JP2011183979A - Vehicle sound generator - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To rationally compatibly satisfy safety and silence in an electric vehicle or the like. <P>SOLUTION: A vehicle sound generator 1 is installed in a vehicle traveling with an electric motor M as a power source. The vehicle sound generator includes a speaker means 10 for outputting an existence sound of the vehicle to the outside of the vehicle; and a sound generation control means 20 for controlling the existence sound outputted from the speaker means. The sound generation control means 20 detects whether or not the vehicle is at least in a travel state by a vehicle speed detection section for detecting the travel state of the vehicle. The sound generation control means instructs the speaker means 10 to output the existence sound during the travel, and instructs to stop or damp the existence sound when the vehicle speed of the vehicle exceeds a predetermined reference value. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a sound generator for a vehicle that generates a presence sound of a vehicle according to a traveling state of the vehicle such as an electric vehicle or a hybrid vehicle.

  In recent years, in consideration of the environment, vehicles such as an electric vehicle that travels using an electric motor as a power source and a so-called hybrid vehicle that travels by combining both an electric motor and an engine (internal combustion engine) have become widespread. This type of vehicle has the advantage that the running sound is low when running with an electric motor, but on the other hand, there is a problem that surrounding pedestrians cannot easily recognize the presence of the vehicle.

  Therefore, conventionally, as shown in, for example, Patent Document 1, in order to naturally call attention to surrounding pedestrians, a pseudo running sound similar to that of an engine car is always automatically generated when the hybrid vehicle is running. Producing sound generators for vehicles have been proposed.

JP2004-322990

  However, the conventional vehicular sound generation device simply generates a noise sound that is close to the engine operation sound, and thus has a problem that the quietness, which is an advantage of the hybrid vehicle, is completely lost. Moreover, in the surrounding environment where this noise sound becomes an obstacle, there is a problem that this sound generator for a vehicle becomes an obstacle and is not easy to use.

  The present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and intends to provide a sound generator for a vehicle that can reasonably achieve both safety around the vehicle including pedestrians and the like and quietness inherent in the vehicle. It is.

  The above-mentioned object is achieved by the following means based on the earnest research of the present inventors.

  The present invention that achieves the above-described object is a vehicle sounding device that is installed in a vehicle that travels using an electric motor as a power source and that emits a sound outside the vehicle to notify the presence of the vehicle to the surroundings. Speaker means for emitting the sound to the outside of the vehicle, and sound generation control means for controlling the presence sound emitted from the speaker means, wherein the sound generation control means includes a vehicle speed detection unit for detecting a running state of the vehicle, and the vehicle is at least When in a running state, instructing the speaker means to emit the presence sound, and when the vehicle speed of the vehicle exceeds a predetermined reference value, a sound generation instruction unit for instructing the stop or attenuation of the presence sound; A vehicle sounding device characterized by comprising:

  The sound generation control means of the sound generating device for a vehicle that achieves the above object is characterized in that, in the above invention, the sound generating control means has a volume processing unit that attenuates the volume of the presence sound in conjunction with the increase in the vehicle speed.

  In the above invention, the sound generation control means of the vehicle sound generating device that achieves the above object further comprises an accelerator opening detecting unit that detects an accelerator opening of the vehicle, and the volume processing unit is configured to adjust the accelerator opening. The linked increase / decrease in volume is superimposed on the increase / decrease in volume according to the vehicle speed.

  In the above invention, the volume processing unit of the vehicle sound producing device that achieves the above object is characterized in that the volume is increased or decreased in conjunction with an increase or decrease in the displacement speed of the accelerator opening.

  The sound generation instructing unit of the vehicle sound generating device that achieves the above object is characterized in that, in the above-described invention, the sound generation instructing unit instructs to emit the presence sound even when the vehicle speed is zero.

  The sound generation instructing unit of the vehicle sound generating device that achieves the above object is characterized in that, in the above invention, the presence sound is stopped or attenuated when a state where the vehicle speed is zero continues for a predetermined time.

  The sound generation device for a vehicle that achieves the above object is characterized in that the sound generation control means detects an operating state of the engine when the vehicle in the invention is a hybrid vehicle that can be driven by an engine in addition to the electric motor. An engine detection unit is provided, and when the engine is operating, the sound generation instruction unit stops or attenuates the presence sound.

