JP2010153921A - Electronic apparatus, printed wiring board - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electronic apparatus comprising a printed wiring board which has a land securing a wide mounting area. <P>SOLUTION: The electronic apparatus is equipped with: a housing 21 having a grounding portion 41; a printed wiring board 31 which is housed in the housing 21 and has a hole formed near an periphery 35 thereof; a conductive portion formed, on a position which includes a part interposed between a hole and the periphery 35 and is away from a section along the periphery 35, as to have an area that extends from near the periphery 35 along the periphery 35; a conductive cover which covers the inner surface of a hole and is connected with the conductive portion; and a fixing member which electronically connects the grounding portion 41 to the conductive portion and is inserted into the hole. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to an electronic device including a printed wiring board having lands and a printed wiring board.

  For example, the thing which provided the land for ground around the fixing hole part for screwing of a printed wiring board is disclosed. The printed wiring board includes a board body, a fixing hole provided so as to penetrate the board body, a land provided in a donut shape around the fixing hole on the surface of the board body, and a surface of the land And cream solder printed on.

  In such a printed wiring board, the surface of the land is usually subjected to a solder plating process in order to prevent the land from being corroded and to securely connect the ground. In this printed wiring board, when supplying cream solder to the mounting pattern of other components, the solder is also supplied to the surface of the land, and a printed wiring board that is advantageous in terms of cost compared to the solder plating process. (See, for example, Patent Document 1).

JP 2000-244080 A

  In recent years, with the miniaturization and high functionality of digital equipment, there is an increasing demand for high-density mounting on a printed wiring board and securing a wide mounting area. However, when the donut-shaped land is provided as in the conventional case, there is a problem that the mounting area on the printed wiring board is reduced by securing the space for providing the land. In order to secure a large mounting area on the printed wiring board, it is effective to place the fixing hole as close as possible to the outer periphery of the board. However, conventional printed wiring boards form donut-shaped lands. It is necessary to secure a margin around the fixed hole portion, and the fixed hole portion cannot be disposed sufficiently outside.

  This margin needs to be defined in consideration of not only the space necessary for installing the land but also variations in forming the land pattern by etching. This is because if the land which is a conductor is formed in contact with the edge portion, the land is exposed on the end face of the printed wiring board, and there is a possibility that other parts and the printed wiring board are short-circuited. Therefore, also from this point, it is necessary to secure a sufficient margin around the fixed hole portion.

  On the other hand, in order to reduce the margin, it is conceivable to reduce the width of the donut-shaped land. However, if the land width is reduced, the land pattern may be interrupted due to variations in pattern formation. Further, since the strength of the land also decreases, the land pattern is easily peeled off when the screw is fixed to the fixing hole.

  As described above, the conventional printed wiring board cannot sufficiently meet the recent demand for high-density mounting and securing a large mounting area.

  The objective of this invention is providing the electronic device provided with the printed wiring board which has a land which can obtain a wide mounting area.

  In order to achieve the above object, an electronic apparatus according to one aspect of the present invention includes a housing provided with a ground portion, a printed wiring board housed in the housing, and provided with a hole in the vicinity of the side portion. A conductive portion provided at a position deviating from the region along the side including the portion sandwiched between the hole and the side, and having a region extending from the vicinity of the side along the side; and A conductive cover portion that covers the inner surface of the hole portion and is continuous with the conductive portion; and a fixing member that electrically connects the ground portion and the conductive portion and is passed through the hole portion. .

  In order to achieve the above object, a printed wiring board according to one aspect of the present invention is a printed wiring board provided with a hole through which a screw is passed in the vicinity of a side part, and is electrically connected to the screw. And a conductive layer provided at a position deviating from a region along the side portion including a portion sandwiched between the hole portion and the side portion and extending from the vicinity of the hole portion along the side portion. And a conductive cover portion that covers the inner surface of the hole portion and is continuous with the conductive portion.

  In order to achieve the above object, an electronic device according to another aspect of the present invention includes a housing provided with a ground portion, a printed wiring board housed in the housing, and provided with a hole in the vicinity of the side portion. An area extending from the vicinity of the hole toward the center of the printed wiring board is provided at a position outside the area along the side including the portion sandwiched between the hole and the side. A conductive member that covers the inner surface of the hole, the conductive cover that is continuous with the conductive part, the ground part and the conductive part, and a fixing member that is passed through the hole. And.

