JP2013112066A - Door seal mechanism - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a door seal mechanism that prevents splashes of water on a latch mechanism by preventing entry of the water, even when a roof is provided with a seal member and a back end of a door is provided with a seal member.SOLUTION: A door seal mechanism 13 includes an opening upper-edge seal member 21 which is attached to a door opening and which adheres tightly to the door 25, and a door seal member 37 which is attached to the door 25 and which adheres tightly to the door opening. The door seal member 37 comprises a door seal one-end curved part 51 which is curved along a corner 48 and joined to the corner 48, and a door seal vertical part 52 which continues into the door seal one-end curved part 51 and which is elongated downward. The door seal one-end curved part 51 comprises a waterproof lip 58 which is provided in an upper position away from a curved adhesive surface part 54.

Description

  The present invention relates to a door seal mechanism provided between a vehicle body and a door.

There is a door seal mechanism in which a weather strip is provided at the edge of the roof and is interposed between the door window frame (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
Some door weather strips are attached to almost the entire periphery of the door, and both ends of the door weather strip are locked to holes in the door with clips (see, for example, Patent Document 2).

  However, in the prior art (Patent Document 1), when a weather strip is continuously provided from the front door opening to the rear door opening on the edge of the roof, the part between the front door and the rear door or the front door and the center pillar If a seal member is not added in between, water may be applied to the latch mechanism provided at the rear portion of the front door and locked to the center pillar.

Therefore, it is conceivable to extend a door weatherstrip in which both ends are not connected to the rear part of the front door in the vertical direction and fix both ends with clips or the like.
However, if the contact surface portions of the weather strip of Patent Document 1 and the door weather strip extended in the vertical direction of Patent Document 2 are brought into contact with each other, the sealing performance may be deteriorated. Although it is necessary, there is a possibility that water may invade from the separated part and the latch mechanism may be splashed with water.

Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 5-35506 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-147441

  The present invention provides a door seal mechanism that prevents water from entering the latch mechanism and prevents water from entering the latch mechanism even when the seal member provided on the roof and the seal member provided at the rear end of the door are separated from each other. Is an issue.

  In order to solve the above-described problem, the invention according to claim 1 is directed to a door seal mechanism including an opening upper edge seal member attached to the vehicle body along the upper edge of the door opening and an upper edge of the opening. A door seal member that extends vertically and is attached to a door vertical end portion of a door adjacent to a vertically extending opening vertical portion, and is in close contact with the door opening portion, and the door seal member includes a door upper edge and a door vertical end portion. A door seal one-end curved portion that is bent along the formed corner portion and joined to the corner portion, and a door seal vertical portion that extends downward and continues to the one-end curved portion of the door seal. A vertical contact surface portion formed on the door, and a curved contact surface portion that is connected to the vertical contact surface portion and formed at the one-end curved portion of the door seal. The curved contact surface portion is an opening upper edge seal portion provided at the door opening. The curved portion of the door seal is disposed at a distance from the curved contact surface portion in the door width direction, and extends in the vertical direction away from the curved contact surface portion on the door vertical end portion side, and above the upper edge of the curved contact surface portion. It is characterized by having a waterproof lip extending up to.

  The invention according to claim 2 is characterized in that the door seal one-end curved portion includes a water-stop end wall portion extending upward at an end of the curve adjacent to the opening upper edge seal member.

  The invention according to claim 3 includes a connecting wall extending from the water stop end wall portion to the waterproof lip.

  The invention according to claim 4 is characterized in that the connecting wall is separated from the vehicle body.

  The invention according to claim 5 is characterized in that the water stop end wall portion includes an upper extended water stop portion extending upward from the connecting wall.

  The invention according to claim 6 is characterized in that the waterproof lip is in contact with an attachment portion attached to the vehicle body provided on the opening upper edge seal member and is separated from the opening upper edge contact surface portion formed continuously to the attachment portion. To do.

  In the invention according to claim 7, the door seal member includes a lip connecting portion that connects the waterproof lip to the curved contact surface portion and extends along the inner panel of the door. It is fixed by a fixing member between the lips.

