JP2013148566A - Farm field soil management support system - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide soil improvement and fertilizer design coincident with soil characteristics required in a wide area as a farm field, a soil management system by fertilization and speedy information by utilizing evaluation and a viewpoint of soil and environmental characteristics of a farmer, and easily performing improvement and appropriate fertilization suitable for plant growth to the conventional soil.SOLUTION: In a soil management support system, apparent specific gravity is corrected to apparent specific gravity suitable to the amount of fertilizer effect component required by plant from soil hardness, soil water permeability and drying loss capacity being soil physical properties noticed by a farmer to use the apparent specific gravity for soil improvement and a fertilization design, soil improvement or suitable fertilization management is performed on the basis of the result thereof to cultivate farm crop, which improves a crop yield and the quality of deliverables when the farmer repeats cropping.

Description

      The present invention relates to a field soil management support system.

      Agricultural management in recent years has fallen into a vicious cycle, with the decline in productivity and efficiency due to the aging of producers and the decline in the working population, and the suspension of younger farmers due to the decline in profitability. . In order to increase productivity, it has become a heavy manure cultivation or relied on chemical fertilizers, resulting in an increase in disease and pest damage due to deterioration of soil, resulting in a decrease in yield, and pressure on management. Therefore, various fertilization design information systems and the like are known so as to give an appropriate fertilizer balance to the field. However, these systems require a lot of analysis result information (Patent Document 1), those that do not consider the state of the soil in the field (Patent Document 2), and soil conditions. Information that has a means for transporting samples and a means for giving and receiving information to know the information is expected to have much time and cost (Patent Documents 3 and 4). There is room for improvement with what is not (Patent Document 5). And since both techniques are based on the fertilization balance calculated theoretically from the analysis information based on the representative points of the field, it is not possible to effectively fertilize the entire planted area, such as soil soiling variations. It was often difficult. Therefore, the current farmer wants a soil management system, fertilization system, and comprehensive technology that can improve agricultural profits, making use of the experience and results that have been cultivated on the land so far and making it easy to understand. .

JP 2002-345331 A JP2008-278816 JP 2005-147738 JP 2005-80514 A JP 2004-334604 A

      Usually, when formulating a farming plan, the farmer obtains information such as selection of appropriate crops, soil improvement, and fertilization in consideration of the market needs of the year, long-term forecasts of the weather, and the conditions of the fields to be planted. In particular, the soil suitable for crops, how much soil improvement is necessary if it is not in an appropriate state, and the arrangement and cost of soil improvement materials and fertilizers required for subsequent fertilization management become. At present, I rely on the related instructor or independently request information from the analytical institution, but based on the results and evaluation, I improved my soil, and I thought I could not follow the improvement in yield and quality even after fertilization. The reality is that there are still some reflections that we should have done. This is often unilateral, such as soil analysis information among scientific information, and depends on the sampling situation, and environmental information such as weather is wide-area and long-term statistical information. This is probably due to the fact that there are not many cases. However, for farmers who have been cultivating crops in the field for many years, the ability to judge the quality of soils over time, the ability to judge characteristic differences such as the condition of the soil in the field, The information power that averages the whole is particularly excellent because it looks around the field.

      Therefore, the present invention makes use of the evaluation and view of the soil and environmental characteristics of the farmer, and easily performs improvement and appropriate fertilization suitable for plant growth over conventional soil, which is widely used as a field. The purpose was to provide soil improvement and fertilizer design that match the required soil characteristics, to provide appropriate factors to the soil management system through fertilization, and to provide speedy information by implementing those systems. As a result, excessive or unbalanced fertilization is prevented, the cost is reduced, and the efficiency of agricultural management is improved.

