JP2013007814A - Organic photoreceptor, image forming apparatus and image forming method - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an organic photoreceptor, which is improved in wear resistance characteristics and further, prevented from an increase in a residual potential or generation of a transfer memory, and which can stably form a favorable electrophotographic image for a long period of time, and to provide an image forming apparatus and an image forming method.SOLUTION: An organic photoreceptor includes a photosensitive layer and a protective layer, successively layered on a conductive support. The protective layer is a resin layer obtained by applying a composition that contains a radical polymerizable compound, a hydrogen-withdrawing type polymerization initiator and a charge transporting compound having a proton donor type functional group, and then curing the composition.

Description

  The present invention relates to an organic photoreceptor (hereinafter also simply referred to as a photoreceptor) used for electrophotographic image formation, and an image forming apparatus using the organic photoreceptor, and more specifically, used in the fields of copying machines and printers. The present invention relates to an organic photoreceptor used for electrophotographic image formation, an image forming apparatus using the organic photoreceptor, and an image forming method.

  Organic photoconductors have great advantages such as wide selection of materials, excellent environmental suitability and low production costs compared to inorganic photoconductors such as selenium photoconductors and amorphous silicon photoconductors. In recent years, electrophotographic photoreceptors have become the mainstream in place of inorganic photoreceptors.

  On the other hand, in the image forming method based on the Carlson method, a charged, electrostatic latent image is formed on an organic photoreceptor, a toner image is formed, the toner image is transferred to a transfer paper, and this is fixed and a final image is formed. Is formed.

  On the other hand, recent image forming methods have been digitized, and image forming methods using laser light as an exposure light source are often used for forming an electrostatic latent image on an organic photoreceptor.

  However, the organic photoreceptor has a problem that the surface is easily worn by friction with a contact member such as a cleaning member. In order to prevent this surface wear degradation, the charge transport layer binder is known as a polycarbonate resin having high wear resistance, that is, a polycarbonate resin having a central carbon atom as a cyclohexylene group (polycarbonate Z (also simply referred to as BPZ)). Has been proposed (Patent Document 1).

  However, the improvement of the wear resistance of the organic photoreceptor using the above binder is not sufficient. In particular, when a charge transporting compound is contained in the surface layer, the improvement effect is not large.

  Next, in order to improve the abrasion resistance of the photoreceptor, the protective layer of the photoreceptor was formed from a composition of an acrylic polymerizable compound and a charge transporting compound having a polymerizable functional group of an unsaturated carbon atom. Photoconductors provided with a protective layer of a cross-linked cured resin have been proposed (Patent Documents 2 and 3).

  However, in the protective layer of the acrylic cross-linked cured resin described in Patent Document 2 and Patent Document 3, since the charge transporting compound having a rigid aromatic ring structure is incorporated in the main skeleton of the acrylic cross-linked structure, the protective layer is It becomes rigid, and the effect of improving the wear resistance property is small. Further, the effect of improving the charge transport property of the protective layer is also small, resulting in an increase in residual potential and image memory (especially transfer memory due to reverse polarity charging during transfer). The problem is easy.

Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 60-172044 JP 2000-66425 A JP 2006-138951 A

  An object of the present invention is to provide an organic photoreceptor, an image forming apparatus, and an image forming method capable of solving the problems of the protective layer of the acrylic cross-linked cured resin.

  Further, the object of the present invention is to improve the anti-wear property and to prevent the increase of the residual potential and the generation of the transfer memory, and to perform stable and long-term electrophotographic image formation. An organic photoreceptor, an image forming apparatus, and an image forming method are provided.

  In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors have made various studies based on the idea that it is necessary to devise how to incorporate the charge transporting compound into the acrylic cross-linked cured resin structure of the protective layer. Performed and analyzed. As a result, the introduction of a charge-transporting structure into the acrylic cross-linked cured resin using a charge-transporting compound that can be a proton donor for the polymerization initiator as a reactive charge-transporting compound is a protection. The present invention was achieved by finding that it has a remarkable effect in improving the film quality of the film and improving the electrophotographic characteristics.

  That is, the present invention is achieved by using an organic photoreceptor having the following configuration.

  1. In an organic photoreceptor in which a photosensitive layer and a protective layer are sequentially laminated on a conductive support, the protective layer comprises a radical polymerizable compound, a hydrogen abstraction type polymerization initiator, and a charge transporting compound having a proton donor type functional group. An organic photoreceptor, which is a resin layer obtained by curing a composition containing the composition.

  2. The radical polymerizable compound is a compound having a methacryloyl group or an acryloyl group, and the proton donor functional group is one or more functional groups selected from groups having OH, SH and NH. 2. The organophotoreceptor according to 1.

  3. 3. The organophotoreceptor according to 2 above, wherein the radical polymerizable compound has a methacryloyl group or an acryloyl group, and the charge transporting compound has a hydroxyalkyl group.

  4). In the image forming apparatus having a charging unit, an exposing unit, a developing unit, and a transfer unit around the organic photoconductor, the organic photoconductor is the organic photoconductor according to any one of the above 1-3. An image forming apparatus.

  5). 5. An image forming method, wherein an electrophotographic image is formed using the image forming apparatus described in 4 above.

