JP2009069308A - Charging device and image forming device - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a charging device capable of preventing an electrode from corroding due to moisture and ozone in the air, preventing charged electric potential on a surface of photosensitive body from becoming nonuniform, and maintaining charged electric potential on the surface of photosensitive body in a proper range for a long period of time. <P>SOLUTION: In this charging device, an electrode forming a protection layer for protecting a surface formed by metal chrome and chromium oxide is used as the electrode arranged in the charging device for charging the surface of photosensitive body. The protection layer has a thin skin layer laminated to cover a surface of the electrode and a diffusion layer formed by diffusing metallic particles in the thin skin layer in the vicinity of an interface between the thin skin layer and the surface of the electrode and forming alloy. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a charging device and an image forming apparatus.

  In an electrophotographic image forming apparatus such as a copying machine, a printer, or a facsimile, a photoconductor having a photosensitive layer containing a photoconductive material formed on the surface is used as an image carrier, and a charge is applied to the surface of the photoconductor. After being charged uniformly, an electrostatic latent image corresponding to image information is formed by various image forming processes, and this electrostatic latent image can be developed with a developer supplied from a developing means and containing toner. After the visible image is transferred to a recording material such as paper, the image is formed on the recording material by being heated and pressurized by a fixing roller and fixed on the recording material.

  In such an image forming apparatus, a charging device is used to charge the surface of the photoreceptor.

  The charging device usually includes a discharge electrode for performing corona discharge, a grid electrode for controlling an amount of charge applied to the surface of the photosensitive member by the charging electrode, and thus a charging potential of the surface of the photosensitive member, a charging electrode, And a support member that supports the grid electrode. As the grid electrode, a wire grid electrode made of stainless steel, tungsten or the like, a porous plate grid electrode in which a large number of through holes are formed in a metal plate (grid base material) made of stainless steel, or the like is used. .

  Among these grid electrodes, contaminants such as toner are likely to adhere to the wire grid electrode, and due to the adhesion of contaminants, the function of controlling the charged potential on the surface of the photoconductor becomes insufficient, and the charged potential on the surface of the photoconductor becomes insufficient. It becomes uneven.

  On the other hand, porous plate-like grid electrodes are made of ferrous metal materials such as stainless steel, so they usually have high durability, but are generated by moisture in a high humidity environment and corona discharge during charging operation. It has a drawback that it is easily oxidized by ozone. When the porous plate-like grid electrode is used for a long period of time, use in a high humidity environment, contact with ozone, etc. cannot be avoided. For this reason, in porous plate-like grid electrodes made of metal materials such as stainless steel, corrosion such as rust occurs due to moisture in the air, ozone, etc., and nitrogen oxides adhere to the surface, so that the durability is improved. descend. At the same time, the ability to control the charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor becomes insufficient, the charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor becomes non-uniform, and a desired charging potential cannot always be stably applied to the surface of the photoreceptor.

  In view of such a problem in the grid electrode, for example, Patent Document 1 includes a nickel plating layer containing polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fine particles formed on at least one surface of a porous plate-like grid electrode. Is disclosed. In the charging device disclosed in Patent Document 1, a nickel plating layer containing PTFE fine particles (hereinafter referred to as “nickel PTFE composite plating layer” unless otherwise specified) is formed on the surface of the porous plate-like grid electrode. The grid electrode formed in is used. A grid electrode having a nickel PTFE composite plating layer has an advantage that it is less expensive than a grid electrode having a gold plating layer.

  However, in a grid electrode having a nickel PTFE composite plating layer, the nickel PTFE composite plating layer is formed to include different components such as metallic nickel and organic fine particle PTFE. It penetrates from the interface to the grid electrode surface. For this reason, the grid electrode surface is oxidized and corrosion such as rust occurs, the charge potential controllability and durability of the grid electrode are still insufficient, and the charge potential on the surface of the photoreceptor becomes non-uniform.

  On the other hand, as a discharge electrode for performing corona discharge, a wire electrode, a metal plate electrode having a plurality of needle-like portions (hereinafter referred to as “needle-like electrodes”), or the like is used. Among these, a needle-like electrode having advantages such as few component parts, long life, little ozone generation, hardly breakage, and few failures is preferably used. The acicular electrode is produced by etching a metal plate mainly made of an iron-based metal material such as stainless steel to form a plurality of acicular portions. Iron-based metal materials such as stainless steel, which are materials for needle-shaped electrodes, have high durability, but have the disadvantage of being easily oxidized by moisture in a high-humidity environment, ozone generated by corona discharge during charging operation, etc. Have. And when using an acicular electrode for a long time, use in a high-humidity environment, contact with ozone, etc. cannot be avoided. Therefore, in a needle-like electrode made of a metal material such as stainless steel, corrosion occurs due to moisture in the air, ozone, etc., and the durability of the needle electrode is lowered. At the same time, the ability to control the voltage applied to the needle-like electrode is reduced due to corona discharge from the needle-like part, the charge potential on the surface of the photoreceptor becomes non-uniform, and the desired charge potential is always stabilized stably. Cannot be applied to the surface. The wire electrode also has the same problem to be solved as the needle electrode in which rust and corrosion are generated by ozone generated by corona discharge, and the charged potential on the surface of the photosensitive member becomes non-uniform.

  In view of the problem of such a discharge electrode that performs corona discharge, for example, Patent Document 2 discloses a needle electrode in which a coating layer made of gold, platinum, copper, nickel, or chromium is formed on the surface of the discharge electrode by plating. A charging device is disclosed. For acicular electrodes in which a coating layer made of gold, platinum, copper, nickel or chromium is formed on the surface of the discharge electrode by electrolytic plating or electroless plating, the adhesion between the base material constituting the discharge electrode and the coating layer Is not sufficient, the coating layer may be peeled off at the interface between the substrate and the coating layer. For this reason, moisture, ozone, or the like in the air enters from the interface between the base material constituting the discharge electrode and the coating layer toward the discharge electrode surface. Therefore, the discharge electrode surface is oxidized to cause corrosion such as rust, the applied voltage controllability and durability of the discharge electrode are still not sufficient, and the charged potential on the surface of the photoreceptor becomes uneven.

JP 2006-111351 A JP 2004-4334 A

  Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to prevent the electrode from being corroded by moisture or ozone in the air, to prevent the charged potential on the surface of the photoreceptor from becoming uneven, and to maintain the charged potential on the surface of the photoreceptor for a long time. It is to provide a charging device that can be maintained in an appropriate range. Further, it is possible to provide an image forming apparatus that includes a charging device that can maintain the charged potential on the surface of the photoreceptor in an appropriate range for a long period of time and can record a high-quality image for a long period of time. is there.

The present invention relates to a charging device that includes a discharge electrode that applies a voltage to the surface of the photoreceptor to charge the surface, and a grid electrode that is provided between the discharge electrode and the photoreceptor to control the charging potential of the surface of the photoreceptor. Because
On at least one surface of the grid electrode, a protective layer for protecting the surface made of metal chromium and chromium oxide is formed,
The protective layer
A thin skin layer laminated to cover the grid electrode surface;
A charging device comprising a diffusion layer formed by diffusing and alloying metal particles in a thin skin layer in the vicinity of the interface between the thin skin layer and the grid electrode surface.

The present invention also provides a charging electrode including a discharge electrode for applying a voltage to the surface of the photoconductor to charge the surface, and a grid electrode provided between the discharge electrode and the photoconductor for controlling the charging potential of the photoconductor surface. A device,
On at least one surface of the discharge electrode, a protective layer for protecting the surface made of metallic chromium and chromium oxide is formed,
The protective layer
A thin skin layer laminated to cover the surface of the discharge electrode;
The charging device includes a diffusion layer formed by diffusing and alloying metal particles in the thin skin layer in the vicinity of the interface between the thin skin layer and the surface of the discharge electrode.

