JP2012153655A - Synthesis system, rubber chemical for tire and pneumatic tire - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a synthesis system whereby aniline can be efficiently synthesized using a biomass raw material, a rubber chemical for a tire synthesized using the aniline obtained by the synthesis system as a raw material, and a pneumatic tire using the rubber chemical for a tire.SOLUTION: In the synthesis system, the aniline is synthesized via phenol using the biomass material as a raw material.

Description

The present invention relates to a synthesis system capable of efficiently synthesizing aniline, a tire rubber chemical synthesized from aniline obtained from the synthesis system, and a pneumatic tire using the tire rubber chemical.

Aniline, which is a raw material for rubber chemicals such as anti-aging agents, thiazole vulcanization accelerators, and sulfenamide vulcanization accelerators, is usually synthesized from petroleum. However, since fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas are depleting and future price increases are expected, it is necessary to reduce the use of fossil fuels by replacing fossil fuels with biomass resources. Yes.

From the viewpoint of utilization of natural resources, a method of synthesizing a vulcanization accelerator using a natural long chain amine synthesized by reductive amination of a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid obtained by hydrolyzing natural fats and oils as a raw material is known. . However, there is no description that these substances are produced from natural resources by a method using mercaptobenzothiazoles or dibenzothiazolyl disulfide in the production process.

As a synthesis example using biomass resources as a raw material, a method of synthesizing an aromatic compound such as benzene using a lower hydrocarbon such as methane contained in biogas as a raw material is known. There is room for improvement in that it is difficult to do. As another example, a method using biomethanol as a raw material is also known, but there is room for improvement in that the raw material is highly toxic. Further, in common with these methods, there is room for improvement in that it is difficult to ensure a sufficient yield.

Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose a method of synthesizing aniline by microorganisms using glucose as a raw material. However, other methods are also required for use of various bacterial species and improvement of production efficiency.

JP 2010-17176 A JP 2008-274225 A

The present invention solves the above-mentioned problems, and provides a synthesis system capable of efficiently synthesizing aniline using a biomass raw material, a tire rubber chemical synthesized from aniline obtained from the synthesis system, and the tire rubber chemical. An object is to provide a used pneumatic tire.

The present invention relates to a synthesis system that synthesizes aniline via phenol using a biomass material as a raw material.
The biomass material is preferably a saccharide or bioethanol.

It is preferable to use a synthetic system in which phenol is produced from microorganisms using the biomass material as a raw material and the phenol is converted into aniline. Moreover, it is preferable to use a biomass system as a raw material to produce phenol by liquid culture of microorganisms and convert the phenol into aniline. Here, the microorganism that produces phenol is preferably a microorganism having resistance to organic solvents.

A synthesis system that synthesizes phenol with a solid acid catalyst using bioethanol as a raw material is preferable. Here, the solid acid catalyst is preferably zeolite. The solid acid catalyst is preferably MFI-type zeolite.
Further, the solid acid catalyst is preferably MFI-type zeolite supporting copper, titanium, platinum, ruthenium alone or a compound thereof.

The present invention relates to rubber chemicals for tires synthesized using aniline obtained by the above synthesis system as a raw material. Here, the rubber chemicals for tires are preferably synthesized using acetone obtained from a biomass raw material.

The acetone obtained from the biomass raw material is preferably obtained by acetone / butanol fermentation by a microorganism using saccharides as a raw material. Here, the microorganism is preferably a genus Clostridium. Further, the microorganism is preferably a microorganism into which a gene belonging to the genus Clostridium is introduced.

The introduced gene is preferably a gene encoding acetoacetate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.4), coenzyme A transferase or thiolase.

Acetone obtained from the biomass raw material is preferably obtained by separation from a wood vinegar solution. Moreover, it is preferable that the acetone obtained from the said biomass raw material is what was induced | guided | derived from bioethanol.
The present invention also relates to a pneumatic tire using the tire rubber chemical.

The present invention relates to rubber chemicals for tires synthesized using aniline obtained by the above synthesis system as a raw material.
The present invention also relates to a pneumatic tire using the tire rubber chemical.

According to the present invention, since it is a synthesis system that synthesizes aniline using a biomass material as a raw material via phenol, aniline can be synthesized efficiently and resource-saving without using fossil fuel. Therefore, by using aniline synthesized by the above synthesis system, the amount of fossil fuel used in the production of tire rubber chemicals and pneumatic tires can be reduced.

The present invention is a synthesis system (synthesis method) for synthesizing aniline via phenol using a biomass material as a raw material.

First, the process of biosynthesizing phenol from biomass resources using microorganisms will be described.

The microorganisms that can be used in the present invention are not particularly limited as long as they can assimilate biomass resources and biosynthesize phenol.

For example, a gene (tpl gene) encoding tyrosine phenol lyase (EC 4.11.99.2), which is an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction for producing phenol from tyrosine (for example, tpl listed in GenBank accession no. D13714). Biomass can be biosynthesized by utilizing biomass resources by a microorganism obtained by introducing a gene) into a microorganism capable of biosynthesis of tyrosine.

Tyrosine phenol lyase is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme and catalyzes a reaction that generates phenol, pyruvic acid, and ammonia from tyrosine. Tyrosine phenol lyase is also known as β-tyrosinase or L-tyrosine phenol lyase.

The microorganism into which the tpl gene is introduced is not particularly limited as long as it is a microorganism capable of biosynthesis of tyrosine. Since almost all microorganisms existing on the earth can biosynthesize tyrosine, any microorganism can be used. For example, the genus Escherichia, the genus Serratia, the Bacillus Genus, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Microbacterium, Pseudomonas, Agrobacterium, Alicyclobacilli The genus of Anabena, the genus Anacystis, the genus Arthrobacter, Zotobacter genus, Chromatium genus, Erwinia genus, Methylobacterium genus, Formidium genus, Rhodobacter genus Rhodocter genus, Rhodobacter genus Microorganisms belonging to the genus Rhodospirillum, the genus Scenedesmus, the genus Streptomyces, the genus Synecoccus, the genus Zymomonas, and the like can be used. Of these, microorganisms belonging to the genus Pseudomonas are preferable.

