JP2010523577A - 抗菌薬耐性株を含む細胞外微生物により引き起こされる感染症をガリウム化合物を用いて予防または治療する方法 - Google Patents
抗菌薬耐性株を含む細胞外微生物により引き起こされる感染症をガリウム化合物を用いて予防または治療する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2010523577A JP2010523577A JP2010502217A JP2010502217A JP2010523577A JP 2010523577 A JP2010523577 A JP 2010523577A JP 2010502217 A JP2010502217 A JP 2010502217A JP 2010502217 A JP2010502217 A JP 2010502217A JP 2010523577 A JP2010523577 A JP 2010523577A
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Abstract
Description
これは、その全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれている、2007年4月2日に出願した米国仮出願第60/909658号の優先権を米国特許法第120条に従って主張するPCT国際特許出願である。
従来の抗生物質および他の抗菌薬に対して耐性であるますます多くの極めて有害な病原性微生物が出現していることは、世界的に公衆衛生上大きい問題になっている。ヒトおよび家畜における抗生物質の過剰処方/過剰使用が様々な微生物の抗生物質耐性株の急速な発生の一因となっていた。例えば、治療しなければ致命的な予後をきたす、心臓、骨、肺および血流に広がり得る院内感染性(hospital-acquired)(「院内(nosocomial)」)の感染の一般的な原因であることが知られている黄色ブドウ球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)は、1940年代の初頭にペニシリンによって十分に制圧された。しかし、1960年代の後期までに80%超の黄色ブドウ球菌がペニシリンに対して耐性となり、1972年までに2%の黄色ブドウ球菌がメシチリン耐性であることが認められた。メシチリン耐性菌の割合は2002年までに57.1%まで上昇し続けた(2003年8月の疾病対策センター(Centers for Disease Control)(「CDC」)米国院内感染サーベイランスシステム(National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System)に基づく2004年7月の米国感染症学会(「IDSA」)による「Bad Bugs、No Drugs」)。
本発明は、ガリウム化合物が、従来の抗生物質および/または薬物に対して耐性であることが知られているものを含む様々な病原性細胞外微生物の増殖を制御するのに有効であるという本発明者らの知見に基づいている。
本明細書で用いる「被験体」という用語は、家禽(例えば、ニワトリ、シチメンチョウなど)、ならびに非霊長類(例えば、ウシ、ブタ、ウマ、ネコ、イヌ、ラットなど)および霊長類(例えば、サルおよびヒト)、最も好ましくはヒトなどの哺乳類を含む動物を意味する。
4.1.鉄輸送およびガリウム
少数の例外(例えば、乳酸桿菌属菌(Lactobacillus spp.)−Archibald、1983年、FEMS Microbiol Lett、19巻、29〜32頁;Weinberg、1997年、Perspectives in Biology and Medicine、40巻(4号)、578〜583頁を参照;およびボレリア・ブルグドルフェリ(Borrelia burgdorferi)−Poseyら、2000年、Science、288巻、1651〜1653頁を参照)を除くほとんどの微生物は、それらの生存のために鉄を必要とする(Weinberg、1978年、Microbiol Rev、42巻、45〜66頁;Neilands、1972年、Struct Bond、11巻、145〜170頁)。鉄は最も豊富な金属の1つであるという事実にもかかわらず、好気的環境において不溶性化合物(酸化物−水酸化物)として存在するため、微生物へのその利用可能性は限られている(Guerinot、1994年、前出;Spiroら、1966年、J Am Chem Soc、88巻、2721〜2725頁;Vander Helmら、1994年、In Metal ions in fungi、11巻、39〜98頁、Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York、NY)。したがって、細菌および真菌などの微生物は、環境中で鉄の利用可能性が限られていることに対して、鉄を捕捉するための様々なメカニズムを発達させている(Howard、1999年、前出)。
本発明に用いるのに適するガリウム化合物は、医薬的に許容でき、鳥類および哺乳類への使用などの動物への使用、特にヒトへの使用で安全であるあらゆるガリウム含有化合物を含む。ガリウム化合物は、ヒトにおける診断および治療に用いられており、ヒトへの使用で安全であることが知られている(Fosterら、1986年、前出;Toddら、1991年、Drugs、42巻、261〜273頁;Johnkoffら、1993年、Br J Cancer、67巻、693〜700頁を参照)。
本発明は、予防上または治療上有効な量のガリウム化合物をそれを必要とする被験体に全身的に投与することにより感染症を予防または治療する方法に関する。
