JP2013016927A - Camera - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a camera capable of suppressing deterioration in information detection accuracy due to noise.SOLUTION: In a camera 1 of the present invention, a control device 14, in through-image display and in photographing, corrects an evaluation value output so that a correspondence relation between subject luminance and an output becomes uniform on the basis of light transmission characteristic information input from an imaging lens 20, and meanwhile in AF-use imaging for obtaining information to be used for AF control, does not perform correction of the evaluation value output based on light transmission characteristics, and appropriately exposes a division area including an application AF area 3.

Description

  The present invention relates to a camera provided with an image sensor.

The digital camera obtains image information by converting a subject image formed by an imaging optical system into an electrical signal by an imaging element such as a CCD or a CMOS (takes a digital image).
The imaging optical system includes a plurality of transmission optical elements such as lenses. For this reason, due to transmission characteristics of these optical elements, accumulation of aberrations, and the like, even when an object surface with uniform brightness is imaged, the amount of light on the imaging surface may be uneven.

  Here, in a camera that performs photometric control based on the amount of light received by the image sensor, when performing photometric calculations, the light intensity is reduced (peripheral dimming) such as the periphery of the screen from the optical axis center of the photographing lens There is known a technique that performs a correction process in which a correction value corresponding to a distance is taken into consideration to suppress an influence on photographing exposure due to peripheral light reduction (see, for example, Patent Document 1).

JP 2011-61659 A

  However, if peripheral light reduction or the like is corrected with respect to the output of the image sensor, the noise level is amplified at the periphery of the screen, which originally has a low output due to peripheral light reduction. As a result, the amplified noise may reduce the accuracy of information detected from the image, such as focus detection accuracy.

  The subject of this invention is providing the camera which can suppress the fall of the information detection accuracy resulting from a noise.

  The present invention solves the above problems by the following means. In addition, in order to make an understanding easy, although the code | symbol corresponding to embodiment of this invention is attached | subjected and demonstrated, it is not limited to this.

The invention according to claim 1 is an imaging means (11) for imaging an image formed by the imaging optical system (22), and a transmission characteristic acquisition unit (14A) for acquiring light transmission characteristic information of the imaging optical system (22). A photometric unit (14B) for measuring light incident on the imaging means (11) to generate light amount information, and a correcting unit for generating corrected light amount information by correcting the light amount information based on the light transmission characteristic information (14C) and a control unit (14D) that performs the first control based on the light amount information before correction by the correction unit (14C) and the second control based on the corrected light amount information corrected by the correction unit (14C). And a camera (1).
The invention according to claim 2 is an imaging means (11) for imaging an image formed by the imaging optical system (22), a transmission characteristic acquisition unit for acquiring light transmission characteristic information of the imaging optical system (22), and A light metering unit (14B) that measures light incident on the imaging means (11) to generate light amount information, first corrected light amount information obtained by correcting the light amount information based on the light transmission characteristic information, and the first A correction unit (14C) for generating second correction light amount information different from the correction light amount information, first control based on the first correction light amount information by the correction unit (14C), and the second correction light amount information And a controller (14D) that performs second control based on the camera (1).
According to a third aspect of the present invention, in the camera according to the first or second aspect, the first control is focus control, and the second control is through-display imaging control and / or imaging control. This is a camera (1) characterized by the above.
Invention of Claim 4 is the camera of any one of Claims 1-3, Comprising: The light transmission characteristic information of the said imaging optical system (22) is the said via a mount part (10M). The camera (1) is characterized by being input to the transmission characteristic acquisition unit (14A).
Invention of Claim 5 is a camera of any one of Claims 1-4, Comprising: The light transmission characteristic information of the said imaging optical system (22) is information regarding a peripheral light reduction, It is a camera characterized by.
Invention of Claim 6 is a camera of any one of Claims 1-4, Comprising: The light transmission characteristic information of the said imaging optical system (22) is the information regarding an aperture opening amount, It is a camera characterized by.
The invention according to claim 7 is the camera according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the correction unit (14 </ b> C) has a subject light amount in substantially the entire imaging area of the imaging means (11). The camera (1) is characterized in that a gain is added to the dimming portion so that the output with respect to is substantially uniform.
The invention according to claim 8 is the camera according to claim 3, wherein the control unit (14 </ b> D) performs the first control according to a light amount information amount in the photometry unit (14 </ b> B). A camera (1) characterized in that any one of accumulation time in the image pickup means (11), sensitivity in the image pickup means, aperture stop in the imaging optical system (22), or these are changed in combination. .