In addition, normal microorganisms may be killed when the concentration of the product phenol becomes high. Therefore, the microorganism into which the tpl gene is introduced is preferably a microorganism having resistance to organic solvents that is difficult to be killed by phenol (particularly, resistance to aromatic compounds). Examples of the microorganism having organic solvent resistance include Pseudomonas putida S12. Since Pseudomonas putida S12 is excellent in resistance to aromatic compounds, it can be suitably used as a microorganism into which the tpl gene is introduced.

The method for introducing the tpl gene into the microorganism is not particularly limited, and a commonly used one may be used under generally known conditions. For example, a method using calcium ions [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , USA, 69, 2110 (1972)], protoplast method (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 63-248394), electroporation method [Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 6127 (1988)], heat shock method, particle gun method ("Biochemical Experimental Method 41 Introduction to Plant Cell Engineering", September 1, 1998, Academic Publishing Center, pages 255-326). However, it is not limited to these.

The medium for culturing the microorganism into which the tpl gene has been introduced is not particularly limited as long as the microorganism to be cultured can grow, except that a biomass resource is used as a carbon source, a nitrogen source, inorganic ions, A normal medium containing an organic nutrient source may be used as necessary.

The biomass resource is not particularly limited as long as it contains sugar, for example, rice, wheat, honey, fruit, corn, sugarcane, bagasse, kenaf, legumes, straw, straw, rice husk, thinned wood, Examples include waste wood, waste paper, waste pulp, and organic municipal waste. Moreover, saccharides, such as glucose, sucrose, trihalose, fructose, lactose, galactose, xylose, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, maltose, amylose, cellulose, chitin, chitosan, etc. are also mentioned. Of these, saccharides are preferred.

In the present invention, the biomass resource may be used directly as a carbon source. However, when biomass resources other than the saccharides or polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitin, chitosan are used, some microorganisms cannot directly assimilate. For reasons such as low ability to assimilate or the like, it is preferable to use biomass resources and polysaccharides other than sugars after lowering the molecular weight. The method for reducing the molecular weight is not particularly limited, and can be performed by a known method (for example, steaming, hydrolysis, enzymatic decomposition, etc.). Monosaccharides and the like can be obtained by reducing the molecular weight of biomass resources and polysaccharides other than saccharides.

Among the biomass resources, glucose is particularly preferable because phenol can be efficiently generated. As the glucose, naturally occurring glucose (monosaccharide) may be used, or glucose obtained by reducing the molecular weight of biomass resources by the above method or the like may be used.

Nitrogen sources include ammonium salts of inorganic salts such as ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride, ammonium salts of organic acids such as ammonium fumarate and ammonium citrate, nitrates such as sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate, peptone, yeast extract, meat extract, corn steep Organic nitrogen compounds such as liquor and soybean hydrolysate, ammonia gas, aqueous ammonia, or a mixture thereof can be used.

In addition, nutrient sources used in normal media such as inorganic salts, trace metal salts, vitamins, hormones, and the like can be used by appropriately mixing them.

There are no particular restrictions on the culture conditions. For example, while pH and temperature are appropriately limited within the range of pH 5 to 8 and temperature 20 to 60 ° C. (preferably 20 to 35 ° C.) under aerobic conditions, Culture may be performed for about 480 hours. The culture method may be either solid culture or liquid culture, but liquid culture is more preferable from the viewpoint of efficiency. The liquid culture method may be any of batch culture, semi-batch culture, and continuous culture.

By culturing the microorganism, biomass resources can be assimilated to biosynthesize phenol. Phenol can be recovered from the culture solution or extracted from the microorganisms.

The phenol accumulated in the culture solution may be extracted with an organic solvent, for example. The organic solvent that can be used is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include diethyl ether, octanol, nonanol, dodecanol, benzene, toluene, xylene, and ethyl acetate. Furthermore, phenol extracted with an organic solvent may be purified by a known purification operation such as chromatography.

Further, the phenol accumulated in the microorganism can be obtained by pulverizing the microorganism with ultrasonic waves and then extracting with the organic solvent.
Furthermore, after removing water from the culture solution alone or from both the culture solution and the microorganism, extraction with an organic solvent such as ethanol may be followed by purification to recover phenol.

As another method for synthesizing phenol from biomass resources, bioethanol may be converted to phenol using a solid acid catalyst. Examples of the solid acid include a zeolite catalyst and an alumina catalyst, but are not limited thereto, and a plurality of catalysts may be used simultaneously or stepwise.

The solid acid catalyst may be ion-exchanged, and further, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, iron, aluminum, gallium, zinc, gadolinium, platinum, vanadium, palladium, niobium, molybdenum, yttrium, rhenium, Metals such as neodymium, tungsten, lanthanum, copper, titanium, ruthenium, and their compounds, or phosphorus compounds, boron compounds and the like may be supported.

The solid acid catalyst is preferably a zeolite, and specific examples thereof include A type zeolite, L type zeolite, X type zeolite, Y type zeolite, MFI type zeolite, MWW type zeolite, β type zeolite, mordenite, ferrierite, Examples include erionite. Among the above zeolites, the MFI type is particularly preferable, and the ZSM-5 type is particularly preferable. It is particularly preferable that the ZSM-5 catalyst be used in combination with a proton type and a catalyst that supports a rare earth such as gadolinium or rhenium.

Next, as a method for synthesizing aniline from the biosynthesized phenol, there can be mentioned a method for preparing aniline by reacting phenol and ammonia gas or a low molecular weight amine compound using various catalysts. Examples of the catalyst include zeolite catalysts, niobium catalysts, titania-zirconia composite oxide catalysts, solid catalysts such as alumina catalysts, metallosilicate catalysts, various inorganic acids, organic acids, etc., but are not limited thereto. In addition, a plurality of catalysts may be used simultaneously or stepwise.