The present invention also provides a charging electrode including a discharge electrode for applying a voltage to the surface of the photoconductor to charge the surface, and a grid electrode provided between the discharge electrode and the photoconductor for controlling the charging potential of the photoconductor surface. A device,
On at least one surface of the discharge electrode and the grid electrode, a protective layer that protects each surface made of metallic chromium and chromium oxide is formed,
The protective layer
A thin skin layer laminated to cover the surfaces of the discharge electrode and the grid electrode;
A charging device having a diffusion layer formed by diffusing and alloying metal particles in a thin skin layer in the vicinity of the interface between the thin skin layer and the surfaces of the discharge electrode and the grid electrode.

  In the invention, it is preferable that the protective layer is formed by electrolysis by immersing at least one of the grid electrode and the discharge electrode in a bath solution containing chromium and having a bath temperature of 0 ° C. or less. .

  In the present invention, at least one of the grid electrode and the discharge electrode is made of a metal material containing stainless steel or titanium.

  Further, the present invention is characterized in that the thicknesses of the thin skin layer and the diffusion layer are 0.3 μm or more and 2 μm or less, respectively.

  The present invention is characterized in that a pretreatment layer made of a conductive material other than chromium formed by plating is provided between the grid electrode and the discharge electrode and the protective layer.

  Moreover, the present invention is characterized in that a post-treatment layer made of a conductive material other than chromium formed by plating is formed on the protective layer so as to cover the protective layer.

In addition, the present invention is characterized in that the protective layer contains fluorinated organic fine particles.
The present invention also provides a photosensitive member on which an electrostatic charge image is formed, a charging device for charging the surface of the photosensitive member, and a signal light based on image information on the charged photosensitive member surface. An exposure unit that forms an electrostatic charge image; a developing unit that develops the electrostatic image on the surface of the photoreceptor to form a toner image; a transfer unit that transfers the toner image to a recording material; and a toner image that is transferred to the recording material. An image forming apparatus including fixing means for fixing
An image forming apparatus, wherein the charging device is the charging device.

  According to the present invention, the protective layer for protecting the surface made of metallic chromium and chromium oxide is formed on at least one surface of the grid electrode for controlling the charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor. The protective layer includes a thin skin layer that is laminated so as to cover the grid electrode surface, and a diffusion layer that is formed by diffusing and alloying metal particles in the thin skin layer in the vicinity of the interface between the thin skin layer and the grid electrode surface. And have. Therefore, the thin skin layer is formed in close contact with the grid electrode surface through the diffusion layer, so that moisture, ozone, etc. in the air can be prevented from entering the interface between the protective layer and the grid electrode. Corrosion of the electrode surface can be prevented. Therefore, since the charging potential control performance of the grid electrode is maintained for a long period, the charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor can be maintained in an appropriate range for a long period.

  Further, according to the present invention, the protective layer for protecting the surface made of metallic chromium and chromium oxide is formed on at least one surface of the discharge electrode that applies a voltage to the surface of the photoreceptor to charge the surface. The protective layer includes a thin skin layer that is laminated so as to cover the surface of the discharge electrode, and a diffusion layer that is formed by diffusing and alloying metal particles in the thin skin layer in the vicinity of the interface between the thin skin layer and the discharge electrode surface. And have. Therefore, the thin skin layer is formed in close contact with the surface of the discharge electrode through the diffusion layer, so that moisture, ozone, etc. in the air can be prevented from entering the interface between the protective layer and the discharge electrode. Corrosion of the electrode surface can be prevented. Therefore, since the applied voltage control performance of the discharge electrode is maintained for a long period, the charged potential on the surface of the photoreceptor can be maintained in an appropriate range for a long period.

  According to the present invention, the protective layer for protecting the surface made of metallic chromium and chromium oxide is formed on at least one surface of the discharge electrode and the grid electrode. This protective layer comprises a thin skin layer that is laminated so as to cover the surfaces of the discharge electrode and grid electrode, and metal particles in the thin skin layer diffuse near the interface between the thin skin layer and the surface of the discharge electrode and grid electrode. And a diffusion layer formed as a result. For this reason, the thin skin layer is formed in close contact with the surface of the discharge electrode and the grid electrode via the diffusion layer, so that moisture, ozone, etc. in the air enter the interface between the protective layer and the discharge electrode and the grid electrode. Therefore, the discharge electrode surface and the grid electrode surface can be prevented from being corroded. Accordingly, the applied voltage control performance of the discharge electrode and the charging potential control performance of the grid electrode are maintained over a long period of time, so that the charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor can be maintained within an appropriate range over a long period of time.

  According to the invention, the protective layer is formed by electrolysis by immersing at least one of the grid electrode and the discharge electrode in a bath solution containing chromium and having a bath temperature of 0 degrees or less. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a grid electrode and a discharge electrode in which a thin skin layer is formed so as to cover the surface, and metal particles in the thin skin layer are diffused to form an alloyed diffusion layer.

  According to the invention, at least one of the grid electrode and the discharge electrode is made of a metal material containing stainless steel or titanium. Therefore, it can be set as the grid electrode and discharge electrode excellent in electroconductivity, durability, and corrosion resistance.

  Moreover, according to this invention, the thickness of a thin skin layer and a diffusion layer is each 0.3 micrometer or more. Therefore, it is possible to protect the electrode surface and reliably prevent the electrode surface from being corroded by moisture or ozone in the air.

  Moreover, according to this invention, it has the pre-processing layer which consists of electrically conductive materials other than the chromium formed by a plating process between a grid electrode and a discharge electrode, and a protective layer. By making the pretreatment layer a conductive material other than chromium, the adhesion with the protective layer made of chromium and chromium oxide can be improved, and the protective layer is peeled off at the interface between the pretreatment layer and the protective layer. Can be prevented.

  According to the present invention, the post-treatment layer made of a conductive material other than chromium formed by plating is formed on the protective layer so as to cover the protective layer. Therefore, even when a pinhole occurs in the protective layer, the pinhole can be blocked by the post-treatment layer, and moisture, ozone, etc. in the air can be prevented from entering the electrode surface through the pinhole. Can do. In addition, by using a conductive material other than chromium as the post-treatment layer, the adhesion with the protective layer made of chromium and chromium oxide can be improved, and the post-treatment layer is formed at the interface between the post-treatment layer and the protective layer. Peeling can be prevented.

  According to the invention, the protective layer includes fluorine-based organic fine particles. Therefore, even when toner or the like adheres to the electrode surface, the adhesion force can be reduced, so that the adhered matter can be easily removed.

  According to the invention, the image forming apparatus includes the charging device that can maintain the charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor in an appropriate range for a long period of time. Therefore, a high quality image can be recorded over a long period of time.

  FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a configuration of a charging device 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The charging device 1 includes a plate-like electrode 50 having a plurality of sharp protrusions 58 (hereinafter referred to as “needle electrode 50”), a holding member 51 that holds the needle electrode 50, and the needle electrode 50. Two cleaning members 52a and 52b that clean the surface of the needle-like electrode 50 by rubbing the needle-like electrode 50 during movement, and a support member that supports the cleaning members 52a and 52b. 53, a moving member 54 for moving the cleaning members 52a and 52b and the support member 53, a shield case 55 for accommodating the needle electrode 50, the holding member 51, the cleaning members 52a and 52b and the support member 53, and the surface of the photoreceptor And a grid electrode 56 for adjusting the charging potential.

  The charging device 1 is a so-called scorotron charging device. When a voltage is applied to the needle-like electrode 50 that is a discharge electrode, corona discharge occurs to charge the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 described later and to the grid electrode 56. By applying a predetermined grid voltage, the charged state of the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 is made uniform, and the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 is charged to a predetermined potential and polarity. For example, the charging device 1 is disposed along the axial direction of the photosensitive drum 11 in the toner image forming unit 2 of the image forming apparatus 100 described later, facing the photosensitive drum 11.