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the camera which can suppress the fall of the information detection accuracy resulting from a noise can be provided.

It is the schematic of the camera to which one Embodiment of this invention is applied. It is a functional block diagram concerning exposure control of a control device. It is a flowchart which concerns on the exposure control by a control apparatus. The divided area for obtaining the evaluation value and the evaluation value output are shown, (a) is a diagram showing the divided area, and (b) is a graph showing the evaluation value output by the peripheral light reduction. It is a graph explaining the concept of the peripheral darkening correction in the exposure control during shooting. It is a graph explaining the convergence determination in exposure control for AF. It is a graph explaining the difference of the noise with respect to the output in output amplification and the change of imaging conditions.

Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a camera 1 to which an embodiment of the present invention is applied.
In the figure, an XYZ orthogonal coordinate system is provided for ease of explanation and understanding. In this coordinate system, when the photographer shoots a horizontally long image with the optical axis OA being horizontal, the direction toward the left as viewed from the photographer at the position of the camera (hereinafter referred to as a positive position) is the X axis plus direction, the positive position. , The direction toward the upper side is the Y-axis plus direction, and the direction toward the subject at the positive position is the Z-axis plus direction. The Z-axis plus direction toward the subject in the axial direction is also referred to as the front side, and the Z-axis minus direction is also referred to as the back side.

  The camera 1 is a so-called digital single-lens reflex camera configured by a camera main body 10 and an imaging lens 20 and having an autofocus (hereinafter abbreviated as AF) function. The imaging lens 20 is detachably attached to the body mount 10M of the camera body 10. Thereby, the camera 1 can image | photograph by replacing | exchanging different imaging lenses 20 according to a use.

The camera body 10 includes an image sensor 11, a release button 12, a display unit 13, a control device 14, and the like.
The image sensor 11 is constituted by an image sensor such as a CCD, for example, and converts a subject image formed by a photographing optical system (the image pickup lens 20 attached to the camera body 10) into an electric signal.
The release button 12 is interlocked with a release switch (not shown), and is pressed by an operator to give a shooting command to the control device 14.

  The display unit 13 is configured by a display panel such as a liquid crystal, and is provided on the rear side outer surface (photographer side) of the camera body 10. The display unit 13 displays a captured image, information related to shooting, and the like. The camera 1 (camera body 10) in the present embodiment has a so-called live view function, and displays an image captured by the image sensor 11 on the display unit 13 in real time. That is, it is possible to determine a shooting range by displaying a through image on the display unit 13 (using the display unit 13 as a viewfinder) and perform shooting.

  The control device 14 includes a CPU and the like, and controls each operation unit of the camera body 10. Further, the control device 14 exchanges information with a lens control unit 24 of the imaging lens 20 to be described later via a connection terminal 10T provided on the body mount 10M, and controls each operation unit of the imaging lens 20. That is, the control device 14 controls the operation of the entire camera 1.

The imaging lens 20 includes a lens group 22 (a first lens group 22A and a second lens group 22B) constituting a photographing optical system, a diaphragm unit 23, a lens control unit 24, and the like inside a lens barrel 21.
The second lens group 22B is a focusing lens group, and is driven to move in the direction of the optical axis OA by an AF driving mechanism 25 controlled by a lens control unit 24 described later, and performs an AF function.
The aperture unit 23 is controlled by the lens control unit 24 and adjusts the amount of incident light by changing the aperture diameter.

The lens control unit 24 includes a CPU and the like. Under the control of the control device 14 in the camera body 10 to which the imaging lens 20 is attached, each operating unit (the aperture unit 23 and the AF driving mechanism) in the imaging lens 20 is configured. 25 etc.) is controlled.
The lens control unit 24 stores and holds information unique to the imaging lens 20 in a memory (not shown), and outputs the information as control information to the control device 14 of the camera body 10 to which the lens control unit 24 is attached. The unique information in the imaging lens 20 is, for example, a light transmission characteristic (peripheral light reduction) according to a focal length, an open F value, and an aperture value.