  By using the organophotoreceptor of the present invention, it is possible to improve the anti-abrasion property, and further prevent an increase in residual potential and generation of a transfer memory, and stably form a good electrophotographic image in the long term. An organophotoreceptor that can be performed can be provided.

1 is a cross-sectional configuration diagram of a color image forming apparatus showing an embodiment of the present invention.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.

  The organophotoreceptor of the present invention is characterized by its protective layer, and the protective layer contains a radically polymerizable compound, a hydrogen abstraction type polymerization initiator, and a charge transporting compound having a proton donor type functional group. It is a resin layer obtained by applying and curing the composition.

  By using such a protective layer as a protective layer for the organic photoreceptor, it is possible to prevent the increase in residual potential and the generation of transfer memory while improving the anti-abrasion property, and stable and good in the long term. An organic photoreceptor capable of forming an electrophotographic image can be provided.

  The reason why such an effect was manifested was that the cured resin produced by the curing reaction after the application of the above composition was such that the radical of the charge transporting compound generated by the hydrogen abstraction action of the polymerization initiator was such as a vinyl monomer. It is assumed that it acts as a starting point for radical reaction, does not enter the main skeleton of the resin structure, and a charge transport structure is introduced at the front end or side chain of the resin structure.

  Hereinafter, the organic photoreceptor of the present invention will be described in detail.

  First, the protective layer according to the present invention will be described.

  The radically polymerizable compound according to the present invention refers to a compound that does not have a charge transporting structure such as triarylamine and hydrazone and is capable of radical polymerization.

The radically polymerizable compound preferably used in the present invention is an acryloyl group (CH ₂ ═CHCO—) or a methacryloyl group (CH ₂ ═CCH ₃ CO), which has high chain polymerization reaction activity and can be cured in a short time. A radically polymerizable compound having-) is preferred.

  Further, the radical polymerizable compound may have a hydroxyalkyl group such as methylol or hydroxyethyl group in addition to the acryloyl group or methacryloyl group. That is, by using these radically polymerizable compounds having a hydroxyalkyl group, a charge transporting structure can be generated in the side chain instead of the main skeleton of the cured resin layer formed from the radically polymerizable compound.

  In the present invention, these radically polymerizable compounds may be used alone or in combination. In addition, these polymerizable compounds may use monomers, but may be used after oligomerization.

  Examples of radically polymerizable compounds are shown below. The number of Ac groups (the number of acryloyl groups) or the number of Mc groups (the number of methacryloyl groups) described below represents the number of acryloyl groups or methacryloyl groups.

  However, in the above, R is shown below.

  However, in the above, R 'is shown below.

  Curing of the resin layer obtained by curing of the present invention means that the resin layer of the protective layer is cross-linked and cured. From this, the radical polymerizable compound has a functional group (reactive group). Is preferably 3 or more. Further, the radical polymerizable compound may be used in combination of two or more kinds of compounds, but in this case as well, it is preferable to use 50% by mass or more of the radical polymerizable compound having 3 or more functional groups. The curable reactive group equivalent, that is, “curable functional group molecular weight / number of functional groups” is preferably 1000 or less, more preferably 500 or less. This increases the crosslink density and improves wear resistance.

  The hydrogen abstraction type polymerization initiator is a bimolecular photopolymerization initiator as shown in the polymerization initiation scheme described later, and a reaction generated by decomposition of the polymerization initiator is added to a radical monomer. It means a polymerization initiator that causes a reaction to extract hydrogen from a solvent or a proton donor type compound together with a growth reaction.

  As the hydrogen abstraction type polymerization initiator preferably used in the present invention, a thioxanthone derivative, anthraquinone and the like are preferable. Examples of preferred hydrogen abstraction type polymerization initiators are given below.

  In the polymerization curing reaction of the protective layer, a polymerization accelerator may be used in combination with the hydrogen abstraction type polymerization initiator. As the polymerization accelerator, amines such as N, N-dimethylaminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (PS-1) and N, N-dimethylaminobenzoic acid isoamyl ester (PS-2) are used.

Charge transporting compound having a proton donor type functional group The charge transporting compound having a proton donor type functional group according to the present invention is a charge transport by releasing a hydrogen atom in a hydrogen abstraction reaction occurring in the course of a radical reaction. This means a charge transporting compound that itself participates in radical reactions.

  The charge transporting compound having a proton donor functional group as described above is preferably a charge transporting compound having one or more functional groups selected from OH, SH and NH. When a charge transporting compound having a proton donor type functional group reacts with a hydrogen abstraction type polymerization initiator to start the reaction, the charge transporting compound starts as a reaction starting point, so that the charge transporting structure In the case of a charge transporting compound having a terminal of a molecule generated or a plurality of proton donor type functional groups, a polymer hardly present in the molecular chain can be obtained. Accordingly, the main skeleton of the acrylic cross-linked structure is relatively flexible, and the effect of improving the wear resistance is increased. In addition, a polymer in which the charge transport structure is incorporated into the molecular chain is formed reliably, and the potential characteristics are also improved. A compound having one proton donor type functional group is a polymer that exists only at the end of the molecule in which the charge transporting structure is formed, and therefore it does not give stress to the charge transporting structure and can maintain good charge transporting properties. Is a preferred compound. Examples of such charge transporting compounds include the compounds exemplified below.

  In addition, the said compound is a well-known compound by Unexamined-Japanese-Patent No. 2002-244325 etc.