  The grid electrode 56 is provided between the needle electrode 50 and the photosensitive drum 11, and a voltage is applied to the grid electrode 56 to adjust the variation in the charged state on the surface of the photosensitive drum 11, thereby uniformizing the charging potential. Turn into. As the base material of the grid electrode 56, a metal that can be processed in a grid shape and can be plated can be used. Examples thereof include stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, nickel, copper, and iron. Among these, stainless steel is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of improving the durability of the grid electrode 56, and titanium may be used. Titanium is known as a material excellent in corrosion resistance, and can be used as a grid by performing an etching process. Specific examples of the stainless steel include, for example, SUS304, SUS309, SUS316, etc. Among them, SUS316 is preferable. Furthermore, a plurality of through holes are formed in the metal plate by performing masking processing and etching processing on the metal plate. The etching treatment can be performed according to a known method, and examples thereof include a method of spraying an etching solution such as a ferric chloride aqueous solution onto a metal plate. The metal plate in which the through holes are formed in the chemical polishing process is subjected to water washing, acid washing or pure water washing in the water washing process, the acid dipping process, the water washing process and the pure water dipping process, and foreign matters are removed from the surface, A porous plate-like grid electrode substrate is obtained. The aperture ratio of the through holes formed in the grid electrode substrate is usually 75% or more and 85% or less.

  In the first embodiment of the present invention, a protective layer for protecting the surface made of metallic chromium and chromium oxide is formed on at least one surface of the grid electrode 56. The protective layer is formed by a thin skin layer that is laminated so as to cover the surface of the grid electrode 56, and metal particles in the thin skin layer that are diffused and alloyed in the vicinity of the interface between the thin skin layer and the surface of the grid electrode 56. And having a layer.

  As a method for forming a protective layer on the surface of the grid electrode 56, for example, a so-called radiant treatment (a radiant treatment is a registered trademark of Leydent Kogyo Co., Ltd.) in which a film is formed so that metal particles diffuse inside the grid electrode 56. ). In addition, with the discharge electrode and the grid electrode base material arranged in the liquid so as to have a spacing of several microns, the discharge electrode and the grid electrode base material are both brought together by the heat generated by applying a voltage to the discharge electrode. The protective layer can also be formed on the surface of the grid electrode 56 by dissolving and forming a layer made of a heat mixture in which both components are mixed on the surface of the grid electrode substrate. In the present invention, a radiant treatment is particularly preferred as a method for forming the protective layer.

  The radiant treatment can be performed by an electrolytic plating method. Here, as a radiant treatment bath which is a plating bath used for the radiant treatment, a chromium aqueous solution is a main component, and the pH is usually adjusted to a range of about 1.0. The metal chromium and chromium oxide used here are in a crystalline state, and the particle diameter is not particularly limited as long as it is smaller than the thickness of the protective layer to be formed, but is preferably 1 μm or less, more preferably 100 nm or more. 500 nm or less.

  The grid electrode base material is immersed in a radiant treatment bath having the composition and pH as described above at a bath temperature of 0 ° C. or less, and electrolytic plating is performed. By doing so, first, a thin skin layer made of chromium and chromium oxide is laminated so as to cover the surface of the grid electrode substrate. Thereafter, a diffusion layer in which metal particles in the thin skin layer are diffused and alloyed is formed in the vicinity of the interface between the thin skin layer and the surface of the grid electrode base material to obtain a grid electrode 56 having a protective layer formed on the surface. The content of chromium and chromium oxide in the diffusion layer and the thin skin layer is preferably 3% by volume to 30% by volume, more preferably 20% by volume to 30% by volume. As described above, the protective layer formed on the surface of the grid electrode 56 by the radiant treatment has a diffusion layer alloyed inside the electrode base material, and therefore, a general plating film in which metal crystals are formed as a deposited film and Are different.

  The thickness of the protective layer formed on the surface of the grid electrode 56 is not particularly limited, but the thickness of the thin skin layer and the diffusion layer constituting the protective layer is preferably 0.3 μm or more. By adjusting the thickness in this manner, the solution of the radiant treatment bath can be evenly adhered to the surface of the grid electrode base material, and a uniform protective layer with very few pinholes can be formed without variation in layer thickness. it can. Further, by adjusting the thickness of the thin skin layer and the diffusion layer constituting the protective layer to 0.3 μm or more, a uniform protective layer can be formed also in the portion where the through-hole of the grid electrode 56 is formed. . Further, the protective layer formed by the radiant treatment has a very dense layer structure, has high adhesion to the surface of the grid electrode 56, and does not peel off even when used for a long period of time. The thickness of the thin skin layer and the diffusion layer constituting the protective layer is more preferably 0.5 μm or more, and particularly preferably 1 μm or more and 2 μm or less. If the thickness is less than 0.3 μm, pinholes are likely to be generated and become non-uniform, and moisture and ozone in the air enter the surface of the grid electrode 56 through the pinholes and the surface of the grid electrode 56 is corroded. In order to obtain a protective layer having a desired thickness, the radiant treatment conditions such as the immersion time of the grid electrode base material in the radiant treatment bath, the energization time, and the current value may be appropriately changed.

  Further, the protective layer may contain fluorine-based organic fine particles. After performing the above-mentioned radiant treatment, the grid electrode 56 having a protective layer impregnated and fixed with fluorinated organic fine particles can be produced. The amount of the fluorine-based organic fine particles added to the radiant treatment bath is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.01% by weight to 10% by weight, more preferably 0.1% by weight or more. 0% by weight or less. At this time, the content of the fluorinated organic fine particles in the diffusion layer and the thin skin layer is preferably 0.3% by volume or more and 0.8% by volume or less. Examples of the fluorine-based organic fine particles include organic fine particles such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and perfluoroethylene propene copolymer (FEP). The particle diameter of the fluorinated organic fine particles is preferably sufficiently smaller than the thickness of the protective layer. Preferably, it is 0.5 μm or less, more preferably 0.1 μm or more and 0.2 μm or less.

  As described above, in the grid electrode 56 having the protective layer containing the fluorine-based organic fine particles, even when toner or the like adheres to the surface of the grid electrode 56, the adhesion force can be reduced. Deposits can be easily removed by the member.

  Further, the grid electrode 56 may be configured to have a pretreatment layer made of a conductive material other than chromium between the grid electrode base material and the protective layer. This pretreatment layer can be formed by plating before the radiant treatment. Here, although the plating treatment can be performed by a generally performed method, it is preferable to perform electrolytic plating in consideration of forming a protective layer later by a radiant treatment. Examples of the conductive material other than chromium include nickel, tin, aluminum, and copper. The thickness of the pretreatment layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.03 μm or more and 3 μm or less, more preferably 0.5 μm or more and 1.5 μm or less, and particularly preferably about 1 μm.

  As described above, since the pretreatment layer is formed by plating, residual liquid such as dirt and oil adhering to the grid electrode substrate produced by etching can be removed, and the residual liquid is grid Corrosion of the electrode substrate surface can be prevented. In addition, by using the pretreatment layer as a conductive material other than chromium, the adhesion with the protective layer made of chromium and chromium oxide can be improved, and the protective layer is peeled off at the interface between the pretreatment layer and the protective layer. Can be prevented. In addition, by using a conductive material having conductivity, it is possible to easily adjust the charged potential on the surface of the photoreceptor.

  The grid electrode 56 may be configured to have a post-treatment layer made of a conductive material other than chromium on the protective layer. This post-treatment layer can be formed by plating treatment after forming a protective layer by performing a radiant treatment. Here, although the plating treatment can be performed by a generally practiced method, it is preferable to perform electrolytic plating by direct current and alternating current. Examples of the conductive material other than chromium include gold and platinum. The thickness of the post-treatment layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.3 μm or more.

