JP2009258477A - Two-component developer - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a two-component developer having sufficient fixing characteristics and heat-resistant storage property and excellent charging stability and transfer stability without degrading the fluidity of the developer even for long-term use of the developer. <P>SOLUTION: The two-component developer contains toner comprising at least a binder resin and a colorant, and a carrier comprising a core material and a coating layer on the core material surface, and is characterized in that: the binder resin contains a polyester resin obtained by condensation polymerization of an alcohol component and a carboxylic acid component that contains a rosin compound by ≥5 mass% in the total mass of the alcohol component and the carboxylic acid component; the amount of abietic acid in the toner is ≤1 mass%; and the coating layer contains at least a condensate of a N-alkoxyalkylated benzoguanamine resin and an acrylic resin having a hydroxyl group. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a two-component developer used for electrophotographic image formation such as copying machines, electrostatic printing, printers, facsimiles, and electrostatic recording.

While a toner excellent in low-temperature fixability is required, a toner having characteristics contrary to low-temperature fixability such as offset resistance and storage stability (blocking resistance) is required.
As toners that satisfy these requirements, toners containing polyester resins using rosins as acid components have been proposed (see Patent Documents 1 to 3).

  In addition, in so-called capsule toners composed of a core material and an outer shell, it has been reported that the chargeability and developability are improved by treating the colorant in the core material with rosins such as natural rosin and abietic acid derivatives. (See Patent Document 4). Further, it has been reported that a color toner containing a colorant surface-treated with abietic acid is excellent in transferability, cleaning properties, and charging stability, and a good full-color image can be obtained (see Patent Document 5). .

  In these prior art documents, rosin derivatives such as heteroaromatic ring abietic acid are added. Certainly, by adding these rosin derivatives, the dispersion of the colorant is good, and in the initial stage, good transferability and charging stability are exhibited. However, these rosin derivatives are low molecular weight substances and are not chemically bonded to the binder resin, and toners containing a large amount of low molecular weight rosin derivatives tend to adhere to the carrier during rubbing resistance. It is difficult to maintain the transferability and chargeability obtained in (1). In addition, the fluidity of the developer deteriorates due to the influence of the rosin derivative adhering to the carrier and the toner containing them, and the developer itself forms a loose aggregate. For this reason, it is difficult for the developer to be pumped up to the developing sleeve, and there is a problem that developability with use is deteriorated.

  In order to improve these problems, the present inventors tried to reduce the amount of rosin derivative, which is a low molecular weight substance contained in the toner, but did not completely eliminate the rosin derivative from the toner. Even when the amount of the rosin derivative is very small, the rosin derivative gradually accumulates on the carrier due to the balance of the toner in the developer, and thus these problems during use cannot be improved.

  On the other hand, as a technique for preventing toner from filming on the carrier surface, a carrier using a crosslinked resin of a thermoplastic resin and a melamine resin for a carrier coating layer has been reported (see Patent Documents 6 and 7). In addition, there has been reported a carrier having irregularities on the carrier surface by containing fine particles in the coating layer and defining the thickness of the coating layer and the particle size of the fine particles (see Patent Document 8). However, they did not prevent adhesion of the rosin derivative to the carrier surface or toner adhesion to the carrier surface induced thereby.

  Therefore, a two-component developer excellent in charging stability and transfer stability without deteriorating the flowability of the developer even when the developer is sufficiently satisfied with the fixing characteristics and the heat-resistant storage stability and used for a long time. At present, prompt provision is desired.

JP-A-4-70765 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2007-139813 JP 2007-333976 A JP-A-8-54755 JP-A-7-128911 JP 2001-117288 A Japanese Patent No. 3874332 Japanese Patent No. 3966536

  This invention is made | formed in view of this present condition, and makes it a subject to solve the said various problems in the past and to achieve the following objectives. That is, the present invention sufficiently satisfies the fixing characteristics and heat-resistant storage stability, and is excellent in charging stability and transfer stability without deteriorating the fluidity of the developer even when the developer is used for a long time. An object is to provide a two-component developer.

Means for solving the above problems are as follows. That is,
<1> A two-component developer comprising a toner comprising at least a binder resin and a colorant, and a carrier having a core material and a coating layer on the surface of the core material,
The binder resin contains a polyester resin obtained by condensation polymerization of an alcohol component and a rosin compound containing 5% by mass or more of a rosin compound in a total mass of the alcohol component and the carboxylic acid component, and the toner The content of abietic acid in it is 1% by mass or less,
The two-component developer, wherein the coating layer contains at least a condensate of an N-alkoxyalkylated benzoguanamine resin and an acrylic resin having a hydroxyl group.
<2> The coating layer according to <1>, wherein the coating layer contains a condensate of an N-alkoxyalkylated benzoguanamine resin and a silicone resin having at least one of a silanol group and a group capable of generating a hydroxyl group by hydrolysis. The two-component developer.
<3> Any one of <1> to <2>, wherein the carrier has a core material made of ferrite having a volume average particle diameter of 20 μm to 70 μm, and a coating layer containing at least inorganic fine particles and a resin on the surface of the core material. The two-component developer described above.
<4> When the average thickness of the coating layer is d (μm) and the average particle diameter of the inorganic fine particles is a (μm), the following formula, 1 <(a / d) <5 (where 0.05 μm ≦ d ≦ 1 μm, 0.05 μm ≦ a ≦ 5 μm). The two-component developer according to <3>.
<5> The two-component developer according to any one of <3> to <4>, wherein the inorganic fine particles are alumina particles.
<6> The two-component developer according to any one of <1> to <5>, wherein the alcohol component of the polyester resin contains an aliphatic diol in an amount of 65 mol% or more in the divalent alcohol component.
<7> The two-component developer according to <6>, wherein the aliphatic diol contains 65 mol% or more of 1,2-propanediol.
<8> The two-component developer according to any one of <1> to <7>, wherein the carboxylic acid component of the polyester resin further contains an aromatic dicarboxylic acid compound.
<9> The two-component developer according to any one of <1> to <8>, wherein the rosin compound is a purified rosin.
<10> The two-component developer according to any one of <1> to <9>, wherein the rosin compound is an acrylic acid-modified rosin.

  According to the present invention, various problems in the prior art can be solved, sufficiently satisfying the fixing characteristics and heat-resistant storage stability, and even when the developer is used for a long time, without deteriorating the fluidity of the developer, A two-component developer excellent in charging stability and transfer stability can be provided.

The two-component developer of the present invention includes a toner and a carrier.
<Toner>
The toner contains at least a binder resin and a colorant, and further contains other components as necessary.

-Binder resin-
The binder resin contains a polyester resin obtained by condensation polymerization of an alcohol component and a carboxylic acid component containing 5% by mass or more of a rosin compound in the total mass of the alcohol component and the carboxylic acid component. As a result, the toner using the binder resin is excellent in low-temperature fixability and excellent in hot offset resistance and heat-resistant storage stability.
However, the rosin compound contained in the carboxylic acid component contains abietic acid as a main component. When abietic acid derived from this rosin compound remains in the toner, the abietic acid adheres to the carrier surface, and the developer Accumulate over time of use. As a result, the toner further adheres to the surface of the carrier and is easily contaminated, resulting in a large decrease in charge amount over time. Further, the carrier is contaminated, so that the fluidity of the developer is deteriorated, and finally, there is a problem that the developability and transferability with time are deteriorated.
From the above viewpoint, the content of abietic acid is 1% by mass or less in the toner, preferably 0.9% by mass or less, more preferably 0.5% by mass or less, and further preferably 0.3% by mass or less. It is particularly preferable that substantially no abietic acid is contained.

  In the present invention, the rosin compound contained in the carboxylic acid component contains abietic acid as the main component as described above, and only by reducing the rosin compound used within the range where the effects of the present invention are exhibited, A toner in which the acid content is controlled within a predetermined range cannot be obtained. Therefore, in the present invention, for example, as a method of reducing the content of abietic acid in the toner, (1) using an aliphatic diol having excellent reactivity as the alcohol component, the reaction rate of the rosin compound is increased. A method, (2) a method using a modified rosin modified with an unsaturated fatty acid and preliminarily reduced in the content of abietic acid, and (3) adjusting the reaction time, reaction temperature and degree of vacuum in the production of the polyester, (4) A method of removing low molecular weight components contained in the polyester by performing steam distillation or water dropping after the reaction of the raw material monomers, and the like. Moreover, the method of using the aliphatic diol whose both hydroxyl groups are primary hydroxyl groups for an alcohol component is mentioned.

As the alcohol component of the polyester resin, an aliphatic diol is preferable as described above. By using an aliphatic diol, which is more reactive than an aromatic alcohol, as an alcohol component, the rosin compound is easily taken into the polyester resin, and the amount of abietic acid can be reduced. Furthermore, the rosin compound is first easily added to the polyester resin by adding the rosin compound together with the aliphatic alcohol to the reaction system and reacting the rosin compound with the aliphatic alcohol.
Examples of the aliphatic diol include ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, and the like. From the viewpoint of maintaining a high glass transition temperature (Tg) of the resin and ensuring toner storability. An aliphatic alcohol having a number of 2 to 6 is preferred. These aliphatic alcohols can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
In addition, from the viewpoint of keeping the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the resin high and ensuring the storage stability of the toner, the aliphatic alcohol is preferably 1,2-propanediol. 1,2-propanediol, which is an alcohol having a secondary hydroxyl group having 3 carbon atoms, has a lower glass transition temperature (Tg) of the resin and has a lower toner content than an alcohol having a secondary hydroxyl group having 4 or more carbon atoms. Great effect to prevent deterioration of storage stability. In the aliphatic diol, the content is preferably 65 mol% or more, more preferably 70 mol% or more, and still more preferably 80 mol% to 100 mol%.
When an unmodified rosin compound is used as the rosin compound described later, from the viewpoint of reactivity, the alcohol component is 1,3-propanediol, etc. together with 1,2-propanediol as an aliphatic diol. It is preferable that both of these two hydroxyl groups contain an aliphatic diol which is a primary hydroxyl group, and the content thereof is preferably 30 mol% or less in the aliphatic diol, and preferably 10 mol% to 20 mol%. More preferred.