  When the release button 12 is pressed, the camera 1 is controlled by the control device 14 of the camera body 10, and the image sensor 11 converts the subject image light imaged by the imaging lens 20 into an electrical signal. The image data is recorded (that is, photographed) on a recording medium (not shown) provided in the camera body 10. Further, the control device 14 controls the operations of the aperture unit 23, the AF drive mechanism 25, and the like via the lens control unit 24 of the imaging lens 20 at the time of shooting.

The autofocus control at the time of live view is performed by contrast AF in which the position where the contrast of the image in the AF area is the highest is determined as the in-focus position based on the imaging information by the image sensor 11. A plurality of AF areas are scattered on the screen and can be selected arbitrarily or automatically.
Note that the camera 1 (camera body 10) of the present embodiment does not include a mechanical shutter device. Adjustment of the exposure time of the subject light with respect to the image sensor 11 at the time of shooting (the time during which the image sensor 11 accumulates the subject light) is performed by the control device 14 electrically controlling the image sensor 11 (electronic shutter control).

  Here, the control device 14 performs different exposure control for exposure control during through-image display and shooting (exposure control during shooting) and exposure control (AF exposure control) for obtaining AF imaging used for contrast AF control. Do.

Next, exposure control by the control device 14 will be described with reference to FIGS.
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram relating to exposure control of the control device 14 in the present embodiment. FIG. 3 is a flowchart relating to exposure control by the control device 14. 4A and 4B show divided areas for obtaining evaluation values and output of evaluation values. FIG. 4A is a diagram showing divided areas, and FIG. 4B is a graph showing output of evaluation values by peripheral dimming. FIGS. 5A and 5B are graphs for explaining the concept of peripheral dimming correction in the exposure control during shooting. FIG. 5A shows before correction and FIG. 5B shows after correction. FIG. 6 is a graph for explaining convergence determination in AF exposure control. FIG. 7 is a graph for explaining a difference in noise with respect to output in output amplification and change in shooting conditions.

As shown in FIG. 2, the control device 14 includes an information acquisition unit 14A, a photometry unit 14B, a correction unit 14C, and an exposure control unit 14D as functional units.
The information acquisition unit 14A has a function of reading, as control information, information related to the light transmission characteristics of the imaging optical system (lens group 22) held by the lens control unit 24 in the imaging lens 20.
The photometry unit 14 </ b> B has a function of generating light amount information for exposure control from light reception information by the image sensor 11.
The correcting unit 14C has a function of generating corrected light amount information based on the light amount information from the photometric unit 14B and the light transmission characteristics read by the information acquiring unit 14A.
The exposure control unit 14D has a function of performing exposure control based on the correction light quantity information from the correction unit 14C.

  Next, exposure control by the control device 14 will be described along the flow of the flowchart shown in FIG. For the reference numerals of the components in the following description, refer to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 described above. In FIG. 4 and the following description, “step” is also abbreviated as “S”.

When a main switch (not shown) of the camera 1 is turned on, first, charge accumulation (imaging) is performed by the imaging element 11 (S301).
In the initial accumulation at the time of starting the camera in step 301, AV, TV, and SV used for exposure control are fixed values, for example, AV = 5, TV = 6, and SV = 5. Then, the output of the image sensor 11 is captured as an image. Note that AV is an aperture value, TV is an accumulation time (shutter speed), and SV is imaging sensitivity.

In the subsequent step 302, an evaluation value to be used for photometric calculation is calculated from the image acquired in step 301 (photometric unit 14B).
In the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4A, the evaluation value is output for each divided region 2 (i, j) divided into 24 (6 × 4). Note that i = 0 to 5 and j = 0 to 3. The evaluation value of each divided area 2 is obtained by adding the Y output (luminance) of the pixels in each divided area 2.
YC [i] [j] = ΣΣY [X] [Y] Equation 1

  In Expression 1, YC [i] [j] is an output of the evaluation value in each divided region 2 in FIG. Y [X] [Y] is a Y output value at the coordinates X, Y of the image sensor 11, and takes a value of 0 to 4095, for example. The two Σ ranges are the coordinate ranges of all the pixels constituting the evaluation value of one divided region 2. For example, when the number of pixels of the image sensor 11 is 2400 × 1600, and i is 0 and j is 0, the range of Σ is 0 to 399 for both X and Y.