The solid catalyst may be ion-exchanged, and further, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, iron, copper, aluminum, gallium, zinc, gadolinium, platinum, vanadium, palladium, titanium, niobium, molybdenum, yttrium Further, metals such as rhenium, neodymium, tungsten and lanthanum and their compounds, or phosphorus compounds and boron compounds may be supported.

The solid catalyst is particularly preferably a zeolite, and specific examples thereof include A-type zeolite, L-type zeolite, X-type zeolite, Y-type zeolite, MFI-type zeolite, MWW-type zeolite, β-type zeolite, mordenite, ferrierite, erio. Night etc. are mentioned.

As the zeolite, MWW type MCM-22 type and MFI type are preferable, and these may carry other catalysts. MFI-type zeolite has an MFI (Mobile) structure, and is ZSM-5, ZSM-8, Zeta 1, Zeta 3, Nu-4, Nu-5, TZ-1, TPZ-1, TS-1. ZSM-5 type is particularly preferred from the viewpoint of high selectivity and reaction efficiency.

The cation occupied by the ion-exchangeable cation site of the zeolite is not particularly limited, and hydrogen ion (proton); alkali metal ion such as lithium ion, sodium ion, potassium ion; magnesium ion, calcium ion, strontium ion, barium Examples include alkaline earth metal ions such as ions; transition metal ions such as iron ions and silver ions; and quaternary ammonium ions. Of these, hydrogen ions (protons) are preferred because they can increase the surface activity and increase the reaction efficiency. 1 type may be sufficient as this cation, and 2 or more types may be sufficient as it.

The molar ratio of SiO ₂ to Al ₂ O _{3 in} the crystal structure of zeolite (SiO ₂ / Al ₂ O ₃ ) varies depending on the reaction apparatus and impurities contained in the raw material, but is preferably 5 to 2000, more preferably 5-60. Within the above range, side reactions such as further alkylation of the produced phenol can be minimized. For the same reason, the size of zeolite crystals is preferably (0.001-50) μm × (0.01-100) μm. The size of the zeolite particles is preferably 0.1 to 50 μm, and more preferably 1 to 20 μm. Further, the nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of the zeolite is preferably ^{10~1000m 2 / g, 100~500m 2 /} g is more preferable.

The reaction of the catalyst with phenol and ammonia can be performed in a gas phase or a liquid phase. As the reactor, a fixed bed reactor, a fluidized bed reactor, or a moving bed reactor can be used. The reaction temperature is about 200 to 600 ° C. (preferably 300 to 500 ° C., more preferably 350 ° C. to 450 ° C.), and the reaction pressure may be normal pressure or increased pressure (preferably about 5 to 50 atm). Further, the molar ratio of ammonia to phenol is about 1 to 50 (preferably 5 to 30). In addition, you may dilute with inert gas, such as nitrogen, argon, and steam, as needed at the time of reaction.

Using the aniline prepared as described above, it is possible to produce an anti-aging agent, a vulcanization accelerator and the like used in the tire industry and the like without using petroleum resources.

Anti-aging agents include p-phenylenediamine-based anti-aging agents such as N- (1,3-dimethylbutyl) -N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydro Examples include quinoline anti-aging agents such as quinoline polymer.

For example, N- (1,3-dimethylbutyl) -N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine can be produced by an after-mentioned synthesis method using aniline as a raw material. Here, methyl isobutyl ketone to be added to the intermediate amine can be synthesized by the following method. That is, diacetone alcohol, which can be synthesized by aldol condensation of two molecules of acetone obtained by the method described later, is easily dehydrated and converted into mesityl oxide. Become a ketone. By this method, an anti-aging agent can be produced regardless of petroleum resources.

Further, the 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline polymer can be synthesized by continuously supplying acetone at 140 ° C. at any time in the presence of an acidic catalyst using aniline as a raw material. In addition, since acetone can be manufactured with the following method, this polymer can be manufactured irrespective of petroleum resources.

Acetone, for example, can be synthesized by distilling a mixed solvent of butanol, acetone, etc., when a biomass is used as a raw material to conduct acetone / butanol fermentation with microorganisms. As the biomass material, cellulose, crops and wastes thereof, saccharides and the like are used, and saccharides are particularly preferable. Microorganisms that perform acetone-butanol fermentation are not particularly limited, but are wild-type, mutant, or recombinant, such as Escherichia, Zymomonas, Candida, Saccharomyces, and Pichia. Preferred is a genus selected from the group consisting of Streptomyces, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Coryne and Clostridium. Among them, the genus Clostridium is more preferable, and Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium saccharobutyricum, and Clostridium saccharoperbutylicum are particularly preferable.
Further, it may be a microorganism incorporating a gene encoding the clostridium acetoacetate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.4), coenzyme A transferase, or thiolase.

Acetone can also be obtained by further fractionating a wood vinegar solution obtained by dry distillation of wood or by fractionation with liquid chromatography or the like.
Moreover, it can synthesize | combine by heating bioethanol to 400 degreeC or more in presence of Zr-Fe catalyst. In addition, a process of synthesizing ethylene by dehydrating bioethanol derived from saccharide raw materials, a process of synthesizing propylene from ethylene by a method widely used in petrochemistry, and preparing isopropanol from propylene by a hydration reaction, followed by dehydration Acetone can be synthesized through an elementary reaction step.
Acetone can be synthesized by neutralizing acetic acid obtained by pyrolyzing cellulose in the woody material with calcium hydroxide to obtain calcium acetate, followed by thermal decomposition. Acetic acid is produced by the oxidation of ethanol during the fermentation process in the synthesis of bioethanol. Therefore, it can be synthesized by using the acetic acid and passing through the same process as described above. Furthermore, acetone can be synthesized by advancing the conversion reaction of bioethanol derived from a saccharide raw material with a ZnO / CaO catalyst or the like.