  Here, an example of a polymerization initiation scheme using a hydrogen abstraction type polymerization initiator preferably used in the present invention, a charge transporting compound having a proton donor type functional group, and the like is shown below.

  In the polymerization initiation scheme, * indicates an excited state. Moreover, * shows a radical.

  In radical polymerization using the hydrogen abstraction type polymerization initiator of the present invention, a photopolymerization reaction is preferably used.

  That is, a composition in which a hydrogen abstraction type polymerization initiator is mixed with the above-described radically polymerizable compound or charge transporting compound having a proton donor type functional group and, if necessary, a polymerization accelerator, a solvent or the like is prepared. Then, a coating solution for the surface layer is formed, and after coating the coating solution on the photosensitive layer, photopolymerization is carried out, followed by drying by heating to form a protective layer according to the present invention.

  These hydrogen abstraction type polymerization initiators may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Content of a polymerization initiator is 0.1-20 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of a radically polymerizable compound, Preferably it is 0.5-10 mass parts.

The light for the photopolymerization is preferably ultraviolet light. As the ultraviolet light source, any light source that generates ultraviolet light can be used without limitation. For example, a low pressure mercury lamp, a medium pressure mercury lamp, a high pressure mercury lamp, an ultrahigh pressure mercury lamp, a carbon arc lamp, a metal halide lamp, a xenon lamp, a flash (pulse) xenon, or the like can be used. Irradiation conditions vary depending on each lamp, but the irradiation amount of ultraviolet rays is usually 5 to 500 mJ / cm ² , preferably 5 to 100 mJ / cm ² . The power of the lamp is preferably 0.1 kW to 5 kW, particularly preferably 0.5 kW to 3 kW.

  The protective layer (photoreceptor) can be dried before and after irradiation with ultraviolet rays and during irradiation with ultraviolet rays, and the timing of drying can be appropriately selected by combining these.

  Drying conditions can be appropriately selected depending on the type of solvent, film thickness, and the like. The drying temperature is preferably room temperature to 180 ° C, particularly preferably 80 ° C to 140 ° C. The drying time is preferably 1 minute to 200 minutes, and particularly preferably 5 minutes to 100 minutes.

  The thickness of the protective layer is preferably 0.2 to 10 μm, more preferably 0.5 to 6 μm.

  Metal oxide particles may be contained in the protective layer. For example, silica (silicon oxide), magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, alumina (aluminum oxide), zirconium oxide, oxidation are described as any metal oxide particles including transition metals. Examples of the metal oxide particles include tin, titania (titanium oxide), niobium oxide, molybdenum oxide, and vanadium oxide. Of these, tin oxide, titanium oxide, and zinc oxide are preferable.

  The number average primary particle size of the metal oxide particles of the present invention is preferably in the range of 1 to 300 nm. Especially preferably, it is 3-100 nm. Further, these metal oxide particles are preferably subjected to a hydrophobic surface treatment.

  The number average primary particle size of the metal oxide particles is a photographic image (excluding aggregated particles) taken with a scanning electron microscope (manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) with a magnification of 10000 times, and 300 particles randomly taken by a scanner. A) automatic image processing analyzer LUZEX AP (Nireco Corp.) software version Ver. The number average primary particle size was calculated using 1.32.

  The ratio of the metal oxide particles in the protective layer is preferably 20 to 50% by mass of the metal oxide particles when the resin layer of the protective layer is 100% by mass as a whole.

  The protective layer of the present invention can further contain various antioxidants, and various lubricant particles can be added. For example, fluorine atom-containing resin particles can be added. Fluorine atom-containing resin particles include tetrafluoroethylene resin, trifluoroethylene chloride resin, hexafluorochloroethylene propylene resin, vinyl fluoride resin, vinylidene fluoride resin, ethylene difluoride dichloride resin, and these One or two or more types are preferably selected from the copolymers, but tetrafluoroethylene resin and vinylidene fluoride resin are particularly preferable.

  As the antioxidant, the following compounds are preferably used.

  Solvents for forming the protective layer include methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, t-butanol, sec-butanol, benzyl alcohol, toluene, xylene, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexane, acetic acid. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, ethyl, butyl acetate, methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, tetrahydrofuran, 1-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, pyridine and diethylamine.

  As a method for applying the protective layer, known methods such as a dip coating method, a spray coating method, a spinner coating method, a bead coating method, a blade coating method, a beam coating method, and a slide hopper method can be used. .

[Organic photoconductor composition]
Below, the structure of organic photoreceptors other than the said protective layer is described.

  In the present invention, the organic photoconductor means an electrophotographic photoconductor constituted by providing an organic compound with at least one of a charge generation function and a charge transport function essential to the configuration of the electrophotographic photoconductor. All known organic photoconductors such as a photoconductor composed of an organic charge generating material or an organic charge transport material, a photoconductor composed of a polymer complex with a charge generating function and a charge transport function are contained.

  The organic photoreceptor of the present invention has a layer structure in which a charge generation layer, a charge transport layer, and a protective layer are sequentially laminated as a photosensitive layer on a conductive support. In addition, an intermediate layer is preferably provided between the conductive support and the charge generation layer.

  The layer structure of the organophotoreceptor of the present invention will be described focusing on the above.

