JP2009517636A5 - - Google Patents

Description

Target plate for positioning components

The invention relates to a target plate for positioning a component and a corresponding optical system as described in the superordinate concept of claim 1 .

The positioning and alignment of workpieces, components or construction machines is often performed by optical systems in the prior art . These optical systems offer the advantage of fast, accurate and non-contact measurement. This positioning can be done , for example , via position determination by the system, but this positioning is often done “directly” with reference to the visible light beam emitted by the transmitter. For example, a positioned and aligned laser oscillator emits a laser beam to form a reference axis, or a reference plane is stretched (eg, using a rotating laser). Usually active or passive target elements are used to determine the position or to visualize the beam .

An optical system is advantageously used to lay the pipe correctly in pipeline laying , and in many cases a laser reference system including a canal construction laser and a target plate is used. Since the alignment of the laser beam is often performed with respect to the gravity swing , this laser apparatus is provided with a tilt sensor in most cases . The laser is aligned correctly or centered on the pipe at the starting longitudinal hole of the already laid pipe section. In this case, the laser can form a reference beam as a reference axis for the (following) pipe to be laid. For this purpose, a target plate is placed in the pipe. The target plate is centered and attached to the pipe or the interior thereof at the end of the pipe facing the operator (opposite the starting vertical hole). If the laser reference beam hits the middle of the target mark (often printed) on the target plate, the pipe is correctly positioned and aligned.

Pipes are generally laid out according to the following procedure. The operator of the excavator or hoist lowers the pipe into the groove. The operator stands in or on the side of the groove and monitors the position and alignment of the pipe. The operator gives an instruction to the operator, and corrects the position of the pipe by hand as necessary. This monitoring is based on a reference signal on the target plate fixed to or fixed in the pipe . If the collimated laser beam is mapped as a circle on a target plate, for example an opaque plate, as in the prior art device, this is necessary for the operator to identify the position of the pipe relative to the beam. The operator's line of sight must be on the axis of the beam. The operator must therefore be in the groove or bend over to align the pipe. Positioning by such a device cannot be performed in a groove that cannot be approached.

US 5,095,629 describes a target or target plate system that allows an operator to receive signals in an upright position or at a position away from the longitudinal axis of the pipe. The laser beam impinging on this is transmitted, and this laser beam is deflected to an adjusted conical angular range. For this purpose, a structure is provided on the surface of the target to guide the beam in a predetermined direction, for example in the direction of an upright operator. Since the structure on the surface of the target is lattice-like and periodic, it has a drawback that a beam with extremely irregular luminance is scattered within a predetermined angular range. In a given direction or angle, the operator is dizzy, whereas at this immediately adjacent angle, no light spot on the target plate is visible. This change in brightness is bothering the worker. Such a target also forms a large “sidelobe” or side component in an unrelated direction for the application. This means that the transmitted beam loses its intensity accordingly. Furthermore, the formation of such a target with a macroscopic structure is susceptible to ambient conditions such as dirt, moisture or mechanical wear. Therefore, since the above surface must be protected by the cover plate, the configuration is expensive. Furthermore, the structure of the surface that scatters the beam is carried out in a predetermined angular range, and if it deviates from the corresponding position, the projected image of the beam becomes weaker or cannot be identified at all.

The DE 20 2004 000 503 U1, which describes an optical system comprising a video camera, wherein the optical axis is, are aligned in parallel to the fixed to the longitudinal axis of the pipe to be laid, its The objective lens faces the direction of the pipe opening. Between the video camera and the pipe, a flat, optically partially transmissive screen is arranged, which is clearly displayed by the video camera and displayed on the video monitor of the camera. The operator can identify the point where the laser hits on the screen and thus the alignment of the pipe to be laid. The ability to observe from a distance by cable or radio means that the operator does not have to go into the groove on site. However, a video camera is an optical device that is susceptible to complex influences, and this device is susceptible to damage in severe construction operations. Furthermore, since this optical system requires a power supply at the end of the pipe, it is expensive to use it. In addition, since this system requires appropriate installation and conditions from workers on the construction site, the smooth progress of the work may be impaired.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a target plate for positioning components such as pipes or support systems with reference to a reference beam and to improve the visibility of this reference beam by means of this target plate .