65 mol% or more is preferable in a dihydric alcohol component, and, as for the said aliphatic diol, 80 mol%-100 mol% are more preferable.
Examples of the divalent alcohol component other than the aliphatic diol include polyoxypropylene-2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane and polyoxyethylene-2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane. Examples include aromatic alcohols such as alkylene oxide adducts of bisphenol A; hydrogenated bisphenol A or its alkylene (2 to 4 carbon atoms) oxide (average number of added moles 1 to 16) adduct.
The content of the divalent alcohol component is preferably 60 mol% to 100 mol%, more preferably 60 mol% to 95 mol%, still more preferably 65 mol% to 90 mol% in the alcohol component.

As described above, the carboxylic acid component contains a rosin compound.
In the present invention, rosin is a natural resin obtained from pine resin, and the main components thereof are abietic acid, neoabietic acid, parastrinic acid, pimaric acid, isopimaric acid, sandaracopimaric acid, dehydroabietic acid, repopimaric acid, etc. Resin acids and mixtures thereof.
In the rosin compound in the present invention, in addition to natural rosin roughly classified into tall rosin obtained from tall oil obtained as a by-product in the process of producing pulp, gum rosin obtained from raw pine oil, wood rosin obtained from pine stumps, etc. Modified rosins such as isomerized rosin, dimerized rosin, polymerized rosin, disproportionated rosin, and hydrogenated rosin are also included.In the present invention, the content of abietic acid has been reduced in advance. Modified rosin is preferred.
A modified rosin modified with an unsaturated fatty acid is obtained by addition reaction of an unsaturated fatty acid to rosin, and specifically, repopimaric acid, abietic acid, neodymium having a conjugated double bond among the main components of rosin. It can be obtained through a Diels-Alder reaction or an ene reaction under heating with abietic acid and parastrinic acid and an unsaturated fatty acid.
As the rosin to be modified, the above-mentioned known rosins can be used, but natural rosin is preferable from the viewpoint of color, and tall rosin is more preferable from the viewpoint of low-temperature fixability.
Examples of the unsaturated fatty acid that modifies rosin include (meth) acrylic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid and the like.
In the present specification, “(meth) acryl” means acryl or methacryl. Therefore, (meth) acrylic acid means acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, and the modified rosin modified with (meth) acrylic acid has little steric hindrance from the viewpoint of reaction activity in Diels-Alder reaction or ene reaction. Acrylic acid-modified rosin modified with acrylic acid is preferred.

The method for producing a modified rosin with an unsaturated fatty acid is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. For example, rosin and unsaturated fatty acid are mixed and heated to 180 ° C. to 260 ° C. A modified rosin can be obtained by adding an unsaturated fatty acid to an acid having a conjugated double bond contained in the rosin by an alder reaction or an ene reaction. The obtained modified rosin may be used as it is, or may be used after purification through an operation such as distillation.
Content of the said rosin compound is 5 mass% or more in the total mass of the said alcohol component and carboxylic acid component, 5 mass%-40 mass% are preferable, 10 mass%-40 mass% are more preferable, 15 mass % To 40% by weight is more preferable, and 25% to 40% by weight is particularly preferable. When the content is less than 5% by mass, the heat resistant storage stability and hot offset property of the toner may be deteriorated.
As the carboxylic acid component other than the rosin compound, aromatic dicarboxylic acid compounds such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid are preferable from the viewpoint of obtaining a resin having a high glass transition temperature (Tg). The content of the aromatic dicarboxylic acid compound is preferably 40 mol to 95 mol, more preferably 50 mol to 90 mol, and still more preferably 60 mol to 80 mol with respect to 100 mol of the alcohol component. In the present invention, carboxylic acid, anhydride of carboxylic acid, and alkyl ester of carboxylic acid are collectively referred to as a carboxylic acid compound in this specification.

In addition, the alcohol component and / or the carboxylic acid component may contain a trivalent or higher raw material monomer. The content of trivalent or higher raw material monomers is preferably 40 mol or less, more preferably 5 mol to 30 mol, per 100 mol of the divalent alcohol component.
In the trivalent or higher raw material monomer, as the trivalent or higher polyvalent carboxylic acid compound, for example, trimellitic acid or a derivative thereof is preferable, and as the trivalent or higher polyhydric alcohol, for example, glycerin, pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, And sorbitol or their alkylene (2 to 4 carbon) oxide adduct (average number of added moles 1 to 16). Among these, glycerin is particularly preferable because it is effective for improving low-temperature fixability.

The condensation polymerization of the alcohol component and the carboxylic acid component is preferably performed in the presence of an esterification catalyst. Preferable examples of the esterification catalyst in the present invention include a titanium compound and a tin (II) compound having no Sn—C bond, and these are used alone or in combination.
As the titanium compound, a titanium compound having a Ti—O bond is preferable, and a compound having an alkoxy group having 1 to 28 carbon atoms, an alkenyloxy group, or an acyloxy group is more preferable.
Examples of the titanium compound include titanium diisopropylate bistriethanolamate [Ti (C ₆ H ₁₄ O ₃ N) ₂ (C ₃ H ₇ O) ₂ ], titanium diisopropylate bisdiethanolamate [Ti (C ₄ H ₁₀ O ₂ N) ₂ (C ₃ H ₇ O) ₂ ], titanium dipentylate bistriethanolamate [Ti (C ₆ H ₁₄ O ₃ N) ₂ (C ₅ H ₁₁ O) ₂ ], titanium diethylate bis triethanolaminate _{[Ti (C 6 H 14 O 3} N) 2 (C 2 H 5 O) 2 ], titanium dihydroxy octylate bis triethanolaminate _{[Ti (C 6 H 14 O 3} N) 2 (OHC 8 H ₁₆ O) ₂ ], titanium distearate bistriethanolamate [Ti (C ₆ H ₁₄ O ₃ N) ₂ (C ₁₈ H ₃₇ O) ₂ ], titanium triisopropylate triethanolamate [Ti (C ₆ H ₁₄ O ₃ N) ₁ (C ₃ H ₇ O) ₃ ], titanium monopropyl tris (triethanolaminate) [Ti (C ₆ H ₁₄ O ₃ N) ₃ (C ₃ H ₇ O) ₁ ], and the like. Among these, titanium diisopropylate bistriethanolamate, titanium diisopropylate bisdiethanolamate, and titanium dipentylate bistriethanolamate are preferred, and these are also available as, for example, commercial products of Matsumoto Trading Co., Ltd. .
Specific examples of other preferable titanium compounds include tetra-n-butyl titanate [Ti (C ₄ H ₉ O) ₄ ], tetrapropyl titanate [Ti (C ₃ H ₇ O) ₄ ], tetrastearyl titanate [Ti ( C ₁₈ H ₃₇ O) ₄ ], tetramyristyl titanate [Ti (C ₁₄ H ₂₉ O) ₄ ], tetraoctyl titanate [Ti (C ₈ H ₁₇ O) ₄ ], dioctyl dihydroxyoctyl titanate [Ti (C ₈ H ₁₇ O) ₂ (OHC ₈ H ₁₆ O) ₂ ], dimyristyl dioctyl titanate [Ti (C ₁₄ H ₂₉ O) ₂ (C ₈ H ₁₇ O) ₂ ] and the like. Among these, tetrastearyl titanate, tetra Preferred are myristyl titanate, tetraoctyl titanate and dioctyl dihydroxy octyl titanate, which react, for example, a titanium halide with the corresponding alcohol. Can also be obtained by a, it is also commercially available, such as Nisso Corporation.

The abundance of the titanium compound is preferably 0.01 parts by mass to 1.0 part by mass and more preferably 0.1 parts by mass to 0.5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the alcohol component and the carboxylic acid component. preferable.
Examples of the tin (II) compound having no Sn—C bond include a tin (II) compound having a Sn—O bond, a tin (II) compound having a Sn—X (X represents a halogen atom) bond, and the like. Preferably, a tin (II) compound having a Sn—O bond is more preferable.
Examples of the tin (II) compound having a Sn-O bond include tin (II) oxalate, tin (II) acetate, tin (II) octoate, tin (II) 2-ethylhexanoate, tin laurate ( II), tin stearate (II), tin oleate (II) and other carboxylic acid tin (II) having a carboxylic acid group having 2 to 28 carbon atoms; octyloxy tin (II), lauroxy tin (II), stearoxy tin (II), alkoxytin (II) having a C2-28 alkoxy group such as oleyloxytin (II); tin (II) oxide; tin (II) sulfate, Sn—X (X represents a halogen atom) Examples of tin (II) compounds having a bond include tin (II) halides such as tin (II) chloride and tin (II) bromide. from the point of view, ^{(R 1} _OO) 2 Sn (provided that the fatty acid ^{tin R 1} is represented by an alkyl or alkenyl group 5 to 19 carbon _{^{atoms) (II), (R 2}} O) 2 Sn ( provided that, ^{R 2} is 6 carbon atoms Alkoxy tin (II) represented by -20 or tin (II) oxide represented by SnO is preferred, and fatty acid tin (II) represented by (R ¹ COO) ₂ Sn And tin (II) oxide is more preferable, and tin (II) octoate, tin (II) 2-ethylhexylate, tin (II) stearate and tin (II) oxide are still more preferable.
The abundance of the tin (II) compound is preferably 0.01 parts by mass to 1.0 part by mass, and 0.1 parts by mass to 0.5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the alcohol component and the carboxylic acid component. Part is more preferred.
When the titanium compound and the tin (II) compound are used in combination, the total amount of the titanium compound and the tin (II) compound is 0.01 parts by mass to 1. parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the alcohol component and the carboxylic acid component. 0 mass part is preferable and 0.1 mass part-0.5 mass part are more preferable.