  In order to achieve the above object, an electronic device according to another aspect of the present invention includes a housing provided with a ground portion, a printed wiring board housed in the housing, and provided with a hole in the vicinity of the side portion. A first conductive portion provided at a position outside a region along the side portion including a portion sandwiched between the hole portion and the side portion and extending along the side portion from the vicinity of the hole portion; A third conductive portion having a width smaller than that of the first conductive portion and extending along the hole portion at a portion sandwiched between the hole portion and the side portion; the ground portion; and the first conductive portion; A fixing member electrically connected to the third conductive portion and passed through the hole.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the electronic device provided with the printed wiring board which has a land which can obtain a wide mounting area can be provided.

1 is a perspective view showing a portable computer according to a first embodiment. Sectional drawing along the horizontal direction of the main-body unit of the portable computer shown in FIG. The top view which shows the printed wiring board accommodated in the inside of the housing | casing of the main body unit shown in FIG. Sectional drawing along the vertical direction of the printed wiring board shown in FIG. The top view which shows the printed wiring board of the portable computer which is a modification of 1st Embodiment. The top view which shows the printed wiring board of the portable computer concerning 2nd Embodiment. Sectional drawing along the vertical direction of the printed wiring board shown in FIG. The top view which shows the printed wiring board of the portable computer concerning 3rd Embodiment. The top view which shows the printed wiring board of the portable computer concerning 4th Embodiment. The perspective view which shows the printed wiring board accommodated in the inside of the housing | casing of the hard-disk apparatus concerning 5th Embodiment. Sectional drawing along the vertical direction of the printed wiring board shown in FIG.

  Hereinafter, a first embodiment of an electronic device will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 4. As shown in FIG. 1, a portable computer that is an example of an electronic device is a so-called notebook personal computer. In FIGS. 1 and 2, the description will be given with the forward direction as arrow F and the backward direction as arrow R.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the portable computer 11 includes a main unit 12, a display unit 13, and a hinge mechanism 14 that connects the main unit 12 and the display unit 13. The hinge mechanism 14 supports the display unit 13 and can rotate the display unit 13 with respect to the main unit 12. The display unit 13 includes a display 15 and a cover 16 that surrounds the display 15. The display 15 is configured by a liquid crystal display, for example.

  The main unit 12 includes a casing 21 made of a synthetic resin, a keyboard 22, a touch pad 23 that is a pointing device, and buttons 24. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, the main unit 12 further includes a printed circuit board 25 and a screw 26 for fixing the printed circuit board 25 to the casing 21 inside the casing 21. ing. The printed circuit board 25 includes a printed wiring board 31 and a plurality of circuit components 32 mounted on the printed wiring board 31. The plurality of circuit components 32 include, for example, a CPU and a north bridge. In FIG. 2, the screw 26 is not shown. A conductive ground layer 46 is uniformly coated on the inner surface of the housing 21. The ground layer 46 prevents electromagnetic waves from leaking from the portable computer 11 to the outside.

  The printed wiring board 31 is a copper-clad laminate in which a plurality of copper wiring layers are laminated, for example. The printed wiring board 31 includes a board body 33 and lands 34 provided on the board body 33. The substrate body 33 is formed by alternately laminating insulating layers made of a resin through a glass cloth as a base material and wiring layers provided between the insulating layers. The substrate body 33 is provided at a position adjacent to the first side portion 35A and the second side portion 35B that define a part of the outer periphery of the substrate body 33, and the first side portion 35A and the second side portion 35B. And a conductive plating portion 37 covering the inner surface of the fixed hole portion 36. The fixed hole portion 36 is arranged as close as possible to the first side portion 35A and the second side portion 35B.

  As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the plating portion 37 is formed in a cylindrical shape from a metal material, and is electrically connected to a ground portion 41 disposed inside the substrate body 33. The plated portion 37 is formed so as to be continuous with the land 34 and is electrically connected to the land 34. The ground portion 41 is grounded to the ground layer 46 through the plating portion 37 and the screw 26.

