an oxide layer represented by vanadium oxide, an amorphous carbon layer, a polymer layer using a conductive polymer such as polyaniline (emeraldine) or polythiophene, and the like.

  The details of the electron injection layer 3e are described in JP-A-6-325871, JP-A-9-17574, JP-A-10-74586, and the like, and specifically represented by strontium, aluminum and the like. Examples thereof include a metal layer, an alkali metal halide layer typified by potassium fluoride, an alkaline earth metal compound layer typified by magnesium fluoride, and an oxide layer typified by molybdenum oxide. The electron injection layer 3e of the present invention is desirably a very thin film, and the film thickness is preferably in the range of 1 nm to 10 μm although it depends on the material.

(Hole transport layer 3b)
The hole transport layer 3b is made of a hole transport material having a function of transporting holes. In a broad sense, the hole injection layer 3a and the electron blocking layer are also included in the category of the hole transport layer 3b. The hole transport layer 3b can be provided as a single layer or a plurality of layers.

  The hole transport material may be any material that has either hole injection or transport or electron barrier properties, and may be either organic or inorganic. For example, triazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, polyarylalkane derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives and pyrazolone derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, arylamine derivatives, amino-substituted chalcone derivatives, oxazole derivatives, styrylanthracene derivatives, fluorenone derivatives, hydrazone derivatives, Examples thereof include stilbene derivatives, silazane derivatives, aniline copolymers, and conductive polymer oligomers, particularly thiophene oligomers.

  As the hole transporting material, the above-exemplified compounds can be used, and among them, porphyrin compounds, aromatic tertiary amine compounds and styrylamine compounds, particularly aromatic tertiary amine compounds are preferably used. .

  Representative examples of aromatic tertiary amine compounds and styrylamine compounds include N, N, N ', N'-tetraphenyl-4,4'-diaminophenyl; N, N'-diphenyl-N, N'- Bis (3-methylphenyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl] -4,4′-diamine (hereinafter abbreviated as TPD); 2,2-bis (4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl) propane; 1,1-bis (4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl) cyclohexane; N, N, N ′, N′-tetra-p-tolyl-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl; 1,1-bis (4- Di-p-tolylaminophenyl) -4-phenylcyclohexane; bis (4-dimethylamino-2-methylphenyl) phenylmethane; bis (4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl) phenylmethane; N, N′-dipheni -N, N'-di (4-methoxyphenyl) -4,4'-diaminobiphenyl; N, N, N ', N'-tetraphenyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether; 4,4'-bis ( N, N, N-tri (p-tolyl) amine; 4- (di-p-tolylamino) -4 ′-[4- (di-p-tolylamino) styryl] stilbene; N, N-diphenylamino- (2-diphenylvinyl) benzene; 3-methoxy-4′-N, N-diphenylaminostilbenzene; N-phenylcarbazole, and further in US Pat. No. 5,061,569 One having two condensed aromatic rings described in the molecule, for example, 4,4′-bis [N- (1-naphthyl) -N-phenylamino] biphenyl (hereinafter referred to as NPD) Abbreviation)), 4,4 ′, 4 ″ -tris [N- (3-methylphenyl) -N, wherein three triphenylamine units described in JP-A-4-308688 are linked in a starburst type -Phenylamino] triphenylamine (hereinafter abbreviated as MTDATA) and the like.

  Furthermore, a polymer material in which these materials are introduced into a polymer chain or these materials are used as a polymer main chain can also be used. In addition, inorganic compounds such as p-type-Si and p-type-SiC can also be used as the hole injection material and the hole transport material.

  JP-A-11-251067, J. Org. Huang et. al. , Applied Physics Letters, 80 (2002), p. A so-called p-type hole transport material as described in 139 can also be used. In the present invention, it is preferable to use these materials because a light-emitting element with higher efficiency can be obtained.

  The hole transport layer 3b is formed by thinning the hole transport material by a known method such as a vacuum deposition method, a spin coating method, a casting method, a printing method including an ink jet method, or an LB method. be able to. Although there is no restriction | limiting in particular about the film thickness of the positive hole transport layer 3b, Usually, 5 nm-about 5 micrometers, Preferably it is 5-200 nm. The hole transport layer 3b may have a single layer structure composed of one or more of the above materials.

  In addition, the hole transport layer 3b can be doped with an impurity to increase the p property. Examples thereof include JP-A-4-297076, JP-A-2000-196140, 2001-102175, J.A. Appl. Phys. 95, 5773 (2004), and the like.

  Thus, it is preferable to increase the p property of the hole transport layer 3b because an element with lower power consumption can be manufactured.

(Electron transport layer 3d)
The electron transport layer 3d is made of a material having a function of transporting electrons. In a broad sense, the electron injection layer 3e and a hole blocking layer (not shown) are also included in the category of the electron transport layer 3d. The electron transport layer 3d can be provided as a single layer structure or a multilayer structure of a plurality of layers.

  In the electron transport layer 3d having a single layer structure and the electron transport layer 3d having a multilayer structure, an electron transport material (also serving as a hole blocking material) constituting a layer portion adjacent to the light emitting layer 3c is an electron injected from the cathode. As long as it has a function of transmitting the light to the light emitting layer 3c. As such a material, any one of conventionally known compounds can be selected and used. Examples include nitro-substituted fluorene derivatives, diphenylquinone derivatives, thiopyran dioxide derivatives, carbodiimides, fluorenylidenemethane derivatives, anthraquinodimethane, anthrone derivatives, and oxadiazole derivatives. Further, in the above oxadiazole derivative, a thiadiazole derivative in which the oxygen atom of the oxadiazole ring is substituted with a sulfur atom, and a quinoxaline derivative having a quinoxaline ring known as an electron withdrawing group are also used as the material for the electron transport layer 3d. Can do. Furthermore, a polymer material in which these materials are introduced into a polymer chain or these materials are used as a polymer main chain can also be used.

In addition, metal complexes of 8-quinolinol derivatives such as tris (8-quinolinol) aluminum (hereinafter abbreviated as Alq ₃ ), tris (5,7-dichloro-8-quinolinol) aluminum, tris (5,7-dibromo). -8-quinolinol) aluminum, tris (2-methyl-8-quinolinol) aluminum, tris (5-methyl-8-quinolinol) aluminum, bis (8-quinolinol) zinc (hereinafter abbreviated as Znq), and the like. A metal complex in which the central metal of the metal complex is replaced with In, Mg, Cu, Ca, Sn, Ga, or Pb can also be used as the material of the electron transport layer 3d.

  In addition, metal-free or metal phthalocyanine, or those having terminal ends substituted with alkyl groups or sulfonic acid groups can be preferably used as the material for the electron transport layer 3d. Further, a distyrylpyrazine derivative exemplified also as a material of the light emitting layer 3c can be used as a material of the electron transport layer 3d, and similarly to the hole injection layer 3a and the hole transport layer 3b, n-type -Si, n An inorganic semiconductor such as type-SiC can also be used as the material of the electron transport layer 3d.