Examples of the vulcanization accelerator include thiazole vulcanization accelerators such as 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and dibenzothiazyl disulfide, N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazylsulfenamide, N, N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazyl. Examples thereof include sulfenamide vulcanization accelerators such as sulfenamide and N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazylsulfenamide.

2-mercaptobenzothiazole can be produced by the following synthesis method using aniline as a raw material. Here, for example, carbon disulfide can be separated and produced by reacting mustard oil with hydrogen sulfide contained in about 0.4% of mustard vegetable. According to this method, a vulcanization accelerator can be produced regardless of petroleum resources. Also, dibenzothiazyl disulfide can be synthesized by oxidizing the 2-mercaptobenzothiazole thus produced.

The antioxidants and vulcanization accelerators obtained above can be used as materials for ordinary rubber products, and are particularly useful as rubber chemicals for tire rubber compositions (treads, sidewalls, etc.).

In addition to the above components, the rubber composition includes an inorganic filler such as a rubber component, carbon black, silica, clay, aluminum hydroxide, and calcium carbonate, a silane coupling agent, a process oil, a softening agent, a vulcanizing agent, and a vulcanizing agent. A compounding agent used in a normal rubber industry, such as a sulfur accelerator, is appropriately blended. Moreover, you may contain a part of anti-aging agent and vulcanization accelerator derived from normal fossil resources such as petroleum.

As a method for producing the rubber composition, known methods can be used. For example, the above components are kneaded using a rubber kneader such as an open roll, a Banbury mixer, a closed kneader, and then vulcanized. It can be manufactured by a method or the like.

The pneumatic tire of the present invention is produced by a usual method using the rubber composition. That is, a rubber composition containing each component as necessary is extruded in accordance with the shape of each member of the tire at an unvulcanized stage and molded by a normal method on a tire molding machine. After forming an unvulcanized tire, the tire can be manufactured by heating and pressing in a vulcanizer.

The present invention will be specifically described based on examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

(Synthesis of phenol from biomass raw materials 1 (use of microorganisms))
(Preparation of transformant)
Pantoea agglomerans AJ2985 genomic DNA was used as a template DNA, and 5′-GCGGTACCATGAACTATCCTGCCGAGCCC-3 ′ (forward), 5′-GCGGCCGCTTTAATAAAAGTCAAAAGCGCGC-3 ′ (reverse) was used by PCR amplification using the gene of PCR method p. In addition, a primer is GenBank accession no. Based on the sequence of the tpl gene listed in D13714, it was designed to include sequences GGTACC and CGGCCG corresponding to the restriction enzymes KpnI and NotI. It was confirmed that there was no problem in the sequence of the amplified tpl gene by a known method.

Next, the amplified tpl gene was incorporated into the ampicillin-resistant and gentamicin-resistant plasmid pTn-1 containing the salicylic acid-inducible NagR / pNagAa promoter using restriction enzymes KpnI and NotI to obtain pNW1.

Next, the obtained pNW1 was incorporated into Pseudomonas putida S12 (ATCC7000080), which is an organic solvent-resistant bacterium, by a known method to obtain a transformant.

(Semi-batch culture)
Next, the obtained transformant was cultured under the following conditions, and phenol was biosynthesized from glucose. Culturing was performed using BioFIo IIc fermentor (manufactured by New Brunswick Scientific) having an internal volume of 2.5 L. During the culture, oxygen was supplied to the head space of the incubator at a rate of 300 ml / min, and the supplied oxygen was mixed into the medium by rotating a stirring blade at the bottom of the incubator. During the culture, the pH was kept at 7.0 using 4M KOH. Furthermore, the dissolved oxygen pressure was kept at about 20% saturation by adjusting the rotation speed of the stirring blade. The amount of the culture solution at the start of the culture was 1.5 L. Periodically, the absorbance at 600 nm (OD ₆₀₀ ) was measured, and after no change was observed in OD ₆₀₀ , the feed solution was supplied. The feed rate of the feed liquid is 4 ml / h when the cell dry weight (CDW) is less than 3 g / L, 9 ml / h when the CDW is 3 to 4.5 g / L, and the CDW exceeds 4.5 g / L. In this case, it was 20 ml / h. The culture was performed at 30 ° C.
The medium composition and the feed liquid composition at the start of the culture are as follows.

<Medium composition at the start of culture (the following amounts indicate the amount per liter)>
30 mmol K ₂ HPO ₄ , 20.5 mmol NaH ₂ PO ₄ , 25 mmol D-glucose, 15 mmol NH ₄ Cl, 1.4 mmol Na ₂ SO ₄ , 1.5 mmol MgCl ₂ , 0.5 g yeast extract 10 ml trace solution 1, 10 mg Gentamicin, 0.1 mmol salicylic acid

<Feed liquid composition (the following amount indicates the amount per 1 L)>
750 mmol D-glucose, 225 mmol NH ₄ Cl, 21 mmol Na ₂ SO ₄ , 7.4 mmol MgCl ₂ , 13 mmol CaCl ₂ , 0.5 g yeast extract, 100 ml trace solution ₂ , 10 mg gentamicin, 1 mmol salicylic acid

<Composition of Trace solution 1 (the following amount indicates the amount per 1 L)>
4 g EDTA, 0.2 g ZnSO ₄ .7H ₂ O, 0.1 g CaCl ₂ .2H ₂ O, 1.5 g FeSO ₄ .7H ₂ O, 0.02 g Na ₂ MoO ₄ .2H ₂ O, 0.2 g CuSO ₄・ 5H ₂ O, 0.04 g CoCl ₂ .6H ₂ O, 0.1 g MnCl ₂ .4H ₂ O

<Composition of Trace solution 2 (the following amount indicates the amount per 1 L)>
4 g EDTA, 0.2 g ZnSO ₄ .7H ₂ O, 0.1 g CaCl ₂ .2H ₂ O, 6.5 g FeSO ₄ .7H ₂ O, 0.02 g Na ₂ MoO ₄ .2H ₂ O, 0.2 g CuSO ₄ 5H ₂ O, 0.04 g CoCl ₂ .6H ₂ O, 0.1 g MnCl ₂ .4H ₂ O, 0.024 g H ₃ BO ₃ , 0.02 g NiCl · 6H ₂ O

After culturing for 25 hours, diethyl ether was added to the culture solution and extracted twice. The extract was concentrated by an evaporator and purified by flash chromatography packed with silica gel 60 to obtain phenol. Phenol was identified by NMR and IR.

