JP2009115669A - Device for measuring fatty acid content in meat - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a measurement device capable of measuring fatty acid in meat nondestructively, easily, immediately, and inexpensively. <P>SOLUTION: Light from a light source 1 which emits light with a wavelength of 700 nm to 1,000 nm irradiates a meat sample M, and light reflected and scattered in the meat sample M is introduced by an optical fiber 3 and entered in a spectroscope 4. Light in dispersed in the spectroscope 4 is detected by a detector 5 and photo-electrically converted. Then, it is inputted in a computer 6. A fatty acid content is calculated by a calculation program in the computer 6. The light source 1 is tilted against the normal of the surface S of the meat sample M and the optical axis A1 of the light source is formed at an angle of 30 to 35 degrees against the normal. An optical axis A2 for intaking reflected light or scattered light are in the normal direction of the surface S of the meat sample. When measured, the optical axis A1 is crossed the intake optical axis A2 at a point P which is located in the meat sample M. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The invention of the present application relates to a meat fatty acid content measuring device.

  In many cases, beef, pork, chicken, and other meat have a rating system, a system such as a grade, and are distributed after being evaluated according to quality. Many of such evaluations are subjective by visual inspection by an inspector, and scientific evaluations using an inspection apparatus have not been so much attempted.

For example, for pork, the evaluation of fat quality is an important evaluation item. For lipid evaluation, it is considered effective to evaluate the fatty acid content physicochemically. However, physicochemical evaluation requires sampling and equipment, and requires a great deal of cost and time. For this reason, it is thought that it is not suitable for the operation in the field of meat distribution.
The invention of the present application has been made in view of such problems, and has the significance of providing a measuring device that can measure the fatty acids contained in meat in a non-destructive manner, simply, quickly, and at low cost. Is.

In order to solve the above problems, the invention according to claim 1 of the present application is an apparatus for measuring the amount of fatty acid contained in meat,
A light source that emits light having a wavelength of at least 700 nm to 1000 nm;
A holder for holding a light source so that light is irradiated on the surface of the meat sample,
An optical fiber in which an incident end is arranged at a position where reflected light and / or scattered light in the meat irradiated with light from the light source is incident;
An optical system for taking in the reflected light and / or scattered light to enter the incident end of the optical fiber;
A spectroscope disposed at a position where light emitted from the exit end of the optical fiber is incident;
A detector for detecting the intensity of light dispersed by the spectrometer;
A computer installed with a calculation program for calculating the amount of fatty acid from the intensity of light detected by the detector;
An output unit for outputting the calculation result by the computer,
The optical axis for capturing, which is the optical axis of the optical system for capturing, intersects the surface of the meat perpendicularly,
The holder has a configuration in which the light source is held so that an optical axis of the light source is 30 degrees or more and 35 degrees or less with respect to a normal line of the meat surface.
In order to solve the above problem, the invention according to claim 2 is the configuration of claim 1, wherein a plurality of the light sources are provided.
Each light source is provided on a circumference coaxial with the optical axis for capturing perpendicularly intersecting the surface of the meat, and the optical axis of each light source intersects at the same point on the optical axis for capturing ,
Each light source and a housing housing the incident end of the optical fiber are provided,
The housing is provided with a measurement opening through which light from each light source passes, and reflected light and / or scattered light inside the meat passes.
It has a configuration in which the optical axis of each light source is set so that the point on the optical axis for capturing where the optical axis of each light source intersects is outside the housing and is located inside the meat at the time of measurement. .

  As will be described below, according to the present invention, the amount of fatty acid contained in meat can be measured easily and rapidly without destruction. Moreover, the cost of the apparatus is low.

Next, the best mode for carrying out the present invention (hereinafter referred to as an embodiment) will be described.
First, the measurement of meat fatty acid content by light in the near infrared region will be described. According to the study by the present inventors, the light absorption and the amount of fatty acid contained correlate with high accuracy for light in the near infrared region of about 700 to 1000 nm. Therefore, by irradiating a meat sample with a near infrared ray of about 700 to 1000 nm and knowing the intensity of reflected light and / or scattered light (collectively referred to as reflected light in the following description), the relative light absorption rate is known, Thereby, the amount of fatty acid contained in the irradiated part can be known.