Another problem is to provide a target plate that is simple in structure, easy to handle, and less susceptible to misoperation .

Another object is to provide an optical system having a target plate that improves the visibility of the target plate, especially in daylight, and a beam source that emits a reference beam. The above problem is solved by the characteristic structure described in the characterizing part of claim 1 or 13, and the solution is further developed by the characteristic structure described in the dependent claims.

In the present invention, the target plate has first and second surfaces and an optical holographic element, and the first and second surfaces are configured to be optically transmissive, and the second surface is Has a target mark. The target plate can be further provided with a support or a fixing device for placing the target plate on a component to be positioned (using this target plate). However, it is also possible to place the target plate in the (external) support / fixing part.

A reference beam is emitted from a beam source to position the above components. This beam source is preferably a laser transmitter. However, in the following, when referring to a laser as a beam source, another radiation source is not excluded, and this radiation source can alternatively be used. The position and radiation direction of the laser can be adjusted. Therefore, a beam that determines the reference axis can be formed.

The laying of the pipeline, according to the pipe system fractionated meter, either adjust the laser according to the plan of use waterway system for example, or is either placing a laser with respect to the previously laid pipe. If the pipe or the pipe section is already laid as planned, the laser is determined position in the opening of the first pipe, draw a longitudinal axis of the pipe using a reference beam radiate. Thus, already connect the (second to the opening of the pipe) next pipe laying the pipes, the above reference axis can be positioned with respect to the, accurate inclination to plumb It is maintained Ru. For accurately positioning the pipe, it is possible to use a target plate, wherein this is done by placing the target plate to the opening of the unconnected pipes laying. This arrangement, the longitudinal axis of the pipe, i.e. the pipe and the center of, performed by Rukoto is matched with the target index of the target plate. To place the target plate, so that stable connection is performed in the position between the target plate and the pipe. This connection is preferably made by a holding part provided with a level (for example fixed to the pipe or stably positioned on the pipe) . Similarly, the fixing element may be attached directly to the target plate, or the target plate may already be provided with a fixing function that may be formed integrally with the target plate . In principle, it is possible to use a fixed or connections of any type, in particular, units adapted to the cross section of the component to be cross or positioning of the pipe can be used.

The target plate has first and second optically transparent surfaces . These surfaces constitute the front and back surfaces of the target plate body , for example, these surfaces can be the front and back surfaces of the glass body. From a functional point of view, an optically transparent plastic element is advantageous as the target plate body. This body with two faces can be composed of a very large number of geometric shapes (eg rectangular, square or disc). It may be adapted to the geometry of the component to be positioned. If the component is a pipe, it can be adapted to the size and shape of the pipe cross section.

Front surface or the first surface of the above are face to face or facing beam source side, backside or second side is advantageously substantially parallel to the first surface and opposite thereto Surface. The cross section of the main body is preferably rectangular or square. This is in particular because it can be produced simply and cost-effectively. However, this does not exclude other geometric shapes that may be advantageous in some circumstances .

The clear , colorless or colored body is optically clear and consists of plastic or glass. A beam incident on the first surface passes through a surface that is transparent to the beam and also passes through a second surface that is transparent . This beam is finally visualized on the second surface , for example as a visible circle.

Target board of the present invention, a holographic optical element (hereinafter referred to as HOE) has a, by an element of this, visible on the second surface to produce a "beam spot", spread it, predetermined Bend to a solid angle range.