The polycondensation of the alcohol component and the carboxylic acid component can be performed, for example, at a temperature of 180 ° C. to 250 ° C. in an inert gas atmosphere in the presence of the esterification catalyst.
As described above, steam distillation may be performed as a means for reducing the amount of abietic acid by reducing unreacted rosin.
In the case of steam distillation, the water mixed with the resin may be liquid or gaseous (steam), and the mixing amount of water is obtained from the viewpoint of controlling the influence on the physical properties of the resin. 0.1 mass part-50 mass parts are preferable with respect to 100 mass parts of resin, 0.5 mass part-40 mass parts are more preferable, and 1 mass part-30 mass parts are still more preferable.
The mixing of the resin and water is preferably performed at a temperature of 100 to 300 ° C, more preferably 130 to 250 ° C, and even more preferably 150 to 240 ° C, from the viewpoint of water evaporation efficiency and the viscosity of the reaction mixture. Is preferred. The addition rate of water is preferably 0.002 to 0.5 parts by mass / min, and 0.008 to 0.3 parts by mass / min with respect to 100 parts by mass of the resin obtained from the viewpoint of the share given to the release agent. Is more preferable, and 0.008-0.2 mass part / min is still more preferable.
The mixing of the resin and water is preferably performed at a pressure of 4 kPa to 100 kPa, more preferably 6 kPa to 90 kPa, and even more preferably 20 kPa to 60 kPa, from the viewpoint of efficient diffusion of water. The mixing of the resin and water is not particularly limited as long as it is after the addition of rosin and until the reaction product is extracted from the reaction vessel after the completion of the entire reaction. It is preferable to be in a mixed state with water until just before the resin is extracted.
The method of mixing the resin and water is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. The method is preferably a method of blowing water vapor at 100 ° C. to 260 ° C., more preferably 120 ° C. to 180 ° C. into the resin. Is preferred. In the bubbling method by blowing air or nitrogen or the like, if the resin viscosity is high, each of the bubbles becomes large and there is no interaction between the bubbles and the resin, so that a sufficient effect cannot be obtained. On the other hand, when water vapor is blown in, water becomes fine water vapor bubbles and uniformly diffuses over a wide area in the resin, so it is estimated that unreacted rosin compounds can be released from the resin. Is done.

The softening point of the polyester resin is preferably 80 ° C. or higher and lower than 160 ° C., more preferably 90 ° C. to 150 ° C., and still more preferably 95 ° C. to 150 ° C., from the viewpoint of reducing adhesion of toner to a carrier or a charging roller. . The softening point can be easily adjusted by, for example, the polymerization time.
The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polyester resin is preferably 45 ° C to 75 ° C, more preferably 50 ° C to 65 ° C, from the viewpoints of fixability, storage stability and durability.
The acid value of the polyester resin is preferably 1 mgKOH / g to 80 mgKOH / g, more preferably 10 mgKOH / g to 50 mgKOH / g, from the viewpoints of chargeability and environmental stability.
In the present invention, the polyester resin may be a polyester resin that has been modified to such an extent that its properties are not substantially impaired. Examples of the modified polyester resin include grafting with phenol, urethane, epoxy or the like by the methods described in JP-A-11-133668, JP-A-10-239903, JP-A-8-20636, and the like. Examples thereof include a blocked polyester resin and a composite resin having two or more kinds of resin units including a polyester unit.

  The content of the polyester resin obtained by using a predetermined amount of the rosin compound is preferably 70% by mass or more, more preferably 80% by mass or more, still more preferably 90% by mass or more, and substantially 100% by mass in the binder resin. % Is particularly preferred. The binder resin may be a known binder resin, for example, a polyester other than the above-described polyester resin, a vinyl resin such as a styrene-acrylic resin, an epoxy resin, a polycarbonate, a polyurethane, or the like, as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. Other resins may be used in combination.

-Colorant-
The colorant used in the toner of the present invention is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected from known dyes and pigments according to the purpose. For example, carbon black, nigrosine dye, iron black, naphthol yellow S , Hansa Yellow (10G, 5G, G), Cadmium Yellow, Yellow Iron Oxide, Ocher, Yellow Lead, Titanium Yellow, Polyazo Yellow, Oil Yellow, Hansa Yellow (GR, A, RN, R), Pigment Yellow L , Benzidine Yellow (G, GR), Permanent Yellow (NCG), Vulcan Fast Yellow (5G, R), Tartrazine Lake, Quinoline Yellow Lake, Anthrazan Yellow BGL, Isoindolinone Yellow, Bengala, Red Plum, Lead Zhu, Cadmium Red, Cadmium Mercury Red, Antimon Zhu, Par Nent Red 4R, Para Red, Faise Red, Parachlor Ortho Nitroaniline Red, Resol Fast Scarlet G, Brilliant Fast Scarlet, Brilliant Carnmin BS, Permanent Red (F2R, F4R, FRL, FRLL, F4RH), Fast Scarlet VD, Belkan Fast Rubin B, Brilliant Scarlet G, Risor Rubin GX, Permanent Red F5R, Brilliant Carmine 6B, Pigment Scarlet 3B, Bordeaux 5B, Toluidine Maroon, Permanent Bordeaux F2K, Helio Bordeaux BL, Bordeaux 10B, Bon Maroon Light, Bon Maroon Medium, Eosin Rake, Rhodamine Lake B, Rhodamine Lake Y, Alizarin Lake, Thioindigo Red B, Chi Indigo Maroon, Oil Red, Quinacridone Red, Pyrazolone Red, Polyazo Red, Chrome Vermilion, Benzidine Orange, Perinone Orange, Oil Orange, Cobalt Blue, Cerulean Blue, Alkaline Blue Lake, Peacock Blue Lake, Victoria Blue Lake, Metal-free Phthalocyanine Blue Phthalocyanine blue, fast sky blue, indanthrene blue (RS, BC), indigo, ultramarine, bitumen, anthraquinone blue, fast violet B, methyl violet lake, cobalt purple, manganese purple, dioxane violet, anthraquinone violet, chrome green, Zinc green, chromium oxide, pyridian, emerald green, pigment green B, naphthol green B, green Examples include lean gold, acid green lake, malachite green lake, phthalocyanine green, anthraquinone green, titanium oxide, zinc white, and litbon. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a color of the said coloring agent, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, the thing for black, the thing for color, etc. are mentioned. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.
Examples of the black material include carbon black (CI pigment black 7) such as furnace black, lamp black, acetylene black, and channel black, copper, iron (CI pigment black 11), and titanium oxide. And organic pigments such as aniline black (CI Pigment Black 1).
Examples of the magenta color pigment include C.I. I. Pigment Red 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 48: 1, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 53: 1, 54, 55, 57, 57: 1, 58, 60, 63, 64, 68, 81, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90, 112, 114, 122, 123, 163, 177, 179, 202, 206, 207, 209, 211; C.I. I. Pigment violet 19; C.I. I. Bat red 1, 2, 10, 13, 15, 23, 29, 35, etc. are mentioned.
Examples of the color pigment for cyan include C.I. I. Pigment Blue 2, 3, 15, 15: 1, 15: 2, 15: 3, 15: 4, 15: 6, 16, 17, 60; I. Bat Blue 6; C.I. I. Acid Blue 45, copper phthalocyanine pigments having 1 to 5 phthalimidomethyl groups substituted on the phthalocyanine skeleton, green 7 and green 36, and the like.
Examples of the color pigment for yellow include C.I. I. Pigment Yellow 0-16, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 55, 65, 73, 74, 83, 97, 110, 151, 154, 180; C.I. I. Bat yellow 1, 3, 20, orange 36 and the like.

  The content of the colorant in the toner is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 1% by mass to 15% by mass, and more preferably 3% by mass to 10% by mass. When the content is less than 1% by mass, a reduction in the coloring power of the toner is observed. When the content exceeds 15% by mass, poor pigment dispersion in the toner occurs, the coloring power decreases, The characteristics may be degraded.

The colorant may be used as a master batch combined with a resin. The resin is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected from known ones according to the purpose. For example, styrene or a substituted polymer thereof, styrene copolymer, polymethyl methacrylate resin, polybutyl Methacrylate resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, polyester resin, epoxy resin, epoxy polyol resin, polyurethane resin, polyamide resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, polyacrylic acid resin, rosin, modified rosin, terpene Examples thereof include resins, aliphatic hydrocarbon resins, alicyclic hydrocarbon resins, aromatic petroleum resins, chlorinated paraffins, and paraffins. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together. Among the resins described above, polyester resins and styrene copolymers are preferably used, and in particular, polyester resins that are the binder resins of the present invention are preferable from the viewpoint of dispersibility of the colorant and chargeability.
The masterbatch can be produced by mixing or kneading the masterbatch resin and the colorant under high shear. At this time, it is preferable to add an organic solvent in order to enhance the interaction between the colorant and the resin. Also, the so-called flushing method is preferable in that the wet cake of the colorant can be used as it is, and there is no need to dry it. The flushing method is a method of mixing or kneading an aqueous paste containing water of a colorant together with a resin and an organic solvent, and transferring the colorant to the resin side to remove moisture and the organic solvent component. For the mixing or kneading, for example, a high shear dispersion device such as a three-roll mill is preferably used.

-Other ingredients-
Other components can be appropriately used in the toner as needed. Examples thereof include a release agent, a charge control agent, an external additive, a cleaning property improver, a magnetic material, and a metal soap.

--- Mold release agent--
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said mold release agent, According to the objective, it can select suitably from well-known things, For example, waxes, such as carbonyl group containing wax, polyolefin wax, and long-chain hydrocarbon, are mentioned. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together. Among these, a carbonyl group-containing wax is preferable.
Examples of the carbonyl group-containing wax include polyalkanoic acid esters, polyalkanol esters, polyalkanoic acid amides, polyalkylamides, dialkyl ketones, and the like. Examples of the polyalkanoic acid ester include carnauba wax, montan wax, trimethylolpropane tribehenate, pentaerythritol tetrabehenate, pentaerythritol diacetate dibehenate, glycerin tribehenate, and 1,18-octadecane. Examples thereof include diol distearate. Examples of the polyalkanol ester include tristearyl trimellitic acid and distearyl maleate. Examples of the polyalkanoic acid amide include dibehenyl amide. Examples of the polyalkylamide include trimellitic acid tristearylamide. Examples of the dialkyl ketone include distearyl ketone. Among these carbonyl group-containing waxes, polyalkanoic acid esters are particularly preferable.
Examples of the polyolefin wax include polyethylene wax and polypropylene wax.
Examples of the long chain hydrocarbon include paraffin wax and sazol wax.