以下の実施例は、本発明をさらに説明するために記載するが、本発明の範囲を決して限定するものではない。
実施例 1
ガリウムに対する様々な微生物の感受性は、硝酸ガリウムを用いて各微生物の最小阻止濃度(MIC)および最小殺菌濃度(MBC)を判定することにより試験した。一般的に、MICは、(i)それぞれが標準的な数の微生物を含む一連のブロスをガリウム化合物の連続希釈溶液と混合し、(ii)インキュベーションの後に、微生物の成長を阻害するガリウム化合物の最低濃度であるMICを決定する。MICが低いほど、その生物の感受性は高い。MBCは、MIC試験からの各サンプルの一部を、ガリウム化合物を含まない適切な寒天プレート上で継代培養することによって求める。インキュベーションの後に、成長が認められないガリウム化合物の最低濃度であるMBCを決定する。
微量液体希釈法:カンジダ・アルビカンス(Candida albicans)、大腸菌(Escherichia coli)O157:H7およびカンピロバクター・ジェジュニ(Campylobacter jejuni)
大量液体希釈法:メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)(MRSA)、バンコマイシン耐性エンテロコッカス・フェカリス(Enterococcus faecalis)(VRE)およびチフス菌(Salmonella typhi)
生存度対照:脱イオン水と、試験微生物を接種したが硝酸ガリウムを含まない適切なブロスとの等量混合物、および
無菌性対照:脱イオン水と微生物または硝酸ガリウムのいずれかを含まない適切なブロスとの等量混合物
実施例 2
メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)(MRSA)
成体BALBcマウスに1×106CFU/マウスの黄色ブドウ球菌MRSA株(例えば、ATCC33592)を腹腔内注射により接種する。細菌の注射後(接種の約8時間後)に、各マウスに次のうちの1つを単回静脈内注射する:0.9%生理食塩水(対照)、すべて0.9%生理食塩水に溶解した30mg/kg、45mg/kgもしくは60mg/kgの硝酸ガリウム、200mg/kgのバンコマイシン、または45mg/kgの硝酸ガリウムおよび200mg/kgのバンコマイシン。最初に、6群のそれぞれに5匹のマウスが存在する。接種後、マウスを病的状態について1日2回モニターする。体温を1日2回測定し、体温が4℃またはそれ以上低下したマウスは瀕死であるとみなし、安楽死させる。体重を試験期間中1日1回測定する。5日目に、残りのすべての動物を安楽死させる。脾臓、リンパ節および腎臓を採取し、細菌の定量のために滅菌PBS中でホモジナイズし、連続希釈する。
バンコマイシン耐性エンテロコッカス・フェカリス(Enterococcus faecalis)(VRE)
成体CF1マウスをケージに個別に収容し、糞1g当たりのコロニー形成単位(CFU)の天然腸球菌および可能なVREの総数を各マウスのベースラインとして決定する。1日目に、各マウスにミュラーヒントンブロス(MHB)中0.5ml(約109CFU/ml)のVRE(例えば、ATCC51575)懸濁液またはMHBのみ(対照)をステンレススチール製栄養補給チューブを用いて胃管強制投与により投与する。その後規定の間隔(例えば、1日、7日、14日等)で、各マウスから2つの新鮮な糞ペレットを採取し、重さを量り、MHB中で乳化し、標準的な連続希釈および平板培養法により、糞1g当たりのVRE、腸球菌およびグラム陰性腸桿菌(enteric bacilli)のCFU数を判定する。例えば、総腸球菌数は胆汁エスクリン寒天を用いて、腸桿菌の数はマッコンキー(MacConkey)寒天を用いて、VREの数はバンコマイシン(50μg/ml)、ストレプトマイシン(100μg/ml)、ポリミキシン(100μg/ml)およびニスタチン(2μg/ml)を含むミュラーヒントンII寒天を用いて測定することができる(M.S. Whitmanら、1996年、「Gastrointestinal tract colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in an animal model」、Antimicrobial Agent and Chemotherapy、40巻(6号)、1526〜1530頁)。マウスの群(1群当たり少なくとも5匹)を、マウスへの接種の24時間後から10日後まで、滅菌済み飲料水(対照)、または100μg/ml、200μg/mlもしくは300μg/mlのクエン酸ガリウム、250μg/mlのバンコマイシン、250μg/mlのリネゾイド、または200μg/mlのクエン酸ガリウムおよび250μg/mlのリネゾイドを含有する飲料水の毎日の投与に割り付ける。糞中のVREおよび総腸球菌の数を接種してから40日後まで規定の間隔で各群ごとに判定し、ベースライン数と比較する。
ヘリコバクター・ピロリ(Helicobacter pylori)
