JP2010231109A - Electrophotographic photoreceptor and method of producing the same, process cartridge and image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor which has high hardness and is superior in wear resistance and is capable of reducing storage of a residual potential in repeated electrophotographic image formation. <P>SOLUTION: The electrophotographic photoreceptor has at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, and a surface layer contains: an electron beam-cured material of a compound having two or more groups of at least one kind of acryl groups and methacryl groups, in a molecule and having a tetraaryl benzidine skeleton; and a charge transport compound that does not contain polymerizable groups. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a method for manufacturing the same, a process cartridge, and an image forming apparatus.

  Electrophotographic image formation has the advantages of high speed and high print quality, and is therefore widely used in fields such as copying machines and laser beam printers. The electrophotographic photosensitive member (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as “photosensitive member”) used in the electrophotographic apparatus is cheaper and more manufacturable and disposable than a photosensitive member using an inorganic photoconductive material. An electrophotographic photoreceptor using an organic photoconductive material having an excellent advantage dominates. Among them, the functionally separated type organic photoreceptor in which a charge generation layer that generates charges upon exposure and a charge transport layer that transports charges is laminated is excellent in terms of electrophotographic characteristics, and various proposals have been made. It has been put into practical use.

  In an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer on a support for the purpose of obtaining an electrophotographic photosensitive member having excellent wear resistance and the like, and having little change or deterioration in characteristics such as an increase in residual potential, An electrophotographic photosensitive member is disclosed, wherein the surface layer of the photographic photosensitive member contains a resin obtained by curing a charge transporting substance and a compound having an acryloyloxy group or a methacryloyloxy group by irradiation with radiation. (For example, refer to Patent Document 1).

  In addition, for the purpose of obtaining an electrophotographic photosensitive member having extremely high durability and excellent potential stability, an electroconductive photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer on the conductive support and the electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided. Has a curable outermost surface layer constituting the outermost surface, and the curable outermost surface layer is a compound cured by polymerizing or crosslinking a charge transporting compound having at least one chain polymerizable functional group. And a total amount of Si and Al contained in the curable outermost surface layer is 200 ppm or less with respect to the total mass of the curable outermost surface layer, which discloses an electrophotographic photoreceptor ( For example, see Patent Document 2.)

Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-265085 JP 2006-058822 A

  The present invention has high hardness, excellent wear resistance, and an electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of reducing accumulation of residual potential in image formation by repeated electrophotographic methods, a manufacturing method thereof, and the electrophotographic photosensitive member. It is an object of the present invention to provide a process cartridge and an image forming apparatus.

  That is, the invention according to claim 1 is a compound having a tetraarylbenzidine skeleton having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, and a surface layer containing at least one of acrylic groups and methacrylic groups in the molecule. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising the electron beam cured product and a charge transporting compound containing no polymerizable group.

  The invention according to claim 2 is the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the surface layer further contains a polycarbonate resin.

  The invention according to claim 3 is a compound having a tetraarylbenzidine skeleton containing at least one of an acrylic group and a methacryl group in a molecule on a conductive support, and a charge transporting compound not containing a polymerizable group And an irradiation step of irradiating an electron beam so that an absorbed dose is 50 kGy or more and 150 kGy or less to the coating film. Item 3. A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to Item 2.

  According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process cartridge comprising the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the first or second aspect and detachable from the image forming apparatus.

  According to a fifth aspect of the invention, the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the first or second aspect and the electrostatic latent image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member are developed as a toner image by an electrostatic latent image developer. An image forming apparatus comprising: a developing unit; a transfer unit that transfers a toner image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member to a transfer target; and a fixing unit that fixes the toner image transferred to the transfer target.

  According to the first aspect of the present invention, compared to the case without this configuration, the electrophotographic photosensitive member has high hardness and excellent wear resistance and can reduce the accumulation of residual potential in image formation by repeated electrophotographic methods. The body is provided.

  According to the invention which concerns on Claim 2, the film thickness of a surface layer can be thickened compared with the case where it does not have this structure.

  According to the third aspect of the present invention, compared to a case without this configuration, the electrophotographic photosensitive member has high hardness and excellent wear resistance and can reduce the accumulation of residual potential in image formation by repeated electrophotographic methods. The body is easily manufactured.

  According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, compared to a case without this configuration, the electrophotographic photosensitive member has high hardness and excellent wear resistance and can reduce the accumulation of residual potential in image formation by repeated electrophotographic methods. The handling of the body is facilitated, and the adaptability to various types of image forming apparatuses is enhanced.

  According to the fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an image forming apparatus capable of forming a stable image over a long period of time compared to the case where the present configuration is not provided.

1 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating an example of an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to an exemplary embodiment. 1 is an overall configuration diagram illustrating a first example of an image forming apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment. It is a whole block diagram which shows the 2nd example of the image forming apparatus which concerns on this embodiment. (A)-(C) is explanatory drawing which shows the reference | standard of ghost evaluation, respectively.

  DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Embodiments of an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a method for manufacturing the same, a process cartridge, and an image forming apparatus according to the present invention will be described in detail below.

<Electrophotographic photoreceptor and method for producing the same>
The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the exemplary embodiment includes at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, and the surface layer includes a tetraarylbenzidine skeleton including at least one of acrylic groups and methacryl groups in the molecule. It includes an electron beam cured product of a compound (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “benzidine derivative according to this embodiment”) and a charge transporting compound not containing a polymerizable group.
In the present embodiment, the conductivity means that the volume resistivity is less than 10 ⁷ Ω · cm.
In addition, the benzidine derivative according to the present embodiment is exemplified as a kind of charge transporting compound.

The surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to this embodiment includes the electron beam cured product of the benzidine derivative according to this embodiment. Therefore, the hardness of the surface layer can be increased. Since the hardness is high, the wear resistance of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is improved.
In addition, since there is a charge transporting structure having a tetraarylbenzidine skeleton at the cross-linking point of the electron beam cured product according to the present embodiment, the electron beam cured product obtained using a crosslinking agent having no charge transporting structure. The surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to this embodiment is superior in electrical characteristics as compared with the above.
Furthermore, since components such as a polymerization initiator are not required for forming the electron beam cured product, components such as a polymerization initiator do not remain in the surface layer. Therefore, the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to this embodiment is excellent in electrical characteristics.