      The present inventor has intensively examined what items agricultural workers have so far focused on in soil characteristics and cultivation environment characteristics, and how they are evaluated. Especially in soil characteristics, soil hardness and soil permeability In addition, in terms of cultivation environment characteristics, the emphasis is placed on daylight intensity (hereinafter referred to as soil physical characteristics). It was found that farming was optimized along with information and guidance. Therefore, the provisional specific gravity used in a general fertilization information providing system is calculated from the information value obtained by quantifying and analyzing the soil physical characteristics and the cultivation environment characteristic information and the dry weight loss obtained by physical analysis of the soil in the field. Based on the actual situation, the soil is corrected using a correction coefficient so as to conform to the amount of fertilizer components required by the plant, and soil improvement or fertilization design is attempted. Agricultural workers improve the soil based on the results, perform appropriate fertilization management, and cultivate the crops to improve the yield and quality of the crops. Based on this, it can be further improved.

  That is, the numerical recording means for digitizing and recording each information of the soil hardness and soil permeability from the farmer side for the target field, and the information obtained by quantifying the soil hardness and soil permeability of the information is summed. , Recording means, record the relationship between the loss on drying and the soil property, and have a database with a specific area on it, input the sum of the information of the soil hardness and soil permeability and the drying loss volume To determine whether or not it is located in the specific area of the database. When not located in the specific area, the temporary specific gravity of the soil of the field is corrected using a specific correction coefficient, and when it is located in the specific area, the specific correction is performed. The temporary specific gravity of the soil in the field is corrected using a coefficient and a correction coefficient related to the temporary specific gravity, and the soil improvement or fertilization rose is performed using the temporary specific gravity correction value (hereinafter referred to as corrected temporary specific gravity). Is a soil management support system was characterized by performing the scan is calculated.

The dry weight loss volume used in this system is not generally defined as a physical property of soil, but the present inventor has intensively studied the relationship between physical properties and properties of soil in various fields, and as a result, Table 1 As shown in Fig. 4, the drying weight loss volume increases as the temporary specific gravity of the soil increases. In particular, when the temporary specific gravity is 1.10 or more, the drying weight loss volume is a substantially constant value of 3.0. It was found that as it grows, it changes from volcanic ash soil to non-volcanic ash soil containing clay, sandy soil and gravel. From these, it can be seen that the loss on drying volume largely depends on the temporary specific gravity and properties of the soil. In addition, the larger the temporary specific gravity, the larger the average particle size of the soil and the smaller the specific surface area. These events show that the soil with higher provisional specific gravity has more clayey and gravel, and the ratio of the former is particularly high. Therefore, it is estimated that such a volume difference appears. On the other hand, those with a temporary specific gravity of 1.00 or less tend to be composed mainly of volcanic ash soil and have little humus, so the compaction tends to decrease and the average particle size tends to decrease, and the specific surface area increases. The loss on drying volume shows a value of approximately 2.5. In the range where the temporary specific gravity is in the range of 1.00 to 1.10, the transition region is obtained. In this region, the loss on drying volume is approximately 2.7. When the temporary specific gravity exceeds 1.10, the dry weight loss volume ratio is approximately 3 or more, and this range is defined as the specific region 1. Especially in this range, the reason is not clear, but it can be used to determine the ratio between the basic fertilizer and the additional fertilizer by determining the correction value so that the temporary specific gravity of the soil becomes 1.1.
Here, when the temporary specific gravity exceeds 1.4, the drying weight loss volume ratio always indicates 3 or more, and this range is defined as the specific region 2. Especially in this range, the reason is not clear, but it can be used to determine the ratio between the basic fertilizer and the additional fertilizer by determining the correction value so that the temporary specific gravity of the soil becomes 1.2. The above is considered to be the relationship between the loss on drying and the temporary specific gravity. The soil hardness and soil permeability in the evaluation of the farmers showed a tendency consistent with the above effect, and this information is considered to best represent the situation of the entire field. If the dry weight loss does not match the farmer's assessment, it is preferable to place weight on the farmer's point of view for subsequent work decisions.