Holographic optical element is a holographic recording, and includes the property of converting the incident beam into complex 3 - dimensional wavefield. For example, the properties of an optical element (such as a lens, grating, mirror, or beam splitter) can be emulated . However, especially, it can be holographic structure make disappear the spatial coherence of the laser wave. Only then can the beam spot be visualized on the surface of the hologram. Further unlike conventional optical system, it is possible to achieve very complex beam guidance that could not be realized until now. Here, in particular, this is a digital computer-generated hologram, which can form almost any diffracted wave field.

However, even with the conventional synthetic holograms, for example, it was not possible to form a large deflection angle required in the case of the present invention. The incident angle of the reference beam to the HOE also, to date, because it was a disadvantageous effect on the diffraction efficiency and the diffraction characteristics, the after hologram, the circular cone-shaped scattering light, was impaired. In addition, it is desirable to use the target plate of the above type for lasers of various colors at the same time. However, since the wavelength range is limited, a further problem arises. Another drawback was the lack of UV resistance under sunlight.

Synthetic HOEs that do not have this disadvantage are available today. The very fine structure of submicron, or a numerical aperture greater than 0.6, or a fan angle can be greater than 75 degrees. Furthermore, over the spectral range in need, and it divided the chromatic aberration by the so-called "harmonic diffractive structure (harmonic diffractive structures)". This “ harmonic diffractive structure” is a combination of structures of the first and higher order diffraction orders . Randomized diffractive structure, i.e., by a very non-periodic diffractive structure, deflection of the pseudo-achromatic beam is supported. Regardless of achromatic obtain more recently have become can be suppressed also the selectivity of the incident angle to the HOE plate. Surface with a harmonic diffractive structure is a pseudo two-dimensional, which allows avoiding the Bragg conditions with a three-dimensional structure. Optical wavefield after HOE, in first approximation, does not depend on the inclination of the holographic surface against a reference beam.

Another advantage is that the synthetic HOE production process is efficient . Today, for example, various optical plastics composed of the group of materials consisting of thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics are available, these are by injection molding, compression molding or stamping, machining economically and in large quantities HOE be able to. The new chemical additives such as oxidation inhibitor or HALS (sterically hindered amines), can be secured even their UV stability.

The target plate HOE of the present invention is implemented as an optical diffuser for the collimated laser beam. The holographic diffuser is either provided with the action of the lens that makes divergence of the beam, or, in combination with the structure which acts as a prism, and a deflection of the divergence and the beam of the beam can set viewing combined Rukoto. In parallel with the diffraction effect, spatial coherence of the laser phase is reduced. At least partial disappearance of the phase relationship is based on a pseudo random arrangement of structures with a large deflection angle in the case of phase holograms, or in the case of amplitude hologram, for example decorrelation scattering and halogenated complex based on the mid-mind. That is, the entropic effect of the diffusion plate can be emulated . Its Re is because HOE is not bound to the optical axis. HOE element of the present invention, at least one of the phase hologram, as is known, or has a weak absorption of amplitude holograms. This hologram has the following properties.
- over 80% more than the high transmission efficiency, 100 degrees is not dependent on the polarization of certain less than 2% of definitive distribution-zero-order homogeneous light in cone solid angle distribution and scattered light energy reference beam one Low 3D coherence-no moire phenomenon -achromaticity over the required wavelength range

At least one synthetic holograms above, in principle, all known recording material, or can be recorded or copied to the copy material and copied material.

Phase structure of a computer generated, convenient to form the hologram having the desired properties. The diffractive structure is formed as a surface relief and forms the desired optical properties with high efficiency. Of course, optically similarly formed / recording, and / or, even holograms that will be optically duplicated considered. Suitable support materials are, for example, photosensitive glass, photosensitive emulsion, or, there is an optical plastic.

Injection molding with an injection molding method, a holding pressure, or plastics made according to the compression molding is particularly economical, and a desired scattering properties. Hologram information is introduced into the surface structure by injection molding or embossing. UV curable adhesive, UV catalysts inorganic - organic hybrid polymer (eg, sol - gel), or a hologram made by replica made of other ceramic types of materials suitable for replication can also be realized.