There is no restriction | limiting in particular as melting | fusing point of the said mold release agent, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 40 to 160 degreeC is preferable, 50 to 120 degreeC is more preferable, and 60 to 90 degreeC is further. preferable. When the melting point is less than 40 ° C., the heat resistant storage stability may be adversely affected. When the melting point exceeds 160 ° C., cold offset may easily occur during fixing at a low temperature.
The melting point of the release agent is, for example, a sample that is heated up to 200 ° C. using a differential scanning calorimeter (Seiko Denshi Kogyo Co., Ltd., DSC210), and cooled to 0 ° C. at a temperature lowering rate of 10 ° C./min. And the maximum peak temperature of the heat of fusion can be determined as the melting point.
The melt viscosity of the release agent is preferably 5 cps to 1,000 cps, more preferably 10 cps to 100 cps, as a measured value at a temperature 20 ° C. higher than the melting point of the wax. If the melt viscosity is less than 5 cps, the releasability may be lowered, and if it exceeds 1,000 cps, the effect of improving hot offset resistance and low-temperature fixability may not be obtained.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content in the said toner of the said mold release agent, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 40 mass% or less is preferable and 3 mass%-30 mass% are more preferable. When the content exceeds 40% by mass, the fluidity of the toner may be deteriorated.

-Charge control agent-
The charge control agent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected from known ones according to the purpose. Examples thereof include nigrosine dyes, triphenylmethane dyes, chromium-containing metal complex dyes, and molybdate chelate pigments. , Rhodamine dyes, alkoxy amines, quaternary ammonium salts (including fluorine-modified quaternary ammonium salts), alkylamides, phosphorus simple substances or compounds, tungsten simple substances or compounds, fluorine activators, salicylic acid metal salts, and salicylic acid And metal salts of derivatives. Specifically, Nitronine-based dye Bontron 03, quaternary ammonium salt Bontron P-51, metal-containing azo dye Bontron S-34, oxynaphthoic acid metal complex E-82, salicylic acid metal complex E- 84, E-89 of a phenol-based condensate (both manufactured by Orient Chemical Co., Ltd.); TP-302 and TP-415 of quaternary ammonium salt molybdenum complexes (both manufactured by Hodogaya Chemical Co., Ltd.); Quaternary ammonium salt copy charge PSY VP2038, triphenylmethane derivative copy blue PR, quaternary ammonium salt copy charge NEG VP2036, copy charge NX VP434 (both manufactured by Hoechst); LRA-901, boron complex LR-147 (made by Nippon Carlit), copper phthalocyanine, Rylene quinacridone, azo pigments, sulfonate group, carboxyl group, and polymer compounds having a functional group such as a quaternary ammonium salt.

  The content of the charge control agent is determined by the type of the binder resin, the presence or absence of additives used as necessary, and the like, and is not uniquely limited. 0.1 part by mass to 10 parts by mass is preferable with respect to part, and 0.2 part by mass to 5 parts by mass is more preferable. When the content exceeds 10 parts by mass, the chargeability of the toner is too large, the effect of the main charge control agent is reduced, the electrostatic attraction force with the developing roller is increased, and the flowability of the developer is reduced. This causes a decrease in image density. These charge control agents can be dissolved and dispersed after being melt-kneaded with a masterbatch and resin, or of course, may be added when directly dissolving or dispersing in an organic solvent. Further, after the toner base particles are prepared, they may be fixed on the surface thereof.

--External additive--
The external additive is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected from known ones according to the purpose. For example, silica fine particles, hydrophobized silica fine particles, fatty acid metal salts (for example, zinc stearate, And aluminum oxide stearate); metal oxides (for example, titania, alumina, tin oxide, antimony oxide, etc.) or their hydrophobized products, fluoropolymers, and the like. Among these, hydrophobized silica fine particles, titania particles, and hydrophobized titania fine particles are preferable.
Examples of the silica fine particles include HDK H2000, HDK H2000 / 4, HDK H2050EP, HVK21, HDK H1303 (all manufactured by Hoechst); R972, R974, RX200, RY200, R202, R805, R812 (all Nippon Aerosil). Etc.).

  Examples of the titania fine particles include P-25 (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.); STT-30, STT-65C-S (both manufactured by Titanium Industry Co., Ltd.); TAF-140 (manufactured by Fuji Titanium Industry Co., Ltd.); Examples include MT-150W, MT-500B, MT-600B, MT-150A (all manufactured by Teika Corporation). Examples of the hydrophobized titanium oxide fine particles include T-805 (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.); STT-30A, STT-65S-S (both manufactured by Titanium Industry Co., Ltd.); TAF-500T, TAF-1500T. (Both manufactured by Fuji Titanium Industry Co., Ltd.); MT-100S, MT-100T (both manufactured by Teika Co., Ltd.); IT-S (produced by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.) and the like.

In order to obtain the hydrophobized silica fine particles, hydrophobized titania fine particles, and hydrophobized alumina fine particles, the hydrophilic fine particles are made of silane cups such as methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, and octyltrimethoxysilane. It can be obtained by treating with a ring agent.
Examples of the hydrophobizing agent include silane coupling agents such as dialkyl dihalogenated silanes, trialkyl halogenated silanes, alkyl trihalogenated silanes, and hexaalkyldisilazanes, silylating agents, and silane couplings having a fluorinated alkyl group. Agents, organic titanate coupling agents, aluminum coupling agents, silicone oils, silicone varnishes and the like.
Further, silicone oil-treated inorganic fine particles obtained by treating the inorganic fine particles with silicone oil if necessary are also suitable.
Examples of the inorganic fine particles include silica, alumina, titanium oxide, barium titanate, magnesium titanate, calcium titanate, strontium titanate, iron oxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, silica sand, clay, mica, silica Examples include apatite, diatomaceous earth, chromium oxide, cerium oxide, pengala, antimony trioxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, parium sulfate, barium carbonate, calcium carbonate, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride. Among these, silica and titanium dioxide are particularly preferable.

  Examples of the silicone oil include dimethyl silicone oil, methylphenyl silicone oil, chlorophenyl silicone oil, methyl hydrogen silicone oil, alkyl-modified silicone oil, fluorine-modified silicone oil, polyether-modified silicone oil, alcohol-modified silicone oil, amino-modified. Examples thereof include silicone oil, epoxy-modified silicone oil, epoxy-polyether-modified silicone oil, phenol-modified silicone oil, carboxyl-modified silicone oil, mercapto-modified silicone oil, acrylic or methacryl-modified silicone oil, and α-methylstyrene-modified silicone oil.

The average particle size of primary particles of the inorganic fine particles is preferably 1 nm to 100 nm, and more preferably 3 nm to 70 nm. When the average particle size is less than 1 nm, the inorganic fine particles are embedded in the toner, and the function may not be effectively exhibited. When the average particle size exceeds 100 nm, the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier is damaged unevenly. May end up. As the external additive, inorganic fine particles and hydrophobized inorganic particles can be used in combination. The average particle size of the hydrophobized primary particles is preferably 1 nm to 100 nm, and more preferably 5 nm to 70 nm. More preferably, the primary particles subjected to the hydrophobization treatment include at least two types of inorganic fine particles having an average particle size of 20 nm or less and at least one type of inorganic fine particles of 30 nm or more. Further, BET specific surface area of the inorganic fine particles ^is preferably 20m ² / g~500m 2 / g.
The amount of the external additive added is preferably 0.1% by mass to 5% by mass and more preferably 0.3% by mass to 3% by mass with respect to the toner.
Resin fine particles can also be added as the external additive. For example, polystyrene obtained by soap-free emulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization, or dispersion polymerization; copolymers of methacrylic acid esters and acrylic acid esters; condensation polymerization systems such as silicone, benzoguanamine, and nylon; polymer particles of thermosetting resins It is done. By using such resin fine particles in combination, the chargeability of the toner can be enhanced, the reversely charged toner can be reduced, and the background stain can be reduced. The addition amount of the resin fine particles is preferably 0.01% by mass to 5% by mass, and more preferably 0.1% by mass to 2% by mass with respect to the toner.

The cleaning improver is added to the toner in order to remove the developer after transfer remaining on the electrostatic latent image carrier or the intermediate transfer member. For example, fatty acid such as zinc stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, etc. Metal salts; polymer fine particles produced by soap-free emulsion polymerization such as polymethyl methacrylate fine particles and polystyrene fine particles. The polymer fine particles preferably have a relatively narrow particle size distribution, and those having a volume average particle size of 0.01 μm to 1 μm are suitable.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said magnetic material, According to the objective, it can select suitably from well-known things, For example, iron powder, a magnetite, a ferrite, etc. are mentioned. Among these, white is preferable in terms of color tone.

<Toner production method>
The method for producing the toner is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose from conventionally known toner production methods. For example, a kneading / pulverizing method, a polymerization method, a dissolution suspension method, The spray granulation method etc. are mentioned. Among these, the kneading / pulverizing method is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of productivity.

The kneading and pulverizing method is, for example, a method of producing the toner base particles by melt-kneading a toner material containing at least a binder resin and a colorant, pulverizing and classifying the obtained kneaded material. is there.
In the melt kneading, the toner materials are mixed, and the mixture is charged in a melt kneader and melt kneaded. As the melt kneader, for example, a uniaxial or biaxial continuous kneader or a batch kneader using a roll mill can be used. For example, KTK type twin screw extruder manufactured by Kobe Steel, TEM type extruder manufactured by Toshiba Machine Co., Ltd., twin screw extruder manufactured by Casey Kay, PCM type twin screw extruder manufactured by Ikegai Co., Ltd. Used for. This melt-kneading is preferably performed under appropriate conditions so as not to cause the molecular chains of the binder resin to be broken. Specifically, the melt-kneading temperature is determined with reference to the softening point of the binder resin. If the temperature is too high, the cutting may be severe, and if the temperature is too low, the dispersion may not proceed.
In the pulverization, the kneaded product obtained by the kneading is pulverized. In this pulverization, it is preferable that the kneaded material is first coarsely pulverized and then finely pulverized. At this time, a method of pulverizing by colliding with a collision plate in a jet stream, pulverizing particles by colliding with each other in a jet stream, or pulverizing with a narrow gap between a mechanically rotating rotor and a stator is preferably used.
In the classification, the pulverized product obtained by the pulverization is classified and adjusted to particles having a predetermined particle diameter. The classification can be performed, for example, by removing the fine particle portion with a cyclone, a decanter, a centrifuge, or the like.
After the pulverization and classification are completed, the pulverized product is classified into an air stream by centrifugal force or the like, and toner base particles having a predetermined particle diameter can be produced.
Next, the external additive is externally added to the toner base particles. By mixing and stirring the toner base particles and the external additive using a mixer, the surface of the toner base particles is coated while being crushed. At this time, it is important in terms of durability that the external additives such as inorganic fine particles and resin fine particles are uniformly and firmly attached to the toner base particles.