  As described above, since the post-treatment layer is formed on the protective layer, even when a pinhole is generated in the protective layer, the pinhole can be blocked by the post-treatment layer, and the air is passed through the pinhole. It is possible to prevent moisture and ozone therein from entering the surface of the grid electrode base material. In addition, by using a conductive material other than chromium as the post-treatment layer, the adhesion with the protective layer made of chromium and chromium oxide can be improved, and the post-treatment layer is formed at the interface between the post-treatment layer and the protective layer. Peeling can be prevented. In addition, by using a conductive material having conductivity, it is possible to easily adjust the charged potential on the surface of the photoreceptor.

  In the second embodiment of the present invention, a protective layer for protecting the surface made of metallic chromium and chromium oxide is formed on at least one surface of the needle-like electrode 50. The protective layer is formed by diffusing and alloying the thin skin layer laminated so as to cover the surface of the needle-like electrode 50 and the metal particles in the thin skin layer diffused in the vicinity of the interface between the thin skin layer and the needle-like electrode 50 surface. And a diffusion layer. As a method for forming the protective layer on the surface of the needle electrode 50, the above-described radiant treatment can be employed. The protective layer formed on the surface of the needle-like electrode 50 is preferably adjusted to have the same thickness as that of the grid electrode 56 described above, and the protective layer may contain fluorinated organic fine particles. Moreover, the acicular electrode 50 which has a protective layer may provide a pre-processing layer between the acicular electrode base material and a protective layer similarly to the grid electrode 56 mentioned above, and a post-processing layer is provided on a protective layer. May be provided.

  The needle-like electrode 50 is a thin plate-like member made of, for example, stainless steel, and has a flat plate portion 57 that extends long in one direction and a sharpened shape that is formed so as to protrude in the short direction from one end surface of the flat plate portion 57 in the short direction. Projecting portion 58. Exemplifying the dimensions of the needle-like electrode 50, the length L1 in the short direction of the flat plate portion 57 is preferably about 10 mm, the length L2 in the protruding direction of the projection 58 is preferably about 2 mm, and the tip of the projection 58 Is preferably about 40 μm, and the pitch TP on which the protrusions 58 are formed is preferably about 2 mm.

  Examples of a method for processing into a shape having such a sharp projection 58 include etching, precision press, and the like. In the base material of the needle-shaped electrode 50 produced by etching, the etching processing section of the needle-shaped electrode base material lacks smoothness and fine irregularities occur. Even at the tip portion of the sharp projection for discharging, the etching processing section lacks smoothness, which causes non-uniform discharge. In addition, toner or the like is likely to adhere to the fine irregularities of the etched cross section, and the discharge becomes more uneven. Such fine irregularities in the etched cross section remain even if the surface of the needle-shaped electrode substrate is coated by a general plating process.

  However, the protective layer formed by the above-described radiant treatment is easily laminated on the fine irregularities of the etched cross section. Therefore, in the needle-like electrode 50 of the present invention in which a protective layer is formed on the surface of the needle-like electrode base material, the cross section of the etching process is smooth, so that the discharge is prevented from becoming non-uniform and the toner or the like is removed. It is prevented from adhering.

  In the third embodiment of the present invention, a protective layer for protecting the surface made of metallic chromium and chromium oxide is formed on at least one surface of the grid electrode 56 and the needle-like electrode 50. The protective layer of the grid electrode 56 in the third embodiment can be provided in the same manner as in the first embodiment. Further, the protective layer of the needle-like electrode 50 in the third embodiment can be provided in the same manner as in the second embodiment.

  In the first, second, and third embodiments, the example in which the needle-like electrode having the sharp protrusion is used as the discharge electrode has been described. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and a charging wire can also be used. As the charging wire, any wire commonly used in this field can be used, and examples thereof include a tungsten wire having a wire diameter of 0.06 mm.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the holding member 51 that holds the needle-like electrode 50 is a member that extends long in one direction like the needle-like electrode 50 and has a reverse T-shaped cross section orthogonal to the longitudinal direction. It is made. The needle electrode 50 is screwed by a screw member 59 to one side surface of the protruding portion of the holding member 51 in the vicinity of both ends in the longitudinal direction. A voltage of about 5 kV is applied to the needle-like electrode 50 for corona discharge during operation to charge the photosensitive drum 11 described later. A voltage is applied to the needle electrode 50 from a power source (not shown), and a corona discharge is generated from the sharp protrusion 58 toward the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 by the voltage application, and the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 is charged.

  As the metal material constituting the cleaning members 52a and 52b, phosphor bronze, ordinary steel, stainless steel or the like can be used. Among these, considering that the cleaning members 52a and 52b are used in an ozone atmosphere generated by corona discharge, stainless steel is preferable from the viewpoint of durability life based on oxidation resistance. As the stainless steel, known ones can be used, and examples thereof include SUS304, which is an austenitic stainless steel defined in Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) G4305, SUS430, which is a ferritic stainless steel, and the like.

  The hardness of the cleaning members 52a and 52b is preferably 115 or more on the Rockwell hardness M scale defined in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard D785. If the Rockwell hardness is less than 115, the hardness is too soft, so that when cleaning the contact with the needle electrode 50, the cleaning members 52a and 52b are deformed more than necessary, and the cleaning effect cannot be obtained. Even if the hardness of the cleaning members 52a and 52b is high, there is no particular problem in terms of function, so there is no need to set an upper limit. However, since the upper limit value of the Rockwell hardness M scale is 130, if an upper limit is set. That is 130.

  Here, in the acicular electrode 50 having the protective layer of the present invention, the thin skin layer and the base material of the acicular electrode 50 are firmly adhered to each other through the diffusion layer. Therefore, even if a material having high hardness is used as the material of the cleaning members 52a and 52b, the protective layer is not peeled off when the cleaning members 52a and 52b are brought into contact with the needle-like electrode 50 to be scraped and cleaned. Further, even if the pressing force of the cleaning members 52a and 52b against the needle electrode 50 during cleaning is increased, the protective layer is not peeled off. Therefore, as the cleaning member for cleaning the surface of the needle-like electrode 50, the same one as the needle-like electrode not formed with the protective layer can be used, as compared with the needle-like electrode covered with a general plating film. Thus, the cleaning effect by the cleaning member can be increased.

  The support member 53 is a member having an inverted L shape that supports the cleaning members 52a and 52b, and arm portions of the cleaning members 52a and 52b having a T shape are attached to the beam-like portions. The two cleaning members 52a and 52b are provided so as to have a predetermined interval L2 with respect to the direction of movement relative to the needle electrode 50. The distance L2 is selected so that when one of the cleaning members 52a deforms in contact with the needle electrode 50, the other cleaning member 52b does not hit the deformed cleaning member 52a, and the support member 53 is mounted. It can be adjusted by the thickness of the beam. Since the deformation state varies depending on the material constituting the cleaning members 52a and 52b, it is desirable to determine the distance L2 by testing the deformation state of the material in advance. When the cleaning members 52a and 52b are made of stainless steel having a thickness t = 30 μm, for example, the distance L2 is preferably 2 mm. By providing the interval L2 between the two cleaning members 52a and 52b, while the one cleaning member 52a scrapes the needle-like electrode 50, the other cleaning member 52b does not hinder the deformation of the cleaning member 52a and pushes it in a suitable range. Since the pressure can be maintained, the tip of the needle electrode 50 can be sufficiently cleaned without being deformed and damaged.

  The shield case 55 is made of, for example, stainless steel, and is a container-like member having a rectangular parallelepiped outer shape and having an internal space, and having an opening on one surface facing a photoreceptor drum 11 described later. The shield case 55 extends long in the same direction as the needle-like electrode 50 and has a substantially U-shaped cross section in a direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction. The holding member 51 is attached to the bottom surface 63 of the shield case 55. Further, the end portion of the columnar portion of the support member 53 is slidably inserted into the groove portion 62 formed by the inner surface 61 of the shield case 55 and the holding member 51.