Optically clear plastics (eg, polycarbonate, polyester, and acrylate) can be used for the injection molding holographic formation process . Recently, cyclo olefin (COC) and copolyester (COP) is often used.

In a manufacturing process of the embossed hologram, a so-called master hologram (as original) certain high-resolution recording material (eg, photoresist) you exposure light on. Very small holographic interference structures can be developed to surface relief . By electroforming, this surface relief can be stamped (for example) on a metallized sheet as is known . Thus, the mirror-sheets (as holographic microrelief) Embossed holograms are obtained. This embossed hologram, mechanically duplicated many times are possible, can be produced at a low cost with a high manufacturing quantity. Photoresist transfer master holograms can also be transferred directly to the underlying glass substrate by etching techniques. This hologram is the hologram interference structure is a particularly high quality.

Moreover it is also advantageous computer-generated holograms (CGH), the hologram can be readily calculated by the computer, the calculated structures write Murrell written in the photosensitive layer. Digital production process, in recent years, in which came to maturity. Unlike formed analog hologram, formed of a diffraction action by the numeric expression proposed method is much there is flexibility, is substantially unlimited in practice. This digital method greatly expanded the range of materials supplied . In the case of analog holography whereas needed photographic material having a photosensitive recording layer can be transferred in the digital system (for example using a lithographic process of the laser control), the image information to a suitable support material .

By forming the above structure by synthesis, options for forming the outgoing light beam are greatly expanded. For multi-stage relief structures especially, it is possible to achieve a diffraction efficiency of over 90%.

Furthermore , by implementing the holographic diffuser accordingly, the received radiation can be distributed very uniformly in the desired direction or in the desired solid angle range. Removing the irregular energy distribution of the beam source used, also the scattering to back-scattering effect or the desired range of directions can be substantially removed, the beam, substantially without losses in the desired direction Be guided. The loss due to unscattered light is less than 1%. Accordingly, the energy distribution of the beam emitted from the diffuser can be controlled (horizontal and vertical) very accurately. In particular, it can be induced in a solid angle range of the beam at nearly any desired shape.

Surface relief holographic diffuser is when it has an irregular structure in the transverse direction, uniform light distribution homogeneous strength can be obtained. Furthermore, the axial stochastic structure provides a strong scattering effect in the axial direction, independent of wavelength. Depending on the type and accuracy of the relief structure described above, the light distribution in the scattering cone can be constructed. By appropriately selecting the above stochastic structures, the phases can be mixed almost uniformly. The difference of the optical phase difference at the observer's position, (the number of Fresnel zone over 100) which can exceed 100 waves length. Accordingly dispersion Ran'en cone consists conical random diffraction, wherein the plurality of diffraction orders are very mixed -. In the case of a solid illumination range that is homogeneously illuminated and extends vertically and / or horizontally, the divergent beam can be distinguished from a number of directions. In particular, by designing the diffractive structure, the radiation intensity of the diffuser behind can be prevented depending on the scattering angle. Transmit efficiency, and, more to the diffraction efficiency or scattering efficiency (compared to classical diffuser) increasing size, for example, by doubling the luminance of the beam is increased, and thus the visibility of the beam corresponding to increase large to.

Solid angle range of the beam induced by the holographic optical diffuser may be almost arbitrarily configured through the structure of the diffuser. Accordingly , diffusers with circular, elliptical, square or rectangular angular distributions can be made . Distribution of light in the fan of the conical top hat distribution, cosine distribution, n-th power of the cosine distribution, dipole distribution or quadrupole distribution, and may be a different number of angular distribution.