  The electron transport layer 3d can be formed by thinning the above material by a known method such as a vacuum deposition method, a spin coating method, a casting method, a printing method including an ink jet method, or an LB method. Although there is no restriction | limiting in particular about the film thickness of 3 d of electron carrying layers, Usually, 5 nm-about 5 micrometers, Preferably it is 5-200 nm. The electron transport layer 3d may have a single layer structure composed of one or more of the above materials.

In addition, the electron transport layer 3d can be doped with impurities to increase the n property. Examples thereof include JP-A-4-297076, JP-A-10-270172, JP-A-2000-196140, 2001-102175, J.A. Appl. Phys. 95, 5773 (2004), and the like. Furthermore, it is preferable that the electron transport layer 3d contains potassium, a potassium compound, or the like. As a potassium compound,
For example, potassium fluoride or the like can be used. Thus, when the n property of the electron transport layer 3d is increased, an element with lower power consumption can be manufactured.

  Further, as the material (electron transporting compound) of the electron transport layer 3d, the same material as that constituting the base layer 1a according to the transparent electrode of the present invention may be used. This is the same for the electron transport layer 3d that also serves as the electron injection layer 3e, and the same material as that for the base layer 1a described above may be used. That is, as shown in FIG. 4, when the electrode layer 1b according to the present invention is formed on the electron transport layer 3d, the electron transport layer 3d is the base layer 1a constituting the transparent electrode 1. Also good.

(Blocking layer: hole blocking layer, electron blocking layer)
The blocking layer is a light emitting functional layer provided as necessary in addition to the basic constituent layer of the organic compound thin film as described above. For example, it is described in JP-A Nos. 11-204258, 11-204359, and “Organic EL elements and their forefront of industrialization” (issued by NTT, Inc. on November 30, 1998). There is a hole blocking (hole blocking) layer.

  The hole blocking layer has the function of the electron transport layer 3d in a broad sense. The hole blocking layer is made of a hole blocking material that has a function of transporting electrons but has a very small ability to transport holes, and recombines electrons and holes by blocking holes while transporting electrons. Probability can be improved. Further, the configuration of the electron transport layer 3d described above can be used as a hole blocking layer as necessary. The hole blocking layer is preferably provided adjacent to the light emitting layer 3c.

  On the other hand, the electron blocking layer has the function of the hole transport layer 3b in a broad sense. The electron blocking layer is made of a material that has a function of transporting holes but has a very small ability to transport electrons, and improves the probability of recombination of electrons and holes by blocking electrons while transporting holes. be able to. Moreover, the structure of the hole transport layer 3b described above can be used as an electron blocking layer as necessary. The thickness of the hole blocking layer is generally 3 to 100 nm, preferably 5 to 30 nm.

(Auxiliary electrode 15)
The auxiliary electrode 15 is provided for the purpose of reducing the resistance of the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention, and is provided in contact with the electrode layer 1 b of the transparent electrode 1. The material forming the auxiliary electrode 15 is preferably a metal having low resistance such as gold, platinum, silver, copper, or aluminum. Since these metals have low light transmittance, a pattern is formed in a range that does not affect the extraction of the emitted light h from the light extraction surface 13a. Examples of the method for forming the auxiliary electrode 15 include a vapor deposition method, a sputtering method, a printing method, an ink jet method, and an aerosol jet method. The line width of the auxiliary electrode 15 is preferably 50 μm or less from the viewpoint of not affecting the aperture ratio from which light is extracted, and the thickness of the auxiliary electrode 15 is preferably 1 μm or more from the viewpoint of conductivity.

(Encapsulant 17)
The sealing material 17 covers the organic electroluminescent element 100 and may be a plate-like (film-like) sealing member that is fixed to the transparent substrate 13 by the adhesive 19. A sealing film may be used. Such a sealing material 17 is provided so as to cover at least the light emitting functional layer 3 in a state where the terminal portions of the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5a in the organic electroluminescent element 100 are exposed. Moreover, an electrode may be provided on the sealing material 17 so that the transparent electrode 1 and the terminal portion of the counter electrode 5a of the organic electroluminescent element 100 are electrically connected to this electrode.

  Specific examples of the plate-like (film-like) sealing material 17 include a glass substrate, a polymer substrate, a metal substrate, and the like, and these substrate materials may be used as a thin film. Examples of the glass substrate include soda lime glass, barium / strontium-containing glass, lead glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, barium borosilicate glass, and quartz. Examples of the polymer substrate include polycarbonate, acrylic, polyethylene terephthalate, polyether sulfide, and polysulfone. Examples of the metal substrate include those made of one or more metals or alloys selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, iron, copper, aluminum, magnesium, nickel, zinc, chromium, titanium, molybdenum, silicon, germanium, and tantalum.

  Especially, since an organic electroluminescent element can be made into a thin film, what made the polymer substrate and the metal substrate into the thin film film as a sealing material can be used preferably.

Furthermore, the polymer substrate in the form of a film has an oxygen permeability measured by a method according to JIS K 7126-1987 of 1 × 10 ⁻³ ml / (m ² · 24 h · atm) or less, JIS K 7129-1992. The water vapor permeability (25 ± 0.5 ° C., relative humidity (90 ± 2)% RH) measured by a method based on the above is 1 × 10 ⁻³ g / (m ² · 24 h) or less. It is preferable.

  Further, the above substrate material may be processed into a concave plate shape and used as the sealing material 17. In this case, the above-described substrate member is subjected to processing such as sand blasting or chemical etching to form a concave shape.

  Further, an adhesive 19 for fixing such a plate-shaped sealing material 17 to the transparent substrate 13 side seals the organic electroluminescent element 100 sandwiched between the sealing material 17 and the transparent substrate 13. Used as a sealing agent to stop. Specifically, such an adhesive 19 is a photocuring and thermosetting adhesive having a reactive vinyl group of an acrylic acid-based oligomer, a methacrylic acid-based oligomer, a moisture-curing type such as 2-cyanoacrylic acid ester, or the like. Can be mentioned.

  Examples of such an adhesive 19 include epoxy-based heat and chemical curing types (two-component mixing). Moreover, hot-melt type polyamide, polyester, and polyolefin can be mentioned. Moreover, a cationic curing type ultraviolet curing epoxy resin adhesive can be mentioned.

  In addition, the organic material which comprises the organic electroluminescent element 100 may deteriorate with heat processing. For this reason, the adhesive 19 is preferably one that can be adhesively cured from room temperature to 80 ° C. Further, a desiccant may be dispersed in the adhesive 19.

  Application | coating of the adhesive agent 19 to the adhesion part of the sealing material 17 and the transparent substrate 13 may use a commercially available dispenser, and may print like screen printing.

  In addition, when a gap is formed between the plate-shaped sealing material 17, the transparent substrate 13, and the adhesive 19, in this gap, in the gas phase and the liquid phase, an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon or a fluorine is used. It is preferable to inject an inert liquid such as activated hydrocarbon or silicon oil. A vacuum is also possible. Moreover, a hygroscopic compound can also be enclosed inside.