  A through hole 60 is formed in the columnar portion of the support member 53 in parallel with the extending direction of the needle electrode 50, and a moving member 54 is provided through the through hole 60. Since the moving member 54 is fixed to the support member 53 at a portion inserted through the through hole 60, the support member 53 is pulled into the groove 62 by pulling the moving member 54 in the extending direction of the needle electrode 50. The needle electrode 50 can slide in the direction in which the needle electrode 50 extends by being guided by the groove 62. That is, the cleaning members 52 a and 52 b supported by the support member 53 can be abutted against the needle-like electrode 50 and rubbed.

  When the cleaning member 52a, 52b is brought into contact with the needle electrode 50 by the pulling of the moving member 54 for cleaning, the pressing force of the cleaning member 52a, 52b against the needle electrode 50 is adjusted to be 10 gf or more and 30 gf or less. It is preferable to do this. If the pressing force is less than 10 gf, there is a possibility that contaminants such as toner and paper powder adhering to the needle electrode 50 may not be sufficiently removed. If the pressing force exceeds 30 gf, the tip of the protrusion 58 of the needle electrode 50 is deformed and damaged. There is a fear.

  The pressing force of the cleaning members 52a and 52b against the needle electrode 50 can be adjusted as follows, for example. With the weight suspended from one end of the moving member 54, the magnitude of the force applied to the cleaning member 52a or 52b is measured. The measurement is performed, for example, by connecting a spring balance to the cleaning member 52a or 52b. Then, by selecting a weight with which the force applied to the cleaning member 52a or 52b is 10 to 30 gf and cleaning the needle electrode 50, the weight selected in advance is suspended from the end of the moving member 54. It can be cleaned with a predetermined pressing force. Further, an electric motor whose rotational torque is adjusted may be connected to the end of the moving member 54 so that a predetermined pressing force can be applied.

  FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of the image forming apparatus 100 according to the embodiment of the present invention. The image forming apparatus 100 includes the charging device 1 that can maintain the above-described charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor in an appropriate range for a long period of time. Therefore, a high quality image can be recorded over a long period of time. The image forming apparatus 100 is a multifunction device having both a copying function, a printer function, and a facsimile function, and forms a full-color or monochrome image on a recording medium in accordance with transmitted image information. That is, the image forming apparatus 100 has three types of printing modes, ie, a copier mode (copying mode), a printer mode, and a FAX mode. A print mode is selected by a control unit (not shown) in response to reception of a print job from an external device using a recording storage medium or a memory device. The image forming apparatus 100 includes a toner image forming unit 2, a transfer unit 3, a fixing unit 4, a recording medium supply unit 5, and a discharge unit 6. Each member constituting the toner image forming unit 2 and some members included in the intermediate transfer unit 3 are black (b), cyan (c), magenta (m), and yellow (y) included in the color image information. In order to correspond to the image information of each color, four each are provided. Here, each member provided by four according to each color is distinguished by attaching an alphabet representing each color to the end of the reference symbol, and when referring collectively, only the reference symbol is used.

  The toner image forming unit 2 includes a photosensitive drum 11, a charging unit 12, an exposure unit 13, a developing unit 14, and a cleaning unit 15. The charging unit 12, the developing unit 14, and the cleaning unit 15 are arranged in this order around the rotation direction of the photosensitive drum 11. The charging unit 12 is disposed below the developing unit 14 and the cleaning unit 15 in the vertical direction.

  The photosensitive drum 11 is supported by a driving unit (not shown) so as to be rotatable around an axis, and includes a conductive substrate (not shown) and a photosensitive layer formed on the surface of the conductive substrate. The conductive substrate can take various shapes, and examples thereof include a cylindrical shape, a columnar shape, and a thin film sheet shape. Among these, a cylindrical shape is preferable. The conductive substrate is formed of a conductive material. As the conductive material, those commonly used in this field can be used. For example, metals such as aluminum, copper, brass, zinc, nickel, stainless steel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, indium, titanium, gold, platinum, etc. A conductive layer made of one or more of aluminum, aluminum alloy, tin oxide, gold, indium oxide and the like is formed on a film-like substrate such as two or more alloys, synthetic resin film, metal film, paper, etc. And a resin composition containing a conductive film, conductive particles and / or a conductive polymer. In addition, as a film-form base | substrate used for an electroconductive film, a synthetic resin film is preferable and a polyester film is especially preferable. Moreover, as a formation method of the electroconductive layer in an electroconductive film, vapor deposition, application | coating, etc. are preferable.

  The photosensitive layer is formed, for example, by laminating a charge generation layer containing a charge generation material and a charge transport layer containing a charge transport material. In that case, it is preferable to provide an undercoat layer between the conductive substrate and the charge generation layer or the charge transport layer. By providing an undercoat layer, the scratches and irregularities present on the surface of the conductive substrate are coated to smooth the surface of the photosensitive layer, to prevent deterioration of the chargeability of the photosensitive layer during repeated use. Alternatively, an advantage of improving the charging characteristics of the photosensitive layer in a low humidity environment can be obtained. Further, a laminated photoreceptor having a three-layer structure having a high durability and having a photoreceptor surface protective layer as the uppermost layer may be used.

  The charge generation layer is mainly composed of a charge generation material that generates a charge when irradiated with light, and contains a known binder resin, plasticizer, sensitizer and the like as necessary. As the charge generation material, those commonly used in this field can be used. Phthalocyanine pigments such as metal-free phthalocyanine, squalium dye, azulenium dye, thiapyrylium dye, carbazole skeleton, styryl stilbene skeleton, triphenylamine skeleton, dibenzothiophene skeleton, oxadiazole skeleton, fluorenone skeleton, bis stilbene skeleton, distyryl oxa And azo pigments having a diazole skeleton or a distyrylcarbazole skeleton. Among these, metal-free phthalocyanine pigments, oxotitanyl phthalocyanine pigments, bisazo pigments containing a fluorene ring and / or a fluorenone ring, bisazo pigments composed of aromatic amines, trisazo pigments, etc. have high charge generation ability and high sensitivity. Suitable for obtaining a photosensitive layer. One type of charge generating material can be used alone, or two or more types can be used in combination. Although the content of the charge generation material is not particularly limited, it is preferably 5 parts by weight or more and 500 parts by weight or less, more preferably 10 parts by weight or more and 200 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin in the charge generation layer. is there. As the binder resin for the charge generation layer, those commonly used in this field can be used. For example, melamine resin, epoxy resin, silicone resin, polyurethane, acrylic resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, polycarbonate, phenoxy resin , Polyvinyl butyral, polyarylate, polyamide, polyester and the like. Binder resin can be used individually by 1 type, or can use 2 or more types together as needed.

  The charge generation layer generates charge by dissolving or dispersing appropriate amounts of charge generation materials, binder resins and, if necessary, plasticizers and sensitizers in an appropriate organic solvent capable of dissolving or dispersing these components. It can be formed by preparing a layer coating solution, applying this charge generation layer coating solution to the surface of the conductive substrate and drying. The film thickness of the charge generation layer thus obtained is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.05 μm or more and 5 μm or less, more preferably 0.1 μm or more and 2.5 μm or less.