  According to an eighth aspect of the present invention, the vehicle includes an annular vehicle body attachment seal member attached to the opening periphery of the door opening, and the door engages with an engagement portion provided on the vehicle body at one longitudinal end of the door. The latch mechanism is arranged on the edge side of the door with respect to the door contact surface of the door to which the vehicle body mounting seal member is closely attached, and the door seal member is attached on the edge side of the door with respect to the latch mechanism. And

  In the invention according to claim 1, the door seal mechanism is attached to the upper opening edge seal member attached to the upper opening edge of the door opening of the vehicle body and vertically extended to the door vertical end portion of the door, and is attached to the door opening portion. A door seal member that adheres, the door seal member includes a door seal one-end curved portion joined to a corner portion continuous to the door vertical one-end portion, and a door seal vertical portion that extends downward and continues to the door seal one-end curved portion, The door seal contact surface portion of the door seal member includes a vertical contact surface portion formed in the door seal vertical portion, and a curved contact surface portion that is connected to the vertical contact surface portion and formed in the door seal one curved portion, and the curved contact surface portion is provided in the door opening. The door seal one-end curved portion is arranged away from the provided opening upper edge sealing member, and the curved contact surface portion is closer to the door vertical end portion than the curved contact surface portion in the door width direction of the door. A waterproof lip that extends in the vertical direction away from the upper edge of the curved contact surface portion and extends upward from the upper edge of the curved contact surface portion. Intrusion of water beyond the curved portion and the door seal vertical portion) can be suppressed.

  In addition, since the waterproof lip is away from the curved contact surface portion, the curved contact surface portion can be reliably pressed, and the sealing performance of the curved contact surface portion can be suppressed from decreasing.

  In addition, since the waterproof lip is provided on the door vertical one end side of the door, away from the curved contact surface, away from the curved contact surface, even if water gets over the waterproof lip, the momentum of water is suppressed when getting over. Accordingly, the water can be reduced, water can be dropped from the curved contact surface portion and the waterproof lip, and can be drained through the bottom of the outer surface groove connected to the curved contact surface portion through the waterproof lip.

  In the invention according to claim 2, since the one end curved portion of the door seal is provided with a water stop end wall portion extending upward at the curved end portion adjacent to the opening upper edge seal member, When water is guided and drained at the bottom of the outer surface groove facing in the direction, if part of the water goes to the end, it can be blocked by the water stop end wall. That is, water can be further prevented from entering the indoor region than the curved contact surface portion of the door seal contact surface portion.

  In the invention which concerns on Claim 3, since the connection wall extended from a water stop end wall part to a waterproof lip is provided, falling of a water stop end wall part and a waterproof lip is suppressed, and a water stop end wall part and a waterproof lip of Waterproofness can be improved.

  In the invention according to claim 4, since the connecting wall is separated from the vehicle body, when the water stopped by the waterproof lip starts to flow toward the water stop end wall portion, it drops from between the connecting wall and the vehicle body. Then, the door seal is guided and drained by the outer groove bottom facing outward in the curved portion at one end. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress the transmission to the water stop end wall portion through the connecting wall.

  In the invention which concerns on Claim 5, since the water stop end wall part is equipped with the upper extension water stop part extended upwards from the connection wall, the water which transmitted the connection wall can be stopped by the upper extension water stop part. It is possible to prevent intrusion of water that has traveled along the connecting wall.

In the invention according to claim 6, the waterproof lip is in contact with the attachment portion attached to the vehicle body provided on the opening upper edge seal member and is separated from the opening upper edge contact surface portion formed continuously to the attachment portion. The sealing property of the edge contact surface portion can be ensured.
In addition, the sealing property between the attachment portion and the waterproof lip can be secured, and the water intrusion path can be limited between the attachment portion of the opening upper edge seal member and the opening upper edge contact surface portion. Intrusion can be prevented.

In the invention according to claim 7, the door seal member includes a lip connecting portion that connects the waterproof lip to the curved contact surface portion and extends along the inner panel of the door, and the lip connection portion is connected to the curved contact surface portion and the waterproof. Since it is being fixed by the fixing member between lips, it can prevent that a waterproof lip leaves | separates from a curved contact | adherence surface part by a lip | link connection part.
Further, by fixing the lip connecting portion between the curved contact surface portion and the waterproof lip, the waterproof lip can be prevented from approaching the curved contact surface portion.