(Synthesis of phenol from biomass raw materials 2-1 (utilization of catalyst))
As starting materials, copper acetate, and NH ₄ —ZSM-5 (manufactured by Tosoh: 820 NHA SiO ₂ / Al ₂ O ₃ = 23 (molar ratio), nitrogen adsorption specific surface area: 350 m ² / g, crystal size: 0. Cu-supported ZSM-5 catalyst was prepared using 03 μm × 0.1 μm, particle size: 5 μm). The pH was adjusted to 11 by adding aqueous ammonia to the copper acetate aqueous solution, and the copper ion in the aqueous solution was changed to a copper ammine complex [Cu (NH ₃ ) ₄ ] ²⁺ . NH ₄ —ZSM-5 was added to this aqueous solution, and the mixture was stirred for 24 hours while heating to 60 ° C., and ion exchange with copper ions was performed. Then, it filtered and wash | cleaned and dried at 100 degreeC for 24 hours. The dried sample was 1 L / min. The catalyst was obtained by calcining at 500 ° C. for 1 hour under the air flow. The amount of Cu supported on the prepared catalyst was controlled by changing the concentration of the solution used for ion exchange. As a result of quantitative determination by atomic absorption analysis, the amount of Cu supported by the prepared catalyst was Cu / Al = 0.13 to 1.67 (Cu: 0.54 to 6.83 wt%).
Two quartz tubes with an inner diameter of 32 mm are connected, and zeolite catalyst H-ZSM-5 (manufactured by Tosoh: 820HOA (820NHA SiO ₂ / Al ₂ O ₃ = 23 is fired) is formed on quartz wool at the center. Then, 10.0 g of Cu / ZSM-5 synthesized by the above method was packed, and nitrogen gas was supplied from the side of the catalyst column not supporting Cu. The supply rate of nitrogen gas was 1 / hr in terms of LHSV. The quartz tube was installed in an electric furnace, heated to a predetermined temperature, and then a predetermined amount of distilled and purified bioethanol (manufactured by Nikkaku Ethanol) was supplied. The reaction conditions at that time were a reaction temperature of 450 ° C., a reaction pressure of normal pressure, a bioethanol feed rate of 1 / hr in terms of LHSV, and a molar ratio of bioethanol to nitrogen (petroleum-derived ethanol / nitrogen) of 50/50. did.
The reaction mixture produced by the continuous supply of bioethanol was distilled and then separated by high performance liquid chromatography to obtain 5 g of pure phenol.

(Synthesis of phenol from biomass raw materials 2-2)
20 g of phenol was obtained in the same manner as in 2-1, except that Re / ZSM-5 in which methyltrioxorhenium was supported by the CVD method was used instead of Cu / ZSM-5.

(Synthesis of phenol from biomass raw materials 2-3)
0.1642 g (627 μmol) of titanyl bisacetylacetonate [TiO (acac) ₂ ] was dissolved in 40 ml of methylene chloride, and H-ZSM-5 (manufactured by Tosoh: 840HOA (840NHA SiO ₂ / Al ₂ O ₃ = 40 (mol) Ratio), nitrogen adsorption specific surface area: 330 m ² / g, crystal size: 2 μm × 4 μm, particle size: 10 μm))) 0.950 g was added and heated and stirred at 40 ° C. Methylene chloride was removed. After sufficiently drying, it was calcined in a muffle furnace at 150 ° C. for 2 hours and then at 600 ° C. for 4 hours under air flow to prepare 1.00 g of a catalyst [TiOx / H-ZSM-5]. The amount of titanium supported in the prepared catalyst was 5.0% by mass in terms of titanium oxide (TiO ₂ ).
Synthesis Example 2-1 except that TiOx / H-ZSM-5 obtained by the above method was used instead of Cu / ZSM-5 and changed to hydrogen / oxygen (1/20 pressure ratio) instead of nitrogen. In the same manner, 8 g of phenol was obtained.

(Example 1 of production of aniline from phenol)
Zeolite β (CPQ11BL-25 manufactured by PQ: silica / alumina ratio = 12.5 (molar ratio), nitrogen adsorption specific surface area: 750 m ² / g) was used as a catalyst, and 0.65 g of zeolite β was first charged in a reaction tube. . Nitrogen and ammonia gas were circulated in a volume ratio of 50: 16.6, heated in an electric furnace, heated to a predetermined temperature, and then a predetermined amount of phenol was supplied by a pump. The reaction conditions at that time were a reaction temperature of 450 ° C., a reaction pressure of atmospheric pressure, a phenol supply rate of 1.29 / hr in terms of LHSV, and a molar ratio of ammonia to phenol of 9. A steady state was reached 4 hours after the start of the reaction. Thereafter, a gas-liquid separator was placed at the outlet of the reaction tube to collect the reaction solution. Analysis of the product gave aniline in 21.2% yield. The analysis was performed by gas chromatography (column: FFAP and CP-WAX). The yield was calculated by the following formula.
Yield (%) = (moles of aniline produced per unit time) / (moles of phenol fed per unit time) × 100

(Example 2 of production of aniline from phenol)
H-ZSM-5 (manufactured by Tosoh: 820HOA (820NHA SiO ₂ / Al ₂ O ₃ = 23 (molar ratio)), nitrogen adsorption specific surface area: 350 m ² / g, crystal size: 0.03 μm × 0.1 μm, particle size: 5 μm), and the reaction temperature was changed to 500 ° C., the pressure was changed to 537 KPa, and the reaction time was changed to 8 hours. To obtain aniline in a yield of 84.3%.