(Conductive support)
The support used in the present invention may be any one as long as it has conductivity, for example, a metal such as aluminum, copper, chromium, nickel, zinc and stainless steel formed into a drum or a sheet, aluminum or copper Metal foils such as those laminated on plastic films, aluminum, indium oxide and tin oxide deposited on plastic films, metals with conductive layers applied alone or with a binder resin, plastic films and For example, paper.

(Middle layer)
In the present invention, an intermediate layer having a barrier function and an adhesive function may be provided between the conductive layer and the photosensitive layer. Considering various types of failure prevention, it can be said that providing an intermediate layer is a preferable mode.

  The intermediate layer can be formed by dip coating or the like by dissolving a binder resin such as casein, polyvinyl alcohol, nitrocellulose, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, polyamide, polyurethane and gelatin in a known solvent. Of these, an alcohol-soluble polyamide resin is preferred.

  Various conductive fine particles and metal oxide particles can be contained for the purpose of adjusting the resistance of the intermediate layer. For example, various metal oxide particles such as alumina, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, antimony oxide, indium oxide, and bismuth oxide. Ultrafine particles such as indium oxide doped with tin, tin oxide doped with antimony, and zirconium oxide can be used.

  These metal oxide particles may be used alone or in combination. When two or more types are mixed, it may take the form of a solid solution or fusion. The average particle size of such metal oxide particles is preferably 0.3 μm or less, more preferably 0.1 μm or less.

  As the solvent used for the intermediate layer, a solvent in which inorganic particles are well dispersed and the polyamide resin is dissolved is preferable. Specifically, alcohols having 2 to 4 carbon atoms such as ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, t-butanol, sec-butanol and the like are excellent in solubility and coating performance of the polyamide resin. In addition, examples of co-solvents that can be used in combination with the above-described solvent to obtain favorable effects in order to improve storage stability and particle dispersibility include methanol, benzyl alcohol, toluene, methylene chloride, cyclohexanone, and tetrahydrofuran.

  The density | concentration of binder resin is suitably selected according to the film thickness and production rate of an intermediate | middle layer.

  When the inorganic particles are dispersed, the mixing ratio of the inorganic particles to the binder resin at the time is preferably 20 to 400 parts by mass, more preferably 50 to 200 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.

  As a means for dispersing the inorganic particles, an ultrasonic disperser, a ball mill, a sand grinder, a homomixer, or the like can be used, but is not limited thereto.

  The method for drying the intermediate layer can be appropriately selected according to the type of solvent and the film thickness, but thermal drying is preferred.

  The thickness of the intermediate layer is preferably from 0.1 to 15 μm, more preferably from 0.3 to 10 μm.

(Charge generation layer)
The charge generation layer used in the present invention preferably contains a charge generation material and a binder resin, and is formed by dispersing and coating the charge generation material in a binder resin solution.

  Charge generation materials include azo raw materials such as Sudan Red and Diane Blue, quinone pigments such as pyrenequinone and anthanthrone, quinocyanine pigments, perylene pigments, indigo pigments such as indigo and thioindigo, and polycyclic quinone pigments such as pyranthrone and diphthaloylpyrene And phthalocyanine pigments, but are not limited thereto. These charge generating substances can be used alone or in a form dispersed in a known resin.

  As the binder resin of the charge generation layer, a known resin can be used, for example, polystyrene resin, polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, acrylic resin, methacrylic resin, vinyl chloride resin, vinyl acetate resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, epoxy resin, Polyurethane resins, phenol resins, polyester resins, alkyd resins, polycarbonate resins, silicone resins, melamine resins, and copolymer resins containing two or more of these resins (eg, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resins, chlorides) Vinyl-vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymer resin) and poly-vinylcarbazole resin, but are not limited thereto.

  The charge generation layer is formed by dispersing a charge generation material in a solution in which a binder resin is dissolved in a solvent using a disperser to prepare a coating solution, and applying the coating solution to a certain film thickness using a coating device. It is preferable to prepare the film by drying.

  Solvents for dissolving and coating the binder resin used in the charge generation layer include, for example, toluene, xylene, methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, propanol, Examples include butanol, methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, tetrahydrofuran, 1-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, pyridine, and diethylamine, but are not limited thereto.

  As a means for dispersing the charge generating material, an ultrasonic disperser, a ball mill, a sand grinder, a homomixer, or the like can be used, but is not limited thereto.

  The mixing ratio of the charge generating material to the binder resin is preferably 1 to 600 parts by weight, more preferably 50 to 500 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin. The thickness of the charge generation layer varies depending on the characteristics of the charge generation material, the characteristics of the binder resin, the mixing ratio, and the like, but is preferably 0.01 to 5 μm, more preferably 0.05 to 3 μm. It should be noted that the coating solution for the charge generation layer can prevent the occurrence of image defects by filtering foreign matter and aggregates before coating. The pigment can also be formed by vacuum deposition.

(Charge transport layer)
The charge transport layer used in the photoreceptor of the present invention contains a charge transport material (CTM) and a binder resin, and is formed by dissolving and coating the charge transport material in a binder resin solution.