In the invention according to claim 8, the vehicle includes an annular vehicle body attachment seal member attached to the opening periphery of the door opening, and the door engages with an engagement portion provided on the vehicle body at one longitudinal end of the door. The latch mechanism is disposed on the edge side of the door with respect to the door contact surface of the door to which the vehicle body mounting seal member is closely attached, and the door seal member is attached on the edge side of the door with respect to the latch mechanism. The sealing property between the door opening and the door can be secured by the mounting seal member, and in particular, the sealing property can be secured for the peripheral edge of the door opening.
Moreover, even if the latch mechanism is disposed on the edge side of the door with respect to the vehicle body mounting seal member, the door seal member can prevent the latch mechanism from being wetted.

It is a side view of the center of the vehicle which employ | adopted the door seal mechanism which concerns on the Example of this invention. It is the side view which looked at the door which employ | adopted the door seal mechanism from the compartment. It is detail drawing of the door seal one end curved part of a door seal member. It is a 1st operation | movement figure explaining the mechanism which prevents the penetration | invasion of the water of a door seal mechanism. It is a 2nd operation | movement figure explaining the mechanism which prevents the penetration | invasion of the water of a door seal mechanism. FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken along line 6-6 of FIG. FIG. 7 is a sectional view taken along line 7-7 in FIG. 3. FIG. 8 is a sectional view taken along line 8-8 in FIG. 3. FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 9-9 in FIG. 3. FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 10-10 in FIG. 3. It is a perspective view which shows the relationship between the door seal member and the opening upper edge seal member which removed the door and was seen from the outer side of the vehicle. It is a perspective view which shows the relationship between a door seal member and the door opening part which removed the opening upper edge seal member. FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 13-13 in FIG. 3.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the vehicle 11 employs a door seal mechanism 13 according to the embodiment in a vehicle body 12.
The vehicle body 12 includes a floor (underbody 15), left and right side walls (side bodies 16), a roof 17, and a door opening (front door opening) 18.

An opening upper edge seal member 21 and a vehicle body attachment seal member 22 are attached to the door opening (front door opening) 18.
A door (right front door) 25 is attached to a front pillar 24 of a door opening (front door opening) 18 by a hinge 26.

  The door (right front door) 25 includes a door main body 34 that joins the peripheral edge 31 of the door inner panel 28 and the peripheral edge 33 of the door outer panel 32, a window frame 35 that is provided above the door main body 34, and Consists of. Only the door seal member 37 of the door seal mechanism 13 is attached.

Next, the main structure of the door seal mechanism 13 will be described with reference to FIGS.
The door seal mechanism 13 is provided between the door opening 18 of the vehicle body 12 of the vehicle 11 and the door (right front door) 25.

  The door seal mechanism 13 is attached to the vehicle body 12 along the upper opening edge 38 of the door opening 18 and has an opening upper edge contact surface portion 42 (FIG. 6) that closely contacts the door upper edge 41 of the door 25. The upper edge sealing member 21 and the door vertical end portion 46 of the door 25 adjacent to the opening vertical portion 45 extending vertically up and down continuously from the opening upper edge 38 are attached to extend vertically and are attached to the peripheral edge (opening) of the door opening 18. A door seal member 37 including a door seal contact surface portion 47 that is in close contact with the upper edge 38 and the opening vertical portion 45).

  The door seal member 37 is bent along a corner portion 48 formed by the door upper edge 41 and the door vertical one end portion 46 and joined to the corner portion 48, and the door seal one end bending portion 51 and the door seal one end bending portion 51. And a door seal vertical portion 52 extending to the front.

The door seal contact surface portion 47 includes a vertical contact surface portion 53 formed on the door seal vertical portion 52 and a curved contact surface portion 54 formed on the door seal one-end curved portion 51 that is continuous with the vertical contact surface portion 53.
The curved contact surface portion 54 is disposed away from the opening upper edge seal member 21. The minimum distance separated is B (FIG. 7).