(Example 3 of production of aniline from phenol)
The reaction was conducted in the same manner as in Production Example 1 except that the ammonia in Production Example 2 was changed to monomethylamine and the pressure was changed to 2859 KPa, and aniline was obtained in a yield of 15.2%.

(Example 4 of production of aniline from phenol)
A mixture of bayerite (LaRoche Chemical Versal B) and pseudoboemarite (LaRoche Chemical Versal 900) in a mass ratio of 4: 1 was mixed in a 0.4 M nitric acid aqueous solution, and then heated at 500 ° C. in a muffle furnace. An alumina catalyst was obtained by heat treatment for a period of time. Using this alumina catalyst, the reaction was carried out in the same manner as in Production Example 1 except that the reaction temperature was 365 ° C. and the pressure was 1.7 MPa, and aniline was obtained in a yield of 46.3%.

(Method for procurement of acetone outside petroleum resources 1-1)
A 300 ml fermentor (DASGIP) was filled with 250 ml of the synthetic medium described in Soni et al (Soni et al, 1987, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 27: 1-5) and sparged with nitrogen for 30 minutes. Clostridium acetobutyricum (ATCC824) was inoculated there under anaerobic conditions. The culture temperature was kept constant at 35 ° C., and the pH was always adjusted to 5.5 using NH ₄ OH solution. Anaerobic conditions were maintained during the fermentation period and the shaking speed was maintained at 300 rpm. After culturing for 5 days, the culture broth was distilled and separated by an ion exchange resin method which has been conventionally known to obtain acetone.

(Method of procurement of acetone outside petroleum resources 1-2)
Acetone was obtained by culturing and separating in the same manner except that the Clostridium acetobutylicum of the procurement method 1-1 was changed to the strain IFP903 (ATCC39057).

(Method 2 for procurement of acetone outside petroleum resources)
Wood chips were placed in an autoclave equipped with a smoke induction tube with a cooling tube, heated to 400 ° C., and the generated wood vinegar was collected. The precipitated tar was removed from the obtained wood vinegar and extracted with diethyl ether. The extract was washed with a sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, and then fractional distillation was repeated to obtain acetone.

(Production Example 1 of Anti-aging Agent from Aniline (Synthesis Method of Anti-aging Agent TMDQ-1 in Table 1))
In a flask equipped with an acetone introduction device, a distillation device, a thermometer, and a stirrer, aniline obtained in the above (Synthesis of phenol from biomass raw material 1 (use of microorganisms)) and (Production example 2 of aniline from phenol) 190 g (2.0 mol) and hydrochloric acid (0.20 mol) as an acidic catalyst were added and heated to 140 ° C. Thereafter, 580 g (10 mol) of acetone obtained in the above (Method for Procuring Acetone outside of Petroleum Resources 1-1) for 6 hours was continuously supplied to the reaction system while keeping the temperature at 140 ° C. Unreacted acetone and aniline distilled off were returned to the reaction system as needed. As a result, 180.7 g (yield: about 30%) of a polymer of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline was obtained. The degree of polymerization was 2-4. Unreacted aniline and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline monomer were recovered by distillation under reduced pressure. Unreacted aniline distilled at 140 ° C., and then the temperature was raised to 190 ° C. to distill the monomer. The yield of monomer was 19.1 g, and the yield was 6.9%.
According to the present method, synthesis of phenol from a biomass raw material by biosynthesis, and synthesis of aniline from a phenol obtained thereby using a catalyst with very high efficiency, total energy consumption and CO _2. Synthesize anti-aging agents in a very efficient and environmentally friendly manner by using aniline synthesized with biosynthesis, which can efficiently synthesize aniline while suppressing emissions. Was made.

(Production Example 1 of Anti-aging Agent from Aniline (Synthesis Method of Anti-aging Agent 6PPD-1 in Table 1))
Two acetone molecules synthesized by the above-mentioned (Method for Procuring Acetone from Oil Resources 1-1) are reacted by aldol condensation to synthesize diacetone alcohol, which is then easily dehydrated and converted to mesityl oxide. It was. Methyl isobutyl ketone was synthesized by hydrogenating this mesityl oxide with a palladium catalyst.
In the same manner as described above, aniline was obtained by (Synthesis of phenol from biomass raw material 1 (use of microorganisms)) and (Production Example 2 of aniline from phenol).
Antioxidant 6PPD was synthesized from the obtained aniline, nitrobenzene obtained by oxidizing the aniline by a known method, and the above methyl isobutyl ketone by the following method.
187 g of 25% tetramethylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution (TMAOH) was distilled and concentrated at a temperature of 55 ° C. and a pressure of 75 mbar to obtain a 35% solution. After addition of 269 ml of the biomass-derived aniline, the aniline / water azeotrope is distilled off at a temperature of 75 ° C. and a pressure of 75 mbar until the water: base molar ratio is about 4: 1. In addition, the mixture was stirred for an additional 4 hours. During this time, distillation of the water / aniline azeotrope continued. 2.2 g of Pt / C catalyst (5% Pt) and 120 ml of water were added to this crude mixture. The pressure was then raised to a maximum of 15 bar with hydrogen at a temperature of 80 ° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred until no further absorption of hydrogen was observed. 100 ml of toluene was added, the catalyst was filtered off, and the organic phase and the aqueous phase were separated in a separatory funnel. The organic phase was then purified by fractional distillation to give 4-aminodiphenylamine in 91% yield.
In a stirring autoclave, 129.3 g of 4-aminodiphenylamine, 120.2 g of methyl isobutyl ketone synthesized as described above, platinum catalyst (manufactured by NE Chemcat, water-containing product of 5% Pt carbon sulfide powder; moisture 55.26% by mass) 0.77 g and activated carbon (Nimura Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., Dazai activated carbon S) 0.65 g were put in a hydrogen atmosphere, and then the internal temperature was raised from room temperature to 150 ° C. over about 1 hour. Next, hydrogen was pressurized to 30 kgf / cm ² (2.94 MPa), and the reaction was carried out while maintaining the same temperature and pressure while supplying the consumed hydrogen.
Two hours after the start of hydrogen pressurization, hydrogen was removed from the autoclave to return to normal pressure, and the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature. 4- (1,3-dimethylbutylamino) diphenylamine (anti-aging agent 6PPD-1) is obtained by filtering the reaction solution to separate the catalyst and activated carbon and separating the reaction product by high performance liquid chromatography. Was obtained in 99.4% yield.