ここで、Ｗｄ：試料１００ｇを１０５℃で恒量とした時の質量（ｇ）
Ｖｗ：試料１００ｇの容積（ｍｌ）
また、乾燥減量容積は、以下の手順により求めることができる。
ａ．圃場から採取した土壌約１０グラム正確に２試料それぞれ量り取り操作ｂに対する試料の質量をＷ１（グラム）、操作ｃに対するそれをＷ２（グラム）とする。
ｂ．一方の試料をメスシリンダーに移し、土壌が十分浸漬する状態まで水を加える。メスシリンダーを振盪しながら土壌を十分沈降させ、安定したら体積を読み取り記録する。これをＶｂ（ミリリットル）とする。
ｃ．他方の試料を１０５℃で水分を飛ばし恒量とする。このときの質量を測定しＷｓ（グラム）とする。これをｂと同様に体積を測定し、Ｖｓ（ミリリットル）とする。
ｄ．以下の式（数３）より乾燥減量容積率を計算する。

In addition, temporary specific gravity PD of soil can be calculated | required from the formula of (1).

Here, Wd: mass (g) when 100 g of sample is made constant at 105 ° C.
Vw: Volume of sample 100 g (ml)
The loss on drying volume can be determined by the following procedure.
a. About 10 grams of soil sampled from the field is accurately measured, and the mass of the sample for each operation b is W1 (gram), and that for the operation c is W2 (gram).
b. Transfer one sample to a graduated cylinder and add water until the soil is fully immersed. Allow the soil to settle well while shaking the graduated cylinder and, when stable, read and record the volume. This is Vb (milliliter).
c. The other sample is made constant by removing moisture at 105 ° C. The mass at this time is measured and set to Ws (gram). The volume is measured in the same manner as b to obtain Vs (milliliter).
d. The weight loss by drying is calculated from the following equation (Equation 3).

      Here, the hardness of the soil refers to the degree to which the filling density changes depending on the size of the particles when the soil particles are filled in a container having a certain volume. In general, when the soil hardness is high, the particle size is small, the packing density is high, the pores in the soil are few, and the soil is tightly packed. On the other hand, when the soil hardness is low, the particles are large and the packing density is reversed. In addition, when the soil particles are well structured, they are said to be aggregated structures, which are suitable for cultivation of crops because of moderate pores. That is, soil hardness greatly affects water retention and root elongation. The water permeability of soil refers to the degree to which water is constrained by the surface tension of soil as a result of water flowing into and permeating into the soil due to rainfall, irrigation, flooding, and the like. It is largely related to the inflow of air into the soil, affects the aerobic and anaerobic properties of the soil, and is related to the elongation of plant roots as well as the hardness. Sun illuminance affects leaf transpiration of water and soil moisture to plants, and is generally expressed as integrated solar radiation and light intensity.

      The method of quantifying the soil hardness and soil permeability information obtained from the farmer's side about the field divides each property into evaluation areas of about 2 to 5 levels for each information, and divides them into specific effects. It is important to define the permutation of the alignment region in the direction of the height. The numerical information of soil hardness and soil permeability is summed and converted into single information. At that time, they are arranged so that the direction of quality of the effect matches. This is because when the numerical values of both are summed, the effect is emphasized at both ends of the sequence, and the central area is averaged, so that information based on the experiences of farmers is made more general. do.

      In the present invention, from the results of measurement and analysis of the soil environment in the field over the past 10 years and the results of observational research on plant cultivation conditions, the provisional specific gravity measurement values obtained by the usual measurement method are ideal three-phase soil phases (solid phase, It is based on the finding that the amount of the fertilizer component required by the cultivated plant becomes excessive and insufficient as it deviates from the provisional specific gravity of 1.0, which is balanced with the chemical component. Mainly, when the temporary specific gravity exceeds 1.1, the clay and gravel increase and the average diameter of the particles forming the soil increases, so the specific surface area of the soil decreases and the retention capacity of fertilizers per unit mass is reduced. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) shown is lower than the measured analytical value. On the contrary, if the temporary specific gravity is less than 0.9, the specific surface area is large and volcanic ash soil is mainly used, so that the CEC is high but the amount of fertilizing components required by the plant is given, which is not preferable. . That is, according to the fertilizer application method, since the calculation is based on the unit mass of soil in the field, the fertilizer is excessively applied so that the temporary specific gravity deviates from 1.0.

ここで、Ｖａ：仮比重Therefore, according to the inventor's previous research, when the temporary specific gravity exceeds 1.4, the excessive specific amount of fertilizer is drastically increased by multiplying the temporary specific gravity by the correction coefficient CF1 expressed by the formula (Equation 2). The corrected provisional specific gravity that enables the fertilization design that does not become possible can be obtained.