  The charge transport layer laminated on the charge generation layer has a charge transport material having the ability to accept and transport the charge generated from the charge generation material and a binder resin for the charge transport layer as essential components. Contains known antioxidants, plasticizers, sensitizers, lubricants and the like. As the charge transport material, those commonly used in this field can be used, for example, poly-N-vinylcarbazole and derivatives thereof, poly-γ-carbazolylethyl glutamate and derivatives thereof, pyrene-formaldehyde condensation product and derivatives thereof, Polyvinylpyrene, polyvinylphenanthrene, oxazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, 9- (p-diethylaminostyryl) anthracene, 1,1-bis (4-dibenzylaminophenyl) propane, styrylanthracene, styrylpyrazoline, pyrazoline Derivatives, phenylhydrazones, hydrazone derivatives, triphenylamine compounds, tetraphenyldiamine compounds, triphenylmethane compounds, stilbene compounds, 3-methyl-2-benzothiazoline -Donating substances such as azine compounds, fluorenone derivatives, dibenzothiophene derivatives, indenothiophene derivatives, phenanthrenequinone derivatives, indenopyridine derivatives, thioxanthone derivatives, benzo [c] cinnoline derivatives, phenazine oxide derivatives, tetracyano Examples include electron-accepting substances such as ethylene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, promanyl, chloranil, and benzoquinone. The charge transport materials can be used alone or in combination of two or more. Although the content of the charge transport material is not particularly limited, it is preferably 10 parts by weight or more and 300 parts by weight or less, more preferably 30 parts by weight or more and 150 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin in the charge transport material. . As the binder resin for the charge transport layer, those commonly used in this field and capable of uniformly dispersing the charge transport material can be used. For example, polycarbonate, polyarylate, polyvinyl butyral, polyamide, polyester, polyketone, epoxy resin, polyurethane , Polyvinyl ketone, polystyrene, polyacrylamide, phenol resin, phenoxy resin, polysulfone resin, and copolymer resins thereof. Among these, in consideration of film formability, wear resistance of the resulting charge transport layer, electrical characteristics, etc., polycarbonate containing bisphenol Z as a monomer component (hereinafter referred to as “bisphenol Z type polycarbonate”), bisphenol Z type polycarbonate And a mixture of polycarbonate with other polycarbonates are preferred. Binder resin can be used individually by 1 type, or can use 2 or more types together.

  The charge transport layer preferably contains an antioxidant together with the charge transport material and the binder resin for the charge transport layer. As the antioxidant, those commonly used in this field can be used, and examples thereof include vitamin E, hydroquinone, hindered amine, hindered phenol, paraphenylenediamine, arylalkane and derivatives thereof, organic sulfur compounds, and organic phosphorus compounds. It is done. One antioxidant can be used alone, or two or more antioxidants can be used in combination. The content of the antioxidant is not particularly limited, but is 0.01% by weight or more and 10% by weight or less, preferably 0.05% by weight or more and 5% by weight or less of the total amount of components constituting the charge transport layer. The charge transport layer is dissolved or dispersed in a suitable organic solvent that can dissolve or disperse these components in an appropriate amount such as a charge transport material and a binder resin, and if necessary, an antioxidant, a plasticizer, and a sensitizer. The charge transport layer coating liquid is prepared, and the charge transport layer coating liquid is applied to the surface of the charge generation layer and dried. The film thickness of the charge generation layer thus obtained is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10 μm or more and 50 μm or less, more preferably 15 μm or more and 40 μm or less. Note that a photosensitive layer in which a charge generation material and a charge transport material are present can be formed in one layer. In that case, the type, content, binder resin, and other additives of the charge generation material and the charge transport material may be the same as in the case of separately forming the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer.

  In this embodiment, the photosensitive drum formed by forming the organic photosensitive layer using the charge generation material and the charge transport material as described above is used. Instead, an inorganic photosensitive layer using silicon or the like is formed. Can be used.

  The charging unit 12 faces the photosensitive drum 11 and is arranged so as to be separated from the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 along the longitudinal direction of the photosensitive drum 11 with a gap, and the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 has a predetermined polarity and Charge to potential. As the charging unit 12, a charging brush type charger, a charger type charger, a sawtooth type charger, an ion generator, or the like can be used. In the present embodiment, the charging unit 12 is provided so as to be separated from the surface of the photosensitive drum 11, but is not limited thereto. The charging unit 12 is the charging device 1 described above.

  The exposure unit 13 is arranged such that light of each color information emitted from the exposure unit 13 passes between the charging unit 12 and the developing unit 14 and is irradiated on the surface of the photosensitive drum 11. The exposure unit 13 branches the image information into light of each color information of b, c, m, and y in the unit, and the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 charged to a uniform potential by the charging unit 12 is light of each color information. To form an electrostatic latent image on the surface. As the exposure unit 13, for example, a laser scanning unit including a laser irradiation unit and a plurality of reflecting mirrors can be used. In addition, a unit in which an LED (Light Emitting Diode) array, a liquid crystal shutter, and a light source are appropriately combined may be used.

  The developing unit 14 includes a developing tank 20 and a toner hopper 21. The developing tank 20 is disposed so as to face the surface of the photosensitive drum 11, and is a container that supplies toner to the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 and develops it to form a visible toner image. It is a shaped member. The developing tank 20 accommodates toner in its internal space and accommodates a roller member such as a developing roller, a supply roller, and a stirring roller, or a screw member, and rotatably supports the developing tank 20. An opening is formed in a side surface of the developing tank 20 facing the photosensitive drum 11, and a developing roller is rotatably provided at a position facing the photosensitive drum 11 through the opening. The developing roller is a roller-like member that supplies toner to the electrostatic latent image on the surface of the photoconductor 11 at the pressure contact portion or the closest portion with the photoconductor drum 11. When supplying the toner, a potential having a polarity opposite to the charging potential of the toner is applied to the surface of the developing roller as a developing bias voltage (hereinafter simply referred to as “developing bias”). As a result, the toner on the surface of the developing roller is smoothly supplied to the electrostatic latent image. Further, by changing the developing bias value, the amount of toner (toner adhesion amount) supplied to the electrostatic latent image can be controlled. The supply roller is a roller-like member provided so as to be able to rotate and face the developing roller, and supplies toner around the developing roller. The agitation roller is a roller-like member that faces the supply roller and can be driven to rotate, and feeds toner newly supplied from the toner hopper 21 into the developing tank 20 to the periphery of the supply roller. The toner hopper 21 is provided so that a toner replenishing port (not shown) provided at the lower part in the vertical direction communicates with a toner receiving port (not shown) provided at the upper part in the vertical direction of the developing tank 20. The toner is replenished according to the toner consumption status of 20. Further, the toner hopper 21 may not be used, and the toner may be directly supplied from each color toner cartridge.

  The cleaning unit 15 removes the toner remaining on the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 after transferring the toner image to the recording medium, and cleans the surface of the photosensitive drum 11. For the cleaning unit 15, for example, a plate-like member such as a cleaning blade is used. In the image forming apparatus 100 of the present invention, an organic photosensitive drum is mainly used as the photosensitive drum 11, and the surface of the organic photosensitive drum is mainly composed of a resin component. Surface degradation is likely to proceed due to the chemical action of ozone generated by the discharge. However, the deteriorated surface portion is worn by receiving a rubbing action by the cleaning unit 15 and is gradually but surely removed. Therefore, the problem of surface deterioration due to ozone or the like is practically solved, and the charging potential by the charging operation can be stably maintained over a long period of time. Although the cleaning unit 15 is provided in this embodiment, the present invention is not limited to this, and the cleaning unit 15 may not be provided.

  According to the toner image forming unit 2, the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 that is uniformly charged by the charging unit 12 is irradiated with signal light corresponding to the image information from the exposure unit 13 to form an electrostatic latent image. Toner is supplied from the developing means 14 to form a toner image, and after the toner image is transferred to the intermediate transfer belt 25, the toner remaining on the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 is removed by the cleaning unit 15. This series of toner image forming operations is repeatedly executed.