  The sound generation device for a vehicle that achieves the above object includes switch means for forcibly stopping the presence sound manually in the above invention, and the sound generation instruction unit has a vehicle speed of the vehicle that exceeds a predetermined release reference value. In this case, the forced stop state by the switch means is released.

  A sound generator for a vehicle that achieves the above object includes, in the above-described invention, connector means for connecting to an OBD (On-board diagnostics) of the vehicle, and the vehicle speed detector is based on information from the OBD. And detecting a running state of the vehicle.

  According to the present invention, the presence sound is generated when the vehicle speed is lower than the reference value, so that pedestrians can be alerted, and the presence sound is stopped or attenuated during steady running when the vehicle speed exceeds the reference value. Thus, it is possible to ensure the original quietness of an electric vehicle or the like, and to make both safety and quietness reasonably compatible.

1 is a block diagram showing the overall configuration of a vehicle sound producing device according to an embodiment of the present invention. The block diagram which shows the function structure of the sound generation control means of the sound generator for vehicles A graph showing the control specification of the volume processing unit in the sound generation control means A graph showing the control specification of the volume processing unit in the sound generation control means A graph showing an example of the presence sound control of the sound generator for the vehicle Table showing a list of operating conditions of the sound generator for the vehicle The graph which shows the other control specification of the volume processing part in the sound generation control means

  Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

  FIG. 1 shows the overall configuration of a vehicular sound producing device 1 according to this embodiment. The vehicle sounding device 1 is installed in a so-called hybrid vehicle that drives a tire T using both an electric motor M and an engine E as power sources, and emits a presence sound outside the vehicle to notify the surroundings of the vehicle. .

  Specifically, the vehicle sounding device 1 includes a speaker unit 10 that emits a vehicle presence sound to the outside of the vehicle, a sound generation control unit 20 that controls the presence sound emitted from the speaker unit 10, and the presence sound is forcibly stopped manually. A switch means 60 for performing the operation, an LED illumination 70 for transmitting the operating state of the apparatus with light, and a connector means 50 for connecting to an OBD (On-board diagnostics) interface 55 on the vehicle side. In general, the OBD interface 55 is an interface for reading a failure code by connecting a dedicated machine when a vehicle is diagnosed as having a failure, and immediately identifying the failure location, and also functions as a power source. be able to. Accordingly, various vehicle information can be acquired from the OBD interface 55 and, at the same time, operating power can be acquired. For example, if this OBD interface 55 is used, the vehicle speed, the rotation speed of the engine E, the accelerator opening, the reverse gear state on / off in the mission, the neutral state on / off, the parking state on / off, the brake on・ Information such as off, main power on / off, ignition on / off, etc. can be obtained. The speaker means 10 is disposed outside the boundary 80 that partitions the interior and the exterior of the vehicle, and the sound generation control means 20 and the connector means 50 are disposed inside the boundary 80.

  The speaker means 10 operates using the power supplied from the OBD interface 55, and emits a presence sound using this as a drive source. The presence sound emitted by the speaker means 10 is a sound that makes it easy for surrounding pedestrians to recognize the presence of the vehicle, such as a running sound of the engine E, a noise-like sound, and a road grounding sound of the tire T. Or created artificially. Therefore, it is generally a steady sound. When this existence sound is artificially created, pink noise or white noise can be used. Therefore, the presence sound is a concept different from an impact sound such as a horn that is temporarily emitted by a driver's operation. In addition to the steady sound, the presence sound may further include a voice message or music in a language, or may be switched as necessary. Information on these sounds is stored in a memory (not shown) of the sound generation control means 20. When the power source of the OBD interface 55 cannot be used, for example, as shown by a dotted line in FIG. 1, the speaker means 1 can be connected to a vehicle battery 90 to use the battery 9 as a drive source. In this case, it is also preferable to supply the power of the battery 9 to the sound generation control means 20 side via the speaker means 1.

  The LED lighting 70 is used to inform the user of the operation status of the vehicle sound generator 1, and is turned off when the main power is off, and is turned on when power is supplied from the outside and the main power is turned on. It also flashes when a presence sound is emitted.