The mass average particle diameter of the toner is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.However, in order to obtain a high quality image with excellent granularity, sharpness, and fine line reproducibility, the mass average particle diameter The diameter is preferably 3 μm to 10 μm, more preferably 4 μm to 7 μm. When the mass average particle size is less than 3 μm, the sharpness and fine line reproducibility of the image are excellent, but the fluidity and transferability of the toner may be deteriorated.
Here, the mass average particle diameter of the toner can be measured, for example, as follows.
Measuring instrument: Coulter Multisizer III (Beckman Coulter, Inc.)
・ Aperture diameter: 100μm
・ Analysis software: Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 Version 3.51 (Beckman Coulter)
・ Electrolyte: Isoton III (Beckman Coulter, Inc.)
-Dispersion: 10% by mass surfactant (alkylbenzene sulfonate, Neogen SC-A, manufactured by Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.)
Dispersion condition: 10 mg of a measurement sample is added to 5 mL of the dispersion, and dispersed for 1 minute with an ultrasonic disperser, and then 25 mL of an electrolytic solution is added, and further dispersed for 1 minute with an ultrasonic disperser.
Measurement conditions: Add 100 mL of electrolyte solution and dispersion into a beaker, measure 30,000 particles at a concentration that can measure the particle size of 30,000 particles in 20 seconds, and calculate the mass average particle size from the particle size distribution Ask.

<Career>
The carrier has a core material and a coating layer on the surface of the core material.
−Core material−
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a material of the said core material, It can select suitably from well-known things, For example, a manganese-strontium (Mn-Sr) type material of 50 emu / g-90 emu / g, manganese-magnesium ( A Mn—Mg) -based material is preferable, and from the viewpoint of securing image density, a highly magnetized material such as iron powder (100 emu / g or more), magnetite (75 emu / g to 120 emu / g) is preferable. In addition, the copper-zinc (Cu—Zn) system (30 emu / g to 80 emu / g) is advantageous in that it can weaken the contact with the electrostatic latent image bearing member in which the toner is in a spiked state and is advantageous for high image quality. A weakly magnetized material such as Among these, ferrite having a volume average particle diameter of 20 μm to 70 μm is particularly preferable. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
The particle diameter of the core material is preferably an average particle diameter (volume average particle diameter (D ₅₀ )) of 20 μm to 70 μm, and more preferably 40 μm to 70 μm. When the average particle diameter (volume average particle diameter (D ₅₀ )) is less than 20 μm, in the distribution of carrier particles, fine powder increases, magnetization per particle may decrease, and carrier scattering may occur. If it exceeds 70 μm, the specific surface area may be reduced and toner scattering may occur, and in the case of a full color with many solid portions, reproduction of the solid portions may be particularly poor.

-Coating layer-
The coating layer contains at least a condensate of an N-alkoxyalkylated benzoguanamine resin and an acrylic resin having a hydroxyl group.
A carrier comprising a coating layer containing the condensate has high durability and hardly causes toner filming. Further, since the adhesion of the low molecular weight rosin derivative is extremely small, even when the toner of the present invention is used, the adhesion of abietic acid to the carrier surface is extremely small. In addition, the carrier of the present invention is characterized in that the outermost surface of the coating layer is gradually scraped by friction between carrier particles when used over time. For this reason, the abietic acid adhering to the carrier in a small amount can be scraped off, and the carrier-free state can be maintained even after long-term use.

  Examples of the N-alkoxyalkylated benzoguanamine resin include at least one selected from alkoxyalkyl groups represented by methoxymethyl group, ethoxymethyl group, ethoxyethyl group, pyropoxymethyl group, pyropoxyethyl group, butoxymethyl group and the like. Benzoguanamine resin substituted with a group. A resin having a polymerization degree of 2 or less is preferably used. When the degree of polymerization is 3 or more, a self-condensation or cluster structure is formed, and the resin becomes brittle. Among these, tetrabutoxymethylated benzoguanamine is particularly preferable because it shows extremely good results with respect to fluctuations in charge amount temperature and humidity.

The acrylic resin is an acrylic polymer including a monomer having a hydroxyl group and another copolymerizable monomer. The N-alkoxyalkylated benzoguanamine resin exhibits good reactivity with a hydroxyl group, and a resin having both flexibility and high hardness suitable for the present invention can be obtained by taking a crosslinked structure with the acrylic resin.
Examples of the monomer having a hydroxyl group include hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxybutyl (meth) acrylate, 1,4-butanediol mono (meth) acrylate, hydroxyethyl (meth) ) Ε-caprolactone adduct of acrylate, ethylene and propylene adduct of hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, and the like.
Examples of the other copolymerizable monomers include methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, propyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, isobutyl (meth) acrylate, and tert-butyl (meth). ) Acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, stearyl (meth) acrylate, tridecyl (meth) acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, phenyl (meth) acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate and the like of (meth) acrylic acid Esters: styrene, α-methylstyrene, vinyl toluene, acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, (meth) acrylamide, methylol acrylamide, vinyl chloride, propylene, ethylene, etc. That.

  The hydroxyl value of the acrylic resin is preferably 20 to 150 KOHmg / g, and more preferably 40 to 120 KOHmg / g. When the hydroxyl value is lower than 20 KOHmg / g, the crosslinking density is lowered and the coating layer is easily scraped. When the hydroxyl value is higher than 150 KOHmg / g, the charging environment stability is deteriorated because the hydroxyl value in the coating layer is too high. There are things to do.

The coating layer may contain a condensate of the N-alkoxyalkylated benzoguanamine resin and a silicone resin having at least one of a silanol group and a group capable of generating a hydroxyl group by hydrolysis.
The silicone resin is excellent in stain resistance of the toner, and it is easy to control the charging property to negative polarity by introducing a nitrogen-based compound such as an amino group or an amide bond, and is preferably used. For this reason, the contamination resistance of the toner can be improved by containing the condensate of the N-alkoxyalkylated benzoguanamine resin and the silicone resin in the coating layer. Further, it is well dispersed in the condensate of the N-alkoxyalkylated benzoguanamine resin and the acrylic resin, and the film forming property is good.
Examples of the group capable of generating a hydroxyl group by hydrolysis include an alkoxy group such as a methoxy group and an ethoxy group; and an ester group.

The coating layer can increase the film strength by containing inorganic fine particles in the coating layer. The inorganic fine particles are not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. For example, silica, alumina, titanium oxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, chromium oxide, cerium oxide, oxide Examples thereof include magnesium and zirconium oxide. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together. Among these, silica, alumina, and titanium oxide are preferable, and among these, alumina is more preferable. The alumina not only improves the film strength, but also has a high resistance value, and therefore has excellent retention of charges generated on the carrier. The inorganic fine particles may be subjected to a surface treatment such as a hydrophobic treatment.
The content of the inorganic fine particles in the coating layer is preferably 2% by mass to 40% by mass, and more preferably 5% by mass to 20% by mass. When the content is more than 40% by mass, the film strength becomes too strong, so that the effect of scraping off abietic acid, which is a feature of the developer of the present invention, is low. When the content is less than 2% by mass, inorganic fine particles are used. The effect of may not be sufficiently obtained.

  The coating layer may contain conductive powder as necessary, and examples of the conductive powder include metal powder, carbon black, titanium oxide, tin oxide, and zinc oxide. Among these, carbon black is particularly preferable. The average particle size of the conductive powder is preferably 1 μm or less. When the average particle diameter exceeds 1 μm, it may be difficult to control electric resistance.

  As a method for producing the coating layer, for example, an N-alkoxyalkylated guanamine resin is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent while heating as necessary. The inorganic oxide fine particles are mixed with the dissolved solution and uniformly dispersed using a dispersing device such as a homogenizer. The obtained dispersion is mixed with a separately prepared nonaqueous solvent solution of a resin such as an acrylic resin or silicone resin, and similarly stirred with a homogenizer, and if necessary, mixed with a charge adjusting agent, a resistance adjusting agent, etc. The resulting coating liquid can be uniformly applied to the surface of the core material by a known application method, dried, and then baked. There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said application | coating method, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, the immersion method, the spray method, the brush coating method etc. are mentioned.

There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said solvent, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, For example, toluene, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cellosolve, butyl acetate, etc. are mentioned.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said baking, According to the objective, it can select suitably, An external heating system may be sufficient and an internal heating system may be sufficient, for example, a fixed electric furnace, a fluid-type electric Examples thereof include a method using a furnace, a rotary electric furnace, a burner furnace, etc., a method using a microwave, and the like.

The amount of the coating layer in the carrier is preferably 0.01% by mass to 5.0% by mass. When the amount is less than 0.01% by mass, the uniform coating layer may not be formed on the surface of the core. When the amount exceeds 5.0% by mass, the coating layer becomes too thick. As a result, granulation of carriers occurs, and uniform carrier particles may not be obtained.
Further, assuming that the average thickness of the coating layer is d (μm) and the average particle diameter of the inorganic fine particles is a (μm), the following formula: 1 <(a / d) <5 (where 0.05 μm ≦ d ≦ 1 μm, 0.05 μm ≦ a ≦ 5 μm) is preferable, and 1 <(a / d) <2 is more preferable. Thereby, moderate unevenness | corrugation is obtained on the carrier surface and the scraping effect of the abietic acid adhering to the carrier surface can be improved.
Here, the average thickness of the coating layer can be measured, for example, by observing the carrier cross section with a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
The average particle diameter of the inorganic fine particles is measured by, for example, observing the inorganic fine particles with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and introducing the observation information into an image analysis apparatus for analysis. Can do.

There is no restriction | limiting in particular as content in the said developer of the said carrier, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, 90 mass%-98 mass% are preferable, and 93 mass%-97 mass% are more preferable. .
In general, the mixing ratio of the toner and the carrier of the two-component developer is preferably 1 part by mass to 10.0 parts by mass of the toner with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carrier.