  Examples of the hygroscopic compound include metal oxides (for example, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide) and sulfates (for example, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, cobalt sulfate). Etc.), metal halides (eg calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, cesium fluoride, tantalum fluoride, cerium bromide, magnesium bromide, barium iodide, magnesium iodide etc.), perchloric acids (eg perchloric acid) Barium, magnesium perchlorate, and the like), and anhydrous salts are preferably used in sulfates, metal halides, and perchloric acids.

  On the other hand, when a sealing film is used as the sealing material 17, the light emitting functional layer 3 in the organic electroluminescent element 100 is completely covered and the terminal portions of the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5 a in the organic electroluminescent element 100 are exposed. Thus, a sealing film is provided on the transparent substrate 13.

  Such a sealing film is configured using an inorganic material or an organic material. In particular, it is made of a material having a function of suppressing intrusion of a substance that causes deterioration of the light emitting functional layer 3 in the organic electroluminescent element 100 such as moisture and oxygen. As such a material, for example, an inorganic material such as silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, or silicon nitride is used. Furthermore, in order to improve the brittleness of the sealing film, a laminated structure may be formed by using a film made of an organic material together with a film made of these inorganic materials.

  The method for forming these films is not particularly limited. For example, vacuum deposition, sputtering, reactive sputtering, molecular beam epitaxy, cluster ion beam, ion plating, plasma polymerization, atmospheric pressure plasma A combination method, a plasma CVD method, a laser CVD method, a thermal CVD method, a coating method, or the like can be used.

(Protective film and protective plate)
Although not shown in FIG. 2 described above, a protective film or a protective plate may be provided between the transparent substrate 13 and the organic electroluminescent element 100 and the sealing material 17. The protective film or the protective plate is for mechanically protecting the organic electroluminescent element 100. In particular, when the sealing material 17 is a sealing film, mechanical protection for the organic electroluminescent element 100 is provided. However, it is preferable to provide such a protective film or protective plate.

  As the protective film or protective plate as described above, a glass plate, a polymer plate, a polymer film thinner than this, a metal plate, a metal film thinner than this, or a polymer material film or metal material film is applied. Among these, it is particularly preferable to use a polymer film because it is light and thin.

(Manufacturing method of the organic electroluminescent element 100)
Here, as an example, an example of a method for manufacturing the organic electroluminescent element 100 shown in FIG. 2 will be described.

  First, the base layer 1a made of the compound A containing nitrogen atoms is formed on the transparent substrate 13 according to a known thin film forming method such as a vapor deposition method so as to have a thickness of 1 μm or less, preferably 10 to 100 nm. Next, the film thickness of the electrode layer 1b is 12 nm or less, preferably 4 to 9 nm by a wet coating method using a compound B containing a silver atom, for example, a solution containing a silver complex compound (electrode forming coating solution). The transparent electrode 1 to be an anode is prepared by coating the base layer 1a so as to be in the range.

Next, the hole injection layer 3a, the hole transport layer 3b, the light emitting layer 3c, and the electron transport layer 3d described above are formed in this order on this, and the light emitting functional layer 3 is formed. The film formation of each of these layers includes spin coating, casting, ink jet, vapor deposition, and printing, but vacuum vapor deposition is easy because a homogeneous film is easily obtained and pinholes are difficult to generate. The method or spin coating method is particularly preferred. Further, different film forming methods may be applied for each layer. When employing a vapor deposition method for forming each of these layers, the vapor deposition conditions vary depending on the type of compound used, but generally a boat heating temperature of 50 to 450 ° C. and a degree of vacuum of 1 × 10 ⁻⁶ to 1 × 10 ^−2. It is desirable to appropriately select each condition in the ranges of Pa, vapor deposition rate of 0.01 to 50 nm / second, substrate temperature of −50 to 300 ° C., and film thickness of 0.1 to 5 μm.

  After the light emitting functional layer 3 is formed as described above, the counter electrode 5a serving as a cathode is formed thereon by a conventionally known film forming method such as a vapor deposition method or a sputtering method. At this time, the counter electrode 5 a is patterned in a shape in which a terminal portion is drawn from the upper side of the light emitting functional layer 3 to the periphery of the transparent substrate 13 while maintaining the insulating state with respect to the transparent electrode 1 by the light emitting functional layer 3. Thereby, the organic electroluminescent element 100 is obtained. Thereafter, a sealing material 17 covering at least the light emitting functional layer 3 is provided in a state where the terminal portions of the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5a in the organic electroluminescent element 100 are exposed.

  Thus, a desired organic electroluminescent element 100 is formed on the transparent substrate 13. In the production of such an organic electroluminescent element 100, it is preferable to produce the light emitting functional layer 3 to the counter electrode 5a consistently by a single evacuation. However, the transparent substrate 13 is taken out from the vacuum atmosphere in the middle and is different. A film forming method may be applied. At that time, it is necessary to consider that the work is performed in a dry inert gas atmosphere.

  When a DC voltage is applied to the organic electroluminescent device 100 thus obtained, the transparent electrode 1 as an anode has a positive polarity, the counter electrode 5a as a cathode has a negative polarity, and a voltage of 2V to 40V. Luminescence can be observed when the following is applied. An alternating voltage may be applied. The alternating current waveform to be applied may be arbitrary.

(Effect of the organic electroluminescent element 100)
The organic electroluminescent element 100 described above uses the transparent electrode 1 having both conductivity and light transmittance according to the present invention as an anode, and has a light emitting functional layer 3 and a counter electrode 5a serving as a cathode provided thereon. It is. For this reason, a sufficient voltage is applied between the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5a to realize high-intensity light emission in the organic electroluminescent element 100, and the extraction efficiency of the emitted light h from the transparent electrode 1 side is improved. It is possible to increase the brightness by improving the luminance. Further, it is possible to improve the light emission life by reducing the drive voltage for obtaining a predetermined luminance.

[Second example of organic electroluminescence device]
(Configuration of the organic electroluminescent element 200)
The organic electroluminescent element 200 shown in FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view showing a second example of the organic electroluminescent element 200 using the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention as an example of the electronic device of the present invention.

  The organic electroluminescent element 200 of the second example shown in FIG. 3 is different from the organic electroluminescent element 100 of the first example described with reference to FIG. 2 in that the transparent electrode 1 is used as a cathode. Hereinafter, a detailed description of the same components as those in the first example will be omitted, and a characteristic configuration of the organic electroluminescent element 200 in the second example will be described.

  The organic electroluminescent element 200 shown in FIG. 3 is provided on the transparent substrate 13 and uses the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention described above as the transparent electrode 1 on the transparent substrate 13 as in the first example. The place is characteristic. Therefore, the organic electroluminescent element 200 is configured to extract the emitted light h from at least the transparent substrate 13 side. However, the transparent electrode 1 is used as a cathode (cathode). For this reason, the counter electrode 5b is used as an anode.