(Carbon disulfide procurement method outside petroleum resources)
Carbon disulfide was obtained by reacting mustard oil contained in about 0.4% of mustard vegetables with hydrogen sulfide or heating charcoal and sulfur at 900 ° C.

(Example of production of vulcanization accelerator MBT from aniline (synthesis method of vulcanization accelerator MBT-1 in Table 1))
In a 300 ml pressurized reactor, 93 g (1.0 mol) of aniline obtained by the above (Synthesis of phenol from biomass raw material 1 (utilization of microorganism)) and (Production Example 2 of aniline from phenol), ( 80 g (1.1 mol) of carbon disulfide obtained by carbon disulfide external procurement method) and 16 g (1.0 mol) of sulfur were added and reacted at 250 ° C. and 10 MPa for 2 hours. Then, it cooled to 180 degreeC and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole crude product was prepared. The yield was 130 g (yield 87%). Further, the obtained crude product of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (purity: 79%) was dissolved in isopropanol at boiling temperature under nitrogen as an inert gas. The mixture was then allowed to cool at room temperature. The precipitated product was filtered off, washed with isopropanol and dried. A pale yellow product (high purity 2-mercaptobenzothiazole: melting point 180.1-181.1 ° C., purity 98.1%) was obtained.

(Example of production of vulcanization accelerator CBS from aniline (method for synthesizing vulcanization accelerator CBS-1 in Table 1))
The 2-mercaptobenzothiazole crude product obtained above was dissolved in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to prepare a 20% aqueous solution of mercaptobenzothiazole sodium salt. An equimolar amount of cyclohexylamine was added to this aqueous solution and further mixed with 100 mL of methanol at 40 ° C. A 13% sodium hypochlorite solution was allowed to act on this so as to have a molar ratio of 1.2 times with respect to the sodium salt of mercaptobenzothiazole, followed by stirring for 1 hour. After the reaction, water and an organic solvent were removed to obtain an oily product of N-cyclohexyl-benzothiazolylsulfenamide (yield 93%).

(Preparation of rubber composition for tread)
Using a Banbury mixer, the compounding amount shown in Step 1 of Table 1 was added and kneaded for 5 minutes so that the discharge temperature was about 150 ° C. Thereafter, the kneaded product obtained in step 1 is added with sulfur and a vulcanization accelerator in the amounts shown in step 2, and is kneaded for about 3 minutes using a Banbury mixer so that the discharge temperature is 100 ° C. An unvulcanized rubber composition was obtained. The obtained unvulcanized rubber composition was molded into a tread shape, bonded to another tire member, and vulcanized at 170 ° C. for 20 minutes to prepare a test tire.
Each unvulcanized rubber composition was vulcanized at 170 ° C. for 20 minutes to prepare a vulcanized rubber sheet.

The various chemicals used above are as follows.
SBR: Nipol NS116 (manufactured by Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd., solution polymerization SBR, amount of bound styrene 21% by mass, Tg = −25 ° C.)
BR: BR150B of Ube Industries, Ltd. (cis 1,4 bond amount = 97 mass%, ML _{1 + 4} (100 ° C.) = 40)
NR: RSS # 3
Silica: Ultrazil VN2 manufactured by Degussa (BET specific surface area 125 m ² / g)
Carbon black: Niteron # 55S (carbon black made from coal-based heavy oil, N ₂ SA = 28 × 10 ³ m ² / kg) manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Carbon Co., Ltd.
Silane coupling agent: Si69 from Degussa
Mineral oil: PS-32 made by Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.
Stearic acid: Tungsten zinc oxide manufactured by NOF Corporation: Zinc oxide type 2 antioxidant 6PPD-1 manufactured by Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd .: Synthetic antioxidant 6PPD-2: Ouchi Shinsei Chemical Industry ( Nocrack 6C
Anti-aging agent TMDQ-1: Synthetic anti-aging agent TMDQ-2 by the above method: NOCRACK 224 manufactured by Ouchi Shinsei Chemical Co., Ltd.
Wax: Sannoc Wax manufactured by Ouchi Shinsei Chemical Co., Ltd. Sulfur: Powder sulfur vulcanization accelerator CBS-1 manufactured by Tsurumi Chemical Co., Ltd. CBS-2: Synthetic vulcanization accelerator CBS-2: Eki Ouchi Noxeller CZ made by Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
Vulcanization accelerator MBT-1: Synthetic vulcanization accelerator MBT-2: Noxeller M manufactured by Ouchi Shinsei Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

The following evaluation was performed using the obtained unvulcanized rubber composition, vulcanized rubber sheet, and test tire. Each test result is shown in Table 1.
(Vulcanization test)
Low amplitude that does not break into the above unvulcanized rubber composition in accordance with “Die vulcanization test A method” of JIS standard “Vulcanization test by vibratory vulcanization tester” using JSR curast meter W type (In this case, 1 °) Sinusoidal vibration was applied, the torque transmitted from the test piece to the upper die was measured from unvulcanized to overvulcanized, and the vulcanization curve of the unvulcanized rubber composition at 170 ° C. Obtained.
(1) Torque increase value A torque increase value obtained by subtracting the minimum torque (ML) value from the maximum torque (MH) value was calculated. The torque increase value of each formulation was indicated as an index with the torque increase value of the reference formulation (comparative example) being 100. The index is used as an index of crosslinking efficiency. The larger the index, the higher the crosslinking efficiency and the better.
(2) Vulcanization time tc (95) (95% torque increase point: t95) [min], which is an index of the optimum vulcanization time, was calculated. As in (1), tc of each formulation was displayed as an index with tc of the reference formulation (comparative example) being 100. The smaller the index, the faster the vulcanization rate.