  The sound generation control unit 20 includes a CPU, a memory, a power supply circuit, and the like, and implements various functions by executing predetermined programs stored in the memory by the CPU. The switch means 60 is connected to the sound generation control means 20 and instructs the sound generation control means 20 to forcibly stop the presence sound by a switch operation of a vehicle occupant. Although the switch means 60 is provided integrally with the sound generation control means 20 here, the switch means 60 may be provided at a location away from the sound generation control means 20 via wiring or the like. good.

  FIG. 2 shows a functional configuration block of the sound generation control means 20. The sound generation control unit 20 includes a vehicle speed detection unit 22, a sound generation instruction unit 24, a volume processing unit 26, an accelerator opening detection unit 28, an operation detection unit 30, and an engine detection unit 32.

  The vehicle speed detection unit 22 detects the running state of the vehicle using the vehicle speed information of the OBD. The accelerator opening detector 28 detects the accelerator opening of the vehicle using the accelerator opening information of the OBD. The operation detection unit 30 detects the on / off state of the main power supply of the vehicle using the on / off information of the main power supply of the OBD. The engine detection unit 32 detects the operating state of the engine E using the rotation speed information of the engine E of the OBD. Here, the case where the information of the OBD is used is shown, but the information may be acquired by individually connecting to various devices.

  The sound generation instructing unit 24 determines whether or not the vehicle is at least in a traveling state using information from the vehicle speed detecting unit 22 and instructs the speaker unit 10 to emit a presence sound in the traveling state. In addition, the sound generation instruction unit 24 instructs the speaker unit 10 to stop the presence sound when the vehicle speed exceeds a predetermined reference value (20 km / h in this case).

  The volume processing unit 26 uses the information of the vehicle speed detection unit 22 to attenuate the volume of the presence sound in conjunction with the increase in the vehicle speed. Specifically, as shown by the solid line A in FIG. 3, the vehicle speed is inversely proportional to the vehicle speed so that it is 45 db (A) when the vehicle speed is 0 km / h and 5 db (A) when the vehicle speed is 20 km / h. To attenuate the volume of the existing sound. Even in a vehicle such as an electric vehicle or a hybrid vehicle, when the vehicle speed increases, the grounding sound due to the tire T increases, so that the presence sound is attenuated corresponding to the increase in the grounding sound. As a result, the total noise volume transmitted to the surroundings of the vehicle can be stabilized. Here, the case of inversely proportional is shown, but for example, as shown by the dotted line B in FIG. 3, the attenuation amount of the sound volume is decreased in the low speed region within the control speed range, and the attenuation amount is increased in the high speed region. Anyway. Also, as indicated by the dotted line C in FIG. 3, the volume attenuation may be increased in the low speed region within the control speed range, and the attenuation may be decreased in the high speed region.

  Further, the volume processing unit 26 increases or decreases the volume of the presence sound in conjunction with the accelerator opening detected by the accelerator opening detection unit 28. In the present embodiment, as indicated by a solid line D1 in FIG. 4, the volume is increased or decreased in conjunction with the amount of change in accelerator opening per unit time (the displacement speed of the accelerator opening). This solid line D1 will be described only with respect to the accelerator opening, and the presence sound is added only to the operation of depressing the accelerator, and the presence sound is not added when the accelerator position is fixed or the accelerator is loosened. I am doing so. As a result, for example, when the accelerator is quickly depressed at a speed of 20% / msec, a presence sound of 10 dB (A) is added. On the other hand, when the accelerator is fixed at 0% / msec or when the accelerator is quickly loosened at a speed of −20% / msec, the volume of the existing sound is set to 0 dB (A) (not added). However, as shown by the dotted line D2 in FIG. 4, even when the accelerator is loosened, the presence sound may be added based on the displacement speed on the minus side. As a result, the volume processing unit 26 sets the total volume obtained by superimposing (adding) the volume based on the vehicle speed shown in FIG. 3 and the volume based on the accelerator opening shown in FIG. 4 as the final volume.