  The layer structure of the organic electroluminescent element 200 is not limited, and may be a general layer structure, as in the first example. In the case of the second example described here, as an example, an electron injection layer 3e / electron transport layer 3d / light emitting layer 3c / hole transport layer 3b / hole injection layer 3a are formed on the transparent electrode 1 functioning as a cathode. Examples of the configuration of the light emitting functional layer 3 in which are stacked in this order. However, it is essential to have at least the light emitting layer 3c made of an organic material.

  Note that, in the light emitting functional layer 3 according to the present invention, in addition to these exemplified layers, various configurations as required are employed as described in the first example. In such a configuration, only the portion where the light emitting functional layer 3 is sandwiched between the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5 b becomes the light emitting region in the organic electroluminescent element 200 as in the first example.

  In the layer structure as described above, the auxiliary electrode 15 may be provided in contact with the electrode layer 1 b of the transparent electrode 1 for the purpose of reducing the resistance of the transparent electrode 1. Similar to the example.

Here, the counter electrode 5b used as the anode is made of a metal, an alloy, an organic or inorganic conductive compound, and a mixture thereof. Specific examples include metals such as gold (Au), oxide semiconductors such as copper iodide (CuI), ITO, ZnO, TiO ₂ , and SnO ₂ .

  The counter electrode 5b as described above can be produced by forming a thin film of these conductive materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering. Further, the sheet resistance as the counter electrode 5b is preferably several hundred Ω / □ or less, and the film thickness is usually selected in the range of 5 nm to 5 μm, preferably 5 to 200 nm.

  In addition, when this organic electroluminescent element 200 takes out emitted light h also from the counter electrode 5b side, as a material which comprises the counter electrode 5b, it is the electroconductivity with favorable light transmittance among the conductive materials mentioned above. What is necessary is just to select a material.

  The organic electroluminescent element 200 having the above configuration is sealed with the sealing material 17 in the same manner as in the first example for the purpose of preventing deterioration of the light emitting functional layer 3.

  Of the main layers constituting the organic electroluminescent device 200 described above, the detailed configuration of components other than the counter electrode 5b used as the anode and the method for producing the organic electroluminescent device 200 are the same as those described in the first example. This is the same as the manufacturing method of the electroluminescent element 100. Therefore, detailed description is omitted.

(Effect of the organic electroluminescent element 200)
The organic electroluminescent element 200 described above has a configuration in which the transparent electrode 1 having both conductivity and light transmittance according to the present invention is used as a cathode, and a light emitting functional layer 3 and a counter electrode 5b serving as an anode are provided thereon. It is. Therefore, as in the first example, a sufficient voltage is applied between the transparent electrode 1 (cathode) and the counter electrode 5b (anode) to realize high-luminance light emission in the organic electroluminescent element 200, while being transparent. It is possible to increase the luminance by improving the extraction efficiency of the emitted light h from the electrode 1 side. Furthermore, in order to obtain a predetermined luminance, it is possible to improve the light emission life by reducing the drive voltage.

[Third example of organic electroluminescent element]
(Configuration of organic electroluminescent device 300)
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a third example of the organic electroluminescent element 300 using the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention described above as an example of the electronic device of the present invention. The organic electroluminescent element 300 of the third example shown in FIG. 4 is different from the organic electroluminescent element 100 of the first example described with reference to FIG. 2 in that a counter electrode 5c is provided on the substrate 131 side, and light is emitted thereon. The functional layer 3 and the transparent electrode 1 are stacked in this order. Hereinafter, the detailed description of the same components as those of the first example described in FIG. 2 will be omitted, and the characteristic configuration of the organic electroluminescent element 300 of the third example will be described.

  An organic electroluminescent element 300 shown in FIG. 4 is provided on a substrate 131, and a counter electrode 5c serving as an anode, a light emitting functional layer 3, and a transparent electrode 1 serving as a cathode are stacked in this order from the substrate 131 side. . Of these, the transparent electrode 1 is characterized in that the transparent electrode 1 of the present invention described above is used. Therefore, the organic electroluminescent element EL300 is configured to extract the emitted light h from at least the transparent electrode 1 side opposite to the substrate 131.

  The layer structure of the organic electroluminescent element 300 according to the present invention is not limited to the configuration exemplified here, and may be a general layer structure, as in the first example. In the case of the third example illustrated in FIG. 4, as an example of the configuration, a hole injection layer 3a / a hole transport layer 3b / a light emitting layer 3c / an electron transport layer 3d are formed on the counter electrode 5c functioning as an anode. The structure laminated | stacked in order is illustrated. However, it is essential to have at least the light emitting layer 3c configured using an organic material. The electron transport layer 3d also serves as the electron injection layer 3e, and is provided as an electron transport layer 3d having electron injection properties.

  In particular, the organic electroluminescence device 300 shown as the third example has a characteristic configuration in which an electron transport layer 3 d having electron injection properties is provided as the base layer 1 a in the transparent electrode 1. That is, in the third example shown in FIG. 4, the transparent electrode 1 used as a cathode is composed of an underlayer 1a that also serves as an electron transporting layer 3d having an electron injecting property, and an electrode layer 1b provided on the upper layer. -ing

  It is important that the electron transport layer 3d is configured using the material that forms the base layer 1a of the transparent electrode 1 described above.

  In addition to these layers, the light emitting functional layer 3 may employ various configurations as necessary as described in the first example shown in FIG. No electron injection layer or hole blocking layer is provided between the electron transport layer 3d serving also as the base layer 1a and the electrode layer 1b of the transparent electrode 1.

  In the configuration as described above, only the portion where the light emitting functional layer 3 is sandwiched between the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5c becomes the light emitting region in the organic electroluminescent element 300, as in the first example.

  In the layer structure as described above, the auxiliary electrode 15 may be provided in contact with the electrode layer 1 b of the transparent electrode 1 for the purpose of reducing the resistance of the transparent electrode 1. Similar to the example.

Furthermore, the counter electrode 5c used as the anode is made of a metal, an alloy, an organic or inorganic conductive compound, and a mixture thereof. Specific examples include metals such as gold (Au), oxide semiconductors such as copper iodide (CuI), ITO, ZnO, TiO ₂ , and SnO ₂ .

  The counter electrode 5c as described above can be produced by forming a thin film of these conductive materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering. The sheet resistance as the counter electrode 5c is preferably several hundred Ω / □ or less, and the film thickness is usually selected in the range of 5 nm to 5 μm, preferably 5 to 200 nm.

  In the case where the organic electroluminescent element EL300 is a method of taking out the emitted light h also from the counter electrode 5c side, the material constituting the counter electrode 5c is a light-transmitting material among the above-described conductive materials. A suitable conductive material may be selected and used. Further, in this case, the substrate 131 is the same as the transparent substrate 13 described in the first example, and the surface facing the outside of the substrate 131 is the light extraction surface 131a.