The door seal one-end curved portion 51 is in the door width direction (X-axis direction) of the door 25 and is closer to the door vertical one end portion 46 than the curved contact surface portion 54 (opposite to the water stop end wall portion 62 described later, in the direction of arrow a4 in FIG. )) Away from the curved contact surface portion 54 and extends in the vertical direction (in the direction of arrow a1 in FIG. 3) and extends above the upper edge 56 of the curved contact surface portion 54, that is, outward from the upper edge 56 (arrow in FIG. 3). A waterproof lip 58 is provided which is separated by a distance E or a distance Em in the direction a1) and extends upward (in the directions of arrows a2 and a3 in FIG. 8) from the position.
The “door width direction of the door 25” is the vehicle front-rear direction (X-axis direction) in the side door (right front door 25) and the vehicle width direction in the tailgate (not shown).
Further, “the waterproof lip 58 is separated from the curved contact surface portion 54 on the door vertical one end 46 side of the curved contact surface portion 54 in the door width direction of the door 25” means that the waterproof lip 58 is separated from the curved contact surface portion 54 in the door width direction. The cross-sectional view (see FIG. 13) includes a configuration that is farther from the curved contact surface portion 54 on the door vertical one end 46 side than the curved contact surface portion 54.

  “Separately extending in the vertical direction” means a direction away from the curved contact surface portion 54 in the vertical direction (the direction of arrow a1 in FIG. 3).

The door seal one-end curved portion 51 includes a water-stop end wall portion 62 that extends upward at a curved end portion 61 adjacent to the opening upper edge seal member 21.
A connecting wall 63 extending from the water stop end wall 62 to the waterproof lip 58 is provided.

The connecting wall 63 is separated from the vehicle body 12 by a distance e (FIGS. 7 and 12).
Further, the connecting wall 63 is separated from the opening upper edge seal member 21 by a distance J that forms a gap 64 (FIGS. 7 and 11).
The water stop end wall portion 62 includes an upper water stop portion 66 that extends upward from the connecting wall 63.

  The waterproof lip 58 contacts an attachment portion 67 attached to the vehicle body 12 provided on the opening upper edge seal member 21 (FIG. 8), and is separated from the opening upper edge contact surface portion 42 formed continuously to the attachment portion 67.

The door seal member 37 includes a lip connecting portion 68 that connects the waterproof lip 58 to the curved contact surface portion 54 and extends along the inner panel (door inner panel) 28 of the door 25.
The lip connecting portion 68 is fixed to the door 25 by a fixing member 71 between the curved contact surface portion 54 and the waterproof lip 58.

The vehicle 11 includes an annular vehicle body attachment seal member 22 attached to the opening periphery 73 of the door opening 18.
The door 25 includes a latch mechanism 75 that engages with an engagement portion 74 provided in the vehicle body 12 at the door vertical end 46.

The latch mechanism 75 is arranged (arrangement part 77) closer to the edge (peripheral part 31, peripheral part 33) of the door 25 than the door contact surface 76 of the door 25 to which the vehicle body mounting seal member 22 is in close contact.
The door seal member 37 is attached to the edge (peripheral portion 31, peripheral portion 33) side of the door 25 with respect to the latch mechanism 75.

Next, the door opening 18 will be described.
The door opening 18 has an opening upper edge 38 and an opening vertical portion 45.
The opening upper edge 38 extends in the front-rear direction of the vehicle 11 and is included in the roof side rail 81.
6 to 8, the opening upper edge 38 is formed with an L-shaped rail portion 82 having an L-shaped cross section adjacent to the door 25, and is connected to the L-shaped rail portion 82 and close to the door 25 downward. An extended plate edge 83 is formed.

A part (upper part) of the holding portion 84 of the annular vehicle body mounting seal member 22 is attached to the plate edge 83.
The plate edge 83 is formed on the entire periphery of the door opening 18. When the vehicle body mounting seal member 22 is attached to the plate edge 83 on the entire periphery and the door 25 is closed, a convex shape that continues to the holding portion 84 is formed. The edge contact surface portion 85 is pressed and comes into close contact with the door 25.

The opening vertical portion 45 (FIG. 10) is included in the center pillar 87. And it has the board edge 83 toward the center of the door opening part 18, The part (longitudinal part) of the clamping part 84 of the cyclic | annular vehicle body attachment seal member 22 is attached to this board edge 83. FIG. When the door 25 is closed, the convex edge contact surface portion 85 connected to the sandwiching portion 84 is pushed and comes into close contact with the door 25.
A frame seal attaching portion 88 is formed on the door 25 so as to be separated from the door upper edge 41 inward of the window frame portion 35.