  The substrate body 33 further has a through hole 42 for screwing the printed wiring board 31 to the housing 21 in addition to the fixing hole portion 36. Around the through hole 42, a conventional land, that is, a donut-shaped second land 43 is formed. When the printed wiring board 31 is fixed to the housing 21, the screw 26 is passed inside the fixing hole portion 36 and the through hole 42.

  The substrate body 33 has a pair of first regions 44 extending in a band shape along the side 35 on the surface thereof. The land 34 is provided in the vicinity of the fixed hole 36 at a position around the fixed hole 36. The land 34 is directed from the fixed hole 36 toward the periphery within a range between a direction D1 from the fixed hole 36 toward the center 45 of the substrate body 33 and a direction D2 along the direction in which the side 35 extends. It has spread. That is, the land 34 has a fan shape and is arranged so as to expand toward the central portion 45 of the substrate body 33. The fan-shaped development angle of the land 34 is about 90 degrees. Further, the land 34 is disposed at a position deviated from the first region 44. The land 34 is formed in the above-described fan shape by, for example, etching the copper foil on the surface layer of the substrate body 33.

  In the present embodiment, a plurality of through holes 42 are provided and a single fixed hole 36 is provided. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and a plurality of fixed holes 36 are provided instead of the through holes 42. You may make it arrange | position. Further, in the present embodiment, the fixed hole portion 36 is disposed close to the two side portions 35A and 35B of the printed wiring board 31, that is, the corner portion, and the development angle of the land 34 is 90 degrees. It is not limited. As shown in FIG. 5, the fixing hole 36 may be arranged close to one side portion 35 of the printed wiring board 31, and in this case, the expansion angle of the fan-shaped land 34 is about 180 degrees.

  According to the first embodiment, the printed wiring board 31 includes a side portion 35 that defines a part of the outer periphery, a fixing hole portion 36 that is provided at a position adjacent to the side portion 35 and through which the screw 26 is passed, In the range between a direction D1 toward the central portion 45 of the substrate body 33 and a direction D2 along the direction in which the side portion 35 is extended. And a land 34 extending from the fixing hole 36 toward the periphery.

  According to this configuration, the land 34 is formed in the direction D <b> 1 toward the central portion 45 of the substrate body 33, and the land 34 is not formed at a position between the fixed hole portion 36 and the side portion 35. Thereby, a space for arranging the land 34 at a position between the fixed hole portion 36 and the side portion 35 becomes unnecessary, and the fixed hole portion 36 can be arranged as close as possible to the side portion 35. For this reason, a wide mounting area can be secured on the printed wiring board 31. Thereby, it is possible to flexibly cope with downsizing of the printed wiring board 31. Further, since it is not necessary to make the land 34 thin, the land pattern can have sufficient strength. As a result, the strength of the land 34 is reduced, and it is possible to prevent a problem that the pattern of the land 34 is peeled off when the screw 26 is fastened to the fixing hole 36. Further, when the pattern of the land 34 is formed by etching, there is no problem that the pattern of the land 34 is cut off halfway.

  In this case, the land 34 is disposed at a position away from the band-shaped first region 44 extending along the side portion 35. According to this configuration, the land 34 is not formed in the first region 44. For this reason, it is possible to prevent a problem that the land 34 is displaced and the land 34 is exposed to the end face of the printed wiring board 31. Thereby, the fixing hole 36 can be arranged closer to the side 35. Therefore, a wider mounting space can be secured on the printed wiring board 31.

  At this time, the land 34 has a fan shape developed toward the central portion 45 around the fixed hole portion 36. According to this configuration, the land 34 having sufficient strength can be realized with a simple shape. In particular, since the land 34 has a fan shape, the head of the screw 26 is likely to come into contact with the land 34, and the grounding between the printed wiring board 31 and the ground layer 46 of the housing 21 is reliably performed. Can do.

  In the present embodiment, the printed wiring board 31 includes a conductive plating portion 37 that covers the inner surface of the fixed hole portion 36 and is continuous with the land 34. According to this configuration, since the area of the contact portion between the land 34 or the plated portion 37 and the screw 26 is increased, the printed wiring board 31 is more reliably grounded to the ground layer 46 of the housing 21. Can do.