C57BL/6マウスにマウス適合ヘリコバクター・ピロリSS1株(Lee A, O'Roukeら、1977年、「A standardized mouse model of Helicobacter pylori infection: introducing Sydney strain」、Gastroenterology、112巻、1386〜97頁)を適切な媒体(例えば、ブルセラブロス)中細菌懸濁液(約1〜2×109細菌/ml)0.1mlの胃内送達により接種する。対照マウスには細菌を含まない媒体0.1mlを投与する。細菌のコロニー形成が確立した状態になるまで、マウスを1〜3週間放置する。マウスの群(1群当たり少なくとも5匹)を、毎日、14日間にわたる滅菌済み生理食塩水(対照)、あるいは生理食塩水中15mg/kgのオメプラゾールを含むまたは含まない60mg/kg、80mg/kgもしくは100mg/kgのガリウムマルトレートの胃内強制投与に割り付ける。処置の終了の24時間後にマウスを安楽死させる。胃組織の縦方向の切片を摘出し、ホルマリン溶液で固定し、パラフィンに包埋し、8μに切断して組織学的切片を作製する。切片をギムザ染色で準備し、胃粘膜のヘリコバクター・ピロリ(Helicobacter pylori)のコロニー形成について顕微鏡的に検査する。胃組織の第2の縦方向の切片を摘出し、重量を測定し、1mlのブルセラブロス中でホモジナイズする。ホモジネートをリン酸緩衝生理食塩水で希釈し、一部を2つずつ選択培地(例えば、5%脱線維素ヒツジ血液、100μg/mlバンコマイシン、3.3μg/mlポリミキシンB、200g/mlバシトラシン、10.7μg/mlナリジクス酸および50μg/mlアンホテリシンBを補充した血液寒天)上で平板培養する(J.I. Keenaら、2004年、「The effect of Helicobacter pylori infection and dietary iron deficiency on host iron homeostasis: A study in mice」、Helicobacter、9巻(6号)、643〜650頁を参照)。ヘリコバクター・ピロリ(Helicobacter pylori)の成長は、グラム染色、形態およびウレアーゼ産生に基づいて確認する。組織1g当たりのコロニー形成単位(CFU)の数を判定し、群間で比較する。
本発明に関連する当業者は、常用の実験のみを用いて本明細書に記載した本発明の特定の実施形態に対する多くの同等物を認識し、またはそれらを確認することができる。そのような同等物は、以下の特許請求の範囲に含まれることが意図される。
Claims (19)
- 細胞外微生物によって引き起こされる感染症を予防または治療する方法であって、予防上または治療上有効な量のガリウム化合物をそれを必要とする被験体に全身的に投与する工程を含み、前記細胞外微生物は、緑膿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)およびレジオネラ属菌(Legionella spp.)を除く、前記方法。
- 細胞外微生物が、細菌属のブドウ球菌属(Staphylococcus)、エンテロコッカス属(Enterococcus)、エシェリキア属(Escherichia)、連鎖球菌属(Streptococcus)、カンピロバクター属(Campylobacter)、サルモネラ属(Salmonella)、ヘリコバクター属(Helicobacter)、バシラス属(Bacillus)、クロストリジウム属(Clostridium)、コリネバクテリウム属(Corynebacterium)、クラミジア属(Chlamydia)、コクシエラ属(Coxilla)、エールリヒア属(Ehrlichia)、フランシセラ属(Francisella)、パスツレラ属(Pasteurella)、ブルセラ属(Brucella)、プロテウス属(Proteus)、クレブシエラ属(Klebsiella)、エンテロバクター属(Enterobacter)、トロフェリマ属(Tropheryma)、アシネトバクター属(Acinetobacter)、アエロモナス属(Aeromonas)、アルカリゲネス属(Alcaligenes)、カプノシトファガ属(Capnocytophaga)、エリジペロスリックス属(Erysipelothrix)、リステリア属(Listeria)およびエルジニア(Yersinia)属、ならびに真菌属のカンジダ属(Candida)からなる群より選択される属の種である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記種が、黄色ブドウ球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、表皮ブドウ球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)、エンテロコッカス・フェカリス(Enterococcus faecalis)、エンテロコッカス・フェシウム(Enterococcus faecium)、チフス菌(Salmonella typhi)、ネズミチフス菌(Salmonella typhimurium)、サルモネラ・エンテリカ(Salmonella enterica)、大腸菌(Escherichia coli)、肺炎連鎖球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)、化膿連鎖球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)、ストレプトコッカス・アガラクティエ(Streptococcus agalactiae)、ヘリコバクター・ピロリ(Helicobacter pylori)およびカンピロバクター・ジェジュニ(Campylobacter jejuni)からなる群より選択される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞外微生物が少なくとも1つの抗生物質に対して耐性である株である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記株が、MRSA、VRE、大腸菌(E.coli)O157:H7、フルオロキノロン耐性チフス菌(Salmonella typhi)、セフタジジム耐性肺炎杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)およびフルオロキノロン耐性淋菌(Neisseria