1, according to the present invention, which shows a system having a target plate Z that is used when laying the pipe. Channel laser L as the beam source emits a reference beam RS it already along the longitudinal axis of the first pipe R1 was laid. The target plate Z of the present invention is centered and fixed to the second pipe R2. The target plate Z has two surfaces (a first surface facing the reference beam RS and inside the pipe and a second surface visible from the second pipe R2), and is configured to be transparent to the reference beam. It is, for example, is constituted by milky glass also colored glass. The position of the reference beam RS is displayed on the second surface F2 of the target plate Z. In this embodiment , the rectangular target plate Z has polar coordinates, that is, is symmetric about the center point of the surface, and is arranged at the pipe center symmetrically with respect to the pipe axis. It has concentric marking lines, and the origin of the polar grid is the target mark ZM. The marking line is printed on the second surface F2 . If the target mark ZM, and a reference beam RS that is displayed on the target plate coincide, the second pipe R2 are accurately positioned relative to the first pipe R1 (see FIG. 1). To lay the pipe , the pipe is lowered into a ready groove , for example by a hoist . The worker A in or on the side gives an instruction to the operator of the hoist. For this purpose, the display of the reference beam on the target plate Z needs to be clearly recognized by the operator A. To improve the recognizability / visibility of the reference beam position on the target plate Z, in the present invention, the second face F2 of the target plate, a holographic structure is implemented is a holographic optical element, this The holographic optical element is, for example, a sheet that expands the reference beam RS as expected. Here, the holographic element is implemented so that the reference beam RS has a radiation characteristic that is guided or expanded conically with a solid angle component dΩ extending in the horizontal and vertical directions . Thereby, the worker A can recognize the position of the reference beam RS on the target plate Z even from a position far away from the pipe or the beam axis (eg, outside the groove).

The holographic target plate Z used in the present invention has the advantage of high diffraction efficiency . Further, there is substantially no beam outside the functional solid angle component dΩ. Thus, as compared with the known spreading panel, the visibility approximately twice the criteria spot. The above-described holographic structure that randomizes not only in the horizontal direction but also in the depth direction allows the apparent radiance of the apparent light source formed by this hologram and also the visibility within the functional solid angle component dΩ. It becomes uniform. Due to the fine new Rirefu structure spaced in the sub-wavelength region, because achieved a large deflection angle exceeds 50 degrees, even if the angle is large, can be sure seen subsequently the reference beam R S.

Visibility can be further enhanced by brightening the support plate of plastic visually, the plastic support plate, for example, be realized by incorporating the fluorescent indicator to the particles of the optical plastic.

Partial view 2A, 2B, the 2C, embodiments of the target plate according to the present invention is shown which includes a holographic optical scattering element. Other planar structure, which because usable as a target plate Z different shape or surface, if function is the same, for example, music Menmata the subject was spread spatially also target specific plate Z Can be used as

FIG 2A, as the target board substrate, a first embodiment of a target plate Z1 of the present invention having a support plate TP that flattened corner is shown. The support plate TP is made of a transparent plastic and has first and second surfaces F1 ′ and F2 ′. Concentric marking circles K are engraved on the second surface F2 ′, and these circles are sectioned in a sector shape when viewed in the polar coordinate system, and the innermost circle is the target mark. The holographic diffuser D shown in gray area is glued to the second surface F2 ′ . Diffuser D as beam shaping element on a transparent sheet, for example, is implemented in the form of a transmission hologram. Incident light passes through the support plate TP, is diffracted by the diffuser D, and leaves the diffuser D as a beam that uniformly spreads in a predetermined solid angle range . By means of this holographic diffuser D, the incident beam is scattered in a predetermined solid angle range efficiently and thus almost without loss .

FIG. 2B shows a second embodiment having a 'plate TP having a' square holographic diffuser sheet D in the holding portion H. In the holding part H , the target plate Z2 of the present invention can be easily arranged on a pipe (or other component). In this case, the height adjusting device HV in the holding portion H, slide the target plate Z2, centering marks K2, to match the component axes. In this second embodiment, linear rectangular coordinates, not polar coordinates, are inscribed on the side facing the user. Here, in order to stand upright, a level W is provided. Thereby, the inclination deviating from the reference beam can be adjusted or inspected.