  With reference to FIG. 5, a description will be mainly given of a modification of the portable computer 11 of the first embodiment, which is different from the first embodiment. Moreover, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected to the location which is common in 1st Embodiment.

  As shown in FIG. 5, the printed wiring board 31 includes a board body 33 and lands 34 provided on the board body 33. The substrate body 33 includes a side portion 35 that defines a part of the outer periphery of the substrate body 33, a fixed hole portion 36 provided at a position adjacent to the side portion 35, and a conductive material that covers the inner surface of the fixed hole portion 36. And a plating part 37. The fixed hole portion 36 is disposed as close to the side portion 35 as possible.

  The substrate body 33 has a pair of first regions 44 extending in a band shape along the side 35 on the surface thereof. The land 34 is provided in the vicinity of the fixed hole 36 at a position around the fixed hole 36. The land 34 is directed from the fixed hole 36 toward the periphery within a range between a direction D1 from the fixed hole 36 toward the center 45 of the substrate body 33 and a direction D2 along the direction in which the side 35 extends. It has spread. That is, the land 34 has a fan shape and is arranged so as to expand toward the central portion 45 of the substrate body 33. The fan-shaped development angle of the land 34 is about 180 degrees. Further, the land 34 is disposed at a position deviated from the first region 44.

  According to the modification of the first embodiment, a wide mounting space can be secured on the printed wiring board 31 even when the fixed hole portion 36 is disposed in the vicinity of one side portion 35. Further, since the land 34 is disposed at a position deviated from the band-shaped first region 44 extending along the side portion 35, the land 34 is displaced and the land 34 is exposed on the end face of the printed wiring board 31. It is possible to prevent the occurrence of malfunctions.

  Subsequently, a second embodiment of the portable computer will be described with reference to FIGS. The portable computer 11, which is an example of the electronic device of the second embodiment, has a point that the plating part 37 is not provided on the printed wiring board 51 and a through-hole plating 52 that connects the land 34 and the ground part 41 separately. Although different from the first embodiment in other respects, other parts are common. For this reason, a different part from 1st Embodiment is mainly demonstrated, a common code | symbol is attached | subjected about a common location, and description is abbreviate | omitted.

  The printed wiring board 51 of the portable computer 11 according to the second embodiment includes a substrate body 33, lands 34 provided on the substrate body 33, through-hole plating 52 that electrically connects the lands 34 and the ground portion 41, and the like. ,have. The through-hole plating 52 is provided independently of the fixed hole portion 36. The substrate body 33 has a pair of first regions 44 extending in a band shape along the side 35 on the surface thereof. The land 34 is provided in the vicinity of the fixed hole 36 around the fixed hole 36. The land 34 is directed from the fixed hole 36 toward the periphery within a range between a direction D1 from the fixed hole 36 toward the center 45 of the substrate body 33 and a direction D2 along the direction in which the side 35 extends. It has spread. The land 34 has a fan shape and is arranged so as to expand toward the central portion 45 of the substrate body 33. The development angle of the land 34 is about 90 degrees. The land 34 is disposed at a position outside the first region 44.

  According to the second embodiment, even if the plating portion 37 is not provided, a wide mounting space can be secured on the printed wiring board 51 as in the first embodiment. In addition, the manufacturing process can be simplified as compared with the printed wiring board 51 of the first embodiment because it is not necessary to provide the plating part 37.

  Next, a third embodiment of the portable computer will be described with reference to FIG. The portable computer 11 which is an example of the electronic device of the third embodiment is different from the first embodiment in the shape of the land 34 of the printed wiring board 31, but the other parts are common. For this reason, a different part from 1st Embodiment is mainly demonstrated, a common code | symbol is attached | subjected about a common location, and description is abbreviate | omitted.

  The printed wiring board 71 of the portable computer 11 according to the third embodiment has a board body 33 and lands 72 provided on the board body 33. The substrate body 33 has a pair of first regions 44 extending in a band shape along the side 35 on the surface thereof. The land 72 is provided in the vicinity of the fixed hole 36 at a position around the fixed hole 36. The land 72 extends from the fixed hole 36 toward the periphery within a range between a direction D1 from the fixed hole 36 toward the center 45 of the substrate body 33 and a direction D2 along the direction in which the side 35 extends. It has spread. The land 72 is disposed at a position away from the first region 44. Further, the land 72 is arranged at a position that is also away from the second region 73 facing the central portion 45 when viewed from the fixed hole portion 36. The land 72 extends in two directions from the fixed hole portion 36 along the direction in which the side portion 35 extends, and has a substantially “L” shape as a whole. The land 72 is formed continuously with the plating part 37.