Next, the door seal mechanism 13 will be described in detail.
The door seal mechanism 13 includes the door seal member 37 (having the door seal one-end curved portion 51 and the door seal vertical portion 52), the opening upper edge seal member 21, and the vehicle body mounting seal member 22 described above.

  The opening upper edge seal member 21 (FIGS. 6 to 8) has a length to be attached to the roof side rail 81 and the front pillar 24. A flat tubular opening seal main body 91 joined to the L-shaped rail portion 82 of the roof side rail 81 is formed, and a roof side seal portion 92 that extends to the lower corner of the opening seal main body 91 and projects toward the door 25 is formed. It contacts the waterproof lip 58 of the member 37 (FIG. 8).

  The door seal member 37 is formed from the roof 17 to the side sill 94 (FIG. 1). And the tubular door seal main-body part 95 joined to the door 25 is formed, and the site | part which faced outward among this door seal main-body parts 95 is the outer surface groove bottom 96. FIG. On the other hand, a portion of the door seal main body 95 facing the vehicle body 12 is the door seal contact surface portion 47.

  The door seal one-end curved portion 51 smoothly bends in the vehicle 11 side view (viewpoint in FIGS. 1 and 2) and in the front-rear direction of the vehicle, and the radius center of this bend is set inward of the window frame portion 35.

  The water stop end wall 62 is formed with a recess 98 (FIGS. 5 and 6) that substantially coincides with the roof side seal portion 92 when the door 25 is closed. As a result, when the water flows toward the water stop end wall portion 62, the water hits and returns to the roof side seal portion 92, so that the water can be stopped and water can be prevented from entering.

  In the connecting wall 63, the gap 64 (distance J in FIGS. 7 and 11) is a drainage inlet. As a result, when the water flowing in from the outside flows forward through the waterproof lip 58, it flows downward from the gap 64 and flows on the door seal main body 95, so that it flows from the waterproof lip 58 toward the water stop end wall 62. The amount of water can be reduced.

  The waterproof lip 58 is connected to the first lip portion 101 that contacts the roof side seal portion 92, and a second lip portion 102 is formed so as to be in close contact with the opening corner portion 103 of the door opening 18 that faces the corner portion 48.

Next, the operation of the door seal mechanism 13 will be described (FIGS. 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, and 13).
In the door seal mechanism 13, when water begins to enter between the door 25 and the vehicle body 12 as indicated by an arrow b 1, the waterproof lip 58 (particularly the first lip portion 101) of the door seal one-end curved portion 51 close to the opening upper edge seal member 21. Since the flow is stopped as shown by arrow b2, it is possible to prevent water from entering beyond the door seal member 37 (including the door seal one-end curved portion 51 and the door seal vertical portion 52).
As a result, the latch mechanism 75 can be prevented from being splashed with water.

Further, when the water passes over the waterproof lip 58 as indicated by the arrow b3, the momentum of the water is suppressed when the water passes over.
Subsequently, water is dropped from a gap (drainage inlet) 64 between the connecting wall 63 and the opening upper edge seal member 21 as indicated by an arrow b4. When it falls, it can be drained by passing under the waterproof lip 58 as shown by the arrow b5 and guiding it at the outer groove bottom 96.

  Further, when water is guided and drained as indicated by an arrow b5 at the outward groove bottom 96 of the door seal one-end curved portion 51, when a part of the water moves toward the end 61 as indicated by an arrow b6, the water stops. The water end wall 62 can be used to stop as shown by an arrow b7. That is, water can be further prevented from entering the indoor region than the curved contact surface portion 54 of the door seal contact surface portion 47.

  In addition, when the water stopped by the waterproof lip 58 starts to flow toward the water stop end wall portion 62 as indicated by an arrow b8, a gap 64 (drainage) provided between the connecting wall 63 and the opening upper edge seal member 21. It falls as indicated by an arrow b9 from the entrance), and is guided by the outer groove bottom 96 facing outward in the door seal one-end curved portion 51 and drained. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress the transmission to the water stop end wall portion 62 through the connecting wall 63.