Subsequently, AF photometry calculation is performed using the evaluation value output calculated in step 302 (S303). In the present embodiment, among a plurality of AF areas (not shown) arranged on the screen, the AF area 3 located at the corner of the screen is selected as shown in FIG. 4A. .
In the AF photometry calculation, photometry is performed in the divided area 2 (0, 3) including (or near) the AF area 3.

That is, the brightness of the divided area 2 including the AF area 3: BV _AF is
BV _AF = Log ₂ (YC [m] [n]) + BV _CONST Equation 2
Is required.
In Equation 2, Log ₂ () is a function that returns a logarithmic value of an argument with a base of 2, m and n are coordinates of evaluation values of the divided area 2 including the AF area, and in this example, m = 0 , N = 3. BV _CONST is a value determined by the aperture at the time of acquiring the imaging output, the accumulation time (shutter speed), and the imaging sensitivity.

In subsequent step 304, the evaluation value output of each divided region 2 (0 to 5, 0 to 3) calculated in step 302 is caused by the light transmission characteristics of the imaging optical system (lens group 22) in the imaging lens 20. The unevenness of the evaluation value that occurs is corrected (correction unit 14C).
Here, the evaluation value non-uniformity caused by the light transmission characteristics of the imaging optical system means that the evaluation value of each divided region 2 is attributed to the imaging optical system even if a surface having a uniform luminance (brightness) is photographed. This means that there will be a difference. In particular, when vignetting or light rays enter obliquely, so-called peripheral dimming, in which the amount of incident light in the peripheral region decreases as shown in FIG. Hereinafter, this peripheral dimming will be described as a correction target.

  In step 304, conceptually shown in FIG. 5A based on the information regarding the light transmission characteristics of the imaging optical system (lens group 22) held by the lens control unit 24 in the imaging lens 20 read by the information acquisition unit 14 </ b> A. In this way, the evaluation value output in each divided region is corrected to obtain a corrected evaluation value output in which the correspondence between the subject luminance and the output is uniform as shown in FIG. FIG. 5 is an example of correcting the decrease in the evaluation value at the peripheral portion of the screen due to the peripheral dimming.

The evaluation value non-uniformity correction in step 304 is calculated by the following equation.
YCZ [i] [j] = YC [i] [j] × Z [r] Equation 3
In Equation 3, Z [r] is a correction value determined based on light transmission characteristic information input from the imaging lens 20 (lens control unit 24) to the camera body 10 (control device 14), and r is i, The distance between the center of the evaluation value specified by the coordinates of j and the center of the optical axis on the imaging surface.

Next, based on the evaluation value output corrected in step S304, a photometric value for photographing control is calculated (S305).
Photometry value for shooting control: BV is
BV = Log ₂ ((ΣΣYCZ [i] [j]) / 24) + BV _CONST Equation 4
Sought by.
In Expression 4, Log ₂ () is a function that returns a logarithmic value of an argument with a base of 2, and BV _CONST is a value determined by an aperture, an accumulation time (shutter speed), and imaging sensitivity at the time of imaging output acquisition.

In subsequent step 306, based on the photometry value for photographing control calculated in step 305, the photographing exposure condition related to photographing exposure control is determined (exposure control unit 14D).
AV = AV value of the taking lens ... Equation 5
TV = 5 Equation 6
SV = AV + TV-BV Equation 7
An image is taken by performing the exposure control under the exposure condition determined in step 306 and displayed on the display unit 13 as a through image. The shooting exposure conditions determined here are also applied during shooting in step 314 to be described later.

In step 307, the operation (pressing) of the release button 12 is determined.
If it is not determined in step 307 that the release button 104 has been pressed (No), the processing from S301 is repeated.