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a result of examining a spectral distribution of light absorption according to a spectrum of reflected light from a pork sample. In the measurement shown in FIG. 1, a commercially available near-infrared spectrometer (NIRS6500 type, noise level: 12 μAbs) is used, and light of 400 to 2500 nm is irradiated on 25 pork samples, and the spectral distribution of light absorption therefrom is measured. Examined.
As shown in FIG. 1, 25 pork samples have different amounts of fatty acids, so the amount of light absorption varies, but in each case, a strong absorption peak appears in the vicinity of a wavelength of 900 to 950 nm. A strong correlation with the amount of fatty acid was observed.

  Based on the results shown in FIG. 1, the inventors created a calibration curve and obtained the relationship between the amount of noise and the estimation error. The result is shown in FIG. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a result of obtaining the relationship between the noise amount and the estimation error from the data shown in FIG. From the results shown in FIG. 2, it was determined that a noise level of 70 μAbs or less was suitable for measuring the amount of fatty acid contained in a pork sample.

Based on such knowledge, the inventors manufactured a meat-containing fatty acid measuring apparatus according to the following configuration. FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective view of the manufactured apparatus for measuring the amount of fatty acid containing meat according to the embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of the apparatus shown in FIG. The apparatus shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 is an apparatus for measuring the amount of fatty acid contained in meat.
This apparatus includes a light source 1 that emits light having a wavelength of at least 700 nm to 1000 nm, a holder 2 that holds the light source 1 so that light from the light source 1 is irradiated on the surface of meat that is a sample, An optical fiber 3 in which an incident end is disposed at a position where reflected light from meat irradiated with light is incident; a spectroscope 4 disposed in a position where light emitted from the exit end of the optical fiber 3 is incident; A detector 5 for detecting the intensity of the light split by the spectroscope 4, a computer 6 installed with a program for calculating the amount of fatty acid from the intensity of the light detected by the detector 5, and a calculation result by the computer 6 are output. Output unit 71.

  As shown in FIG. 3, the apparatus includes an apparatus main body 8 and a probe 9. A flexible cable 30 is provided so as to connect the apparatus main body 8 and the probe 9, and the optical fiber 3 is accommodated in the flexible cable 30. In the apparatus main body 8, in addition to the spectroscope 4, the detector 5, and the computer 6, a data processing circuit 81, an interface 82, and the like are provided.

5 and 6 are cross-sectional schematic views of the probe 9 shown in FIG. 3, FIG. 5 is a front cross-sectional schematic view, and FIG. 6 is a plan cross-sectional schematic view. As shown in FIG. 1, the probe 9 includes a grip portion 91 and a housing 92 provided at the tip of the grip portion 91.
The grip portion 91 is a part that the operator holds with the hand at the time of measurement. The grip 91 is provided with a switch 911 for a measurement start operation. The housing 92 is provided with an incident end of the light source 1 and the optical fiber 3 inside. Note that the “probe” is not measured by piercing the inside of the meat, but is simply measured by bringing it into contact with the surface of the meat. Therefore, it can also be called by a name such as “measuring head”.

  The casing 92 has a cylindrical shape with a low height as shown in FIG. A measurement opening 93 is formed in the center of the bottom plate portion of the housing 92. A right-angle prism 94 is provided above the measurement opening 93 and on the central axis of the housing 92. The incident end of the optical fiber 3 is provided at the same height as the right-angle prism 94. An optical window is fitted into the measurement opening 93 as necessary in order to prevent contamination inside the housing 92. For the optical window, optical glass that sufficiently transmits the light having the above-described wavelength is used.

  In the housing 92, an optical axis (hereinafter referred to as an irradiation optical axis) A1 when irradiating light to meat (meat sample) as a sample, and light when capturing light from the irradiated meat sample An axis (hereinafter referred to as a capture optical axis) A2 is set. The take-in optical axis A2 is an axis that passes through the center of the total reflection surface of the right-angle prism 94 and coincides with a line that extends perpendicularly from the center of the incident end of the optical fiber 3 to the incident end.