  The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the exemplary embodiment has a charge transporting compound that has at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, and the surface layer does not include the electron beam cured product of the benzidine derivative and the polymerizable group according to the exemplary embodiment. If it contains, there will be no limitation in particular in the layer structure. The photosensitive layer according to the present embodiment may be a function-integrated type photosensitive layer having both charge transport capability and charge generation capability, or a function-separated type photosensitive layer including a charge transport layer and a charge generation layer. Also good. Furthermore, other layers such as an undercoat layer, an intermediate layer, and a protective layer can be provided as necessary.

  In the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the exemplary embodiment, when the functionally integrated photosensitive layer is a surface layer, the electron beam cured product of the benzidine derivative according to the exemplary embodiment and a polymerizable group are added to the functionally integrated photosensitive layer. And a charge transporting compound that does not contain. When any one of the function-separated photosensitive layers including the charge transport layer and the charge generation layer is a surface layer, the electron beam curing of the benzidine derivative according to this embodiment is performed on the layer corresponding to the surface layer. And a charge transporting compound containing no polymerizable group. Further, when a protective layer is provided as a surface layer on the photosensitive layer, the protective layer contains an electron beam cured product of the benzidine derivative according to this embodiment and a charge transporting compound not containing a polymerizable group. .

Hereinafter, the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the exemplary embodiment will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a preferred embodiment of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present embodiment. An electrophotographic photoreceptor 101 shown in FIG. 1 includes a function-separated photosensitive layer 103 in which a charge generation layer 105 and a charge transport layer 106 are separately provided. An undercoat layer 104 is provided on a conductive support 102. The charge generation layer 105 and the charge transport layer 106 are stacked in this order. Here, the charge transport layer 106 is a surface layer (a layer disposed on the side farthest from the conductive support 102) in the photoconductor 101. Although details will be described later, electron beam curing of the benzidine derivative according to the present embodiment. And a charge transporting compound containing no polymerizable group.

Hereinafter, each element of the photoreceptor 101 will be described.
Any conductive support may be used as long as it is conventionally used. For example, metals such as aluminum, nickel, chromium, stainless steel, and plastic films provided with thin films such as aluminum, titanium, nickel, chromium, stainless steel, gold, vanadium, tin oxide, indium oxide, ITO, etc. Examples thereof include paper coated with or impregnated with a property-imparting agent, and a plastic film. The shape of the conductive support 102 is not limited to a drum shape, and may be a sheet shape or a plate shape.

In the case of using a metal pipe as the conductive support 102, the surface may remain as it is, or a process such as mirror cutting, etching, anodizing, rough cutting, centerless grinding, sand blasting, wet honing is performed in advance. It may be.
The undercoat layer 104 is provided as necessary for the purpose of preventing light reflection on the surface of the support 102 and preventing inflow of unnecessary carriers from the support 102 to the photosensitive layer 103. Materials for the undercoat layer 104 include metal powders such as aluminum, copper, nickel, and silver, conductive metal oxides such as antimony oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, and zinc oxide, carbon fiber, carbon black, and graphite. Examples thereof include a conductive material such as powder dispersed in a binder resin and coated on a support. Further, two or more kinds of metal oxide particles may be mixed and used. Furthermore, the powder resistance may be controlled by performing surface treatment with a coupling agent on the metal oxide particles.

  The binder resin contained in the undercoat layer 104 includes acetal resins such as polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl alcohol resin, casein, polyamide resin, cellulose resin, gelatin, polyurethane resin, polyester resin, methacrylic resin, acrylic resin, and polyvinyl chloride resin. , Polyvinyl acetate resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride resin, silicone resin, silicone-alkyd resin, phenolic resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, melamine resin, urethane resin and other known polymer resin compounds, charge transporting groups A charge transporting resin having a conductive property or a conductive resin such as polyaniline may be used. Among them, resins insoluble in the upper layer coating solvent are preferably used, and phenol resins, phenol-formaldehyde resins, melamine resins, urethane resins, epoxy resins, and the like are particularly preferably used.

The ratio of the metal oxide particles and the binder resin in the undercoat layer 104 is not particularly limited, and is set within a range where desired electrophotographic photoreceptor characteristics can be obtained.
In forming the undercoat layer 104, a coating solution in which the above components are added to a solvent is used. Examples of such solvents include aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene and chlorobenzene, aliphatic alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, and n-butanol, acetone, cyclohexanone, and 2-butanone. Ketone solvents, halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents such as methylene chloride, chloroform, ethylene chloride, cyclic or linear ether solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, ethylene glycol, diethyl ether, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n acetate -Organic solvents, such as ester solvents, such as butyl. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more. When mixing, any solvent can be used as long as the binder resin can be dissolved as a mixed solvent.

  Further, as a method for dispersing the metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer, a media disperser such as a ball mill, a vibration ball mill, an attritor, a sand mill, a horizontal sand mill, a stirrer, an ultrasonic disperser, a roll mill, Medialess dispersers such as high-pressure homogenizers are used. Further, examples of the high-pressure homogenizer include a collision method in which the dispersion liquid is dispersed by liquid-liquid collision or liquid-wall collision in a high pressure state, and a penetration method in which the fine liquid is penetrated and dispersed in a high pressure state.

As a method of applying the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer thus obtained on the conductive support 102, dip coating, push-up coating, wire bar coating, spray coating, blade coating, knife coating Method, curtain coating method and the like. The thickness of the undercoat layer 104 is preferably 15 μm or more, and more preferably 20 μm or more and 50 μm or less. Resin particles may be added to the undercoat layer 104 in order to adjust the surface roughness. As the resin particles, silicone resin particles, cross-linked PMMA resin particles, and the like are used.
Further, the surface of the undercoat layer 104 may be polished to adjust the surface roughness. As a polishing method, buffing, sandblasting, wet honing, grinding, or the like may be used.