  According to the third embodiment, the land 72 is disposed at a position away from the second region 73 facing the central portion 45. According to this configuration, it is possible to utilize the second region 73 as a mounting space by arranging wiring or arranging the circuit component 32 in the second region 73 facing the central portion 45. it can. For this reason, a wider mounting space can be secured on the printed wiring board 71 than the printed wiring board 71 of the first embodiment. Moreover, since the pattern of the land 72 is formed by, for example, etching a copper foil, the manufacturing process is not complicated as compared with that of the first embodiment.

  Next, a fourth embodiment of the portable computer will be described with reference to FIG. The portable computer 11 which is an example of the electronic device of the fourth embodiment is different from the second embodiment in the shape of the land 72 of the printed wiring board 81, but the other parts are common. For this reason, a different part from 2nd Embodiment is mainly demonstrated, a common code | symbol is attached | subjected about a common location, and description is abbreviate | omitted.

  The printed wiring board 81 of the portable computer of the fourth embodiment includes a board body 33, lands 72 provided on the board body 33, through-hole plating 52 that electrically connects the lands 72 and the ground portion 41, have. The substrate body 33 has a pair of first regions 44 extending in a band shape along the side 35 on the surface thereof. The land 72 is provided in the vicinity of the fixed hole 36 at a position around the fixed hole 36. The land 72 extends from the fixed hole 36 toward the periphery within a range between a direction D1 from the fixed hole 36 toward the center 45 of the substrate body 33 and a direction D2 along the direction in which the side 35 extends. It has spread. The land 72 is disposed at a position away from the first region 44.

  The land 72 is disposed at a position away from the second region 73 facing the central portion 45 when viewed from the fixed hole portion 36. The land 72 extends in two directions from the fixed hole 36 toward the periphery along the direction in which the side portion 35 extends. In the present embodiment, the lands 72 are separately disposed at two locations around the fixed hole portion 36.

  According to the fourth embodiment, the land 72 is disposed at a position away from the second region 73 that faces the central portion 45. According to this configuration, a wider mounting space can be secured as compared with the printed wiring board 81 of the second embodiment, as in the third embodiment. Further, even if the land 72 has the shape of the present embodiment, the manufacturing process is not complicated as compared with that of the second embodiment.

  Next, a fifth embodiment of the electronic device will be described with reference to FIGS. In the fifth embodiment, a case where the present invention is applied to a hard disk device 91 will be described as an example of an electronic device. A hard disk device 91, which is an example of an electronic device, differs from the first to fourth embodiments in the configuration of each part, but the configuration of the printed wiring board 51 is generally the same as that of the second embodiment. For this reason, a different part from 2nd Embodiment is mainly demonstrated, a common code | symbol is attached | subjected about a common location, and description is abbreviate | omitted.

  The hard disk device 91 includes a housing 21, a printed circuit board 25 housed in the housing 21, a housing portion 92 housing a plurality of disks, a spindle motor 93 that rotationally drives the plurality of disks, and the like. ing. The hard disk device 91 further has a screw 26 for fixing the printed circuit board 25 to the housing 21, but the screw is not shown in FIG. 10. The printed circuit board 25 includes a printed wiring board 51 and a plurality of circuit components arranged on the printed wiring board 51, but the circuit components are not shown in FIGS.

  The printed wiring board 51 is different from the second embodiment in that it has an opening 94 for arranging the spindle motor 93, but the other configuration is the same as that of the second embodiment. . The board body 33 of the printed wiring board 51 includes a single fixed hole portion 36 provided with a fan-shaped land 34 around it and two through holes 42 provided with a donut-shaped second land 43 around it. Have. The land 34 has the same form as the land 34 of the second embodiment.