If it is determined in step 307 that the release button 104 has been pressed, AF exposure control is performed (S308).
The AF exposure control in step 308 is performed by determining the AF exposure condition so that the photometric output of the divided area 2 including (or in the vicinity of) the AF area becomes an appropriate level based on the photometric value calculated in step 303. . That is, in this example, the exposure condition during AF is determined so that the photometric output is at an appropriate level in the divided area 2 (0, 3) including the AF area 3.
AV = AV value of the taking lens ... Equation 8
TV = 5 Equation 9
SV = AV + TV−BV _AF Equation 10

  Then, AF imaging is performed based on the AF exposure conditions determined in step 308 (S309), and an evaluation value for photometry is calculated from the imaging output in the same procedure as in step 302 (S310). Similarly, AF photometry calculation is performed (S311).

Subsequently, it is determined whether or not the AF photometry calculation result in the processing of steps 308 to 311 has converged (S312).
For the convergence determination in step 312, the following conditional expression is used.
SzThLo <YC [m] [n] and YC [m] [n] <SzThHi ... Condition 1
In the conditional expression 1, SzThLo and SzThHi are threshold values (fixed values) for determining whether the imaging output in the vicinity of the AF area 3 is an appropriate output for driving the AF, and SzThLo is a lower limit, SzThHi is the upper limit.
FIG. 6 shows AF photometric values satisfying such conditional expression 1 (the output of the image sensor 11 after convergence). Since the light transmission characteristic (peripheral dimming) is not corrected, the output at the center of the image may become high and become saturated, but the output of the divided area 2 (0, 3) including the AF area 3 is the reference level. Become.

If it is determined in step 312 that conditional expression 1 is not satisfied (No), steps 308 to 311 are repeated in order to converge the AF photometric value.
If it is determined in step 312 that the conditional expression 1 is satisfied (Yes), it is determined that the imaging output of the divided area 2 (0, 3) including the AF area 3 is appropriate, and AF calculation is performed. Based on the result, the second lens group 22B, which is a focusing lens, is driven through the AF drive mechanism 25 (S313).
In step 313, the AF calculation using the imaging output is performed by contrast AF as described above. The contents of the contrast AF are well-known techniques, so that the description is omitted.

After the AF operation in step 313, a recorded image is taken (S314). At the time of photographing at step 314, the exposure at the time of photographing is controlled for the image sensor 11 using the photographing exposure condition determined at step 306.
Then, it is determined whether the camera 1 is powered off (S315). If it is determined in step 315 that the power is off (Yes), the process ends. If it is not determined that the power is off (No), the processes from step 301 to step 314 are repeated.

In the exposure control by the control device 14 as described above, the correspondence between the subject luminance and the output is based on the light transmission characteristic information input from the imaging lens 20 (lens control unit 24) during through image display and photographing. While the evaluation value output is corrected to be uniform, the evaluation value output based on the light transmission characteristics is not corrected at the time of AF imaging for obtaining information used for AF control, and the divided area 2 including the AF area 3 to be applied is corrected. (0,3) is the proper exposure.
As a result, the AF control is performed based on image information that has not been corrected for light transmission characteristics, and it is possible to perform AF control with high accuracy while suppressing the influence of noise due to correction. In determining AF exposure conditions in AF exposure control, it is arbitrary how AV, TV, or SV is changed.

  That is, in the light transmission characteristic correction, a low output is amplified (by gain) and uniformized to a predetermined output. As a result, as indicated by noise N in FIG. 7, the noise is amplified in the same manner (at the same rate). If the AF control is performed based on the image information including the noise thus amplified, the AF accuracy may be deteriorated by the noise. In particular, when the AF area 3 to be applied is located in the peripheral portion of the shooting screen, the influence of the peripheral dimming is large and the deterioration is remarkable.

  On the other hand, in this configuration, at the time of AF imaging for obtaining information used for AF control, the divided area 2 (0, 3) including the applied AF area 3 is appropriately exposed without correcting the light transmission characteristic correction. Take an image. When the divided area 2 (0, 3) including the AF area 3 is dark, imaging with proper exposure is performed by changing the accumulation time (TV), aperture value (AV) and / or sensitivity (SV). The increase in noise is smaller than the noise N described above, as indicated by noise n in FIG. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the degradation of AF accuracy due to noise.