(Destruction energy index)
The tensile strength and elongation at break of each vulcanized rubber sheet were measured according to JIS K 6251 “Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Rubber—How to Obtain Tensile Properties”. Furthermore, the fracture energy was calculated by tensile strength × break elongation / 2, and the fracture energy index was calculated by the following formula. The larger the fracture energy index, the better the mechanical strength.
(Destruction energy index) = (Destruction energy of each formulation) / (Destruction energy of standard formulation (comparative example)) × 100

(Abrasion resistance test (wear test))
The manufactured test tire was mounted on a car, and the amount of decrease in the groove depth after traveling 8000 km in an urban area was measured, and the travel distance when the groove depth decreased by 1 mm was calculated. Furthermore, the abrasion resistance index of the reference comparative example was set to 100, and the amount of decrease in the groove depth of each formulation was displayed as an index according to the following formula. In addition, it shows that it is excellent in abrasion resistance, so that an abrasion resistance index | exponent is large.
(Abrasion resistance index) = (travel distance when 1 mm groove depth is reduced in each formulation) / (travel distance when tire groove of reference composition (comparative example) is reduced by 1 mm) × 100

(Rolling resistance test)
A vulcanized rubber sheet of 2 mm × 130 mm × 130 mm was prepared, and a test piece for measurement was cut out from the vulcanized rubber sheet. Using a viscoelastic spectrometer VES (manufactured by Iwamoto Seisakusho Co., Ltd.), temperature 50 ° C., initial strain 10%, dynamic The tan δ of each test piece was measured under the conditions of a strain of 2% and a frequency of 10 Hz. The rolling resistance characteristic of the reference comparative example was set to 100, and the rolling resistance characteristics were each indicated by an index according to the following formula. The smaller the index, the lower the rolling resistance and the better.
(Rolling resistance index) = (tan δ of each formulation / tan δ of the reference formulation (comparative example)) × 100

(Wet grip performance)
The grip performance was evaluated based on the braking performance obtained by the anti-lock brake system (ABS) evaluation test. That is, the test tire is mounted on a passenger car equipped with 1800 cc class ABS, and the asphalt road surface (wet road surface state, skid number of about 50) is actually driven, and braking is applied at a speed of 100 km / h. The deceleration until the passenger car stopped was calculated. Here, the deceleration is a distance until the passenger car stops.
And the wet-grip performance index of a reference | standard mixing | blending (comparative example) was set to 100, and the deceleration of each mixing | blending was shown as a wet-grip performance index by the following formula. The larger the wet grip performance index, the better the braking performance and the better the wet grip performance.
(Wet grip performance index) = (Deceleration of reference blend (comparative example)) / (Deceleration of each blend) × 100

(Dry grip performance)
The above test tire was installed in a passenger car and traveled on a dry asphalt road test course, and characteristics relating to steering response, rigidity, grip and the like were evaluated by sensory evaluation of the driver. The results are displayed as an index with the reference blend (comparative example) as 100. The larger the value, the better, and the better the dry grip performance and steering stability.

In the examples, vulcanization characteristics, rubber properties such as fracture energy index, wear resistance, rolling resistance characteristics, and tire characteristics such as wet and dry grip characteristics, vulcanization accelerators synthesized from current fossil resources, anti-aging It was equivalent to the comparative example using the agent. This shows that it can cope with the depletion of fossil resources without any practical problems.

Claims (18)

A synthesis system that synthesizes aniline via phenol from biomass material. The synthesis system according to claim 1, wherein the biomass material is sugar or bioethanol. The synthesis system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the biomass material is used as a raw material, phenol is produced by microorganisms, and the phenol is converted into aniline. The synthesis system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the biomass material is used as a raw material, phenol is produced by liquid culture of microorganisms, and the phenol is converted into aniline. The synthesis system according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the microorganism producing phenol is a microorganism having resistance to organic solvents. The synthesis system of Claim 2 which synthesize | combines a phenol by a solid acid catalyst from bioethanol as a raw material. The synthesis system according to claim 6, wherein the solid acid catalyst is zeolite. The synthesis system according to claim 6, wherein the solid acid catalyst is MFI type zeolite. 9. The synthesis system according to claim 8, wherein the solid acid catalyst is a simple substance of copper, titanium, platinum, ruthenium or MFI type zeolite supporting these compounds. A rubber chemical for tires synthesized using aniline obtained by the synthesis system according to any one of claims 1 to 9 as a raw material. Furthermore, the rubber chemicals for tires of Claim 10 synthesize | combined using the acetone obtained from the biomass raw material. The rubber chemical for tire according to claim 11, wherein the acetone obtained from the biomass raw material is obtained by acetone / butanol fermentation by a microorganism using saccharides as a raw material. The rubber chemical for tire according to claim 12, wherein the microorganism belongs to the genus Clostridium. The rubber chemical for tires according to claim 12, wherein the microorganism is a microorganism into which a gene of the genus Clostridium is introduced. The tire rubber chemical according to claim 14, wherein the introduced gene is a gene encoding acetoacetate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.4), coenzyme A transferase or thiolase. The rubber chemicals for tires according to claim 11, wherein acetone obtained from the biomass raw material is obtained by separating from acetone. The rubber chemicals for tires according to claim 11, wherein acetone obtained from biomass raw material is derived from bioethanol. A pneumatic tire using the rubber chemicals for tires according to claim 10.