Where Va: provisional specific gravity

      Based on the corrected provisional specific gravity obtained by the above method, fertilization can be designed using the optimum fertilizer design system or the like from the CEC of the applied field soil, metal ion saturation, and available fertilizer species and component information. At this time, the optimum fertilizer design system that designs the soil improvement information in the field, the selection of the soil conditioner and fertilizer for performing fertilization design, and the blending ratio, etc. can be used by existing techniques. Commercially available software may be used. The information obtained is stored in a server as a database of farmer information, and is stored between the agricultural support provider and other agricultural workers using a personal computer and a telecommunications system. Are mutually available.

      The system described above can also be provided as a program for a soil management support system.

      This soil management support system provides information on soil improvement and fertilization that is more consistent with the soil conditions in the field and is easy for farmers to understand, by incorporating numerical information on the soil information of farmers and weight loss on drying. It is possible to easily improve the soil in the field suitable for plant growth and appropriate fertilization, prevent excessive or unbalanced fertilizer supply, reduce fertilization costs, and improve the efficiency of farm management. It can be planned. In addition, the speedy use of a wide range of fields where related crops are cultivated has improved the situation that has traditionally relied on the academic physical and chemical information of the soil and has been dissociated from the actual cultivation results. By repeating, the evaluation of the farm worker's soil and the information of the support organization are closer to each other, and the farm management is headed for a stable direction.

It is a figure which shows the processing flow of the soil management assistance system of this invention. Temporary specific gravity of soil in each field, correction coefficient and soil properties. It is an example of the soil analysis questionnaire used for the soil management support system of the present invention. An example of the result of applying fertilization design using the corrected temporary specific gravity in each field and cultivating. It is an example of the soil analysis result of each field. It is an example of a customer's field electronic management record. It is an example of a customer soil information and dry weight loss volume, each coefficient used for correction | amendment, and a relationship database of soil property. An example of an analytical fertilization design document that can be provided or viewed by customers. Examples of countermeasure fertilization design information that can be provided or viewed by customers.

      FIG. 1 shows a flow of processing executed by the soil management support system of the present invention. Farmers always evaluate the state of the soil with their own senses, especially in terms of soil properties, touching the soil directly by hand and observing the particle size and organic matter after crushed or passed through a cultivator. The soil hardness is mainly confirmed. In addition, after planting, the soil permeability is confirmed by observing the state of growth and the dryness of the soil from the state of the leaves of the plant by looking around the entire field. In the cultivation environment, the planning and implementation of cultivation management with a focus on daily illuminance is carried out naturally, focusing on long-term weather information on the day and the next day. In this way, the “soil analysis questionnaire” shown in FIG. 3 is implemented as a basis for a method of quantifying the situation felt and carried out by farmers. Using this, the soil hardness and soil permeability as soil physical properties, as well as the ideal illuminance situation for the farmer as an environmental characteristic, or to this level is suitable for farm work. Have a simple relative evaluation to fill in the self-standard. What is important here is that its own standard is not disturbed. For example, a reference soil sample and / or photographic material can be stored as appropriate and compared with it. For example, a simple soil collection manual may be provided from an analysis support provider and based on it. In addition, the system provider may collect directly based on the soil manual, but in that case, it is necessary for the farmer to confirm the sample contents. In addition, the expression of the evaluation of the soil in this Embodiment is an example, and does not stick to this expression.

The soil hardness, water permeability, and daily illuminance information regarding the field from the farmer recorded in the “Soil Analysis Questionnaire” etc. are converted into numerical values previously associated with each other based on Table 1, and each field in FIG. Enter in the record table for. At this time, soil hardness is soft → normal → poor, water permeability is good → normal → poor, daily illuminance is good in the morning → good all day → good in the afternoon. I can do it. However, since it is not an absolute standard, the opinion of the third party should be entered and the evaluation standard will not be disturbed.