  Various known charge transport materials can be used as the charge transport material. For example, carbazole derivative, oxazole derivative, oxadiazole derivative, thiazole derivative, thiadiazole derivative, triazole derivative, imidazole derivative, imidazolone derivative, imidazolidine derivative, bisimidazolidine derivative, styryl compound, hydrazone compound, pyrazoline compound, oxazolone derivative, benz Imidazole derivatives, quinazoline derivatives, benzofuran derivatives, acridine derivatives, phenazine derivatives, aminostilbene derivatives, triarylamine derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, stilbene derivatives, benzidine derivatives, poly-N-vinylcarbazole, poly-1-vinylpyrene and poly-9 -Two or more kinds of vinyl anthracene, triphenylamine derivatives, etc. may be mixed and used.

  A known resin can be used as the binder resin for the charge transport layer, and polycarbonate resin, polyacrylate resin, polyester resin, polystyrene resin, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer resin, polymethacrylic ester resin, and styrene-methacrylic acid. Examples include ester copolymer resins, and polycarbonate is preferred. Further, BPA, BPZ, dimethyl BPA, BPA-dimethyl BPA copolymer and the like are preferable in terms of crack resistance, wear resistance, and charging characteristics.

  The charge transport layer is preferably formed by dissolving the binder resin and the charge transport material to prepare a coating solution, applying the coating solution to a certain film thickness with a coating machine, and drying the coating film.

  Examples of the solvent for dissolving the binder resin and the charge transport material include toluene, xylene, methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and tetrahydrofuran. 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, pyridine, diethylamine, and the like, but are not limited thereto.

  The mixing ratio of the charge transport material to the binder resin is preferably 10 to 500 parts by mass, more preferably 20 to 100 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.

  The thickness of the charge transport layer varies depending on the characteristics of the charge transport material, the characteristics of the binder resin, the mixing ratio, and the like, but is preferably 5 to 40 μm, and more preferably 10 to 30 μm.

  An antioxidant, an electronic conductive agent, a stabilizer and the like may be added to the charge transport layer. As the antioxidant, those described in JP-A No. 2000-305291 and as the electronic conductive agent are described in JP-A Nos. 50-137543 and 58-76483.

  Next, an image forming apparatus using the organic photoreceptor of the present invention will be described.

[Image forming apparatus]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional configuration diagram of a color image forming apparatus showing an embodiment of the present invention.

  This color image forming apparatus is called a tandem type color image forming apparatus, and includes four sets of image forming units (image forming units) 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10Bk, an endless belt-shaped intermediate transfer body unit 7, and a feeding unit. It comprises a paper conveying means 21 and a fixing means 24. A document image reading device SC is disposed on the upper part of the main body A of the image forming apparatus.

  The image forming unit 10Y that forms a yellow image includes a charging unit (charging step) 2Y, an exposure unit (exposure step) 3Y, and a developing unit disposed around a drum-shaped photoconductor 1Y as a first image carrier. A unit (developing step) 4Y, a primary transfer roller 5Y as a primary transfer unit (primary transfer step), and a cleaning unit 6Y. An image forming unit 10M that forms a magenta image includes a drum-shaped photosensitive member 1M as a first image carrier, a charging unit 2M, an exposure unit 3M, a developing unit 4M, a primary transfer roller 5M as a primary transfer unit, It has a cleaning means 6M. An image forming unit 10C for forming a cyan image includes a drum-shaped photoreceptor 1C as a first image carrier, a charging unit 2C, an exposure unit 3C, a developing unit 4C, and a primary transfer roller 5C as a primary transfer unit. It has cleaning means 6C. The image forming unit 10Bk that forms a black image includes a drum-shaped photoreceptor 1Bk as a first image carrier, a charging unit 2Bk, an exposure unit 3Bk, a developing unit 4Bk, a primary transfer roller 5Bk as a primary transfer unit, and a cleaning unit. 6Bk.

  The four sets of image forming units 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10Bk are centered around the photosensitive drums 1Y, 1M, 1C, and 1Bk, and charging units 2Y, 2M, 2C, and 2Bk, and image exposing units 3Y, 3M, 3C, 3Bk, rotating developing means 4Y, 4M, 4C, and 4Bk, and cleaning means 6Y, 6M, 6C, and 6Bk for cleaning the photosensitive drums 1Y, 1M, 1C, and 1Bk.

  The image forming units 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10Bk have the same configuration except that the colors of toner images formed on the photoreceptors 1Y, 1M, 1C, and 1Bk are different, and the image forming unit 10Y is taken as an example in detail. explain.

  The image forming unit 10Y has a charging unit 2Y (hereinafter simply referred to as a charging unit 2Y or a charger 2Y), an exposure unit 3Y, a developing unit 4Y, and a cleaning unit 6Y (around a photosensitive drum 1Y as an image forming body). Hereinafter, the cleaning unit 6Y or the cleaning blade 6Y) is simply disposed, and a yellow (Y) toner image is formed on the photosensitive drum 1Y. In the present embodiment, in the image forming unit 10Y, at least the photosensitive drum 1Y, the charging unit 2Y, the developing unit 4Y, and the cleaning unit 6Y are provided so as to be integrated.

  The charging unit 2Y is a unit that applies a uniform potential to the photosensitive drum 1Y. In the present embodiment, a corona discharge type charger 2Y is used for the photosensitive drum 1Y.

  The image exposure means 3Y performs exposure based on the image signal (yellow) on the photosensitive drum 1Y given a uniform potential by the charger 2Y, and forms an electrostatic latent image corresponding to the yellow image. As the exposure unit 3Y, a unit composed of LEDs and light-emitting elements in which light emitting elements are arranged in an array in the axial direction of the photosensitive drum 1Y, a laser optical system, or the like is used.