(Effect of the organic electroluminescent element 300)
In the organic electroluminescent element 300 having the structure shown in FIG. 4 described above, the electron transport layer 3d having the electron injection property constituting the uppermost part of the light emitting functional layer 3 is used as the base layer 1a, and the electrode layer 1b is provided thereon. Thus, the transparent electrode 1 composed of the base layer 1a and the upper electrode layer 1b is provided as a cathode. Therefore, as in the first and second examples, the transparent electrode 1 is realized while applying a sufficient voltage between the transparent electrode 1 and the counter electrode 5c to realize high-luminance light emission in the organic electroluminescent element 300. By increasing the extraction efficiency of the emitted light h from the side, it is possible to achieve high brightness. Further, in order to obtain a desired luminance, it is possible to improve the light emission lifetime by reducing the drive voltage. Further, in the configuration as described above, if the counter electrode 5c is light transmissive, the emitted light h can be extracted also from the counter electrode 5c side.

  In the above third example, the configuration in which the base layer 1a of the transparent electrode 1 also serves as the electron transport layer 3d having electron injection properties has been described. However, the underlayer 1a may also serve as an electron injection layer, or may serve as an electron transport layer 3d that does not have electron injection properties, and is extremely small so as not to affect the light emitting function. If it is provided as a thin film, it does not have to have electron transport properties and electron injection properties.

Further, if the base layer 1a of the transparent electrode 1 is provided as an extremely thin film to the extent that it does not affect the light emitting function, the counter electrode on the substrate 131 side is used as the cathode, and the transparent electrode 1 on the light emitting functional layer 3 is used as the anode. It is also good. In this case, the light emitting functional layer 3 includes, for example, an electron injection layer 3e / electron transport layer 3d / light emitting layer 3c / hole transport layer 3b / hole injection layer 3a in order from the counter electrode (cathode) side on the substrate 131. Is done. And on this upper part, a very thin underlayer 1a and electrode layer 1b
A transparent electrode 1 having a laminated structure is provided as an anode.

<< Applications of organic electroluminescent elements >>
Since the organic electroluminescence device having each configuration provided with the above-described transparent electrode of the present invention is a surface light emitter as described above, it can be used as various light emission sources. For example, lighting devices such as home lighting and interior lighting, backlights for clocks and liquid crystals, lighting for billboard advertisements, light sources for traffic lights, light sources for optical storage media, light sources for electrophotographic copying machines, light sources for optical communication processors, Although the light source of a photosensor etc. are mentioned, it is not limited to this, Especially, it can use effectively for the use as a backlight of a liquid crystal display device combined with a color filter, and a light source for illumination.

  Further, the organic electroluminescence device according to the present invention may be used as a kind of lamp for illumination or exposure light source, or a projection device for projecting an image, or directly viewing a still image or a moving image. It may be used as a type of display device (display). In this case, with the recent increase in the size of lighting devices and displays, the light emitting surface may be enlarged by so-called tiling, in which light emitting panels provided with organic electroluminescent elements are joined together in a plane.

  The driving method when used as a display device for moving image reproduction may be either a simple matrix (passive matrix) method or an active matrix method. A color or full-color display device can be produced by using two or more organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention having different emission colors.

  Below, an illuminating device is demonstrated as an example of the use of the organic electroluminescent element which concerns on this invention, Next, the illuminating device which expanded the light emission surface by tiling is demonstrated.

[Lighting device-1]
The illuminating device to which the present invention is applicable preferably includes the organic electroluminescent element according to the present invention.

  The organic electroluminescent element used in the lighting device according to the present invention may be designed such that each organic electroluminescent element according to the present invention having the above-described configuration has a resonator structure. Examples of the purpose of use of the organic electroluminescence device configured as a resonator structure include, but are not limited to, a light source of an optical storage medium, a light source of an electrophotographic copying machine, a light source of an optical communication processor, a light source of an optical sensor, and the like. Not. Moreover, you may use for the said use by making a laser oscillation.

  In addition, the material used for the organic electroluminescent element which concerns on this invention is applicable to the organic electroluminescent element (it is also called white organic electroluminescent element) which produces substantially white light emission. For example, a plurality of light emitting materials can simultaneously emit a plurality of light emission colors to obtain white light emission by color mixing. The combination of a plurality of emission colors may include three emission maximum wavelengths of the three primary colors of red, green and blue, or two using the complementary colors such as blue and yellow, blue green and orange. The thing containing the light emission maximum wavelength may be used.

  In addition, the combination of luminescent materials for obtaining multiple luminescent colors is a combination of multiple phosphorescent or fluorescent materials that emit light, fluorescent materials or phosphorescent materials, and light from the luminescent materials. Any combination with a dye material that emits light as light may be used, but in a white organic electroluminescent element, a combination of a plurality of light-emitting dopants may be used.

  Such a white organic electroluminescent element is different from a configuration in which organic electroluminescent elements emitting light of each color are individually arranged in parallel in an array to obtain white light emission, and the organic electroluminescent element itself emits white light. For this reason, a mask is not required for film formation of most layers constituting the element, and for example, an electrode film can be formed on one side by vapor deposition, casting, spin coating, ink jet, printing, etc., and productivity is improved. To do.

  Moreover, there is no restriction | limiting in particular as a luminescent material used for the light emitting layer of such a white organic electroluminescent element, For example, if it is a backlight in a liquid crystal display element, it will match the wavelength range corresponding to CF (color filter) characteristic. As described above, any metal complex according to the present invention or a known light emitting material may be selected and combined to be whitened.

  If the white organic electroluminescent element demonstrated above is used, it is possible to produce the illuminating device which produces substantially white light emission.

[Lighting device-2]
FIG. 5 shows a schematic cross-sectional configuration diagram of a lighting device having a light emitting surface with a large area using a plurality of organic electroluminescent elements each having a transparent electrode of the present invention.

  The illuminating device 21 shown in FIG. 5 arranges the light emitting surface by arranging a plurality of light emitting panels 22 provided with the organic electroluminescent elements 100 on the transparent substrate 13 on the support substrate 23 (that is, tiling). The structure is large. The support substrate 23 may also serve as a sealing material. In a state where the organic electroluminescent element 100 is sandwiched between the support substrate 23 and the transparent substrate 13 of the light-emitting panel 22, each light-emitting panel 22 is disposed. Tiling. An adhesive 19 may be filled between the support substrate 23 and the transparent substrate 13, thereby sealing the organic electroluminescent element 100. In addition, the edge part of the transparent electrode 1 which is an anode, and the counter electrode 5a which is a cathode are exposed around the light emission panel. However, only the exposed portion of the counter electrode 5a is shown in the drawing.

  In the lighting device 21 having such a configuration, the center of each light emitting panel 22 is a light emitting area A, and a non-light emitting area B is generated between the light emitting panels 22. For this reason, a light extraction member for increasing the light extraction amount from the non-light emitting region B may be provided in the non-light emitting region B of the light extraction surface 13a. As the light extraction member, a light collecting sheet or a light diffusion sheet can be used.

  EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto. In addition, although the display of "%" is used in an Example, unless otherwise indicated, "mass%" is represented.

Example 1
<< Preparation of transparent electrode >>
According to the procedure demonstrated below, the transparent electrodes 1-21 whose area of an electroconductive area | region is 5 cm x 5 cm were produced. In addition, the transparent electrodes 1-4 are transparent electrodes used as comparative examples, and the transparent electrodes 5-21 are transparent electrodes according to the present invention.