As described above, this embodiment has the following effects.
(1) The camera 1 is evaluated by the control device 14 so that the correspondence between the subject luminance and the output is uniform based on the light transmission characteristic information input from the imaging lens 20 during through image display and shooting. While the value output is corrected, at the time of AF imaging for obtaining information used for AF control, the evaluation value output based on the light transmission characteristics is not corrected, and the divided area 2 (0, 3) including the AF area 3 to be applied is selected. Proper exposure. As a result, the AF control is performed based on image information that has not been corrected for light transmission characteristics, and it is possible to perform AF control with high accuracy while suppressing the influence of noise due to correction.

(2) The camera 1 is evaluated by the control device 14 so that the correspondence between the subject luminance and the output is uniform based on the light transmission characteristic information input from the imaging lens 20 during through image display and shooting. Correct the value output. This makes it possible to always correct the exchanged imaging lens 20 accurately.

(Deformation)
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and various modifications and changes as described below are possible, and these are also within the scope of the present invention.
(1) In the above-described embodiment, the present invention is applied to the camera 1 that performs AF control by contrast AF. However, a phase difference detection type AF control camera that detects a phase difference using pixels of the image sensor 11. You may apply to.

(2) In the above-described embodiment, the control device 14 performs exposure control by correcting the evaluation value based on information regarding the light transmission characteristics of the imaging optical system in the imaging lens 20, but control for correction obtained from the imaging lens 20. The information can be applied as long as it affects the subject light amount, for example, the aperture value of the imaging optical system.

(3) In the above embodiment, the evaluation value output based on the light transmission characteristics is not corrected at all in the AF imaging for obtaining information used for AF control. However, a correction may be made as long as a factor such as the amount of noise is allowed.
(4) The above embodiment is an example in which the present invention is applied to the camera 1 configured by the camera body 10 and the detachable imaging lens 20. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and may be applied to a lens-integrated camera.

  In addition, although embodiment and a deformation | transformation form can also be used in combination as appropriate, detailed description is abbreviate | omitted. Further, the present invention is not limited to the embodiment described above.

  1: camera, 10: camera body, 10M: body mount, 11: image sensor, 12: release button, 13: display unit, 14: control device, 14A: information acquisition unit, 14B: photometry unit, 14C: correction unit, 14D: Exposure control unit, 20: Imaging lens, 22: Lens group, 22B: Second lens group, 23: Aperture unit, 24: Lens control unit, 25: AF drive mechanism

Claims (8)

An imaging means for imaging an image formed by the imaging optical system;
A transmission characteristic acquisition unit for acquiring light transmission characteristic information of the imaging optical system;
A photometric unit for measuring light incident on the imaging means to generate light quantity information;
A correction unit that generates corrected light amount information obtained by correcting the light amount information based on the light transmission characteristic information;
A control unit that performs a first control based on light amount information before correction by the correction unit and a second control based on corrected light amount information corrected by the correction unit;
A camera comprising: An imaging means for imaging an image formed by the imaging optical system;
A transmission characteristic acquisition unit for acquiring light transmission characteristic information of the imaging optical system;
A photometric unit for measuring light incident on the imaging means to generate light quantity information;
A correction unit that generates first corrected light amount information obtained by correcting the light amount information based on the light transmission characteristic information and second corrected light amount information different from the first corrected light amount information;
A control unit that performs a first control based on the first corrected light amount information by the correction unit and a second control based on the second corrected light amount information;
A camera comprising: The camera according to claim 1 or 2,
The first control is focusing control;
The second control is through-display imaging control and / or imaging control;
Camera characterized by. The camera according to any one of claims 1 to 3,
Light transmission characteristic information of the imaging optical system is input to the transmission characteristic acquisition unit via a mount unit;
Camera characterized by. The camera according to any one of claims 1 to 4,
The light transmission characteristic information of the imaging optical system is information on peripheral light reduction,
Camera characterized by. The camera according to any one of claims 1 to 4,
The light transmission characteristic information of the imaging optical system is information related to an aperture opening amount,
Camera characterized by. The camera according to any one of claims 1 to 6,
The correction unit adds a gain to the dimming portion so that the output with respect to the subject light amount is substantially uniform over substantially the entire imaging region of the imaging unit;
Camera characterized by. The camera according to claim 3,
In the first control, the control unit is one of an accumulation time in the imaging unit, a sensitivity in the imaging unit, a diaphragm aperture in the imaging optical system, or these depending on the amount of light information in the photometry unit Changing in a complex manner,
Camera characterized by.

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