  Although not shown, an intermediate layer may be further provided on the undercoat layer 104 in order to improve electrical characteristics, improve image quality, improve image quality maintenance, and improve photosensitive layer adhesion. As the binder resin used for the intermediate layer, acetal resins such as polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl alcohol resin, casein, polyamide resin, cellulose resin, gelatin, polyurethane resin, polyester resin, methacrylic resin, acrylic resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinyl In addition to polymer resin compounds such as acetate resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride resin, silicone resin, silicone-alkyd resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, melamine resin, zirconium, titanium, aluminum, manganese, silicon, etc. Contains organometallic compounds. These compounds may be used alone or as a mixture or polycondensate of a plurality of compounds. Among these, organometallic compounds containing zirconium or silicon are excellent in performance, such as low residual potential, little potential change due to environment, and little potential change due to repeated use.

As the solvent used for forming the intermediate layer, known organic solvents, for example, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene and chlorobenzene, aliphatics such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, and n-butanol Alcohol solvents, ketone solvents such as acetone, cyclohexanone and 2-butanone, halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents such as methylene chloride, chloroform and ethylene chloride, cyclic or linear such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, ethylene glycol and diethyl ether Examples include ether solvents, ester solvents such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and n-butyl acetate. You may use these solvents individually or in mixture of 2 or more types. When mixing, any solvent can be used as long as it can dissolve the binder resin as a mixed solvent.
As the coating method for forming the intermediate layer, usual methods such as a dip coating method, a push-up coating method, a wire bar coating method, a spray coating method, a blade coating method, a knife coating method, and a curtain coating method are used.

  In addition to improving the coatability of the upper layer, the intermediate layer also serves as an electrical blocking layer. However, when the film thickness is too large, the electrical barrier becomes too strong, causing desensitization and potential increase due to repetition. . Therefore, when the intermediate layer is formed, the film thickness is set in the range of 0.1 μm to 3 μm. Further, the intermediate layer in this case may be used as the undercoat layer 104.

  The charge generation layer 105 is formed by dispersing a charge generation material in an appropriate binder resin. As such a charge generation material, phthalocyanine pigments such as metal-free phthalocyanine, chlorogallium phthalocyanine, hydroxygallium phthalocyanine, dichlorotin phthalocyanine, and titanyl phthalocyanine can be used. ), A chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal having strong diffraction peaks at 7.4 °, 16.6 °, 25.5 ° and 28.3 ° at a Bragg angle (2θ ± 0.2 °) with respect to CuKα characteristic X-rays. Metal-free phthalocyanine crystals having strong diffraction peaks at 7.7 °, 9.3 °, 16.9 °, 17.5 °, 22.4 ° and 28.8 °, Bragg angle (2θ for CuKα characteristic X-ray) ± 0.2 °) at least 7.5 °, 9.9 °, 12.5 °, 16.3 °, 18 Hydroxygallium phthalocyanine crystals having strong diffraction peaks at 6 °, 25.1 ° and 28.3 °, at least 9.6 °, 24.1 ° and Bragg angle (2θ ± 0.2 °) with respect to CuKα characteristic X-ray A titanyl phthalocyanine crystal having a strong diffraction peak at 27.2 ° can be used. In addition, as a charge generation material, a quinone pigment, a perylene pigment, an indigo pigment, a bisbenzimidazole pigment, an anthrone pigment, a quinacridone pigment, or the like may be used. These charge generation materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  Examples of the binder resin in the charge generation layer include polycarbonate resin such as bisphenol A type or bisphenol Z type, acrylic resin, methacrylic resin, polyarylate resin, polyester resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polystyrene resin, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer Combined resin, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer, polyvinyl acetate resin, polyvinyl formal resin, polysulfone resin, styrene-butadiene copolymer resin, vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile copolymer resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate resin, vinyl chloride-acetic acid Vinyl-maleic anhydride resin, silicone resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, polyacrylamide resin, polyamide resin, poly-N-vinylcarbazole resin, etc. may be used.These binder resins may be used alone or in combination of two or more. The mixing ratio of the charge generating material and the binder resin is desirably in the range of 10: 1 to 1:10.

  In forming the charge generation layer 105, a coating solution in which the above components are added to a solvent is used. Examples of such solvents include aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene and chlorobenzene, aliphatic alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, and n-butanol, acetone, cyclohexanone, and 2-butanone. Ketone solvents, halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents such as methylene chloride, chloroform, ethylene chloride, cyclic or linear ether solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, ethylene glycol, diethyl ether, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n acetate -Organic solvents, such as ester solvents, such as butyl. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more. When mixing, any solvent can be used as long as the binder resin can be dissolved as a mixed solvent.

In order to disperse the charge generation material in the resin, the coating liquid is subjected to a dispersion treatment. As a dispersion method, a media disperser such as a ball mill, a vibrating ball mill, an attritor, a sand mill, or a horizontal sand mill, or a medialess disperser such as a stirrer, an ultrasonic disperser, a roll mill, or a high-pressure homogenizer is used. Further, examples of the high-pressure homogenizer include a collision method in which the dispersion liquid is dispersed by liquid-liquid collision or liquid-wall collision in a high pressure state, and a penetration method in which the fine liquid is penetrated and dispersed in a high pressure state.
Examples of methods for applying the coating solution thus obtained onto the undercoat layer 104 include dip coating, push-up coating, wire bar coating, spray coating, blade coating, knife coating, curtain coating, and the like. Is mentioned. The film thickness of the charge generation layer 105 is preferably set in the range of 0.01 μm to 5 μm, more preferably 0.05 μm to 2.0 μm.

  As described above, the charge transport layer 106 is a layer containing the electron beam cured product of the benzidine derivative according to this embodiment and a charge transport compound that does not contain a polymerizable group.

  The benzidine derivative according to this embodiment has a tetraarylbenzidine skeleton represented by the following structural formula in the molecule.

In the above structural formula, Ar represents an aryl ring. In this embodiment, examples of the aryl ring include a phenyl ring, a naphthyl ring, and a pyrene ring, and a phenyl ring is preferable.
In addition, the benzidine derivative according to this embodiment includes two or more of at least one of an acrylic group and a methacryl group in the molecule, but preferably includes 3 or more and 4 or less. The molecule may contain two or more acrylic groups and methacrylic groups, may contain only two acrylic groups, or may contain two or more methacrylic groups only.

  Although the specific example of the benzidine derivative which concerns on this embodiment below is given, this embodiment is not limited to the following specific example.