[Preparation of transparent electrode 1]
A transparent electrode 1 having a single layer structure was produced according to the following method.

A transparent non-alkali glass substrate having a thickness of 0.5 mm was fixed to a substrate holder of a commercially available vacuum deposition apparatus and attached to a vacuum chamber of the vacuum deposition apparatus. Moreover, silver (Ag) was put into the resistance heating board made from tungsten, and it attached in the vacuum chamber of the vacuum evaporation system. Next, after depressurizing the vacuum tank to 4 × 10 ⁻⁴ Pa, the resistance heating board is energized and heated, and the deposition rate is 0.15 nm / sec. 1 was formed to produce a transparent electrode 1. The film thickness of the electrode layer 1 in the transparent electrode 1 was 8 nm.

[Preparation of transparent electrode 2]
A transparent electrode 2 having a single layer structure was produced according to the following method.

  A transparent base material made of alkali-free glass was placed on a spin coater, and 25 ml of a 1% by mass methanol solution of the aforementioned silver complex compound (1) (2-ethylhexylammonium-2-ethylhexylcarbamate silver complex) was made of glass. After application on the substrate, the electrode layer 2 was formed by rotating at a rotation speed of 100 rpm for 2 minutes, and an annealing treatment was performed at 120 ° C. for 5 minutes to produce a transparent electrode 2. The film thickness of the electrode layer 2 in the transparent electrode 2 was 5 nm.

[Preparation of transparent electrode 3]
A transparent electrode 3 having a single layer structure was produced according to the following method.

  After placing a transparent alkali-free glass base material on a spin coater and applying 25 ml of a 1% by weight methanol solution of the aforementioned silver complex compound (5) (2-ethylhexylammonium carbonate silver complex) on a glass substrate Then, the electrode layer 3 was formed by rotating at a rotation speed of 50 rpm for 2 minutes, and an annealing treatment was performed at 120 ° C. for 5 minutes to produce a transparent electrode 3. The film thickness of the electrode layer 3 in the produced transparent electrode 3 was 5 nm.

[Preparation of transparent electrode 4]
According to the following method, the transparent electrode 4 comprised from the base layer 1 and the electrode layer 4 was produced. However, the underlayer was formed using a coating solution containing a comparative compound not containing nitrogen atoms.

  After a transparent alkali-free glass base material is placed on a spin coater and 20 ml of a calcium decanoate solution of calcium neodecanoate adjusted to a concentration at which the calcium content is 0.3.0% by mass is applied to the glass substrate. The base layer 1 was formed by rotating at a rotation speed of 50 rpm for 2 minutes, and annealed at 100 ° C. for 1 minute. Next, the base material on which the underlayer 1 was formed was again placed on a spin coater, and 25 ml of a 1% by mass methanol solution of the silver complex compound (1) (described above) was applied onto the glass substrate at a rotation speed of 100 rpm. The electrode layer 4 was formed by rotating for 2 minutes, and an annealing treatment was performed at 120 ° C. for 5 minutes to produce a transparent electrode 4. The film thickness of the underlayer 1 in the transparent electrode 4 was 20 nm, and the film thickness of the electrode layer 4 was 5 nm.

[Preparation of transparent electrode 5]
<Formation of underlayer 2>
On the transparent base material made of an alkali-free glass, the base layer 2 was formed into a film by the wet coating method according to the following method using the exemplary compound 112 containing a nitrogen atom.

  Undercoat layer forming coating solution 2 obtained by dissolving 0.75 g of exemplified compound 112 in 100 g of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propanol was applied with a spin coater at 1500 rpm for 30 seconds. It applied on the base material on condition. Next, the surface temperature of the substrate was heated to 120 ° C. and heated for 30 minutes to obtain an underlayer 2 composed of the exemplified compound 112. The base layer 2 made of the exemplary compound 112 was applied and formed on a separately prepared base material under the same conditions as described above, and the film thickness was measured. The film thickness was 25 nm.

<Formation of electrode layer 5>
Next, the base material provided with the base layer 2 is placed on a spin coater, and 25 ml of a 1% by mass methanol solution of the silver complex compound (1) (described above) is applied on the base layer 2 formed on the glass substrate. The electrode layer 5 was formed by rotating at 100 rpm for 2 minutes, and an annealing treatment was performed at 120 ° C. for 5 minutes to produce a transparent electrode 5. The film thickness of the electrode layer 5 in the transparent electrode 5 was 6 nm.

[Preparation of transparent electrode 6]
In the production of the transparent electrode 5, the transparent electrode 6 was produced in the same manner except that the electrode layer 5 was changed to the electrode layer 6 produced by the following method.

<Formation of electrode layer 6>
The base material on which the underlayer 2 was formed was placed on a spin coater, and 17 ml of a 1% by mass methanol solution of the silver complex compound (5) (described above) was applied onto the underlayer 2 formed on the glass substrate at 100 rpm. The electrode layer 5 was formed by rotating for 2 minutes, and an annealing treatment was performed at 120 ° C. for 5 minutes to produce a transparent electrode 6. The film thickness of the electrode layer 6 in the transparent electrode 6 was 4 nm.

[Preparation of transparent electrode 7]
In the production of the transparent electrode 5, the transparent electrode 7 was produced in the same manner except that the electrode layer 5 was changed to the electrode layer 7 produced by the following method.

<Formation of electrode layer 7>
The base material on which the base layer 2 was formed was placed on a spin coater, and 37.5 ml of a 1% by mass methanol solution of the silver complex compound (8) (2-ethylhexylammonium bicarbonate silver complex) was formed on the glass substrate. 2 and rotated at 100 rpm for 2 minutes to form an electrode layer 7, and annealed at 120 ° C. for 5 minutes to produce a transparent electrode 7. The film thickness of the electrode layer 7 in the transparent electrode 7 was 9 nm.

[Preparation of transparent electrode 8]
A transparent electrode 8 was produced in the same manner as in the production of the transparent electrode 5 except that the underlayer 2 was changed to the underlayer 3 produced by the following method.

<Formation of underlayer 3>
A transparent non-alkali glass base material is fixed to a base material holder of a commercially available vacuum deposition apparatus, and the following TPD is placed in a tantalum resistance heating board, and this substrate holder and the heating board are connected to the first vacuum of the vacuum deposition apparatus. Attached to the tank.

In this state, the first vacuum chamber was depressurized to 4 × 10 ⁻⁴ Pa, and then heated by energizing the heating board containing TPD, and the film thickness was 25 nm on the substrate at a deposition rate of 0.15 nm / second. An underlayer 3 made of TPD was provided.

[Preparation of transparent electrode 9]
In the production of the transparent electrode 8, a transparent electrode 9 was produced in the same manner except that the underlayer 4 was formed using the following porphyrin derivative instead of the TPD used for forming the underlayer 3.