  The two-component developer of the present invention sufficiently satisfies the fixing characteristics and heat-resistant storage stability, and does not deteriorate the fluidity of the developer even when the developer is used for a long time. Therefore, it can be suitably used in various fields, and can be more suitably used for image formation by electrophotography. A developer-containing container, a process cartridge, an image forming apparatus, and an image forming method For example, it can be used particularly suitably.

  Examples of the present invention will be described below, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

  In the following Examples and Comparative Examples, “resin softening point”, “resin glass transition temperature (Tg)”, “resin acid value”, “toner mass average particle diameter”, “rosin or abietic acid in toner” The “content of”, “volume average particle diameter of core material”, “thickness of carrier coating layer”, and “average particle diameter of inorganic fine particles in coating layer” were measured as follows.

<Measurement of softening point of resin>
Using a flow tester (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, CFT-500D), 1 g of resin as a sample was heated at a heating rate of 6 ° C./min, and a load of 1.96 MPa was applied by a plunger, Extrusion from the nozzle, the plunger drop amount of the flow tester against the temperature was plotted, and the temperature at which half of the sample flowed out was taken as the softening point.

<Measurement of glass transition temperature (Tg) of resin>
Using a differential scanning calorimeter (Seiko Denshi Kogyo Co., Ltd., DSC210), 0.01 to 0.02 g of sample was weighed into an aluminum pan, heated to 200 ° C., and the temperature was lowered at a rate of 10 ° C./min. The sample cooled to 0 ° C is heated at a heating rate of 10 ° C / min, and the intersection of the baseline extension line below the maximum endothermic peak temperature and the tangent line indicating the maximum slope from the peak rise to the peak apex Was defined as the glass transition temperature.

<Resin acid value>
It measured based on the method of JISK0070. However, only the measurement solvent was changed from the mixed solvent of ethanol and ether specified in JIS K0070 to a mixed solvent of acetone and toluene (acetone: toluene = 1: 1 (volume ratio)).

<Mass average particle diameter of toner>
Measuring instrument: Coulter Multisizer III (Beckman Coulter, Inc.)
・ Aperture diameter: 100μm
・ Analysis software: Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 Version 3.51 (Beckman Coulter)
・ Electrolyte: Isoton III (Beckman Coulter, Inc.)
-Dispersion: 10% by mass surfactant (alkylbenzene sulfonate, Neogen SC-A, manufactured by Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.)
-Dispersion condition: 10 mg of a measurement sample was added to 5 mL of the dispersion, and dispersed for 1 minute with an ultrasonic disperser. Then, 25 mL of an electrolyte was added, and further dispersed for 1 minute with an ultrasonic disperser.
Measurement conditions: Add 100 mL of electrolyte solution and dispersion into a beaker, measure 30,000 particles at a concentration that can measure the particle size of 30,000 particles in 20 seconds, and calculate the mass average particle size from the particle size distribution Asked.

<Abietic acid content in rosin or toner>
A sample is dissolved in acetone, adjusted to a 0.3 mass% solution, methyl esterified with diazomethane, and then analyzed by GC (gas chromatography, Agilent, HP6890) under the following measurement conditions. Went.
Analytical column: HP-5 (30 m-250 μm-0.25 μm)
・ Carrier: Helium ・ Flow conditions: 1 mL / min
・ Inlet temperature: 250 ° C
Column head pressure: 126.8 kPa
Injection mode: split
-Split ratio: 30: 1
・ Oven temperature condition: After holding at 180 ° C. for 5 minutes, increase to 200 ° C. at a heating rate of 2 ° C./min and hold at 200 ° C. for 5 minutes.

<Volume average particle diameter of core material>
Using a light diffraction particle size distribution analyzer (MICROTRAC HRA 9320-X100 / analysis software DHS for Windows (registered trademark) HRA Version 3 manufactured by MICROTRAC) under a methanol solvent, the volume average particle size of the core material The diameter was measured.

<Thickness of carrier coating layer>
Using a FIB / STEM apparatus (manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, HD-2000), a carrier thin film sample obtained by vapor deposition of molybdenum and carbon is prepared using a focused ion beam (FIB) method, and then a transmission type. Sample observation was performed with an electron microscope. The observation magnification was 50,000 times, and the acceleration voltage was 200 kV. The observation image was taken into an image analysis apparatus (manufactured by Nireco Corporation, Luzex AP) and analyzed, and the average thickness of the coating layer on the carrier surface was calculated.

<Average particle size of inorganic fine particles in the coating layer>
After depositing inorganic fine particles on the carbon conductive tape, sample observation was performed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (S-4200, manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation). The observation magnification was 3,000 to 10, The acceleration voltage was 5 kV. The observation image was taken into an image analysis apparatus (manufactured by Nireco Corporation, Luzex AP), analyzed for 100 or more inorganic fine particles, and the average particle size of the inorganic fine particles was calculated.

<Method for producing acrylic acid-modified rosin>
In a 10-liter flask equipped with a fractionation condenser, a reflux condenser, and a receiver, 5312 g (16 mol) of unpurified tall rosin and 573.6 g (8 mol) of acrylic acid were added. The temperature was raised over time, and the reaction was carried out at 210 ° C. for 3 hours, followed by distillation under reduced pressure at 210 ° C. and 4 kPa to obtain a modified rosin modified with acrylic acid (acrylic acid-modified rosin). The content of abietic acid in the unpurified tall rosin used for the production of acrylic acid-modified rosin was 34.9% by mass, and the content of abietic acid in acrylic acid-modified rosin was 12.5% by mass.

(Resin production example 1)
-Synthesis of polyester resin (resins B to F and resin H)-
The alcohol component shown in Table 1, the carboxylic acid component other than trimellitic anhydride, and the esterification catalyst were placed in a 5-L four-necked flask equipped with a nitrogen introduction tube, a dehydration tube, a stirrer, and a thermocouple, and a nitrogen atmosphere Under the condition of condensation polymerization reaction at 235 ° C. for 15 hours, the reaction was performed at 235 ° C. and 8.0 kPa for 1 hour. After cooling to 210 ° C., trimellitic anhydride shown in Table 1 is added, and the reaction is performed at 210 ° C. for 1 hour under normal pressure (101.3 kPa), and the reaction is carried out to the desired softening point at 210 ° C. and 10 kPa. To synthesize polyester resins (resins B to F and resin H).

(Resin production example 2)
-Synthesis of polyester resin (resin A)-
Carboxylic acid components other than the alcohol components and trimellitic anhydride shown in Table 1 (unrefined tall rosin uses the unpurified tall rosin used in the production of acrylic acid-modified rosin), and the esterification catalyst, a nitrogen introduction tube, a dehydration tube , Placed in a 5 L four-necked flask equipped with a rectifying column, a stirrer, and a thermocouple, subjected to condensation polymerization reaction at 235 ° C. for 10 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere, and then reacted at 235 ° C. and 8.0 kPa for 2 hours. Went. After cooling to 210 ° C., the trimellitic anhydride shown in Table 1 is added, and the reaction is performed at 210 ° C. for 2 hours under normal pressure (101.3 kPa), and the reaction is performed to the desired softening point at 210 ° C. and 20 kPa. To synthesize a polyester resin (resin A).

(Resin production example 3)
-Synthesis of polyester resin (resin G)-
The alcohol component shown in Table 1, the carboxylic acid component other than acrylic acid-modified rosin, and the esterification catalyst were placed in a 5 L four-necked flask equipped with a nitrogen introduction tube, a dehydration tube, a rectifying column, a stirrer, and a thermocouple. The mixture was subjected to a condensation polymerization reaction at 230 ° C. for 15 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere, and then reacted at 230 ° C. and 8.0 kPa for 1 hour. After cooling to 180 ° C., the acrylic acid-modified rosin shown in Table 1 is added, the temperature is raised to 210 ° C. over 3 hours, and the reaction is performed at normal pressure (101.3 kPa) for 10 hours. The polyester resin (resin G) was synthesized by reacting to the desired softening point.

＊１：エステル化触媒の使用量において、括弧内の数値はアルコール成分とカルボン酸成分総量１００質量部に対する質量比を示す。
＊２：アルコール成分とカルボン酸成分総質量中の含有量

* 1: In the amount of the esterification catalyst used, the numerical value in parentheses indicates a mass ratio with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of alcohol component and carboxylic acid component.
* 2: Content in the total mass of alcohol component and carboxylic acid component

(Resin production example 4)
-Synthesis of polyester resin (resin I)-
748 g of terephthalic acid, 144 g of trimellitic anhydride, 1808 g of bisphenol A (2,2) propylene oxide, 712 g of bisphenol A (2,2) ethylene oxide, 17 g of dibutyltin oxide as an esterification catalyst, nitrogen introduction tube, dehydration tube, stirring Put into a 5 liter four-necked flask equipped with a vessel, dropping funnel, and thermocouple, react under a nitrogen atmosphere at 210 ° C. and 10 kPa to the desired softening point, and polyester resin (resin I) Synthesized.
The obtained resin I had a softening point of 145.0 ° C., a glass transition temperature of 63.1 ° C., and an acid value of 12.2 mgKOH / g.