  Further, a condensing lens 95 is provided on the capturing optical axis A2. The condensing lens 95 is for condensing the light from the meat sample and causing it to enter the optical fiber 3 to increase the measurement accuracy and the measurement efficiency. The take-in optical axis A <b> 2 extends coaxially upward with the housing 92 from the measurement opening 93, is bent at a right angle by the right-angle prism 94, and reaches the incident end of the optical fiber 3. The optical fiber 3 is provided so as to penetrate the side portion of the housing 92. The right-angle prism 94 and the condensing lens 95 constitute an optical system for taking the reflected light into the optical fiber 3.

In the present embodiment, a plurality of light sources 1 are used, and specifically, five light sources 1 are used. Therefore, five irradiation optical axes A1 are set. As can be seen from FIGS. 3 and 4, each light source 1 is provided on a circumference coaxial with the taking optical axis A <b> 2. The five light sources 1 are equally spaced (ie, 72 degrees apart).
The light source 1 is preferably a high-intensity point light source 1 that emits light in the above-described wavelength range, and a halogen lamp is used in this embodiment. In addition, a krypton lamp or the like may be used. In addition, from the viewpoint of increasing the measurement accuracy and measurement efficiency by irradiating a small spot with light, a lens lamp in which the front end (light emitting end) of the envelope has a lens shape is preferably used. Since five are provided, it is preferable to use a lens lamp having a rated voltage of about 5V.

  The major feature of this embodiment is that the capture optical axis A2 is perpendicular to the surface of the meat sample as a sample, whereas the capture optical axis A2 is 30 to 35 degrees with respect to the normal of the surface S of the meat sample M. It is a point. In the present embodiment, the probe 9 is in a posture in which the central axis of the housing 92 is perpendicular to the surface S of the meat sample M during measurement. The surface of the meat sample is a flat surface, and this is satisfied by bringing the lower end surface of the housing 92 into contact with the surface of the meat sample. Therefore, the normal line of the surface of the meat sample coincides with the central axis of the casing 92 and coincides with the capturing optical axis A2 up to the right angle prism 94. The irradiation optical axis A1 is 30 to 35 degrees with respect to the central axis.

  FIG. 7 is a schematic perspective view of the holder 2 that holds the light source 1. The holder 2 holds each light source 1 at the above angle. The holder 2 is a disk-like member as a whole, and is provided in a horizontal posture in the housing 92. The holder 2 is provided with five holding holes 20 for holding the light source 1. In addition, a notch 21 for arranging the right-angle prism 94 or the condenser lens 95 is formed.

The light source 1 has a cylindrical rod shape as a whole. In this light source 1, the central axis of the cylinder is the irradiation optical axis A1. The holder 2 holds the light source 1 in a state where the light source 1 is inserted into each holding hole 20. Each holding hole 20 is formed so that the central axis of each held light source 1 has the above angle. The holder 2 is provided with a fixture (not shown) that fixes the light source 1 so that the light source 1 inserted into each holding hole 20 maintains the above-mentioned angle.
Each light source 1 is arranged obliquely with its respective optical axis directed toward the central axis of the housing 92. That is, the optical axes A1 intersect at the same point P on the central axis of the housing 92. The point P where the optical axes intersect is a position below the housing 92 and is inside the meat sample M in the measurement state. Hereinafter, this point P is called a measurement point.

A power supply circuit 83 for each light source 1 is provided in the apparatus main body 8. The power supply circuit 83 and each light source 1 are connected by a power supply cable 84. The optical fiber 3 and the feeding cable 84 are bundled as one flexible cable 30.
The spectroscope 4 is capable of resolving light with a necessary resolution in a used wavelength range. The spectroscope 4 preferably uses a diffraction grating, and may employ any type such as a Littrow type, a Chelney-Turner type, or a Fastie-Evert type.

  The detector 5 receives the light split by the spectroscope 4 and converts it into an electrical signal. In the present embodiment, a linear array sensor is used for the detector 5, and photoelectric conversion is performed in the wavelength range to be used without sweeping the diffraction grating. In order to improve measurement accuracy, it is important to sufficiently increase the amount of measurement effective light (a meaningful amount of light) received relative to the noise level. For this reason, a silicon linear sensor with a large amount of saturated light reception Are preferably used as the detector 5.