[Preparation of transparent electrode 10]
In the production of the transparent electrode 8, the transparent electrode 10 was produced in the same manner except that the underlayer 5 was formed using the exemplary compound 99 instead of the TPD used for forming the underlayer 3.

[Preparation of transparent electrode 11]
In the production of the transparent electrode 8, the transparent electrode 11 was produced in the same manner except that the underlayer 6 was formed using the exemplified compound 94 instead of the TPD used for forming the underlayer 3.

[Preparation of transparent electrode 12]
In the production of the transparent electrode 8, a transparent electrode 12 was produced in the same manner except that the underlayer 7 was formed using the exemplified compound 10 instead of the TPD used to form the underlayer 3.

[Preparation of transparent electrodes 13 to 15]
In the production of the transparent electrodes 5 to 7, the base material was changed from non-alkali glass to a polyethylene terephthalate film having a thickness of 100 μm (abbreviated as PET in the table). 15 was produced.

<< Evaluation of transparent electrode >>
About each produced said transparent electrode, the transmittance | permeability and the sheet resistance were measured in accordance with the following method.

(Measurement of transmittance)
For each transparent electrode, a transmittance T (%) at a measurement wavelength of 550 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer (U-3300, manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd.), with the base material of each transparent electrode as a reference.

[Measurement of sheet resistance]
About each transparent electrode, sheet resistance (ohm / square) was measured by the 4-terminal 4 probe method constant current application system using the resistivity meter (MCP-T610 by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation).

  Table 1 shows the measurement results obtained as described above.

  As is clear from the results shown in Table 1, an electrode layer (silver film) is formed using a silver complex compound as the compound B containing silver on the base layer formed using the compound A containing nitrogen atoms. The transparent electrodes 5 to 15 of the present invention obtained in the above have a light transmittance of 50% or more and a sheet resistance value of 30 Ω / □ or less. On the other hand, the transparent electrodes 1 to 4 as comparative examples have a light transmittance of less than 50% and a sheet resistance value of 500 Ω / □ or more, or a characteristic that cannot be measured.

  From the above results, it was confirmed that the transparent electrode having the configuration defined in the present invention has both high light transmittance and conductivity.

Example 2
<Production of light emitting panel>
According to the following procedure, the transparent electrodes 1 to 15 produced in Example 1 were used as anodes, and double-sided light emitting organic electroluminescent elements (400) 1 to 15 having the configuration shown in FIG. 6 were produced as electronic devices. Then, the light emission panels 1-15 which comprised the organic electroluminescent element 400 shown in FIG. 6 were produced.

  First, the transparent substrate 13 side of the transparent electrodes 1 to 15 produced in Example 1 was fixed to a substrate holder of a commercially available vacuum vapor deposition apparatus, and a vapor deposition mask was disposed opposite to the formation surface side of the transparent electrode 1. In addition, each of the heating boards in the vacuum vapor deposition apparatus was filled with each material constituting each light emitting functional layer 3 in an optimum amount for forming each layer. Each heating board was made of a tungsten resistance heating material.

Next, the inside of the vapor deposition chamber of the vacuum vapor deposition apparatus was depressurized to a vacuum degree of 4 × 10 ⁻⁴ Pa, and each layer was formed as follows by sequentially energizing and heating the heating board containing each material.

  First, as a hole transport injection material, a heating board containing the following α-NPD is energized and heated, and a hole transport / injection layer 31 serving as both a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer made of α-NPD. Was formed on the electrode layer 1 b constituting the transparent electrode 1. At this time, the deposition rate was 0.15 nm / second, and the film thickness was 20 nm.

  Next, the host board containing the example compound H4 as the host material and the heating board containing the example compound Ir-4 as the phosphorescent compound were energized independently, and the host material H4 and the phosphorescent compound Ir- A light emitting layer 3 c made of 4 was formed on the hole transport / injection layer 31. Under the present circumstances, the energization conditions of the heating board were adjusted so that the vapor deposition rate might become host material H4: phosphorescent compound Ir-4 = 100: 6. The film thickness of the light emitting layer 3c was 30 nm.

  Next, a heating board containing the following BAlq as a hole blocking material was energized and heated to form a hole blocking layer 33 made of BAlq on the light emitting layer 3c. At this time, the deposition rate was 0.15 nm / second and the film thickness was 10 nm.

  Next, as an electron transport material, a heating board containing the exemplary compound 10 and a heating board containing potassium fluoride were energized independently, and the electron transport layer 3d made of the exemplary compound 10 and potassium fluoride was positively connected. A film was formed on the hole blocking layer 33. At this time, the energization amount of the heating board was adjusted so that the vapor deposition rate was 10: potassium fluoride = 75: 25. The film thickness was 30 nm.

  Next, a heating board containing potassium fluoride as an electron injection material was energized and heated to form an electron injection layer 3e made of potassium fluoride on the electron transport layer 3d. At this time, the deposition rate was 0.015 nm / second and the film thickness was 1 nm.

  Thereafter, the transparent substrate 13 formed up to the electron injection layer 3e was transferred from the vapor deposition chamber of the vacuum vapor deposition apparatus to the processing chamber of the sputtering apparatus to which an ITO target as a counter electrode material was attached while maintaining the vacuum state. Next, in the processing chamber, a film was formed at a film formation rate of 0.4 nm / second, and a light-transmitting counter electrode 5a made of ITO having a film thickness of 150 nm was formed as a cathode. Thus, the organic electroluminescent element 400 was formed on the transparent substrate 13.

  Thereafter, the organic electroluminescent element 400 is covered with a sealing material 17 made of a glass substrate having a thickness of 300 μm, and the adhesive 19 (between the sealing material 17 and the transparent substrate 13 is surrounded by the organic electroluminescent element 400. Sealing material) was filled. As the adhesive 19, an epoxy photocurable adhesive (Lux Track LC0629B manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.) was used. The adhesive 19 filled between the sealing material 17 and the transparent substrate 13 is irradiated with UV light from the glass substrate (sealing material 17) side, and the adhesive 19 is cured to form the organic electroluminescent element 400. Sealed.

  In the formation of the organic electroluminescent element 400, a vapor deposition mask is used for forming each layer, and the central 4.5 cm × 4.5 cm of the 5 cm × 5 cm transparent substrate 13 is defined as the light emitting region A. A non-light emitting region B having a width of 0.25 cm was provided on the circumference. The transparent electrode 1 serving as the anode and the counter electrode 5a serving as the cathode are insulated from each other by the light emitting functional layer 3 from the hole transport / injection layer 31 to the electron injection layer 3e. The part was formed in a drawn shape.

  As described above, the organic electroluminescent element 400 is provided on the transparent substrate 13 having each transparent electrode, and the light emitting panels (21) 1 to 21 are electronic devices in which the organic electroluminescent element 400 is sealed with the sealing material 17 and the adhesive 19. 15 was produced.

  Each of the light emitting panels 21 is a system in which emitted light h of each color generated in the light emitting layer 3c is extracted from both the transparent electrode 1 side, that is, the substrate 13 side, and the counter electrode 5a side, that is, the sealing material 17 side. .