  Further, when the water does not fall and flows along the connecting wall 63 as indicated by the arrow c1, the water is stopped as indicated by the arrow c2 by the upper extending water blocking portion 66, so that the water entering the connecting wall 63 is prevented from entering. Can be prevented.

  The door seal mechanism of the present invention is suitable for an automobile door.

  DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 11 ... Vehicle, 12 ... Vehicle body, 13 ... Door seal mechanism, 18 ... Door opening, 21 ... Opening upper edge seal member, 22 ... Vehicle body mounting seal member, 28 ... Inner panel (door inner panel), 25 ... Door (right front door) 37 ... Door seal member, 38 ... Open upper edge, 41 ... Door upper edge of door, 42 ... Open upper edge close contact surface portion of open upper edge seal member, 46 ... Door vertical end portion, 47 ... Door seal close contact surface portion, 48 ... Corner part, 51 ... One end curved part of door seal, 52 ... Vertical part of door seal, 53 ... Vertical contact surface part, 54 ... Curve contact surface part, 58 ... Waterproof lip, 61 ... End part of one end of door seal curved part, 62 ... Water stop end wall part , 63 ... connecting wall, 64 ... gap, 66 ... upper extended water stop, 67 ... mounting part, 68 ... lip connecting part, 71 ... fixing member, 73 ... peripheral edge of opening, 74 ... engaging part, 75 ... latch mechanism.

Claims (8)

In the door seal mechanism provided between the door opening of the vehicle body and the door,
An opening upper edge seal member provided on the vehicle body along the upper edge of the opening of the door opening, and having an opening upper edge contact surface portion in close contact with the door upper edge of the door;
A door seal member provided with a door seal contact surface portion extending vertically and attached to a door vertical one end portion of the door adjacent to an opening vertical portion extending vertically up and down continuously with the upper edge of the opening and closely contacting a peripheral edge portion of the door opening portion. And comprising
The door seal member is bent along a corner portion formed by the upper edge of the door and the vertical end portion of the door and is joined to the corner portion. The door seal one curved portion is connected to the corner portion and extends downward. A door seal vertical part,
The door seal contact surface portion includes a vertical contact surface portion formed in the door seal vertical portion, and a curved contact surface portion formed in the door seal one-end curved portion connected to the vertical contact surface portion,
The curved contact surface portion is disposed away from the opening upper edge seal member,
The one-side curved portion of the door seal extends in the vertical direction away from the curved close-contact surface portion on the door vertical end portion side than the curved close-contact surface portion in the door width direction of the door, and above the upper edge of the curved close-contact surface portion A door seal mechanism comprising a waterproof lip extending to   2. The door seal mechanism according to claim 1, wherein the door seal one-end curved portion includes a water stop end wall portion extending upward at a curved end portion adjacent to the opening upper edge seal member.   The door seal mechanism according to claim 2, further comprising a connecting wall extending from the water stop end wall portion to the waterproof lip.   4. The door seal mechanism according to claim 3, wherein the connecting wall is separated from the vehicle body.   5. The door seal mechanism according to claim 3, wherein the water stop end wall portion includes an upper extended water stop portion extending upward from the connecting wall.   2. The waterproof lip is in contact with an attachment portion attached to a vehicle body provided on the opening upper edge seal member, and is separated from the opening upper edge contact surface portion formed continuously to the attachment portion. The door seal mechanism of any one of -5. The door seal member includes a lip connecting portion that connects the waterproof lip to the curved contact surface portion and extends along an inner panel of the door,
The door seal mechanism according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the lip connecting portion is fixed to the door by a fixing member between the curved contact surface portion and the waterproof lip. The vehicle includes an annular vehicle body mounting seal member attached to the opening periphery of the door opening.
The door includes a latch mechanism that engages with an engaging portion provided in the vehicle body at one end of the door.
The latch mechanism is disposed closer to the edge of the door than the door contact surface of the door to which the vehicle body mounting seal member is in close contact,
The door seal mechanism according to claim 1, wherein the door seal member is attached to an edge side of the door with respect to the latch mechanism.

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