FIG. 2C shows a third embodiment of the target plate according to the invention implemented as a circular target plate Z3. The base body of the target plate Z3 is formed by the plastic body G having two surfaces . On one surface of the plastic body G, a circle that defines the target center portion ZZ is attached. The plastic support material T having the hologram synthesized and transferred by the computer is a holographic diffuser of the target plate Z3, which is again cut into a plate shape by, for example, a die, and the target plate Z3 It is adapted to the shape. The target plate Z3 of the present invention comprises four fixing elements B1, B2, B3, B4 in this embodiment . These fixing elements can be removable or connected together, for example so that they cannot be removed from the plate. In the illustrated embodiment, the fixing elements B1, B2, B3, B3 have fasteners for fixing the target plate Z3 to the outer wall of the pipe, and these fasteners are directed backwards from the plane of the drawing in the figure. It extends. These fixing devices are adjustable in length, it can be adapted to different pipe diameters. An alternative option is a plurality of radially extending spring dampers, which can automatically hold the target plate Z3 in the center of the pipe . Advantageously it is also possible to adjust the diameter of the fastener can be engaged suited to different pipes wall thickness. On the right side of FIG. 2C, enlarged plan view of an example of a fastener KL fixed element B2 is shown.

The partial FIGS. 3A and 3B, there is shown a two HOE with different radiation characteristics. To simple solutions, for example, using a holographic optical element stamped hologram, injection molded holographic optical element, or injection molding a holographic optical element inscribed. This is because these optical elements can be mass-produced . For structures formed by photolithography (recording can be done in several steps and thus even more accurate), these structures are copied on the basis of so-called master holograms. In this case, several thousand to several hundred thousand copies can be made from this mask hologram. Structure and radiation characteristics of the above can be selected substantially arbitrarily.

In FIG. 3A, the holographic diffusion sheet D ″ provides an angular region dΩ ′ that is illuminated in a conical shape. In this angular region, the beam intensity V is uniformly and uniformly distributed. Beam above SL in FIG. 3B, 'by, rectangular area dΩ having a beam intensity of the cosine distribution or Lambertian distribution' diffusion sheet D '' induced '. With such a holographic optical element , an irregular light source beam as in the case of laser light having a Gaussian beam profile can be made uniform . That is, each spatial region can be illuminated uniformly and with high intensity without depending on the collision point of the laser beam . The beam intensity of the Lambertian distribution is preferably in the solid angle range dΩ ″. With a Lambertian beam intensity V ′, the apparent light source, for example, the light spot on the target plate, has the same brightness when averaged at each viewing angle. The exact induction with holographic diffuser, can be directed substantially without loss of the beam solid angle regions having a desired shape, and also the visibility of the beam to almost 2 times than conventional diffuser be able to. This is because, for example, the light output does not substantially disappear outside the solid angle region dΩ ″ .

Different shapes, for example geometric shapes, for the angular range in which the beam can be guided by the HOE are shown in the partial views 4A to 4D . Lines, have marked the width of the solid angle range of each conical in 50% of the beam intensity of the maximum value (FWHM = full width at half maximum). In Figure 4A and 4B are angular range E1 to E4 of the oval is shown, ellipse here may extend separately in the horizontal direction or the vertical direction in response to spreading Utsuwa構 granulation. The beam intensity of the above light distribution can take an arbitrary profile within a conical range. For example, in the case of Lambertian distribution, the average radiance or visual brightness for the viewer is a constant. Outside of the conical region, and the beam intensity to zero, want to beam power is not lost. In FIG. 4C , a circular region K1 and a square region Q1 are schematically shown . The 4D, the second rectangle R2 in which the first rectangular R1 and the first rectangle and rotated 90 degrees is shown. It is clear from this that the HOE can illuminate another angular range, a non-conical angular range, according to the implementation or profile. This can be obtained, for example, when two holograms that are spatially separated are used, for example, a hologram on the incident side of the support plate and another hologram on the output side. According to the two holograms more spatially separated, it is possible to cancel the spatial coherence of the laser beam completely. In this case, the total light output appears to the observer as being output from an apparent light source on the hologram . Further, such a hologram arrangement makes it possible to make the light spot on the target plate itself uniform without depending on the intensity profile of the laser beam .