  The image forming apparatus of the present invention is configured by integrally combining the above-described photosensitive member and components such as a developing device and a cleaning device as a process cartridge (image forming unit), and this image forming unit is connected to the apparatus main body. It may be configured to be detachable. In addition, at least one of a charging device, an image exposure device, a developing device, a transfer or separation device, and a cleaning device is integrally supported together with a photosensitive member to form a process cartridge (image forming unit), which is detachable from the apparatus main body. A single image forming unit may be detachable using guide means such as a rail of the apparatus main body.

  The endless belt-like intermediate transfer body unit 7 includes an endless belt-like intermediate transfer body 70 as a second image carrier having a semiconductive endless belt shape that is wound around a plurality of rollers and is rotatably supported.

  Each color image formed by the image forming units 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10Bk is sequentially transferred onto a rotating endless belt-shaped intermediate transfer body 70 by primary transfer rollers 5Y, 5M, 5C, and 5Bk as primary transfer means. Thus, a synthesized color image is formed. An image support P as a transfer material (image support for carrying a fixed final image: for example, plain paper, transparent sheet, etc.) housed in the paper feed cassette 20 is fed by a paper feed means 21 and is supplied to a plurality of image supports. The intermediate rollers 22A, 22B, 22C, 22D, and the registration roller 23 are conveyed to a secondary transfer roller 5b as a secondary transfer unit, and are secondarily transferred onto the image support P to collectively transfer color images. . The image support P to which the color image has been transferred is subjected to fixing processing by the fixing means 24, is sandwiched between the paper discharge rollers 25, and is placed on a paper discharge tray 26 outside the apparatus. Here, a toner image transfer support formed on a photosensitive member such as an intermediate transfer member or an image support is generally referred to as a transfer medium.

  On the other hand, the endless belt-shaped intermediate transfer body 70 obtained by transferring the color image to the image support P by the secondary transfer roller 5b as the secondary transfer means and then separating the curvature of the image support P is subjected to residual toner by the cleaning means 6b. Removed.

  During the image forming process, the primary transfer roller 5Bk is always in contact with the photoreceptor 1Bk. The other primary transfer rollers 5Y, 5M, and 5C are in contact with the corresponding photoreceptors 1Y, 1M, and 1C, respectively, only during color image formation.

  The secondary transfer roller 5b contacts the endless belt-shaped intermediate transfer body 70 only when the image support P passes through the secondary transfer roller 5b and the secondary transfer is performed.

  Further, the housing 8 can be pulled out from the apparatus main body A through the support rails 82L and 82R.

  The housing 8 includes image forming units 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10Bk and an endless belt-shaped intermediate transfer body unit 7.

  The image forming units 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10Bk are arranged in tandem in the vertical direction. An endless belt-shaped intermediate transfer body unit 7 is disposed on the left side of the photoreceptors 1Y, 1M, 1C, and 1Bk in the drawing. The endless belt-shaped intermediate transfer body unit 7 includes an endless belt-shaped intermediate transfer body 70 that can be rotated by winding rollers 71, 72, 73, and 74, primary transfer rollers 5Y, 5M, 5C, and 5Bk, and a cleaning unit 6b. Consists of.

  Although the color laser printer is shown in the image forming apparatus of FIG. 1, it is of course applicable to a monochrome laser printer and copying as well. The exposure light source may also be a light source other than a laser, such as an LED light source.

  Next, the present invention will be further described while showing actual configurations and effects. However, of course, the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to these. In the following text, “part” means “part by mass”.

(Preparation of photoreceptor 1)
Photoreceptor 1 was produced as follows.

  The surface of a cylindrical aluminum support having a diameter of 60 mm was cut to prepare a conductive support having a fine and rough surface.

<Intermediate layer>
A dispersion having the following composition was diluted twice with the same mixed solvent, and allowed to stand overnight, followed by filtration (filter; using a lime mesh 5 μm filter manufactured by Nihon Pall) to prepare an intermediate layer coating solution.

Polyamide resin CM8000 (manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) 1 part Titanium oxide SMT500SAS (manufactured by Teika) 3 parts Methanol 10 parts Dispersion was carried out for 10 hours in a batch manner using a sand mill as a disperser.

  It apply | coated by the dip coating method so that it might become a dry film thickness of 2 micrometers on the said support body using the said coating liquid.

<Charge generation layer>
Charge generation material: Pigment (CG-1) below: Mixed crystal of 1: 1 adduct of titanyl phthalocyanine and (2R, 3R) -2,3-butanediol and non-adduct titanyl phthalocyanine 20 parts Polyvinyl butyral resin (# 6000) -C: manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) 10 parts t-butyl acetate 700 parts 4-methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone 300 parts are mixed and dispersed for 10 hours using a sand mill to prepare a charge generation layer coating solution. did. This coating solution was applied onto the intermediate layer by a dip coating method to form a charge generation layer having a dry film thickness of 0.3 μm.