gonorrhoeae)からなる群より選択される、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記ガリウム化合物が、硝酸ガリウム、ガリウムマルトレート、クエン酸ガリウム、リン酸ガリウム、塩化ガリウム、フッ化ガリウム、炭酸ガリウム、ギ酸ガリウム、酢酸ガリウム、硫酸ガリウム、酒石酸ガリウム、シュウ酸ガリウムおよび酸化ガリウムからなる群より選択される、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記ガリウム化合物が経口投与される、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記ガリウム化合物が、静脈内、筋肉内、皮下、腹腔内または坐剤により投与される、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 予防上または治療上有効な量の少なくとも1つの追加の抗菌薬を全身的に併用投与する工程をさらに含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- MRSAによって引き起こされる感染症を予防または治療する方法であって、個別にまたは集合的に、予防上または治療上有効な量のガリウム化合物および少なくとも1つの追加の抗菌薬をそれを必要とする被験体に全身的に併用投与する工程を含む、前記方法。
- 前記追加の抗菌薬がバンコマイシンおよび/またはリネゾリドである、請求項10に記載の方法。
- VREによって引き起こされる感染症を予防または治療する方法であって、個別にまたは集合的に、予防上または治療上有効な量のガリウム化合物および少なくとも1つの追加の抗菌薬をそれを必要とする被験体に全身的に併用投与する工程を含む、前記方法。
- 前記追加の抗菌薬がリネゾリドである、請求項12に記載の方法。
- ヘリコバクター・ピロリ(Helicobacter pylori)によって引き起こされる消化性潰瘍、胃炎または十二指腸炎を予防または治療する方法であって、予防上または治療上有効な量のガリウム化合物をそれを必要とする被験体に投与する工程を含む、前記方法。
- 前記ガリウム化合物が経口投与される、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記ガリウム化合物が、硝酸ガリウム、ガリウムマルトレート、クエン酸ガリウム、リン酸ガリウム、塩化ガリウム、フッ化ガリウム、炭酸ガリウム、ギ酸ガリウム、酢酸ガリウム、硫酸ガリウム、酒石酸ガリウム、シュウ酸ガリウムおよび酸化ガリウムからなる群より選択される、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 予防上または治療上有効な量の少なくとも1つの追加の抗菌薬を全身的に併用投与する工程をさらに含む、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記追加の抗菌薬が、クラリスロマイシン、アモキシシリン、メトロニダゾール、オメプラゾールおよび次サリチル酸ビスマスからなる群より選択される1以上の薬剤である、請求項17に記載の方法。
- ガリウム化合物および少なくとも1つの追加の抗菌薬を含む1以上の容器を含むキット。
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CA2682745C (en) | 2014-12-23 |
JP6890843B2 (ja) | 2021-06-18 |
EP2141996A4 (en) | 2010-04-14 |
PT2141996E (pt) | 2013-03-07 |
US20160375056A1 (en) | 2016-12-29 |
US20190175644A1 (en) | 2019-06-13 |
ES2401045T3 (es) | 2013-04-16 |
US20150352148A1 (en) | 2015-12-10 |
CN101677574A (zh) | 2010-03-24 |
US20150064284A1 (en) | 2015-03-05 |
US20180028564A1 (en) | 2018-02-01 |
JP5559031B2 (ja) | 2014-07-23 |
JP2014193914A (ja) | 2014-10-09 |
JP2017114887A (ja) | 2017-06-29 |
WO2009009171A3 (en) | 2009-03-19 |
JP2019135269A (ja) | 2019-08-15 |
US20080241275A1 (en) | 2008-10-02 |
KR20100016051A (ko) | 2010-02-12 |
PL2141996T3 (pl) | 2013-05-31 |
EP2141996A2 (en) | 2010-01-13 |
US8895077B2 (en) | 2014-11-25 |
EP2526773A1 (en) | 2012-11-28 |
WO2009009171A2 (en) | 2009-01-15 |
CA2682745A1 (en) | 2009-01-15 |
EP2141996B1 (en) | 2012-11-21 |
CN101677574B (zh) | 2014-05-07 |
KR101217415B1 (ko) | 2013-01-02 |
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