  The transfer unit 3 is disposed above the photosensitive drum 11, and includes an intermediate transfer belt 25, a driving roller 26, a driven roller 27, an intermediate transfer roller 28 (b, c, m, y), and a transfer belt cleaning unit. 29 and the transfer roller 30. The intermediate transfer belt 25 is an endless belt-like member that is stretched by a driving roller 26 and a driven roller 27 to form a loop-shaped movement path, and is driven to rotate in the direction of an arrow B. When the intermediate transfer belt 25 passes through the photosensitive drum 11 while being in contact with the photosensitive drum 11, an intermediate transfer roller 28 disposed on the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 is opposed to the photosensitive drum 11 via the intermediate transfer belt 25. A transfer bias having a polarity opposite to the charging polarity of the toner is applied, and the toner image formed on the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 is transferred onto the intermediate transfer belt 25. In the case of a full-color image, each color toner image formed on each photoconductor drum 11 is sequentially transferred onto the intermediate transfer belt 25 to form a full-color toner image. The driving roller 26 is provided so as to be rotatable around its axis by driving means (not shown), and the intermediate transfer belt 25 is driven to rotate in the direction of arrow B by the rotational driving. The driven roller 27 is provided so as to be able to be driven and rotated by the rotational drive of the driving roller 26, and applies a certain tension to the intermediate transfer belt 25 so that the intermediate transfer belt 25 does not loosen. The intermediate transfer roller 28 is provided in pressure contact with the photosensitive drum 11 via the intermediate transfer belt 25 and capable of being driven to rotate about its axis by a driving unit (not shown). The intermediate transfer roller 28 is connected to a power source (not shown) for applying a transfer bias as described above, and has a function of transferring the toner image on the surface of the photosensitive drum 11 to the intermediate transfer belt 25. The transfer belt cleaning unit 29 is provided so as to face the driven roller 27 through the intermediate transfer belt 25 and to contact the outer peripheral surface of the intermediate transfer belt 25. Since the toner adhering to the intermediate transfer belt 25 due to contact with the photosensitive drum 11 causes the back surface of the recording medium to be contaminated, the transfer belt cleaning unit 29 removes and collects the toner on the surface of the intermediate transfer belt 25. The transfer roller 30 is provided in pressure contact with the drive roller 26 via the intermediate transfer belt 25, and can be driven to rotate about an axis by a drive unit (not shown). At the pressure contact portion (transfer nip portion) between the transfer roller 30 and the drive roller 26, the toner image carried and conveyed by the intermediate transfer belt 25 is transferred to the recording medium fed from the recording medium supply means 5 described later. Is done. The recording medium carrying the toner image is fed to the fixing unit 4. According to the transfer unit 3, the toner image transferred from the photosensitive drum 11 to the intermediate transfer belt 25 at the pressure contact portion between the photosensitive drum 11 and the intermediate transfer roller 28 rotates the intermediate transfer belt 25 in the arrow B direction. It is conveyed to a transfer nip portion by driving, and transferred to a recording medium there.

  The fixing unit 4 is provided downstream of the transfer unit 3 in the conveyance direction of the recording medium, and includes a fixing roller 31 and a pressure roller 32. The fixing roller 31 is rotatably provided by a driving unit (not shown), and heats and melts the toner constituting the unfixed toner image carried on the recording medium to fix it on the recording medium. A heating unit (not shown) is provided inside the fixing roller 31. The heating unit heats the fixing roller 31 so that the surface of the fixing roller 31 reaches a predetermined temperature (heating temperature). For example, a heater or a halogen lamp can be used as the heating means. The heating means is controlled by fixing condition control means described later. The control of the heating temperature by the fixing condition control means will be described in detail later. A temperature detection sensor is provided near the surface of the fixing roller 31 to detect the surface temperature of the fixing roller 31. The detection result by the temperature detection sensor is written in the storage unit of the control means described later. The pressure roller 32 is provided so as to be in pressure contact with the fixing roller 31 and is supported so as to be driven to rotate by the rotation drive of the pressure roller 32. The pressure roller 32 assists fixing of the toner image on the recording medium by pressing the toner and the recording medium when the toner is melted and fixed on the recording medium by the fixing roller 31. A pressure contact portion between the fixing roller 31 and the pressure roller 32 is a fixing nip portion. According to the fixing unit 4, the recording medium onto which the toner image is transferred by the transfer unit 3 is sandwiched between the fixing roller 31 and the pressure roller 32, and the toner image is recorded under heating when passing through the fixing nip portion. By being pressed against the medium, the toner image is fixed on the recording medium and an image is formed.

  The recording medium supply unit 5 includes an automatic paper feed tray 35, a pickup roller 36, a transport roller 37, a registration roller 38, and a manual paper feed tray 39. The automatic paper feed tray 35 is a container-like member that is provided in the lower part of the image forming apparatus 100 in the vertical direction and stores a recording medium. Recording media include plain paper, color copy paper, overhead projector sheets, postcards, and the like. The pick-up roller 36 takes out the recording medium stored in the automatic paper feed tray 35 one by one and feeds it to the paper transport path S1. The conveyance rollers 37 are a pair of roller members provided so as to be in pressure contact with each other, and convey the recording medium toward the registration rollers 38. The registration rollers 38 are a pair of roller members provided so as to be in pressure contact with each other, and the recording medium fed from the conveyance roller 37 is used to convey the toner image carried on the intermediate transfer belt 25 to the transfer nip portion. Synchronously, it is fed to the transfer nip. The manual paper feed tray 39 is a device for taking a recording medium into the image forming apparatus 100 by a manual operation. The recording medium taken from the manual paper feed tray 39 passes through the paper conveyance path S2 by the conveyance roller 37. Then, it is fed to the registration roller 38. According to the recording medium supply means 5, the toner image carried on the intermediate transfer belt 25 is conveyed to the transfer nip portion of the recording medium supplied one by one from the automatic paper feed tray 35 or the manual paper feed tray 39. In synchronism with this, the sheet is fed to the transfer nip portion.

  The discharge unit 6 includes a conveyance roller 37, a discharge roller 40, and a discharge tray 41. The conveyance roller 37 is provided downstream of the fixing nip portion in the sheet conveyance direction, and conveys the recording medium on which the image is fixed by the fixing unit 4 toward the discharge roller 40. The discharge roller 40 discharges the recording medium on which the image is fixed to a discharge tray 41 provided on the upper surface in the vertical direction of the image forming apparatus 100. The discharge tray 41 stores a recording medium on which an image is fixed.

  The image forming apparatus 100 includes a control unit (not shown). For example, the control unit is provided in an upper part of the internal space of the image forming apparatus 100 and includes a storage unit, a calculation unit, and a control unit. In the storage unit of the control means, various setting values via an operation panel (not shown) arranged on the upper surface of the image forming apparatus 100, detection results from sensors (not shown) arranged at various locations inside the image forming apparatus 100, external devices The image information from is input. In addition, programs for executing various means are written. Examples of the various means include a recording medium determination unit, an adhesion amount control unit, and a fixing condition control unit. As the storage unit, those commonly used in this field can be used, and examples thereof include a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), and a hard disk drive (HDD). As the external device, an electric / electronic device capable of forming or obtaining image information and electrically connected to the image forming apparatus 100 can be used. For example, a computer, a digital camera, a television receiver, a video recorder DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) recorder, HDDVD (High-Definition Digital Versatile Disc), Blu-ray disc recorder, facsimile apparatus, portable terminal apparatus, and the like. The arithmetic unit takes out various data (image formation command, detection result, image information, etc.) written in the storage unit and programs of various means, and performs various determinations. The control unit sends a control signal to the corresponding device according to the determination result of the calculation unit, and performs operation control. The control unit and the calculation unit include a processing circuit realized by a microcomputer, a microprocessor, or the like provided with a central processing unit (CPU). The control means includes a main power supply together with the processing circuit described above, and the power supply supplies power not only to the control means but also to each device in the image forming apparatus 100.

(Example)
Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples.