  The detector 5 and the computer 6 are connected via a data processing circuit 81 and an interface 82. The data processing circuit 81 is a circuit that performs data processing such as amplification and A / D conversion. The interface 82 is for fetching processed data into the computer 6 and can be selected and adopted as appropriate, such as a USB interface.

The computer 6 includes a microprocessor, a memory such as a ROM and a RAM, and the like. In the present embodiment, the output unit 71 is a display included in the computer 6. As another output unit 72, the computer 6 includes a printer.
In addition, measurement software is installed in the memory of the computer 6. This software includes a calculation program for calculating the amount of fatty acid contained in the data sent from the data processing circuit 81 and the interface 82.

Next, the measurement of the amount of meat-containing fatty acids using the apparatus of such an embodiment will be described.
FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a result of measuring the amount of fatty acid contained in a pork sample using the apparatus according to the embodiment. In the measurement shown in FIG. 8, the reflected light spectrum was measured for 25 pork samples as in FIG. At this time, the obtained spectrum data was subjected to Savitzky Golay second order differentiation and PLS analysis. The Savitzky Golay second order differentiation and PLS analysis are performed by a program installed in the computer 6, but may be performed by the data processing circuit 81 in hardware.
In FIG. 8, a straight line extending obliquely is a calibration curve. The horizontal axis of FIG. 8 is the light absorption rate in the wavelength region of 700 to 1000 nm, and the vertical axis is the amount of fatty acid contained. As shown in FIG. 8, it was found that the obtained data is almost on the calibration curve, and the correlation is 0.988 and the standard deviation is 1.41%. The time required for the measurement was as short as 2 seconds.

  In actual measurement, the absolute value of the amount of fatty acid is calculated by a calculation program for calculating the amount of fatty acid contained in accordance with the calibration curve shown in FIG. That is, for the meat sample M whose fatty acid content is measured by another method and is known in advance, the same measurement is performed using the apparatus of the embodiment, and the obtained data is incorporated into the calculation program as a calculation reference value. Leave in. The calculation program is programmed to calculate the amount of fatty acid contained according to the reference value and the calibration curve. The reference value is periodically calibrated (calibrated) as necessary.

According to the apparatus of this embodiment, the amount of fatty acid contained in meat can be measured easily and quickly. Further, the measurement can be performed simply by applying the probe 9 to the sample, and it is not necessary to push the probe 9 into the sample. In other words, non-destructive measurement is possible. Furthermore, it is much simpler than taking a tomographic photograph of meat and measuring it, and the cost of the apparatus is also low.
In the apparatus of the above-described embodiment, as described above, the irradiation optical axis A1 is set obliquely with respect to the capturing optical axis A2 perpendicular to the sample surface, so that measurement with higher accuracy can be performed. ing. Hereinafter, this point will be described.

  The inventors manufactured a device including the probe 9 having a configuration in which the irradiation optical axis A1 and the capturing optical axis A2 are substantially the same in the process of manufacturing the device of the above embodiment. In this apparatus, the irradiation side also uses the optical fiber 3 and has a structure in which the light from the light source 1 is guided through the optical fiber 3 and is irradiated from the direction of the normal line to the sample surface. The optical axis for capturing was also substantially normal to the sample surface.

  When measured with the probe 9 having such a structure, only a spectrum depending on the shape of the sample surface was obtained, and a spectrum reflecting the amount of fatty acid contained therein was not obtained. On the other hand, when the light source 1 is disposed at an angle as described above and the irradiation optical axis A1 is set at an angle of about 30 degrees with respect to the normal of the sample surface, a peak due to fatty acid is clearly recognized. . FIG. 9 shows the result of confirming this point. That is, FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the results of examining the influence of the angle of the irradiation optical axis A1 on the measurement. In FIG. 9, for two pork samples, the data (embodiment data) measured using the probe 9 whose irradiation optical axis A1 is 30 degrees with respect to the normal of the sample surface, and the irradiation optical axis A1 are the sample Data (reference example data) measured using a probe 9 that substantially matches the surface normal is shown. In FIG. 9, “angled probe” is data of the embodiment, and “reflection probe” is data of the reference example. As shown in FIG. 9, according to the apparatus of the embodiment, the peak of the reflected light due to the contained fatty acid appears clearly, so that measurement can be performed with sufficient accuracy even if there is a certain amount of noise.