      Here, with regard to the field evaluations of farmer's softness, normal, and hardness in soil hardness, and the soil structure and its response, the results of the questionnaires of farmers in the field of Kyushu and Shikoku in the past 10 years and soil It is determined based on the actual field survey conducted by the analysis organization and the results of physical analysis of the site assumed to be representative soil. Although it is a relative evaluation value, since the number of areas is small and the threshold value of each area is wide, it seems that the result is almost the same as the absolute evaluation. In addition, good, normal, and poor soil water permeability are similarly determined in consideration of soil drainage and water retention. This is stored in the server as a measurement field record. As in this example, “unsuitable as an agricultural field” at this time is apparently unsuitable for agricultural workers as it is in the state of farm work, so the data may be deleted.

      Soil analysis samples are analyzed by soil analysis institutes of soil solid phase, liquid phase and gas phase ratio, provisional specific gravity, CEC, soil dry weight loss and, if necessary, cation and anion analysis, trace element analysis, hydrogen Ion concentration (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), fungi, etc. are measured and analyzed, and recorded on the server as measurement analysis information records of field soil. An example is shown in FIG.

Next, the integrated values of soil hardness and soil permeability that are digitized as shown in Table 2 are obtained, and are entered into a recording table as shown in FIG. 6 and stored together with the soil hardness and soil permeability digitalized data.

      First, using the measurement analysis information of the soil of the measurement field stored in the server, along with information on the customer soil information and dry weight loss volume, each coefficient used for correction, and the “temporary specific gravity correction database” which is a relational database of soil properties It is determined whether or not the temporary specific gravity exceeds 1.10. If the value is smaller than 1.10, 1.0 is multiplied to obtain a corrected temporary specific gravity used for soil improvement information or fertilization information. In addition, if the temporary specific gravity is equal to or greater than 1.10 and smaller than 1.40, the information based on the evaluation of the farmer is taken into account and 1.10 when it is necessary according to the temporary specific gravity correction shown in Table 3. Multiply by the coefficient so that Further, when the temporary specific gravity is equal to or greater than 1.40, the coefficient is multiplied so as to be 1.20, and the secondary correction is performed.

      Using the corrected provisional specific gravity thus obtained, information on materials necessary for soil improvement, the type of fertilizer to be fertilized and the amount thereof is obtained in accordance with a normal method. It is possible to mutually use these soil information or information from the system management company in charge of analysis by connecting the farmer's personal computer and the server of the system provider through the Internet. Can do.

      In addition, based on the soil improvement information, the farmer is convinced of the direction of the soil improvement of the field he owns, receives soil improvement guidance taking into account the physical analysis data provided by the system provider, and improves the soil. As a result, it is possible to enter the crop cultivation after obtaining the optimum soil by obtaining the soil evaluation of the farmer again by the “Soil Analysis Questionnaire”.

      Figure 4 shows a request for advice on soil improvement and fertilization methods from a farmer who cultivates ginger in a field in Oita Prefecture. Was sampled, sealed and brought back by the 5-point method. At the same time, farmers were asked to create the questionnaire shown in FIG. 3, and the evaluation was "hard" as soil hardness and "bad" as soil permeability.

      Physical analysis and chemical analysis are performed on the brought-back soil, and the three phases (solid phase, liquid phase, gas saturation) of temporary specific gravity, dry weight loss volume ratio, CEC, Ca saturation, Mg saturation, and K saturation soil as shown in FIG. Phase) result. This soil had a large temporary specific gravity and a very high ratio of solid phase in gravel and viscosity systems from the appearance. This information, as well as numerical information on soil hardness and soil permeability from farmers, were entered into the system. Information from the farmer was converted into numerical information based on the information in Table 1 and recorded as a sum of them as a database for the A field. On the other hand, the provisional specific gravity obtained from physical analysis is compared with 1.1 or more, so it is more than that, and the correction coefficient is multiplied by 0.85 and the result is recorded in the recording table. And compared to which area of the numerical value conversion value from the farmer it corresponds, it was finally determined whether it corresponds to the specific area. In this case, since it corresponds to a specific region, secondary correction was further performed according to the standard of FIG. 5 so that the temporary specific gravity was around 1.2, and a corrected temporary specific gravity of 1.18 was calculated.