  Further, the sound generation instruction unit 24 stops the presence sound while the engine E is operating. In the case of a hybrid vehicle, the engine E often stops and operates repeatedly while traveling in order to reduce fuel consumption. When the engine E is operating, the sound of the engine E is emitted to the outside, so that surrounding pedestrians can recognize the presence of the vehicle only with this sound. Therefore, while the engine E is operating, it is not necessary to emit the presence sound, so the presence sound is stopped. As a result, it is possible to avoid an unnecessary increase in the sound emitted from the vehicle, so that the original quietness of the electric or hybrid vehicle can be utilized.

  FIG. 5A shows a traveling state in which the vehicle speed of the vehicle is changed as indicated by the solid line H by the displacement speed of the accelerator opening as indicated by the chain line G. FIG. In addition, the section P of FIG. 5 (A) means the time zone when the engine E is operating. In such a running state, the vehicular sound generation device 1 performs sound generation control as shown in FIG. A solid line J in FIG. 5B is a volume calculated based on a change in vehicle speed. A chain line K is a volume calculated based on the displacement speed of the accelerator opening. The volume processing unit 26 determines an existing sound having a volume obtained by superimposing the solid line J and the chain line K and causes the speaker unit 10 to generate a sound. As already described, the existence sound is stopped in the section P in which the engine E is operating and the section in which the vehicle speed exceeds 20 km / h.

  Returning to FIG. 2, the sound generation instruction unit 24 instructs the presence sound to be generated even when the vehicle speed is zero. This is because it is necessary to inform surrounding pedestrians of the presence of the vehicle before the vehicle starts. Specifically, in the present embodiment, a presence sound is generated by determining when R (reverse range) is OFF, P (parking range) is OFF, N (neutral) is OFF, and the brake is ON. . In this state, D (drive range) is turned on to start, but it means that the vehicle is stopped by stepping on the brake for some reason, and the vehicle is likely to start after that. Therefore, if a presence sound is generated in advance under these conditions, it is possible to notify the surrounding pedestrians of the presence of the vehicle before starting. In other words, the sound generation instruction unit 24 stops the presence sound when P (parking range) is ON or N (neutral) is ON. When R (reverse range) is ON, the presence sound is always emitted because the vehicle is moving backward.

  On the other hand, the sound generation instructing unit 24 does not brake even when R (reverse range) is OFF, P (parking range) is OFF, N (neutral) is OFF, and the brake is ON (start preparation state). If the state where the vehicle speed becomes zero with stepping on continues for a predetermined time (for example, 20 seconds or more), the presence sound is stopped. For example, when the vehicle is stopped for a long time due to traffic light or traffic jams, it is less necessary to always notify the surrounding pedestrians of the presence of the vehicle, so the presence sound is stopped and the original quietness of the vehicle is prioritized. However, even if the presence sound is stopped under these conditions, the presence sound is restored at the moment when the brake is turned off (released). Although the presence sound is restored using the brake OFF information here, it may be restored by detecting the moment when the accelerator is stepped on or the moment when the vehicle speed exceeds 0 km / h.

  As described above, if the switch means 60 is used, the presence sound can be manually forcibly stopped. However, the sound generation instructing unit 24 performs this forced stop when the vehicle speed exceeds a predetermined release reference value. Release the state. For example, the cancellation reference value may be set as appropriate within a range in which the reference vehicle speed for stopping the presence sound is set as an upper limit. In the present embodiment, the cancellation reference value is set within a range greater than 0 km / h and less than 20 km / h. good. For example, if the cancellation reference value is set to 20 km / h, the forced stop state is canceled when the vehicle speed exceeds 20 km / h. For example, if the cancellation reference value is set to 5 km / h, the forced stop state is canceled when the vehicle speed exceeds 5 km / h. In the middle of the night, when a vehicle is parked in a parking lot at home, there is a case where a nearby resident is annoyed by the presence sound. In this case, based on the judgment of the driver, safety is ensured by forcibly stopping the presence sound using the switch means 60 and running the vehicle at a speed that does not exceed the release reference value. Of course, the main power supply is turned off, and this forced stop state is automatically canceled at the next power-on.