(Synthesis of Pigment (CG-1))
(1) Synthesis of amorphous titanyl phthalocyanine 1,3-diiminoisoindoline; 29.2 parts by mass are dispersed in 200 parts by mass of o-dichlorobenzene, and titanium tetra-n-butoxide; 20.4 parts by mass are added. It heated at 150-160 degreeC for 5 hours under nitrogen atmosphere. After allowing to cool, the precipitated crystals were filtered, washed with chloroform, washed with 2% aqueous hydrochloric acid, washed with water, washed with methanol, and dried to obtain 26.2 parts by mass (yield 91%) of crude titanyl phthalocyanine.

  Subsequently, the crude titanyl phthalocyanine was dissolved by stirring for 1 hour in 250 parts by mass of concentrated sulfuric acid at 5 ° C. or less, and this was poured into 5000 parts by mass of water at 20 ° C. The precipitated crystals were filtered and sufficiently washed with water to obtain 225 parts by mass of a wet paste product.

  Subsequently, the wet paste product was frozen in a freezer, thawed again, filtered and dried to obtain 24.8 parts by mass of amorphous titanyl phthalocyanine (yield 86%).

(2) Synthesis of (2R, 3R) -2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine (CG-1) 10.0 parts by mass of the above-mentioned amorphous titanyl phthalocyanine and (2R, 3R) -2,3-butanediol 0.94 parts by mass (0.6 equivalent ratio) (equivalent ratio is equivalent to titanyl phthalocyanine, the same applies hereinafter) is mixed with 200 parts by mass of orthodichlorobenzene (ODB) and stirred at 60 to 70 ° C. for 6.0 hours. did. After standing overnight, methanol was added to the reaction solution, and the resulting crystals were filtered. The crystals after filtration were washed with methanol (a pigment containing (2R, 3R) -2,3-butanediol adduct titanyl phthalocyanine). CG-1: 10.3 mass parts was obtained. In the X-ray diffraction spectrum of CG-1, there are clear peaks at 8.3 °, 24.7 °, 25.1 °, and 26.5 °. There is a peak in the 576 and 648 in the mass spectra, O-Ti-O both absorption appears Ti = O near 970 cm ^-1, around 630 cm ^-1 in the IR spectrum. In addition, since thermal analysis (TG) has a mass loss of about 7% at 390 to 410 ° C., a 1: 1 adduct and a non-adduct (addition) of titanyl phthalocyanine and (2R, 3R) -2,3-butanediol It is presumed to be a mixed crystal of titanyl phthalocyanine.

It was 31.2 m < ² > / g when the BET specific surface area of the obtained CG-1 was measured with the flow type specific surface area automatic measuring device (Micrometrics flow soap type: Shimadzu Corporation).

<Charge transport layer>
Charge transport material (compound A below) 225 parts Binder: Polycarbonate Z (Z300: manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical) 300 parts Antioxidant (Irganox 1010: manufactured by BASF Japan) 6 parts THF (tetrahydrofuran) 1600 parts Toluene 400 parts Silicone oil ( KF-50: manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) One part was mixed and dissolved to prepare a charge transport layer coating solution.

  This coating solution was applied onto the charge generation layer using a circular slide hopper coating machine to form a charge transport layer having a dry film thickness of 20 μm.

<Protective layer>
Polymerizable compound (Exemplary compound (Mc-1)) 100 parts Charge transporting compound (Photoreceptor exemplary compound B-7) 30 parts Polymerization initiator (Exemplary compound P-2) 5 parts Polymerization accelerator (p-dimethylaminobenzoic acid) Acid ethyl ester (PS-1)) 1 part Antioxidant (Exemplary Compound AO-1) 2 parts Solvent: 100 parts of 2-butanol The above components are mixed and stirred, and sufficiently dissolved and dispersed to prepare a surface layer coating solution. did. A surface layer was applied to the photoreceptor on which the coating solution had been prepared up to the charge transport layer using a circular slide hopper coater. After coating, the metal halide lamp was irradiated with ultraviolet rays for 1 minute in a nitrogen atmosphere, and then dried at 100 ° C. for 60 minutes, and then a protective layer having a dry film thickness of 3.0 μm was formed to form the photoreceptor 1. Produced.

(Production of photoconductors 2 to 10 and 14 to 16)
Photoconductors 2 to 10 and 14 to 16 were prepared in the same manner except that the polymerizable compound, the charge transporting compound, the polymerization initiator, and the like of the protective layer were changed as shown in Table 1 in the production of the photoconductor 1. .

(Preparation of photoconductor 11)
In the production of the photoreceptor 1, a photoreceptor 11 was produced in the same manner except that the following compound B described in JP-A No. 2006-138951 was used as the charge transporting compound for the protective layer.

(Preparation of photoconductor 12)
Photoconductor 12 was prepared in the same manner as in preparation of photoconductor 1, except that the polymerization initiator of the protective layer was changed to the following compound C of the self-opening polymerization initiator.

(Preparation of photoconductor 13)
In the preparation of the photoreceptor 1, polycarbonate (polycarbonate Z (Z-300)) is used instead of the protective layer polymerizable compound, polymerization initiator and polymerization accelerator, and the solvent is changed from 2-butanol to n-propyl alcohol. Photoconductor 13 was prepared in the same manner except that the solvent was changed to a mixed solvent (mixing ratio (parts): 1: 1) of styrene and THF (tetrahydrofuran).