The electron beam cured product of the benzidine derivative according to the present embodiment may be obtained by electron beam curing only the benzidine derivative according to the present embodiment, but the polymerizable compound having no charge transport property and the present embodiment. A mixture of such a benzidine derivative may be obtained by electron beam curing. Examples of the polymerizable compound having no charge transporting property in this case include monofunctional or polyfunctional polymerizable monomers, oligomers, and polymers, and examples thereof include acrylate or methacrylate monomers, oligomers, and polymers. .
Here, “having no charge transporting property” means that carrier transport is not observed by the Time of Flight method.

  Specifically, as monofunctional monomers, for example, isobutyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate, isooctyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, 2-methoxyethyl acrylate, methoxytriethylene glycol Acrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, ethyl carbitol acrylate, phenoxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxy acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, methoxypolyethylene glycol acrylate, methoxypolyethylene glycol Methacrylate, phenoxy polyethylene glycol Acrylate, phenoxy polyethylene glycol methacrylate, hydroxyethyl o- phenylphenol acrylate, o- phenylphenol glycidyl ether acrylate, and the like.

  Examples of the bifunctional monomer, oligomer, and polymer include diethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, polyethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, polypropylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, neopentyl glycol di (meth) acrylate, 1,6- Examples include hexanediol di (meth) acrylate.

  Examples of the trifunctional monomer, oligomer, and polymer include trimethylolpropane tri (meth) acrylate, pentaerythritol tri (meth) acrylate, and aliphatic tri (meth) acrylate.

  Examples of the tetrafunctional monomer, oligomer, and polymer include pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, ditrimethylolpropane tetra (meth) acrylate, and aliphatic tetra (meth) acrylate.

  In addition, as penta- or higher functional monomers, oligomers and polymers, for example, dipentaerythritol penta (meth) acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa (meth) acrylate, etc., as well as polyester skeleton, urethane skeleton and phosphazene skeleton (meth) An acrylate etc. are mentioned.

  You may use the monomer, oligomer, and polymer which were mentioned above individually or in mixture of 2 or more types. “(Meth) acrylate” is an expression representing acrylate or methacrylate.

  When the benzidine derivative according to the present embodiment is used in combination with the polymerizable compound having no charge transporting property, 10 polymerizable compounds having no charge transporting property are added to 100 parts by mass of the benzidine derivative according to the present embodiment. The amount is preferably no less than 500 parts by mass and more preferably no less than 20 parts by mass and no greater than 300 parts by mass.

The charge transporting compound containing no polymerizable group used in the present embodiment is not particularly limited as long as it does not contain a polymerizable group such as a radical polymerizable group or a cationic polymerizable group in the molecule. Examples of the charge transporting compound not containing a polymerizable group used in this embodiment include oxadiazole derivatives such as 2,5-bis (p-diethylaminophenyl) -1,3,4-oxadiazole, , 3,5-triphenyl-pyrazoline, pyrazoline derivatives such as 1- [pyridyl- (2)]-3- (p-diethylaminostyryl) -5- (p-diethylaminostyryl) pyrazoline, triphenylamine, N, N Aromatic tertiary amino compounds such as' -bis (3,4-dimethylphenyl) biphenyl-4-amine, tri (p-methylphenyl) aminyl-4-amine, dibenzylaniline, N, N'-bis ( Aromatic tertiary diamino compounds such as 3-methylphenyl) -N, N′-diphenylbenzidine, 3- (4′-dimethylaminophenyl) -5,6 1,2,4-triazine derivatives such as di- (4′-methoxyphenyl) -1,2,4-triazine, hydrazone derivatives such as 4-diethylaminobenzaldehyde-1,1-diphenylhydrazone, 2-phenyl-4- Quinazoline derivatives such as styryl-quinazoline, benzofuran derivatives such as 6-hydroxy-2,3-di (p-methoxyphenyl) benzofuran, α- such as p- (2,2-diphenylvinyl) -N, N-diphenylaniline Stilbene derivatives, enamine derivatives, carbazole derivatives such as N-ethylcarbazole, hole transport materials such as poly-N-vinylcarbazole and its derivatives, quinone compounds such as chloranil and broanthraquinone, tetracyanoquinodimethane compounds, 2 , 4,7-trinitrofluorenone, 2,4,5,7 Examples include fluorenone compounds such as -tetranitro-9-fluorenone, xanthone compounds, electron transport materials such as thiophene compounds, and polymers having a group consisting of the above compounds in the main chain or side chain. These charge transport materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
The content ratio of the benzidine derivative according to this embodiment and the charge transporting compound not containing a polymerizable group is such that the charge transporting compound containing no polymerizable group is 100 parts by mass of the benzidine derivative according to this embodiment. 10 parts by mass or more and 500 parts by mass or less are preferable, and 50 parts by mass or more and 300 parts by mass or less are more preferable.

The charge transport layer 106 may contain a binder resin as necessary. By adding a binder resin to the charge transport layer 106, the thickness of the charge transport layer 106 can be increased. Examples of the binder resin include polycarbonate resin such as bisphenol A type or bisphenol Z type, acrylic resin, methacrylic resin, polyarylate resin, polyester resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polystyrene resin, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer resin, acrylonitrile. -Butadiene copolymer resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, polyvinyl formal resin, polysulfone resin, styrene-butadiene copolymer resin, vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile copolymer resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride resin, silicone resin, Insulating resins such as phenol-formaldehyde resin, polyacrylamide resin, polyamide resin, chlorine rubber, and polyvinylcarbazole, polyvinyl anthracene, polyvinyl chloride Organic photoconductive polymers such as emissions and the like. These binder resins may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
Among these, it is preferable to use a polycarbonate resin for reasons of mechanical strength and compatibility with the charge transport material.
The content of the binder resin in the charge transport layer 106 is preferably 10% by mass or more and 500% by mass or less, and more preferably 30% by mass or more and 200% by mass or less.

  For the purpose of improving the surface smoothness of the charge transport layer in the present embodiment, a leveling agent such as silicone oil may be added to the surface layer. The leveling agent may be added within a range where desired characteristics can be obtained, but a range of 0.1 ppm to 1000 ppm is preferably used in the charge transport layer coating solution. More preferably, it is used in the range of 0.5 ppm to 500 ppm. If it is used less than 0.1 ppm, a sufficiently smooth surface cannot be obtained, and if it is used in excess of 500 ppm, it is not preferable in terms of electrical characteristics such as an increase in residual potential during repeated use.