1 shows an optical system of the present invention which is a positioning system for laying pipes. (A) 1st Embodiment of the target board of this invention, (B) 2nd Embodiment, and (C) 3rd Embodiment are shown. (A), showing a holographic diffusing sheet having an angular range that will be illuminated to a unique (B). (A)-(D) The geometrical shape of the solid angle range which can be illuminated using the target board by this invention is shown.

Claims (13)

Structure member, for example a pipe (R1, R2) target plate for positioning the (Z, Z1, Z2, Z3 ),
The target plate is
- In some cases, the holding portion for particular arranged to center the configuration member or configuration member and (H),
An optically transparent first surface (F1);
A target plate having an optically transparent second surface (F2) with a target mark (M) for visualizing a reference beam (RS) emanating from an optical beam source ;
Said target plate (Z, Z1, Z2, Z3 ) , the reference beam (RS) to a predetermined solid angle range (dΩ, dΩ ', dΩ'') have a holographic element for diffracting by expanding the And
The holographic optical element, with respect to the phase of the laser beam, thereby eliminating at least partially phase, the spatial coherence of the is configured to be reduced, the target plate, characterized in that. The holographic optical element is configured to be optically transmissive ,
請 Motomeko 1 target plate according (Z, Z1, Z2, Z3 ). The holographic optical element is
Holographic plate , or holographic sheet , or holographic film.
The a target plate according to claim 1 or 2 (Z, Z1, Z2, Z3). 4. Target plate (Z, Z1, Z2, Z3) according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the holographic optical element has at least one computer generated hologram. The holographic optical element has a mixed order diffractive structure,
Target plate according to any one of 請 Motomeko 1 to 4 (Z, Z1, Z2, Z3). The holographic optical element has a moldable surface relief,
The target plate (Z, Z1, Z2, Z3) according to any one of claims 1 to 5. The holographic optical element is configured so that the spread and diffraction of the reference beam (RS) is −square , or −rectangular, or
- elliptical, or - were to be performed in a circular solid angle range (dΩ, dΩ ', dΩ''),
The target plate (Z, Z1, Z2, Z3) according to any one of claims 1 to 6.   The solid angle range (dΩ, dΩ ′, dΩ ″) includes at least one of a horizontal angle range of ± 45 ° and / or a vertical angle range of ± 45 °. The target plate (Z, Z1, Z2, Z3) according to any one of 1 to 7. Constituting the holographic optical element,
The light distribution in the illuminated solid angle region (dΩ, dΩ ′, dΩ ″) is
-Homogeneous / constant distribution,
− Cosine distribution,
-N raised cosine distribution,
− Bipolar distribution,
- quadrupole distribution or - has to have a course of Lambert distribution,
Target plate of any one of claims 1 to 8 (Z, Z1, Z2, Z3). The light output at the 0th diffraction order is less than 2%,
Target plate of any one of claims 1 to 9 (Z, Z1, Z2, Z3).   The scattering efficiency is reduced by 10% or less in the range of at least one incident angle of the reference beam (RS) with respect to the target plate (Z, Z1, Z2, Z3) of ± 15 degrees. The target plate (Z, Z1, Z2, Z3) according to any one of claims 1 to 10. The holographic optical element is disposed on the second surface (F2) by , for example, adhesion ,
Target plate according to any one of up claims 1~11 (Z, Z1, Z2, Z3). In an optical system for positioning a component, for example a pipe (R1, R2),
The optical system comprises:
An optical beam source emitting a reference beam (RS);
- and having a target plate according (Z, Z1, Z2, Z3 ) to any one of claims 1 to 13,
Optical system.