<Evaluation of luminous panel>
The following measurements were performed on the organic electroluminescent element 400 constituting each of the light-emitting panels 21 produced above.

(Measurement of light transmittance)
About each produced organic electroluminescent element 400, using the spectrophotometer (U-3300 by Hitachi, Ltd.), the transparent base material 13 used for production of each organic electroluminescent element 400 as a reference, transmittance at a measurement wavelength of 550 nm T (%) was measured.

[Measurement of drive voltage]
The front luminance is measured on both sides of the transparent electrode 1 side (that is, the transparent substrate 13 side) and the counter electrode 5a side (that is, the sealing material 17 side) of each of the organic electroluminescent elements 400 produced as described above. The voltage when / m ² was measured as the driving voltage. A spectral radiance meter CS-1000 (manufactured by Konica Minolta Sensing) was used for measuring the luminance. The smaller the numerical value of the obtained drive voltage, the lower the voltage can be driven and the better the result.

  The results obtained as described above are shown in Table 2.

  As is clear from the results shown in Table 2, the organic electroluminescent devices 5 to 15 produced using the transparent electrode of the present invention as the anode each have a light transmittance (550 nm) of 44% or more and are driven. The voltage is also suppressed to 4.8V or less. On the other hand, the organic electroluminescent elements 1 to 4 using the transparent electrode as an anode as a comparative example have a light transmittance as low as 36% or less and emit light even when a driving voltage is 6.2 V or a voltage is applied. There wasn't.

  From the above results, it was confirmed that the organic electroluminescence device using the transparent electrode having the configuration defined in the present invention as the anode can emit light with high luminance at a low driving voltage. In addition, it has been confirmed that a reduction in driving voltage for obtaining a desired luminance and an improvement in light emission lifetime are expected.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Transparent electrode 1a Underlayer 1b Electrode layer 3 Light emission functional layer 3a Hole injection layer 3b Hole transport layer 3c Light emission layer 3d Electron transport layer 3e Electron injection layer 5a, 5c Counter electrode 11 Base material 13, 131 Transparent substrate 13a, 131a Light extraction surface 15 Auxiliary electrode 17 Sealant 19 Adhesive 21 Illumination device 22 Light emitting panel 23 Support substrate 31 Hole transport / injection layer 33 Hole blocking layer 100, 200, 300, 400 Organic electroluminescent device A Light emitting region B Non Emission area h Emission light

Claims (12)

  It has a base layer formed using a compound A containing nitrogen atoms, and an electrode layer formed by a wet coating method using a solution containing a compound B containing silver atoms on the base layer. Transparent electrode.   The transparent electrode according to claim 1, wherein the compound B containing a silver atom is a silver complex compound.   The transparent electrode according to claim 1, wherein the compound A containing a nitrogen atom is a compound having a heterocyclic ring having a nitrogen atom as a heteroatom.   The transparent electrode according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the compound A containing a nitrogen atom is a compound having a pyridine ring. The transparent electrode according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the compound A containing a nitrogen atom is a compound represented by the following general formula (1).
General formula (1)
(Ar ₁ ) _n1 -Y ₁
Wherein, n1 represents an integer of 1 or more, Y ₁ is when n1 is 1 represents a substituent, if n1 is 2 or more represents a mere bond or n1 divalent linking group. Ar ₁ represents a group represented by the following general formula (A), and when n 1 is 2 or more, a plurality of Ar ₁ may be the same or different. In addition, the compound represented by the general formula (1) has at least two condensed aromatic heterocycles in which three or more rings are condensed in the molecule. ]

[Wherein X represents N (R), an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or Si (R) (R ′), E _{1 to} E ₈ represent C (R ₁ ) or a nitrogen atom, and R, R 'And R ₁ each represent a hydrogen atom, a substituent, or a linking site with Y ₁ in formula (1). * Represents a linking site with Y ₁ in the general formula (1). Y ₂ represents a simple bond or a divalent linking group. Y ₃ and Y ₄ each represent a group derived from a 5-membered or 6-membered aromatic ring, and at least one represents a group derived from an aromatic heterocycle containing a nitrogen atom as a ring constituent atom. n2 represents an integer of 1 to 4. ] The transparent electrode according to claim 5, wherein the compound represented by the general formula (1) is a compound represented by the following general formula (2).

[Wherein Y ₅ represents a divalent linking group composed of an arylene group, a heteroarylene group, or a combination thereof. E _{51 to} E ₆₆ each represent C (R ₃ ) or a nitrogen atom, and R ₃ represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent. Y _{6 to} Y ₉ each represents a group derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or a group derived from an aromatic heterocycle, and at least one of Y ₆ and Y ₇ and at least one of Y ₈ and Y ₉ are , Each represents a group derived from an aromatic heterocycle containing a nitrogen atom. n3 and n4 each represents an integer of 0 to 4, but n3 + n4 is an integer of 2 or more. ] The transparent electrode according to claim 6, wherein the compound represented by the general formula (2) is a compound represented by the following general formula (3).

[Wherein Y ₅ represents a divalent linking group composed of an arylene group, a heteroarylene group, or a combination thereof. E _{51 to} E ₆₆ and E _{71 to} E ₈₈ each represent C (R ₃ ) or a nitrogen atom, and R ₃ represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent. At _least one of E 71 _{to E 79,} and at least one of _E 80 _{to E 88} represents a nitrogen atom. n3 and n4 each represents an integer of 0 to 4, but n3 + n4 is an integer of 2 or more. ] The silver complex compound is 1) a silver compound represented by the following general formula (4); 2) an ammonium carbamate compound represented by the following general formula (5); an ammonium carbonate represented by the general formula (6) 8. A compound obtained by reacting with at least one selected from the group compounds, the ammonium bicarbonate compound represented by the general formula (7), and a mixture thereof. The transparent electrode according to item.
General formula (4)
Ag _n X
[Wherein X is an oxygen atom, sulfur atom, halogen atom, cyano group, cyanate group, carbonate group, nitrate group, nitrite group, sulfate group, phosphate group, thiocyanate group, chlorate group, perchlorate group, tetrafluoroborate Represents a substituent selected from a group, an acetylacetonate group, a carboxylate group, and derivatives thereof. n is an integer of 1 to 4. ]

[In the general formulas (5) to (7), R ^{1 to} R ⁶ are each independently a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, An alicyclic alkyl group, an aryl group or an aralkyl group, a heterocyclic compound group, or a polymer compound group is represented. ]   9. The transparent electrode according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the electrode layer is in the range of 4 to 9 nm.   It is a manufacturing method of the transparent electrode which manufactures the transparent electrode as described in any one of Claims 1-9, Comprising: After forming a base layer on the base material using the compound A containing a nitrogen atom, A method for producing a transparent electrode, comprising forming an electrode layer by a wet coating method using a solution containing Compound B containing silver atoms on a ground layer.   An electronic device comprising the transparent electrode according to claim 1.   The electronic device according to claim 11, wherein the electronic device including the transparent electrode is an organic electroluminescent element.

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