  In addition, for the purpose of preventing deterioration of the photoreceptor due to ozone, nitrogen oxide, light, or heat generated in the electrophotographic apparatus, an antioxidant, a light stabilizer, and a heat stabilizer are included in each layer constituting the photosensitive layer 103. You may add additives, such as. For example, examples of the antioxidant include hindered phenol, hindered amine, paraphenylenediamine, arylalkane, hydroquinone, spirochroman, spiroidanone and derivatives thereof, organic sulfur compounds, and organic phosphorus compounds. Examples of light stabilizers include derivatives such as benzophenone, benzoazole, dithiocarbamate, and tetramethylpipen.

The charge transport layer 106 is formed on the charge generation layer 105 (that is, on the conductive support), a benzidine derivative according to the present embodiment, a charge transport compound that does not contain a polymerizable group, and a bond used as necessary. A coating process that forms a coating film by coating a coating liquid (coating liquid for charge transport layer) containing a resin and other components such as a polymerizable compound that does not have charge transporting properties; You may form through the irradiation process of irradiating an electron beam so that a dose may be 50 kGy or more and 150 kGy or less.
A drying step for volatilizing the solvent in the coating solution may be provided after the coating step and before the irradiation step.

  Solvents used for the preparation of the coating liquid include known organic solvents, for example, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene and chlorobenzene, aliphatics such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, and n-butanol. Alcohol solvents, ketone solvents such as acetone, cyclohexanone and 2-butanone, halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents such as methylene chloride, chloroform and ethylene chloride, cyclic or linear such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, ethylene glycol and diethyl ether Examples include ether solvents, ester solvents such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and n-butyl acetate. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  As a method for applying the coating solution onto the charge generation layer 105, a usual method such as a dip coating method, a push-up coating method, a wire bar coating method, a spray coating method, a blade coating method, a knife coating method, or a curtain coating method can be used. It may be used.

  Further, as an electron beam irradiation device, for example, there are a scanning type / curtain type, etc. The curtain type draws thermoelectrons generated in a filament by a grid in a vacuum chamber, and further, by a high voltage (for example, 70 to 300 kV), It is a device that accelerates at once, becomes an electron flow, passes through the window foil, and is released to the atmosphere side. The wavelength of an electron beam is generally smaller than 1 nm and has a large energy and ranges up to several MeV, but energy of several tens to several hundreds keV is applied when the wavelength of the electron beam is on the order of pm.

  Here, as the irradiation condition of the electron beam, the absorbed dose of the coating film is 50 kGy or more and 150 kGy or less. If the absorbed dose of the coating film is 50 kGy or more, the coating film can be cured. Moreover, if the absorbed dose of the coating film is 150 kGy or less, decomposition of the substance by electron beam irradiation is prevented. A preferred absorbed dose for curing the coating film is 50 kGy or more and 100 kGy or less.

  The film thickness of the charge transport layer 106 is preferably set in the range of 5 μm to 50 μm, more preferably 10 μm to 40 μm.

<Image forming apparatus and process cartridge>
Next, the image forming apparatus and the process cartridge according to the present embodiment will be described.
FIG. 2 is an overall configuration diagram illustrating a first example of the image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment.
The image forming apparatus 1000 is a monochrome single-sided output printer that employs an electrophotographic system.
The image forming apparatus 1000 receives an electric power supplied from a power source 65a and rotates while contacting the image holding body 61 by receiving power from an image holding body 61 that is an electrophotographic photosensitive member rotating in the direction of arrow B in the figure. And a charging member 65 as charging means for charging the surface of the holding body. Here, the image carrier 61 corresponds to an example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the present embodiment.

  The image forming apparatus 1000 includes an electrostatic latent image forming unit that emits laser light toward the image holding member 61 and forms an electrostatic latent image having a higher potential than the surroundings on the surface of the image holding member 61. The electrostatic latent image is developed by adhering monochrome (black) toner to the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the image carrier 61 using an exposure unit 7 and an electrostatic latent image developer containing black toner. Thus, the toner image formed on the surface of the image carrier 61 by pressing the sheet conveyed to the developing device 64 that is an image forming unit that forms a toner image and the image carrier 61 on which the toner image is formed. A transfer roll 50 that is a transfer unit that transfers onto a sheet that is a transfer target, and a fixing unit that is a fixing unit that fixes the transferred image onto the sheet by applying heat and pressure to the toner image transferred onto the sheet. 10. contact the image carrier 61; Also provided is a cleaning device 62 that is a cleaning unit that removes residual toner remaining on the surface of the image carrier 61 after transfer of the toner image, and a static elimination lamp 7a that removes electric charge remaining on the image carrier 61 after transfer of the toner image. It has been.

  In the image forming apparatus 1000, the charging member 65 and the image holding member 61 are each in the form of a roll extending in a direction perpendicular to FIG. 2, and both ends of these rolls are connected to the support member 100a. The roll is supported in a rotatable manner. Further, the cleaning device 62 and the developing device 64 described above are also connected to the support member 100a. Thus, the charging member 65, the image holding member 61, the cleaning device 62, and the developing device 64 are connected to the support member 100a. By being integrated, the process cartridge 100 is configured.

  By incorporating this process cartridge into the image forming apparatus 1000, the image forming apparatus 1000 is provided with each part that is a component of these process cartridges. This process cartridge 100 corresponds to an example of the process cartridge of the present embodiment.

Hereinafter, an image forming operation in the image forming apparatus 1000 will be described.
The image forming apparatus 1000 includes a toner cartridge (not shown) in which black toner is stored, and the toner is supplied to the developing device 64 by the toner cartridge. Further, the paper used for transferring the toner image is stored in the paper feeding unit 1, and is conveyed from the paper feeding unit 1 when an image formation instruction is given by the user, and the toner is transferred to the transfer roll 50. After the image is transferred, it is conveyed toward the left in the figure. In FIG. 2, the sheet conveyance path at this time is shown as a path indicated by a left-pointing arrow, and the sheet passes through this sheet conveyance path and the fixing image transferred onto the sheet is fixed by the fixing device 10. After being done, it is discharged to the left.