      Using the corrected provisional specific gravity determined above, the fertilizer name and amount, the ratio of basic fertilizer and topdressing, and the timing of the fertilizer to be introduced into the field were calculated by the in-house manufactured fertilizer application calculation system. The results were stored in the A field database. An example of the recording format of information provided to storage and farmers is shown in FIGS. Farmers in the A field were able to obtain fertilization information by accessing this database via the Internet. Ginger was cultivated based on this fertilization information, yield was about 15% compared to last year, the quality was less than last year's twist, and lumps were visibly increasing. However, there were still a lot of twists, and it was considered that it would be advantageous for management to improve the soil first.

      Next, the example of baby leaf cultivation was shown in the case where the temporary specific gravity related to the soil in the field was 1.1 or less. In the questionnaire from the farmer, the soil hardness is “ordinary” and the soil water permeability is “ordinary”. As a result of processing in the same manner as in Example 1, it is necessary to correct the information numerical value converted from the farmer. Since the dry weight loss volume was less than 3.0, the corrected temporary specific gravity was calculated by multiplying the correction coefficient by 1.0. Compared to the previous cultivation, where the leaves were thin and inferior in quality, this time it was a normal bright green leaf. There was no significant difference in the yield due to the baby leaf.

      In this case, tulips were cultivated when the provisional specific gravity for the soil in the field was significantly below 0.9. According to a questionnaire from farmers, the soil hardness was “ordinary”, the soil water permeability was “poor”, and the root rot of the bulbs was large and the growth was not good. Processing was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, and it was necessary to correct from the value obtained by converting the information from the farmer numerically, but because the dry weight loss volume was less than 3.0, the correction provisional specific gravity was calculated by multiplying by the correction factor 1.0. did. The corrected temporary specific gravity is considerably smaller than the ideal temporary specific gravity value of 1.0 as it is, and the degree of cation saturation is low. Therefore, it is expected that the fertilizer will be insufficient. It was decided to add fertilizer carefully while watching the growth. As a result, although the growth of the current year was good, it was not possible to guarantee the next year, and it was decided to repeat the soil evaluation by adding an inorganic material to improve the temporary specific gravity.

Claims (5)

A digitized recording means for digitizing and recording each information of soil hardness and soil permeability from the farmer side about the target field;
A means for summing and recording the digitized information;
Record the relationship between soil loss and the loss-of-drying volume obtained from the volume when the soil was collected and the volume when it was completely dry, and have a database with a specific area on it.
Determining whether it is located in a specific area of the database from the sum of information quantified the soil hardness and soil permeability and the loss on drying volume,
When not located in a specific area, correct the temporary specific gravity of the soil of the field using a specific correction coefficient,
When located in a specific area, using a specific correction coefficient and a correction coefficient related to the temporary specific gravity, correct the temporary specific gravity of the soil of the field,
A soil management support system characterized by performing soil improvement or fertilization balance calculation using it.   The soil management support system according to claim 1 or 1, wherein the specific area has a value of the weight loss by weight loss ratio of 3 or more.   The soil management support system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the correction coefficient corresponds to the soil temporary specific gravity measurement value and is 1.2.   The method of quantifying the soil hardness and soil permeability information from the farmer's side about the field divides each property into multiple evaluation areas for each information, and aligns them in the direction of the magnitude of the specific effect The soil management support system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a permutation of regions is defined. A digitized recording means for digitizing and recording each information of soil hardness and soil permeability from the farmer side about the target field;
A means for summing and recording information obtained by quantifying soil hardness and soil permeability among the information,
It has a database that records the relationship between soil loss and the loss-of-drying volume, which is the difference between the volume when the soil is collected and the volume when it is completely dried, and a specific area on it.
Determine whether it is located in a specific area of the database by entering the sum of the information that quantifies the soil hardness and soil permeability and the drying loss volume,
When not located in a specific area, the temporary specific gravity of the soil of the field is corrected using a specific correction coefficient, and when positioned in a specific rank, the field is corrected using a specific correction coefficient and a correction coefficient related to the temporary specific gravity. A program for a soil management support system that corrects the temporary specific gravity of soil and calculates soil improvement or fertilization balance using the corrected specific gravity.

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