(Example of manufacturing carrier 1)
A coating material having the following composition was dispersed with a stirrer for 10 minutes to prepare a coating solution. Using this coating solution and a core material (fired ferrite particles F-300, volume average particle size 50 μm, manufactured by Powdertech Co., Ltd.), The coating liquid was applied to the surface of the core material with a Spira coater (Okada Seiko Co., Ltd.) so that the thickness after drying was 0.2 μm, and dried. Thereafter, it was baked in an electric furnace at 150 ° C. for 2 hours. After cooling, the ferrite powder bulk was pulverized using a sieve having an opening of 100 μm to prepare a carrier 1 (average thickness (d) of coating layer: 0.2 μm).
[Composition of coating material]
Acrylic resin solution (methacrylic acid: ethyl acrylate: 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate = 5: 10: 2 (composition ratio), solid content 50 mass% toluene solution, glass transition temperature (Tg) = 35 ° C.) 56 Mass part-N-tetrabutoxymethyl benzoguanamine resin solution (polymerization degree 1.5, solid content 77 mass% toluene solution) ... 15 parts by mass-Toluene ... 300 parts by mass-Butyl cellosolve ... 300 parts by mass

(Example of manufacturing carrier 2)
A coating material having the following composition is dispersed with a stirrer for 10 minutes to prepare a coating solution. Using this coating solution and a core material (fired ferrite particles F-300, volume average particle size 50 μm, manufactured by Powdertech Co., Ltd.), The said coating liquid was apply | coated with the Spira coater (made by Okada Seiko Co., Ltd.) so that the thickness after drying might be set to 0.2 micrometer, and it dried. Thereafter, it was baked in an electric furnace at 150 ° C. for 2 hours. After cooling, the ferrite powder bulk was crushed using a sieve having an opening of 100 μm to prepare a carrier 2 (average thickness (d) of coating layer: 0.2 μm).
[Composition of coating material]
Acrylic resin solution (methacrylic acid: methyl methacrylate: 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate = 5: 9: 3 (composition ratio), solid content 50 mass% toluene solution, glass transition temperature (Tg) = 33 ° C.) 56 Mass part-N-tetramethoxymethyl benzoguanamine resin solution (degree of polymerization 1.5, solid content 77 mass% toluene solution) ... 15 parts by mass-Toluene ... 300 parts by mass-Butyl cellosolve ... 300 parts by mass

(Example of manufacturing carrier 3)
A coating material having the following composition is dispersed with a stirrer for 10 minutes to prepare a coating solution. Using this coating solution and a core material (fired ferrite particles F-300, volume average particle size 50 μm, manufactured by Powdertech Co., Ltd.), The said coating liquid was apply | coated with the Spira coater (made by Okada Seiko Co., Ltd.) so that the thickness after drying might be set to 0.2 micrometer, and it dried. Thereafter, it was baked in an electric furnace at 150 ° C. for 2 hours. After cooling, the ferrite powder bulk was pulverized using a sieve having an opening of 100 μm to prepare a carrier 3 (average thickness (d) of coating layer: 0.2 μm).
[Composition of coating material]
Acrylic resin solution (methacrylic acid: methyl methacrylate: 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate = 5: 9: 3 (composition ratio), solid content 50 mass% toluene solution, glass transition temperature (Tg) = 33 ° C.)... 36 Part by mass-N-tetramethoxymethylbenzoguanamine resin solution (degree of polymerization 1.5, solid content 77 mass% toluene solution) ... 15 mass parts-Silicone resin (SR2400, solid content 15 mass%, Toray Dow Corning Silicone (Made in Japan) ··· 67 parts by mass · γ- (2-aminoethyl) aminopropyltrimethoxysilane · · · 3 parts by mass · Toluene · · · 300 parts by mass · Butyl cellosolve · · · 300 parts by mass

(Example of manufacturing carrier 4)
A coating material having the following composition was dispersed with a stirrer for 10 minutes to prepare a coating solution. Using this coating solution and a core material (fired ferrite particles F-300, volume average particle size 50 μm, manufactured by Powdertech Co., Ltd.), The coating liquid was applied to the surface of the core material with a Spira coater (Okada Seiko Co., Ltd.) so that the thickness after drying was 0.2 μm, and dried. Thereafter, it was baked in an electric furnace at 150 ° C. for 2 hours. After cooling, the ferrite powder bulk was crushed using a sieve having an opening of 100 μm to prepare a carrier 4 (average thickness of coating layer (d) 0.2 μm, alumina diameter / thickness ratio (a / d) 0.75). .
[Composition of coating material]
Acrylic resin solution (methacrylic acid: methyl methacrylate: 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate = 5: 9: 3 (composition ratio), solid content 50 mass% toluene solution, glass transition temperature (Tg) = 33 ° C.)... 36 Part by mass-N-tetramethoxymethylbenzoguanamine resin solution (degree of polymerization 1.5, solid content 77 mass% toluene solution) ... 15 mass parts-Silicone resin (SR2400, solid content 15 mass%, Toray Dow Corning Silicone (Made by Co., Ltd.) ··· 67 parts by mass · γ- (2-aminoethyl) aminopropyltrimethoxysilane ··· 3 parts by mass · Alumina particles (average primary particle diameter (a) 0.15 µm) ··· 15 masses PartsToluene: 300 parts by massButyl cellosolve: 300 parts by mass

(Example of manufacturing carrier 5)
A coating material having the following composition was dispersed with a stirrer for 10 minutes to prepare a coating solution. Using this coating solution and a core material (fired ferrite particles F-300, volume average particle size 50 μm, manufactured by Powdertech Co., Ltd.), The coating liquid was applied to the surface of the core material with a Spira coater (Okada Seiko Co., Ltd.) so that the thickness after drying was 0.2 μm, and dried. Thereafter, it was baked in an electric furnace at 150 ° C. for 2 hours. After cooling, the ferrite powder bulk was crushed using a sieve having an opening of 100 μm to prepare a carrier 5 (average thickness of coating layer (d) 0.2 μm, alumina diameter / thickness ratio (a / d) 1.5). .
[Composition of coating material]
Acrylic resin solution (methacrylic acid: methyl methacrylate: 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate = 5: 9: 3 (composition ratio), solid content 50 mass% toluene solution, glass transition temperature (Tg) = 33 ° C.)... 36 Part by mass-N-tetramethoxymethylbenzoguanamine resin solution (degree of polymerization 1.5, solid content 77 mass% toluene solution) ... 15 mass parts-Silicone resin (SR2400, solid content 15 mass%, Toray Dow Corning Silicone (Made by Co., Ltd.) ··· 67 parts by mass · γ- (2-aminoethyl) aminopropyltrimethoxysilane ··· 3 parts by mass · Alumina particles (average primary particle diameter (a) 0.30 µm) ··· 15 masses PartsToluene: 300 parts by massButyl cellosolve: 300 parts by mass

(Example of manufacturing carrier 6)
A coating material having the following composition was dispersed with a stirrer for 10 minutes to prepare a coating solution. Using this coating solution and a core material (fired ferrite particles F-300, volume average particle size 50 μm, manufactured by Powdertech Co., Ltd.), The coating liquid was applied to the surface of the core material with a Spira coater (Okada Seiko Co., Ltd.) so that the thickness after drying was 0.2 μm, and dried. Thereafter, it was baked by standing in an electric furnace at 300 ° C. for 2 hours. After cooling, the ferrite powder bulk was crushed using a sieve having an opening of 100 μm to prepare a carrier 6 (average thickness (d) of coating layer: 0.2 μm).
[Composition of coating material]
-Silicone resin (SR2400, solid content 15% by mass, manufactured by Toray Dow Corning Silicone Co., Ltd.) ... 187 parts by mass-N-tetramethoxymethylbenzoguanamine resin solution (polymerization degree 1.5, solid content 77 mass% toluene Solution) 15 mass parts γ- (2-aminoethyl) aminopropyltrimethoxysilane 3 mass parts Toluene 300 mass parts Butyl cellosolve 300 mass parts

(Example of manufacturing carrier 7)
A coating material having the following composition was dispersed with a stirrer for 10 minutes to prepare a coating solution. Using this coating solution and a core material (fired ferrite particles F-300, volume average particle size 50 μm, manufactured by Powdertech Co., Ltd.), The coating liquid was applied to the surface of the core material with a Spira coater (Okada Seiko Co., Ltd.) so that the thickness after drying was 0.2 μm, and dried. Thereafter, it was baked in an electric furnace at 150 ° C. for 2 hours. After cooling, the ferrite powder bulk was pulverized using a sieve having an opening of 100 μm to prepare a carrier 7 (average thickness (d) of coating layer: 0.2 μm).
[Composition of coating material]
Acrylic resin solution (methacrylic acid: methyl methacrylate: 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate = 5: 9: 3 (composition ratio), solid content 50 mass% toluene solution, glass transition temperature (Tg) 33 ° C.)... 56 mass Part ・ Complete methyl substituted melamine resin solution (Polymerization degree 1.7, solid content 77 mass% toluene solution) 15 mass parts Toluene 300 mass parts Butyl cellosolve 300 mass parts

(Toner Production Example 1)
Table 2 shows the binder resin 1, binder resin 2, wax (carnauba wax, melting point 81 ° C., manufactured by Toago Kasei Co., Ltd.), and colorant (carbon black) shown in Table 2 below. In an amount, after premixing using a Henschel mixer (Mitsui Miike Chemical Co., Ltd., FM10B), melting at a temperature of 100 to 130 ° C. with a biaxial kneader (Ikegai Co., Ltd., PCM-30), Kneaded. The obtained kneaded product was cooled to room temperature and then coarsely pulverized to 200 μm to 300 μm with a hammer mill. Next, after finely pulverizing using a supersonic jet pulverizer, Labo Jet (manufactured by Nippon Pneumatic Industry Co., Ltd.), adjusting the pulverization air pressure appropriately so that the mass average particle size becomes 6.2 ± 0.3 μm. The louver opening is adjusted so that the mass average particle size is 7.0 ± 0.2 μm and the amount of fine powder of 4 μm or less is 10% by number or less with an airflow classifier (manufactured by Nippon Pneumatic Industry Co., Ltd., MDS-I). Classification was carried out with appropriate adjustment to obtain toner base particles. Next, 1.0 part by mass of an additive (HDK-2000, manufactured by Clariant Co., Ltd.) was mixed with 100 parts by mass of toner base particles with a Henschel mixer to produce toner 1.

(Toner Production Examples 2 to 8)
In the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1, toners 2 to 8 were produced with the raw material combinations and prescription amounts shown in Table 2, respectively.
For the produced toners 1 to 8, the mass average particle diameter, the content of abietic acid in the toner, the heat-resistant storage stability, the low-temperature fixability, and the hot offset resistance were evaluated as follows. The results are shown in Table 2.