  When the charging member 65 charges the image holding member 61, a voltage is applied to the charging member 65. As the voltage range, the direct current voltage is preferably positive or negative 50V to 2000V, more preferably 100V to 1500V, depending on the required charging potential of the image carrier. When the AC voltage is superimposed, the peak-to-peak voltage is set to 400 V to 1800 V, preferably 800 V to 1600 V, and more preferably 1200 V to 1600 V. The frequency of the AC voltage is 50 Hz to 20,000 Hz, preferably 100 Hz to 5,000 Hz.

  As the charging member 65, a member provided with an elastic layer, a resistance layer, a protective layer, or the like on the outer peripheral surface of the core material is preferably used. The charging member 65 rotates at the same peripheral speed as the image holding member 61 by contacting the image holding member 61 without contacting the image holding member 61, and functions as a charging unit. However, the driving member is attached to the charging member 65. The image carrier 61 may be charged by being rotated at a peripheral speed different from that of the image carrier 61.

As the exposure unit 7, an optical system device that exposes a light source such as a semiconductor laser, an LED (light emitting diode), a liquid crystal shutter, or the like on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member in a desired image manner may be used.
As the developing device 64, a conventionally known developing device using a regular or reversal developer such as a one-component system or a two-component system may be used. The shape of the toner used for the developing device 64 is not particularly limited, and may be indefinite, spherical, or other specific shape.

  As a transfer means, in addition to a contact charging member such as a transfer roll 50, a contact transfer charger using a belt, a film, a rubber blade, or the like, a scorotron transfer charger using a corona discharge, a corotron transfer charger, etc. Can be mentioned.

  The cleaning device 62 is for removing residual toner adhering to the surface of the image holding member 61 after the transfer process, and the image holding member 61 thus cleaned is repeatedly used for the image forming process described above. . As the cleaning device, in addition to a cleaning blade, brush cleaning, roll cleaning, or the like may be used. Among these, it is preferable to use a cleaning blade. Examples of the material for the cleaning blade include urethane rubber, neoprene rubber, and silicone rubber.

  Since the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the present embodiment includes the electron beam cured product of the benzidine derivative according to the present embodiment, the surface layer has high hardness and excellent wear resistance. Therefore, even when a cleaning blade is used as the cleaning device 62, the surface layer is hardly worn, and a stable image is formed over a long period of time.

  Since the image forming apparatus according to this embodiment includes the static elimination lamp 7a, a phenomenon in which the residual potential of the image carrier 61 is brought into the next cycle when the image carrier 61 is repeatedly used is prevented. Therefore, the image quality can be further improved. Note that the image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment only needs to include the static elimination lamp 7a as necessary.

FIG. 3 is an overall configuration diagram illustrating a second example of the image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment.
The image forming apparatus 1000 ′ of this embodiment is a color printer.
The image forming apparatus 1000 ′ includes image holding members 61K, 61C, 61M, and 61Y that are electrophotographic photosensitive members that rotate in the directions of arrows Bk, Bc, Bm, and By in the drawing, respectively. Here, the image carriers 61K, 61C, 61M, and 61Y correspond to an example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the present embodiment.

  Further, around each image carrier, charging members 65K, 65C, 65M, and 65Y that are charging means for charging the surface of the image carrier by rotating while in contact with each image carrier, and each charged image carrier Exposure units 7K and 7C, which are electrostatic latent image forming means for forming an electrostatic latent image for each color of black (K), cyan (C), magenta (M), and yellow (Y) by irradiation with laser light. , 7M, 7Y, developing devices 64K, 64C, 64M, which are developing means for developing the electrostatic latent image on each image carrier with an electrostatic latent image developer containing toner of each color to form a toner image of each color. 64Y is provided.

  In the image forming apparatus 1000 ′, among the above-described components, the black charging member 65K, the image holding member 61K, the cleaning device 62K, and the developing device 64K are integrated with the components of the process cartridge 100K. Similarly, a charging member 65C, an image holding member 61C, a cleaning device 62C and a developing device 64C for cyan, a charging member 65M, an image holding member 61M, a cleaning device 62M, and a developing device for magenta. The 64M set and the yellow charging member 65Y, the image holding member 61Y, the cleaning device 62Y, and the developing unit 64Y are integrated into the constituent elements of the process cartridges 100C, 100M, and 100Y. . By incorporating these four process cartridges into the image forming apparatus 1000 ′, the image forming apparatus 1000 ′ is provided with each part that is a component of these process cartridges. Each of these process cartridges 100K, 100C, 100M, and 100Y corresponds to an example of the process cartridge of the present embodiment.

  The image forming apparatus 1000 ′ also includes an intermediate transfer belt 5 that is an intermediate transfer body that receives a transfer (primary transfer) of each color toner image formed on each image carrier and conveys a primary transfer image. The primary transfer rolls 50K, 50C, 50M, and 50Y for primary transfer of the toner images of the respective colors to the intermediate transfer belt 5, the secondary transfer roll pair 9 for secondary transfer to the paper, and 2 on the paper Fixing device 10 ′, which is a fixing means for fixing the next transferred toner image, supplies toner of each color component to four developing devices, and stores four toner cartridges 4 K, 4 C, 4 M, 4 Y, and paper. A sheet feeding means 1 'is also provided.

  Here, the intermediate transfer belt 5 circulates and moves in the direction of arrow A in the figure while being stretched between the secondary transfer roll 9b and the drive roll 5a while receiving the drive force from the drive roll 5a.

  In the above description, the case where the intermediate transfer belt 5 is used as the intermediate transfer member has been described. However, the intermediate transfer member may have a belt shape like the intermediate transfer belt 5 or a drum shape. Also good. In the case of a belt shape, a conventionally known resin may be used as the resin material used as the base material of the intermediate transfer member. For example, polyimide resin, polycarbonate resin (PC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyalkylene terephthalate (PAT), ethylenetetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) / PC, ETFE / PAT, PC / PAT blend material, polyester Resin materials such as polyether ether ketone and polyamide, and resin materials using these as main raw materials. Further, a resin material and an elastic material may be blended and used.