  FIG. 6 shows a list of operating conditions of the vehicle sounding device 1. Note that “-” in the chart means that determination is not necessary. Judgment classification No. In 1, the main switch (ignition) is OFF, so the presence sound is also stopped. Judgment classification No. 2, since P (parking range) is ON, it can be determined that the vehicle is stopped, so the presence sound is stopped. Judgment classification No. 3, since N (neutral range) is ON, it is determined that the vehicle is stopped, and the presence sound is stopped. Judgment classification No. 4, since D (drive range) is ON and the brake is ON, it is determined that the vehicle is preparing to start, and the sound of the presence sound is started. On the other hand, the judgment category No. 5, D (drive range) is ON and the brake is also ON, but since the time of zero vehicle speed has continued for 20 seconds or more, the sound of the presence sound is stopped.

  Judgment classification No. In No. 6, the presence sound is generated because the vehicle is moving forward at a low speed of 20 km / h or less, and the judgment classification No. In 7, the engine E is operating, so the presence sound is stopped regardless of the vehicle speed and the state of the transmission. Judgment classification No. In 8, the presence sound is stopped because the vehicle speed is higher than 20 km / h, and the presence of the vehicle is transmitted to the pedestrian by the ground contact sound of the tire. Judgment classification No. In No. 9, since the backward movement is performed, the presence sound is generated.

  As described above, according to the vehicle sound producing device 1 of the present embodiment, the presence sound can be emitted at least when the vehicle is in the running state. Therefore, even if the vehicle uses the electric motor M as a drive source, A pedestrian or the like can be notified of the presence of the vehicle. In addition, during steady running when the vehicle speed exceeds a predetermined reference value (for example, 20 km / h), the presence sound is automatically stopped, so that noise including tire grounding noise does not increase transiently. That's it. As a result, noise pollution and the like can be suppressed, and the passenger can fully enjoy the advantage of quietness of the electric vehicle.

  In particular, according to the vehicular sound generation device 1, the volume processing unit 26 attenuates the volume of the presence sound in conjunction with the increase in the vehicle speed, so that it is possible to effectively utilize the tire ground contact sound that increases in response to the increase in the vehicle speed. This makes it possible to stabilize the overall sound emitted from the vehicle. In other words, by controlling the presence sound of the vehicular sound generation device 1 in consideration of the increase / decrease of the ground contact sound of the tire, it is possible to set the minimum necessary volume for notifying the surrounding of the vehicle to the surroundings. In this case, it is also preferable to provide a noise sensor for measuring the tire contact sound or the like so as to attenuate the presence sound by the increase in the noise. For example, in the case of traveling on a gravel road or the like, since the ground contact sound of the tire becomes large, the volume of the existing sound can be attenuated very small.

  Furthermore, according to this vehicle sounding device 1, the increase / decrease in the volume of the existing sound linked to the accelerator opening is superimposed on the increase / decrease in the volume corresponding to the vehicle speed. As a result, the presence sound can be increased or decreased by the driver's accelerator work while making the presence sound uniform in conjunction with the vehicle speed. For the driver, it is also possible to inform the surrounding pedestrians of the presence of the vehicle using accelerator work. In addition, the driver himself / herself can obtain a driving sensation like an engine car while traveling. In particular, in the present embodiment, the volume of the existing sound is increased or decreased in conjunction with the increase or decrease of the displacement speed of the accelerator opening, so that only the accelerator work (operation) can be extracted and the volume can be increased or decreased.

  For example, as shown in FIG. 7, the volume of the existing sound may be increased or decreased in correspondence with the accelerator opening itself, and this may be superimposed on the vehicle speed interlocking portion. In this case, as indicated by the line F, it may be proportional to the increase or decrease in the accelerator opening, and as indicated by the line G, the increase / decrease ratio can be changed as appropriate.

  Further, according to the vehicular sound generation device 1, the presence sound is emitted even when the vehicle speed is zero. Specifically, the determination category No. Since the existence sound is automatically emitted at the stage of forward preparation as in 4, the presence of the vehicle can be transmitted to surrounding pedestrians before starting. On the other hand, since the presence sound is stopped when the state where the vehicle speed becomes zero continues for a predetermined time, it is possible to suppress the presence sound from being emitted unnecessarily for a long time.

  Further, in the present embodiment, when the engine E is operating (rotating), the engine sound is uttered from the engine E, so the presence sound by the vehicle sound producing device 1 is stopped. Thereby, it can suppress that this presence sound and an engine sound overlap and the sound emitted from a vehicle becomes too loud.