The excellence of the apparatus of the embodiment as shown in FIG. 9 depends on the fact that a plurality of irradiation optical axes A1 intersect within the meat sample in addition to the oblique application of light. Hereinafter, this point will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the action of the probe 9 in the apparatus of the embodiment.
As shown in FIG. 10A, the capture optical axis A2 is perpendicular to the sample surface. The condensing lens 95 and the right-angle prism 94 are disposed on the optical axis A2. As can be seen from FIG. 7, five irradiation optical axes A1 are set in this embodiment. These irradiation optical axes A1 are all at an angle of 30 degrees with respect to the capturing optical axis A2, and intersect at the same point P on the capturing optical axis A2. This intersection P is outside the probe 9 as shown in FIG. That is, when the bottom plate portion provided with the measurement opening 93 is in contact with the sample surface, the intersection is located inside the meat sample.

In the configuration of such an embodiment, the light emitted from the five light sources 1 is partially reflected on the sample surface, but the remaining light enters the sample. The entered light travels while being reflected, scattered or absorbed by the meat tissue in the sample. Then, a part of the reflected or scattered light (hereinafter referred to as measurement effective light) exits from the sample surface, travels along the optical axis A2, and enters the optical fiber 3 through the right-angle prism 94 and the condenser lens 95. . The incident light is detected by the detector 5 as described above, and the amount of fatty acid is calculated.
In such measurement, the light from the light source 1 is irradiated so as to gather near the intersection P. Therefore, reflection and scattering of light occur efficiently near the intersection P. For this reason, much light effective for the measurement of the amount of fatty acid contained can be taken in, and a measurement effective light signal having a high level against noise can be obtained. This increases the measurement accuracy.

Further, as shown in FIG. 10A, since the irradiation optical axis A1 is inclined with respect to the capturing optical axis A2, even if light is reflected by the sample surface S, it proceeds along the capturing optical axis A2. Therefore, there are few things that enter the optical fiber 3. That is, the ratio of the reflected light on the sample surface S is small in the light component incident on the detector 5. This also contributes to highly accurate measurement.
On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 10B, when both the irradiation optical axis A1 and the capturing optical axis A2 are substantially perpendicular to the sample surface, most of the light reflected on the sample surface S is along the capturing optical axis A2. Then, the light enters the detector 5 (not shown). For this reason, a considerable amount of surface reflected light is incident on the detector 5 with respect to the amount of reflected light inside the sample, resulting in extremely low measurement accuracy or inability to measure.

  The method of the embodiment can be said to be a method of avoiding the problem of insufficient light quantity by using a plurality of light sources 1 while avoiding the problem of surface reflection by setting the irradiation optical axis A1 obliquely. However, it is also possible to use only one light source 1 so as to use a light source 1 with higher luminance.

  According to the inventors' research, the angle of the irradiation optical axis A1 is preferably 30 to 35 degrees with respect to the normal of the sample surface. If the angle is greater than 35 degrees, the amount of reflected light from the sample surface that enters the incident end of the optical fiber 3 and mixes with the effective light increases, and the measurement accuracy decreases. On the other hand, if the angle is less than 30 degrees, the amount of light entering the meat sample M is reduced, resulting in a decrease in measurement effective light and a decrease in measurement accuracy.

In the present invention, the term “light source” has a broader meaning than usual, and means that light is emitted. Therefore, the exit end of the optical fiber 3 is also a “light source”. That is, light from a lamp provided in a place different from the probe 9 (for example, in the apparatus main body 8) may be guided by the optical fiber 3, and the emission end of the optical fiber 3 may be provided in the probe 9. . In this case, a plurality of light sources 1 and a plurality of optical fibers 3 may be used, or a plurality of light sources branched to a plurality of emission sides of the optical fiber 3 that guides light from one light source 1 may be used.
When a plurality of light sources are used, the number of light sources need not be five, but can be any number of two or more. If the number of light sources is set to an odd number of three, five, and seven, the capturing optical axis A2 is set at a position between adjacent light sources 1 as in the above-described embodiment, or elements of the optical system are arranged. It is convenient because it can be done. However, it is possible to set the optical axis for capture by shifting (up or down) from the plane where the plurality of light sources are arranged, or to arrange the elements of the optical system. There is no inconvenience.