<Heat resistant storage stability of toner>
The heat-resistant storage stability was measured using a penetration tester (manufactured by Nikka Engineering Co., Ltd.). Specifically, 10 g of each toner was weighed and placed in a 30 ml glass container (screw vial) in an environment of 20 to 25 ° C. and 40 to 60% RH, and the lid was closed. After tapping the glass container containing the toner 100 times, leaving it in a thermostatic bath set at 50 ° C. for 24 hours, measuring the penetration with a penetration tester and heat-resistant storage stability according to the following evaluation criteria Evaluated. The greater the penetration value, the better the heat resistant storage stability. Of the measurement results for the four toner colors, the worst result was used as the evaluation value.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
◎: Needle penetration is 30 mm or more ○: Needle penetration is 20 mm to 29 mm
Δ: penetration is 15 mm to 19 mm
X: The penetration is 8 mm to 14 mm
XX: Needle penetration is 7mm or less

<Low-temperature fixability of toner>
A two-component development method, a direct transfer method, and an image forming apparatus (digital multi-function peripheral imagio MP 7500 (copy speed 75 sheets / A4 size landscape)) employing a heat roller fixing method, and a thick paper transfer sheet (NBS Co., Ltd.) Ricoh made a solid image with a toner adhesion amount of 0.85 ± 0.1 mg / cm ^{2 on} copy-printed paper <135>), and fixed by changing the temperature of the fixing belt. Using a drawing tester (AD-401, manufactured by Ueshima Seisakusho Co., Ltd.), drawing with a ruby needle (tip radius of 260 to 320 μmR, tip angle of 60 degrees), a load of 50 g, and drawing surface with fibers (Hanicot # 440, manufactured by Honeylon) The fixing belt temperature at which image shaving is almost eliminated is defined as the minimum fixing temperature, and the low-temperature fixability is evaluated according to the following criteria. The solid image was created on the transfer paper at a position of 3.0 cm from the front end in the paper passing direction.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
A: Fixing lower limit temperature is 120 ° C. or less ○: Fixing lower limit temperature is 121 ° C. or more and 130 ° C. or less Δ: Fixing lower limit temperature is 131 ° C. or more and 145 ° C. or less X: Fixing lower limit temperature is 146 ° C. or more and 155 ° C. or less XX: Fixing lower limit temperature Temperature is 156 ° C or higher

<Hot offset resistance of toner>
Using the image forming apparatus, a solid image with a toner adhesion amount of 0.85 ± 0.1 mg / cm ² is created on a plain paper transfer paper (type 6200, manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd.), and the temperature of the fixing belt is changed. A fixing test was performed to visually evaluate the presence or absence of hot offset, and the upper limit temperature at which hot offset did not occur was defined as the upper limit fixing temperature, and hot offset resistance was evaluated according to the following criteria. The solid image was created on the transfer paper at a position of 3.0 cm from the front end in the paper passing direction.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
A: Fixing upper limit temperature is 230 ° C. or higher. ○: Fixing upper limit temperature is 210 ° C. or higher and lower than 230 ° C. Δ: Fixing upper limit temperature is 190 ° C. or higher and lower than 210 ° C. ×: Fixing upper limit temperature is 180 ° C. or higher and lower than 190 ° C. Temperature is less than 180 ° C

＊ワックス：カルナウバワックス、融点８１℃、東亞化成株式会社製
＊着色剤：カーボンブラック

* Wax: Carnauba wax, melting point 81 ° C, manufactured by Toago Kasei Co., Ltd. * Colorant: Carbon black

(Production example of two-component developers 1 to 14)
In the combination of toner and carrier shown in Table 3, a type of tumbler mixer (Willie & Bachoffen (WAB) Co., Ltd.) in which 5 parts by mass of the toner is rolled and stirred with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carrier The mixture was uniformly mixed at 48 rpm for 5 minutes and charged to prepare two-component developers 1-14.

(Examples 1-10 and Comparative Examples 1-4)
Each of the two-component developers 1 to 14 shown in Table 3 was loaded into an image forming apparatus to form an image, and various performance evaluations were performed as follows. The results are shown in Table 3.
As an image forming apparatus, a two-component development system and a direct transfer system, and a digital multi-functional machine (Ricoh Co., Ltd., imagio MP 7500, copy speed 75 sheets / A4 size horizontal) employing a heating roller fixing system was used.

<Charging stability>
The initial charge amount (μC / g) of the two-component developer was measured using a Q / M meter (manufactured by EPPING). The charge amount and _{Q 1.} As for the setting of the Q / M meter, the mesh size was 400 mesh (made of stainless steel), and the soft blow pressure (1050 V) suction time was 90 seconds. The charge amount was obtained from the following formula 1. Thereafter, the image forming apparatus was used to run 100,000 image charts having a 50% image area, and then the charge over time was measured in the same manner as the initial charge. The charge amount and _{Q 2.} As a charging stability index, the charge reduction rate was determined from the following formula 2.
[Formula 1]
Charge amount (μC / g) = total amount of electricity after 90 seconds (μC) / amount of attracted toner (g)
[Formula 2]
Charge reduction rate (%) = [Q ₂ (μC / g) / Q ₁ (μC / g)] × 100
〔Evaluation criteria〕
A: Charge reduction rate is less than 10% B: Charge reduction rate is 10% or more and less than 20% Δ: Charge reduction rate is 20% or more and less than 35% X: Charge reduction rate is 35% or more and 55% XX: The rate of charge reduction is 55% or more

<Transfer rate>
Using the image forming apparatus, after running 100,000 image charts with 50% image area, a solid image (30 mm × 80 mm) was printed on the photosensitive member with toner of 0.80 ± 0.1 mg / cm ² each. Create an image with the attached amount (the amount of toner before transfer), transfer it to Ricoh Co., Ltd. type 6200 paper, stop the device immediately after the transfer, copy the residual toner on the photoconductor onto a pre-measured tape, The amount of residual toner was measured. Hereinafter, the transfer rate was obtained from Equation 3, and this was used as the initial transfer rate.
[Formula 3]
Transfer rate (%) = [(pre-transfer toner amount−transfer residual toner amount) / (pre-transfer toner amount)] × 100
〔Evaluation criteria〕
A: Transfer rate is 90% or more. O: Transfer rate is 85% or more and less than 90%. Δ: Transfer rate is 78% or more and less than 85%. X: Transfer rate is 60% or more and less than 78%. X: Transfer rate is less than 60%

(Image density)
Using the image forming apparatus, after running 100,000 image charts having a 50% image area, a solid image is output to Ricoh type 6200 paper, and the image density is set to X-Rite 938 (manufactured by X-Rite). ) To measure the image density.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
A: Image density is 1.40 or more. O: Image density is 1.35 or more and less than 1.40. Δ: Image density is 1.30 or more and less than 1.35. X: Image density is 1.20 or more. 1.30 or less XX: Image density is less than 1.20

<Carrier contamination>
Using the image forming apparatus, the developer after 100 sheets running output of the image chart of 50% image area and 100,000 sheets running output is extracted, and each developer is meshed with a mesh of 32 μm. A suitable amount was put in a gauge and air blown sufficiently to separate the toner and the carrier. 1.0 g of the carrier obtained from the initial developer was placed in a 50 ml glass bottle, 10 ml of chloroform was added, and the mixture was shaken 50 times and allowed to stand for 10 minutes. Thereafter, the supernatant chloroform solution was placed in a glass cell and used as a reference for the turbidimeter.
Subsequently, the carrier obtained from the developer over time was obtained in the same manner as in the case of the initial developer, and a supernatant chloroform solution was obtained, placed in a glass cell, and the transmittance was measured using a turbidimeter. This transmittance was used as an index of carrier contamination and evaluated according to the following criteria. In addition, it shows that there are few carrier contamination, so that the transmittance | permeability is high.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
A: The transmittance is 95% or more. B: The transmittance is 90% or more and less than 95%. Δ: The transmittance is 80% or more and less than 90%. X: The transmittance is 70% or more and less than 80%. X: Transmittance is less than 70%

<Developer fluidity>
Using the image forming apparatus, the developer after running an image chart with a 50% image area of 100,000 sheets was extracted, and 20 g of the developer was sealed in an 8 mL screw vial, and the environment was kept at 45 ° C. for 6 hours. saved. After storage, the developer was dropped freely from a screw vial from a height of 15 cm, and the developer fluidity rank was evaluated according to the following evaluation criteria.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
◎: Flowing from the container in a constant amount and no aggregates ○: Flowing from the container in an indefinite amount and no aggregates △: When the container is tapped lightly, there are aggregates that are easy to flow down and collapse ×: There is an agglomerate that flows down and does not easily collapse when struck hard. XX: A part of the agglomerate that flows down and hard agglomerates are struck.

  The two-component developer of the present invention sufficiently satisfies the fixing characteristics and heat-resistant storage stability, and does not deteriorate the fluidity of the developer even when the developer is used for a long time. Therefore, it can be widely used in, for example, laser printers, direct digital plate-making machines, full-color copiers using direct or indirect electrophotographic multicolor image development systems, full-color laser printers, full-color plain paper fax machines, and the like.

Claims (10)

A two-component developer comprising a toner containing at least a binder resin and a colorant, and a carrier having a core material and a coating layer on the surface of the core material,
The binder resin contains a polyester resin obtained by condensation polymerization of an alcohol component and a rosin compound containing 5% by mass or more of a rosin compound in a total mass of the alcohol component and the carboxylic acid component, and the toner The content of abietic acid in it is 1% by mass or less,
The two-component developer, wherein the coating layer contains at least a condensate of an N-alkoxyalkylated benzoguanamine resin and an acrylic resin having a hydroxyl group.   The two-component development according to claim 1, wherein the coating layer contains a condensate of an N-alkoxyalkylated benzoguanamine resin and a silicone resin having at least one of a silanol group and a group capable of generating a hydroxyl group by hydrolysis. Agent.   The two-component according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the carrier has a core material composed of ferrite having a volume average particle diameter of 20 µm to 70 µm, and a coating layer containing at least inorganic fine particles and a resin on the surface of the core material. Developer.   Assuming that the average thickness of the coating layer is d (μm) and the average particle diameter of the inorganic fine particles is a (μm), the following formula: 1 <(a / d) <5 (where 0.05 μm ≦ d ≦ 1 μm, 0 The two-component developer according to claim 3, satisfying (0.05 μm ≦ a ≦ 5 μm).   The two-component developer according to any one of claims 3 to 4, wherein the inorganic fine particles are alumina particles.   The two-component developer according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the alcohol component of the polyester resin contains an aliphatic diol in an amount of 65 mol% or more of the divalent alcohol component.   The two-component developer according to claim 6, wherein the aliphatic diol contains 65 mol% or more of 1,2-propanediol.   The two-component developer according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the carboxylic acid component of the polyester resin further contains an aromatic dicarboxylic acid compound.   The two-component developer according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the rosin compound is a purified rosin.   The two-component developer according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the rosin compound is an acrylic acid-modified rosin.