  In addition, in a place where quietness is required, the presence sound can be forcibly stopped by the switch means 60, so that it can be flexibly adapted to the surrounding situation according to the judgment of the driver. Since this forced stop state is automatically released when the vehicle satisfies a predetermined release condition, both safety and quietness can be achieved.

  Further, the vehicular sound generating device 1 is connected to the OBD interface 55 by the connector means 50 and acquires various information from the OBD. As a result, connection work can be simplified when retrofitting the vehicle sound generator 1 to an existing vehicle.

  As described above, in the present embodiment, for example, (1) when the vehicle speed exceeds a predetermined reference value, (2) when the state where the vehicle speed is zero continues for a predetermined time, (3) the engine E is The case where the presence sound is stopped in the case of operation is illustrated, but the present invention is not limited to the case where the presence sound is stopped, and the presence sound may be attenuated.

  In this embodiment, the case where the volume of the presence sound is increased or decreased according to the state of the vehicle speed or the accelerator opening is shown, but the present invention is not limited to this, and the frequency of the presence sound is determined according to these states. It is also preferable to control the sound quality by increasing or decreasing the pitch. Further, both volume and frequency may be controlled simultaneously.

  Furthermore, in this embodiment, the case where the vehicle is a hybrid vehicle that can be driven by the engine E in addition to the electric motor M has been described. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and the vehicle is driven only by the electric motor M. It can also be applied to automobiles and fuel cell vehicles.

  The vehicle sound producing device of the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.

  The sound generator for a vehicle of the present invention can be applied to various vehicles including a truck and a bus that can travel using an electric motor.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Vehicle sounding device 10 Speaker means 20 Sound generation control means 22 Vehicle speed detection part 24 Sound generation instruction part 26 Volume processing part 28 Accelerator opening degree detection part 30 Operation | movement detection part 30
32 Engine detector 50 Connector means 60 Switch means

Claims (9)

A vehicular sounding device that is installed in a vehicle that travels using an electric motor as a power source and that emits sound outside the vehicle to inform the surroundings of the presence of the vehicle,
Speaker means for emitting the presence sound of the vehicle outside the vehicle;
Sound generation control means for controlling the presence sound emitted from the speaker means,
The pronunciation control means includes
A vehicle speed detection unit for detecting a traveling state of the vehicle;
Instructing the speaker means to emit the presence sound at least when the vehicle is in a running state, and sounding to stop or attenuate the presence sound when the vehicle speed of the vehicle exceeds a predetermined reference value A sound generating device for a vehicle, comprising: an instruction unit; The pronunciation control means includes
2. The vehicle sound generating device according to claim 1, further comprising a volume processing unit that attenuates a volume of the presence sound in association with an increase in the vehicle speed. The sound generation control means includes an accelerator opening detector that detects an accelerator opening of the vehicle,
The sound generating device for a vehicle according to claim 2, wherein the volume processing unit superimposes the increase / decrease of the volume linked to the accelerator opening on the increase / decrease of the volume according to the vehicle speed.   The vehicular sound producing device according to claim 3, wherein the volume processing unit increases or decreases the volume in conjunction with an increase or decrease in a displacement speed of the accelerator opening.   The vehicular sound generation device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the sound generation instruction unit instructs the sound to be generated even when the vehicle speed is zero.   The vehicle sound generation device according to claim 5, wherein the sound generation instruction unit stops or attenuates the presence sound when a state in which the vehicle speed is zero continues for a predetermined time. In the case where the vehicle is a hybrid vehicle that can be driven by an engine in addition to the electric motor,
The sound generation control means includes an engine detection unit that detects an operating state of the engine,
The vehicular sound generation device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein when the engine is operating, the sound generation instruction unit stops or attenuates the presence sound. Switch means for forcibly stopping the presence sound manually,
8. The vehicle-use vehicle according to claim 1, wherein when the vehicle speed of the vehicle exceeds a predetermined release reference value, the sound generation instruction unit releases the forced stop state by the switch unit. Pronunciation device. Connector means for connecting to the vehicle's OBD (On-board diagnostics),
The vehicular sound generation device according to claim 1, wherein the vehicle speed detection unit detects a traveling state of the vehicle based on information from the OBD.

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