  In the description of the above embodiment, the irradiation optical axis A1 is the optical axis of the light source 1, but can be defined as the directionality having the highest directivity in the light emission distribution of the light source 1. More precisely, a virtual line extending from the center of the light emitting portion of the light source 1 in the direction in which light is emitted with the highest directivity is the irradiation optical axis A1. When light is emitted from the exit end of the optical fiber 3, the imaginary line extending perpendicularly to the exit end from the center of the exit end is the irradiation optical axis A1. The optical fiber 3 is often bundled with a large number of strands. In this case, a virtual line extending perpendicularly from the center of the entire emission end formed by the numerous strands is the irradiation optical axis A1. become.

In the above embodiment, the amount of fatty acid contained was calculated from the light absorptance in the wavelength range of 700 to 1000 nm, but the inventors correlated the light absorptivity and the amount of fatty acid with high accuracy in the wavelength region up to about 1100 nm. It is confirmed that the amount of fatty acid contained may be calculated according to the light absorption rate of 700 to 1100 nm.
In the above description, the amount of fatty acid contained in the pork sample was measured, but the same can be applied to various meats other than pork.
In addition, the probe 9 in the present embodiment performs the measurement only by contacting the surface of the sample. However, the probe 9 is of a type that is inserted into the sample and measured using a sharp-shaped probe. May be.

It is a figure of the result of having investigated the spectral distribution of light absorption according to the spectrum of the reflected light from a pork sample. It is a figure of the result of having calculated | required the relationship between noise amount and an estimation error from the data shown in FIG. It is a perspective schematic diagram of a meat content fatty acid amount measuring device concerning an embodiment of the invention of this application manufactured. It is the block diagram which showed schematic structure of the apparatus shown in FIG. FIG. 4 is a schematic front sectional view of the probe 9 shown in FIG. 3. It is a plane cross-sectional schematic diagram of the probe 9 shown in FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view of a holder 2 that holds a light source 1. FIG. It is a figure of the result of having measured the amount of fatty acid of a pork sample using the device of an embodiment. It is the figure which showed the result of having investigated about the influence which the angle of irradiation optical axis A1 has on a measurement. It is the figure shown about the effect | action of the probe 9 in the apparatus of embodiment.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Light source 2 Holder 3 Optical fiber 4 Spectrometer 5 Detector 6 Computer 7 Output part 8 Main body 9 Probe 92 Case

Claims (2)

An apparatus for measuring the amount of fatty acid contained in meat,
A light source that emits light having a wavelength of at least 700 nm to 1000 nm;
A holder for holding a light source so that light is irradiated on the surface of the meat sample,
An optical fiber in which an incident end is arranged at a position where reflected light and / or scattered light in the meat irradiated with light from the light source is incident;
An optical system for taking in the reflected light and / or scattered light to enter the incident end of the optical fiber;
A spectroscope disposed at a position where light emitted from the exit end of the optical fiber is incident;
A detector for detecting the intensity of light dispersed by the spectrometer;
A computer installed with a calculation program for calculating the amount of fatty acid from the intensity of light detected by the detector;
An output unit for outputting the calculation result by the computer,
The optical axis for capturing, which is the optical axis of the optical system for capturing, intersects the surface of the meat perpendicularly,
The meat-containing fatty acid content measuring apparatus, wherein the holder holds the light source so that an optical axis of the light source is 30 degrees or more and 35 degrees or less with respect to a normal line of the surface of the meat. A plurality of the light sources are provided,
Each light source is provided on a circumference coaxial with the optical axis for capturing perpendicularly intersecting the surface of the meat, and the optical axis of each light source intersects at the same point on the optical axis for capturing ,
Each light source and a housing housing the incident end of the optical fiber are provided,
The housing is provided with a measurement opening through which light from each light source passes, and reflected light and / or scattered light inside the meat passes.
The optical axis of each light source is set so that the point on the optical axis for capturing at which the optical axis of each light source intersects is outside the housing and is located in the meat during measurement. The apparatus for measuring meat-containing fatty acids according to claim 1.

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