Next, an image forming operation in the image forming apparatus 1000 ′ will be described.
The four image holders 61K, 61C, 61M, and 61Y are charged by charging members 65K, 65C, 65M, and 65Y, respectively, and receive the laser beams emitted from the exposure units 7K, 7C, 7M, and 7Y to hold the images. An electrostatic latent image is formed on the body. The formed electrostatic latent image is developed with an electrostatic latent image developer containing toner of each color by the developing devices 64K, 64C, 64M, and 64Y to form a toner image. The toner images of the respective colors formed in this way are yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C) on the intermediate transfer belt 5 in the primary transfer rolls 50K, 50C, 50M, and 50Y corresponding to the respective colors. ) And black (K) are sequentially transferred (primary transfer) and superposed to form a multicolor primary transfer image.

The multicolor primary transfer image is conveyed to the secondary transfer roll pair 9 by the intermediate transfer belt 5. On the other hand, in response to the formation of the multi-color primary transfer image, the sheet is taken out from the sheet feeding means 1 ′ and conveyed by the conveying roll 3, and the position is adjusted by the alignment roll pair 8. Then, the multi-color primary transfer image is transferred (secondary transfer) to the conveyed paper by the secondary transfer roll pair 9, and further fixed to the secondary transfer image on the paper by the fixing device 10 ′. Processing is performed. After the fixing process, the sheet having the fixed image passes through the delivery roll pair 13 and is discharged to the paper discharge receiver 2.
The above is the description of the image forming operation in the image forming apparatus 1000 ′.

  The process cartridge according to the present embodiment is not particularly limited as long as it includes the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the present embodiment and is detachable from the image forming apparatus. For example, charging for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member is possible. Means, an electrostatic latent image forming means for forming an electrostatic latent image on the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member, and developing the electrostatic latent image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member as a toner image with an electrostatic latent image developer. At least one selected from the group consisting of developing means, transfer means for transferring a toner image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member to a transfer target, and cleaning means for removing residual toner on the electrophotographic photosensitive member after transfer. You may have it integrally.

  Hereinafter, the present embodiment will be described more specifically based on examples and comparative examples, but the present embodiment is not limited to the following examples.

[Example 1]
100 parts by mass of zinc oxide (average particle size: 70 nm, manufactured by Teica, specific surface area value: 15 m ² / g) is stirred and mixed with 500 parts by mass of methanol, and KBM603 (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) is used as a silane coupling agent. 25 parts by mass was added and stirred for 2 hours. Thereafter, methanol was distilled off under reduced pressure, and baking was performed at 120 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain silane coupling agent surface-treated zinc oxide particles.
60 parts by mass of the surface-treated zinc oxide particles, 0.6 parts by mass of alizarin, 13.5 parts by mass of blocked isocyanate (Sumidule 3173, manufactured by Sumitomo Bayern Urethane Co., Ltd.) as a curing agent, and butyral resin (BM -1, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) 15 parts by mass of 38 parts by mass of a solution obtained by dissolving 85 parts by mass of methyl ethyl ketone and 25 parts by mass of methyl ethyl ketone, and 4 hours in a sand mill using glass beads having a diameter of 1 mm. Dispersion was performed to obtain a dispersion. To the obtained dispersion, 0.005 parts by mass of dioctyltin dilaurate and 4.0 parts by mass of silicone resin particles (Tospearl 145, manufactured by GE Toshiba Silicone) are added as catalysts to obtain a coating solution for an undercoat layer. It was. This coating solution is applied on a tubular aluminum substrate having a diameter of 30 mm and an aluminum plate having a thickness of 52 mm × 62 mm and a thickness of 0.8 mm by a dip coating method, followed by drying and curing at 180 ° C. for 40 minutes and a thickness of 25 μm or less. A pulling layer was obtained.

  Next, the Bragg angles (2θ ± 0.2 °) of the X-ray diffraction spectrum using the Cukα characteristic X-ray as the charge generation material are at least 7.3 °, 16.0 °, 24.9 °, 28.0. 15 parts by mass of hydroxygallium phthalocyanine having a diffraction peak at the position of °, 10 parts by mass of vinyl chloride / vinyl acetate copolymer resin (VMCH, manufactured by Nihon Unicar) as a binder resin, and 200 parts by mass of n-butyl acetate The resulting mixture was dispersed in a sand mill for 4 hours using glass beads having a diameter of 1 mmφ. To the obtained dispersion, 175 parts by mass of n-butyl acetate and 180 parts by mass of methyl ethyl ketone were added and stirred to obtain a coating solution for forming a charge generation layer. This charge generation layer forming coating solution was dip coated on the undercoat layer and dried at room temperature (25 ° C.) to form a charge generation layer having a thickness of 0.2 μm.

  Next, 30 parts by mass of the following compound 1:30 parts by mass, the following compound 2: 20 parts by mass, bifunctional acrylic monomer (Karayad R-551, Nippon Kayaku), and Z type polycarbonate (PCZ-400) as the binder polymer , Viscosity average molecular weight: 40000, manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Ltd.) 60 parts by mass was dissolved in 100 parts by mass of toluene to obtain a charge transport layer coating solution. The charge transport layer coating solution was applied onto the charge generation layer, dried at 60 ° C. for 30 minutes to form a coating film, and irradiated with an electron beam using CB250 / 15 / 180L manufactured by Iwasaki Electric. The electron beam irradiation conditions are as follows: the photoconductor is transported directly below the electron beam irradiation portion, nitrogen gas is introduced until the oxygen concentration reaches 300 ppm or less, and the absorbed dose reaches 100 kGy while moving the photoconductor at an acceleration voltage of 150 KV. Irradiated. Thereafter, the photoreceptor was transported to the take-out port, and further subjected to heat treatment at 120 ° C. for 1 hour to obtain a target electrophotographic photoreceptor having a charge transport layer formed thereon. The thickness of the charge transport layer of the obtained electrophotographic photosensitive member was 25 μm.