In Table 1,
The polymerization accelerator PS-1 represents p-dimethylaminobenzoic acid ethyl ester, and the polymerization accelerator PS-2 represents p-dimethylaminobenzoic acid isoamyl ester.
Solvent A is 2-butanol,
Solvent B is a mixed solvent of n-propyl alcohol and 2-butanol (mixing ratio (part): 1: 1)
Solvent C represents a mixed solvent of n-propyl alcohol and THF (tetrahydrofuran) (mixing ratio (parts): 1: 1).

Evaluation Evaluation was carried out by mounting each photoconductor on bizhub PRO C6501 (color compound machine, exposure light is a 780 nm semiconductor laser) manufactured by Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc. having the configuration shown in FIG.

  In a 23 ° C./50% RH environment, a durability test is performed in which a character image with an image ratio of 6% is printed on both sides of 300,000 sheets continuously with A4 horizontal feed. Wear characteristics, residual potential and image memory were evaluated. The evaluation was performed according to the following indicators.

Evaluation of Abrasion Resistance Characteristics The film thickness of the photosensitive layer before and after the durability test was measured, and the amount of film thickness loss was calculated and evaluated.

  The film thickness of the photosensitive layer is measured randomly at 10 locations where the film thickness is uniform (excluding the film thickness fluctuation portion at the leading and trailing edges of the coating), and the average value is measured for the film of the photosensitive layer. Thickness. The film thickness measuring device is an eddy current film thickness measuring device EDDY560C (manufactured by HELMUT FISCHER GMBTE CO), and the difference in the photosensitive layer thickness before and after the actual shooting test is defined as the film thickness depletion amount. The amount of wear per 100 krot (100,000 revolutions) is shown in Table 2 as an α value.

Evaluation of residual potential It evaluated by the magnitude | size of the electric potential fluctuation | variation of the exposure part potential in the said endurance test.

  Judgment criteria are as shown below.

  The initial charging potential was adjusted to 600 ± 50 V, and evaluation was performed based on the amount of change (ΔV) in the exposed portion potential after the initial and 50,000 sheets.

A: ΔV is less than 50V (good)
○: ΔV is 50 to 100 V (no problem in practical use)
×: ΔV is larger than 100V (practical problem)
Evaluation of image memory After the endurance test, ten solid black and solid white mixed images were printed in succession, followed by printing a uniform halftone image, and the solid black and solid white in the halftone image. Judgment was made as to whether or not there was a history.

  Judgment criteria are as shown below.

  With respect to the image at the end of the endurance test, the reflection density was measured using an SPI filter using a Macbeth reflection densitometer (manufactured by Macbeth), and classified into the following evaluation ranks.

  ΔID is the difference between the density of the solid white history portion and the density of the solid black history portion.

A: ΔID is less than 0.05 (good)
○: ΔID is 0.05 to 0.10 (no problem in practical use)
×: ΔID is larger than 0.10 (practical problem)
The evaluation results are summarized in Table 2.

  From the results of Table 2, after applying the composition having the structure of the present invention, the protective layer containing a radically polymerizable compound, a hydrogen abstraction type polymerization initiator, and a charge transporting compound having a proton donor type functional group The photoconductors (photoconductors Nos. 1 to 10 and 14 to 16), which are resin layers obtained by curing, have obtained favorable evaluations in the respective evaluation items.

  On the other hand, in the photoreceptor 11 in which the charge transporting compound of the protective layer is radically polymerizable, the charge transporting group of the protective layer is contained in the main skeleton of the resin structure, the film strength is lowered, and the wear resistance is deteriorated. ing. Further, in the photoconductor 12 of the protective layer using the self-cleaving type polymerization initiator, the charge transporting compound is not taken into the resin structure of the protective layer, and the wear resistance characteristic is deteriorated due to the reduction of the film strength as the whole protective layer. In addition, residual potential and image memory characteristics are also degraded. In the photosensitive member 13, since the resin of the protective layer is polycarbonate, the wear resistance is significantly deteriorated.

1Y, 1M, 1C, 1Bk photoconductor 2Y, 2M, 2C, 2Bk charging unit 3Y, 3M, 3C, 3Bk exposure unit 4Y, 4M, 4C, 4Bk developing unit 10Y, 10M, 10C, 10Bk Image forming unit 7 Intermediate transfer member P Image support (also called transfer material, plain paper, etc.)

Claims (5)

  In an organic photoreceptor in which a photosensitive layer and a protective layer are sequentially laminated on a conductive support, the protective layer comprises a radical polymerizable compound, a hydrogen abstraction type polymerization initiator, and a charge transporting compound having a proton donor type functional group. An organic photoreceptor, which is a resin layer obtained by curing a composition containing the composition.   The radical polymerizable compound is a compound having a methacryloyl group or an acryloyl group, and the proton donor functional group is one or more functional groups selected from groups having OH, SH and NH. Item 2. The organophotoreceptor according to item 1.   3. The organophotoreceptor according to claim 2, wherein the radical polymerizable compound has a methacryloyl group or an acryloyl group, and the charge transport compound has a hydroxyalkyl group.   The image forming apparatus having a charging unit, an exposing unit, a developing unit, and a transfer unit around the organic photoconductor, wherein the organic photoconductor is the organic photoconductor according to any one of claims 1 to 3. An image forming apparatus.   An image forming method comprising: forming an electrophotographic image using the image forming apparatus according to claim 4.

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