  According to the fifth embodiment, even when the hard disk device 91 is used as an example of an electronic device, the fixing hole portion 36 can be arranged as close to the side portion 35 as possible, and is wide on the printed wiring board 51. Mounting space can be secured. Thereby, it is possible to flexibly cope with the downsizing of the printed wiring board 51. As a result, the entire hard disk device 91 can be reduced in size.

  In the fifth embodiment, the same printed wiring board 51 as that of the second embodiment is used. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and the first, third, and fourth embodiments are used. You may use the printed wiring board of a form.

  The electronic device according to the present invention is not limited to the portable computer 11 and the hard disk device 91, and can be applied to other electronic devices such as a mobile phone. In addition, the electronic apparatus can be variously modified and implemented without departing from the gist of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 11 ... Portable computer, 21 ... Case, 26 ... Screw, 31, 51, 71, 81 ... Printed wiring board, 33 ... Board body, 34 ... Land, 35 ... Side, 36 ... Fixed hole part, 37 ... Plating part , 44 ... 1st area | region, 45 ... Center part, 46 ... Ground layer, 52 ... Through-hole plating, 72 ... Land, 73 ... 2nd area | region, 72 ... Land, 91 ... Hard disk drive, D1 ... Heading to the center part Direction, D2 ... direction along the direction in which the side extends

Claims (11)

A housing provided with a ground part;
A printed wiring board housed in the housing and provided with a hole in the vicinity of the side part;
A conductive portion provided at a position deviating from the region along the side including the portion sandwiched between the hole and the side, and having a region extending along the side from the vicinity of the side;
Covering the inner surface of the hole, and a conductive cover portion continuous with the conductive portion;
Electrically connecting the ground part and the conductive part, and a fixing member passed through the hole;
An electronic apparatus comprising:   2. The electronic device according to claim 1, wherein a region extending along the side portion from the vicinity of the hole portion of the conductive portion is located closer to the side portion than a center of the hole portion. The printed wiring board has a first surface portion provided with the conductive portion and a second surface portion located on the opposite side of the first surface portion,
The electronic apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the cover portion extends over the first surface portion and the second surface portion.   The electronic apparatus according to claim 2, wherein a second conductive portion is provided on the second surface portion of the printed wiring board and is continuous with the cover portion. A printed wiring board provided with a hole through which a screw is passed in the vicinity of the side part,
It is electrically connected to the screw, and is provided at a position outside the region along the side including the portion sandwiched between the hole and the side, and along the side from the vicinity of the hole. A conductive portion having an extended region;
Covering the inner surface of the hole, and a conductive cover portion continuous with the conductive portion;
A printed wiring board comprising:   The printed wiring board according to claim 5, wherein a region extending along the side portion from the vicinity of the hole portion of the conductive portion is located on the side portion side with respect to a center of the hole portion. A first surface portion provided with the conductive portion and a second surface portion located on the opposite side of the first surface portion;
The printed wiring board according to claim 6, wherein the cover portion extends over the first surface portion and the second surface portion. A housing provided with a ground part;
A printed wiring board housed in the housing and provided with a hole in the vicinity of the side part;
Provided at a position deviating from the region along the side including the portion sandwiched between the hole and the side, and having a region extending from the vicinity of the hole toward the center of the printed wiring board A conductive part;
Covering the inner surface of the hole, and a conductive cover portion continuous with the conductive portion;
Electrically connecting the ground part and the conductive part, and a fixing member passed through the hole;
An electronic apparatus comprising: The printed wiring board has a first surface portion provided with the conductive portion and a second surface portion located on the opposite side of the first surface portion,
The electronic apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the covering portion extends between the first surface portion and the second surface portion.   The electronic device according to claim 9, wherein a second conductive portion provided on the second surface portion of the printed wiring board and continuous with the cover portion is provided. A housing provided with a ground part;
A printed wiring board housed in the housing and provided with a hole in the vicinity of the side part;
A first conductive portion provided at a position deviating from the region along the side including the portion sandwiched between the hole and the side, and extending along the side from the vicinity of the hole;
A third conductive portion having a smaller width than the first conductive portion and extending along the hole at a portion sandwiched between the hole and the side portion;
A fixing member electrically connected to the ground portion, the first conductive portion, and the third conductive portion, and passed through the hole;
An electronic apparatus comprising:

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