<Evaluation>
The following evaluation was performed on the obtained electrophotographic photoreceptor.
-Residual potential-
The residual potential of the electrophotographic photosensitive member produced using an aluminum plate was measured using an electrostatic paper tester (EPA8300, manufactured by Kawaguchi Electric).
First, the electrophotographic photosensitive member is installed in an electrostatic paper testing machine, and the electrophotographic photosensitive member is charged by performing a corona discharge of -5 kV, and the light of a tungsten lamp is applied to the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member by a monochromator. Was used to make monochromatic light of 780 nm, adjusted to 1 μW / cm ² on the surface of the photoreceptor, and irradiated. Then, the surface potential V ₀ (volt) at the time of charging was measured.
Thereafter, the electrophotographic photosensitive member was irradiated with white light of 10 lux for 1 second, and the residual potential V _RP (volt) was measured.
The _VRP measured above was _defined as “initial characteristics (once)”.

Next, the operations from the above charging to exposure (irradiation with light of 780 nm and irradiation with white light of 10 lux) were repeated 10,000 times, and _VRP was measured in the _10,000th charging and exposure.
The VRP measured in the above-described charging and exposure for the _{10,000th time} was _defined as “repetitive characteristics (10000 times)”.
The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.

-Hardness-
The hardness of the electrophotographic photosensitive member was evaluated by a pencil hardness test based on a scratch hardness test (based on JIS K5600-5-4). The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.

−Abrasion amount−
Using an ablation tester (Toyo Seiki 5130), the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member was worn by rotating 1000 times under a load of 500 g. The film thickness of the electrophotographic photoreceptor before and after abrasion was measured with an eddy current film thickness meter to determine the amount of abrasion. The obtained results are shown in Table 1.

-Image quality evaluation-
The electrophotographic photosensitive member produced using the tubular aluminum substrate is mounted on DocuCenter Color 400CP manufactured by Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd., and at low temperature and low humidity (8 ° C., 20% RH) and high temperature and high humidity (28 ° C., 85% RH). The following evaluation was continuously performed.
That is, low temperature and low humidity (8 ° C., RH 20%) plain paper (Fuji Xerox, ^{C 2} feed) 10000 th image quality was 50% halftone image on 10,000 sheets of image forming tests by using in an environment of After the 10000-sheet image formation test, the following ghost, fog, streak and image flow were evaluated for the initial image quality after being left for 24 hours in a low-temperature and low-humidity (8 ° C., 20% RH) environment.
The results are shown in Table 2.

Following this the image quality evaluation of a low-temperature and low-humidity environment, high temperature and high humidity (28 ℃, RH 85%) 10000 Like 50% halftone image by using plain paper (Fuji Xerox, C ² paper) was in an environment of The image quality of the 10000th sheet that was subjected to the image formation test of, and the initial image quality after being left in a high temperature and high humidity (28 ° C., 85% RH) environment for 24 hours after performing the 10000 sheet image formation test Ghosts, fog, streaks and image flow were evaluated.
The results are shown in Table 3.

<Ghost evaluation>
The ghost printed the chart of the pattern which has G and a black area | region shown to FIG. 4 (A), and evaluated the appearance of the G letter of the black solid part visually.
A: Good or slight as shown in FIG.
B: Slightly conspicuous as shown in FIG. 4 (B) C: Clearly confirmed as shown in FIG. 4 (C).

<Fog evaluation>
The fog evaluation was performed by visually observing and judging the degree of toner adhesion on the white background using the same sample as the ghost evaluation described above.
A: Good.
B: There is a slight fog.
C: There is fogging that causes a problem in image quality.

<Strip evaluation>
The streak evaluation was judged visually using the same sample as the ghost evaluation described above.
A: Good.
B: Streaks are partially generated.
C: Streaks that cause image quality problems.

<Image flow evaluation>
The image flow was judged visually using the same sample as the ghost evaluation described above.
A: Good.
B: No problem in continuous print test, but occurs after 1 day (24 hours).
C: Occurs during continuous print test.

[Example 2]
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the compound 1 was changed to the following compound 3 and the compound 2 was changed to the following compound 4. Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 using the obtained electrophotographic photoreceptor. The evaluation results are shown in Tables 1 to 3.

[Example 3]
Compound 3: 25 parts by mass, Compound 4: 15 parts by mass, 15 parts by mass of a trifunctional acrylic monomer (Kayarad THE-330), and 55 parts by mass of Z-type polycarbonate (average molecular weight: 40,000) 100 parts by mass of toluene To obtain a charge transport layer coating solution. An electrophotographic photoreceptor was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that this charge transport layer coating solution was used. Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 using the obtained electrophotographic photoreceptor. The evaluation results are shown in Tables 1 to 3.

[Comparative Example 1]
A charge transport layer coating solution was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that Compound 3 was not added. An electrophotographic photoreceptor was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that this charge transport layer coating solution was used. Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 using the obtained electrophotographic photoreceptor. The evaluation results are shown in Tables 1 to 3.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Paper feed means 2 Paper discharge receptacle 3 Conveying roll 5 Intermediate transfer belt 7a Static elimination lamp 7 Exposure part 8 Positioning roll pair 9 Secondary transfer roll pair 10 Fixing device 13 Sending roll pair 50 Transfer roll 61 Image holding body 62 Cleaning device 64 Developing device 65 Charging member 65a Power source 100 Process cartridge 100a Support member 101 Electrophotographic photosensitive member 102 Conductive support member 103 Photosensitive layer 104 Undercoat layer 105 Charge generation layer 106 Charge transport layer 1000, 1000 ′ Image forming apparatus

Claims (5)

  An electron beam cured product of a compound having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, and a surface layer having a tetraarylbenzidine skeleton containing at least two of acrylic groups and methacrylic groups in the molecule; and a polymerizable group And a charge transporting compound containing no electrophotographic photoreceptor.   The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the surface layer further contains a polycarbonate resin.   On a conductive support, a coating solution containing a compound having at least one of an acrylic group and a methacryl group in the molecule and having a tetraarylbenzidine skeleton and a charge transporting compound not containing a polymerizable group is applied. The electrophotographic photosensitive film according to claim 1, further comprising: a coating step of forming a coating film, and an irradiation step of irradiating the coating film with an electron beam so that an absorbed dose is 50 kGy or more and 150 kGy or less. Body manufacturing method.   A process cartridge comprising the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 and detachable from an image forming apparatus.   3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 or 2, development means for developing an electrostatic latent image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member as a toner image with an electrostatic latent image developer, and the electrophotographic photosensitive member. An image forming apparatus comprising: a transfer unit that transfers a toner image formed on a body to a transfer target; and a fixing unit that fixes the toner image transferred to the transfer target.