[Experiment 1: Production and evaluation of grid electrode]
Example 1
A grid electrode base material (size 30 mm × 370 mm × thickness 0.1 mm) made of stainless steel (SUS304) was etched to prepare a porous plate-like grid electrode base material. At this time, the aperture ratio of the through holes of the porous plate-like grid electrode base material was 75%. The etching treatment was performed by spraying a 30 wt% aqueous ferric chloride solution at a liquid temperature of 90 ° C. for 2 hours onto the grid electrode substrate. After the etching treatment, washing with pure water and pure water was performed to prepare a porous plate-like grid electrode base material.

A grid in which a protective layer made of chromium and chromium oxide is formed on the surface of the porous plate-like grid electrode substrate obtained above by performing electroplating by a radiant treatment, and a diffusion layer and a thin skin layer are each 1 μm. Electrode G1 was produced. The radiant treatment is performed by immersing the porous plate-like grid electrode base material in a radiant treatment bath containing chromium and chromium oxide adjusted to 0 ° C. or lower, and a current density of 100 A / dm ² for 3 minutes to 30 minutes. Conducted with electricity. After completion of the radiant treatment, the grid electrode was removed from the radiant treatment bath, washed with water and washed with pure water, and dried.

(Example 2)
On the surface of the porous plate-like grid electrode substrate obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, electrolytic plating was performed by a radiant treatment to form a protective layer having a diffusion layer and a thin skin layer of 1 μm and 0.3 μm, respectively. A grid electrode G2 was produced. The radiant treatment is performed by immersing the porous plate-like grid electrode base material in a radiant treatment bath containing chromium and chromium oxide adjusted to 0 ° C. or lower, and a current density of 100 A / dm ² for 3 minutes to 30 minutes. Conducted with electricity.

(Example 3)
On the surface of the porous plate-like grid electrode substrate obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, electrolytic plating was performed by a radiant treatment to form protective layers having a diffusion layer and a thin skin layer of 1 μm and 0.2 μm, respectively. A grid electrode G3 was produced. The radiant treatment is performed by immersing the porous plate-like grid electrode base material in a radiant treatment bath containing chromium and chromium oxide adjusted to 0 ° C. or lower, and a current density of 100 A / dm ² for 3 minutes to 30 minutes. Conducted with electricity.

Example 4
The surface of the porous plate-like grid electrode substrate obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 was energized for 5 minutes at a current of 50 A by electrolytic plating to form a pretreatment layer made of Ni (nickel) having a thickness of 2 μm. It was. Next, in the same manner as in Example 1, electrolytic plating by a radiant treatment was performed to produce a grid electrode G4 in which a protective layer having a diffusion layer and a thin skin layer each having a thickness of 1 μm was formed on the pretreatment layer.

(Example 5)
On the surface of the grid electrode G4 obtained in Example 4, a post-treatment layer made of Au (gold) having a thickness of 0.03 μm was further formed by electrolytic plating to produce a grid electrode G5.

Example 6
The surface of the porous plate-like grid electrode base material obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 is subjected to electrolytic plating by a radiant treatment, and is made of chromium and chromium oxide containing PTFE fine particles and has a thickness of 2 μm. A grid electrode G6 was formed on which was formed. At this time, the content of PTFE fine particles was 0.5% by volume. The radiant treatment for producing the grid electrode G6 is a chromium PTFE composite plating method in which PTFE fine particles are impregnated and retained in a thin skin layer in which chromium fine particles are deposited and laminated with a chromium aqueous solution. That is, in a treatment bath adjusted to 0 ° C. or less (trade name: Raydent treatment, LSL-4FE, manufactured by Raydent Kogyo Co., Ltd.), a current density of 100 A / dm ² was applied for 3 minutes to 30 minutes, and then PTFE fine particles were thinned. Impregnation was fixed in the layer.

(Example 7)
Etching was performed on a grid electrode base material (size 30 mm × 370 mm × thickness 0.1 mm) made of titanium to prepare a porous plate-like grid electrode base material. Other than that was carried out similarly to Example 1, and electroplating by a radiant process was performed, and the grid electrode G7 in which the protective layer whose diffusion layer and thin skin layer are 1 micrometer each was formed was produced.

(Comparative Example 1)
A grid electrode GR1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the radiant treatment was not performed.

(Comparative Example 2)
A grid electrode GR2 in which a nickel PTFE composite plating layer having a thickness of 3 μm was formed on the surface of a porous plate-like grid electrode base material obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 instead of the protective layer was produced. The nickel PTFE composite plating layer is subjected to electroless plating by immersing the porous plate-like grid electrode base material in a plating solution in which nickel and PTFE fine particles whose liquid temperature is adjusted to 90 ° C. are dispersed. Formed by.

  Using grid electrodes G1 to G7 of Examples 1 to 7 and grid electrodes GR1 and GR2 of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 as grid electrodes of a charging device in a commercially available image forming apparatus (trade name: MX2700, manufactured by Sharp Corporation) The following tests were conducted.

<Discharge test 1>
As a severe test, an aging test was performed under conditions of low humidity (humidity of 10% or less). In this test, the charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor was initially set to −600V. Halftone image evaluation was performed for every 1000 printed sheets, and the degree of white streaking on 10,000 sheets was visually evaluated.

The degree of white stripes was determined according to the following criteria.
◎: No white streaking is good ○: White space below the grid width is not regular, but white streak below the grid width is generated △: White streak equivalent to the grid width is not regular ×: White streaks regularly corresponding to the grid width are generated at long intervals around the photoconductor.

<Discharge test 2>
As a severe test, an aging test was performed under high humidity conditions (humidity of 80% or more). In this test, the charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor was initially set to −600V. Evaluation items in this test are discharge time, potential increase, and presence or absence of nitrogen oxides and rust on the electrode surface. The discharge time indicates the discharge time (ks) to the electrode mounted in the apparatus. In addition, the potential increase is measured by measuring the potential increase value after the discharge time with respect to the initial charging potential, and when the potential increase value is 10 (V) or less, “◯” is given, and the potential increase value is 10 (V). The case where it was large was designated as “x”. The presence or absence of nitrogen oxides and rust on the electrode surface was confirmed by observing the electrode surface after the discharge test with a microscope.

  The evaluation results are shown in Table 1. As apparent from Table 1, in the image forming apparatus provided with the charging device in which the grid electrodes GR1 and GR2 of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are arranged, white streaks are generated under low humidity conditions, and nitrogen oxides and rust are generated from the grid electrode surface. Was detected. On the other hand, in the image forming apparatus including the charging device in which the grid electrodes G1 to G7 of Examples 1 to 7 having the diffusion layer and the thin skin layer on the surface by the radient treatment are provided, the generation of white stripes is suppressed, and the grid is further reduced. Nitrogen oxides and rust components are not detected from the electrode surface. Further, when Example 2 and Example 3 are compared, the potential increase in Example 2 is much smaller. From this, it can be seen that the change in the charging potential and the thickness of the thin skin layer are closely related to each other. By adjusting the thickness of the thin skin layer to 0.3 μm or more, rust generation is suppressed and the change in the charging potential is confirmed. It can be seen that it is possible to suppress this.

  As described above, in a grid electrode having a protective layer composed of a thin skin layer and a diffusion layer, the thin skin layer is formed in close contact with the grid electrode surface via the diffusion layer, so that moisture in the air And ozone can be prevented from entering the interface between the protective layer and the grid electrode base material, and the grid electrode surface can be prevented from being corroded. Therefore, since the charging potential control performance of the grid electrode is maintained for a long period, the charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor can be maintained in an appropriate range for a long period.

[Experiment 2: Preparation and evaluation of needle electrode]
(Example 8)
A metal plate (size 20 mm × 310 mm × thickness 0.1 mm) made of stainless steel (SUS304) was subjected to masking treatment and etching treatment to produce a needle-like electrode substrate having a plurality of sharp protrusions. The etching treatment was performed by spraying a 30 wt% aqueous ferric chloride solution onto a stainless steel metal plate at a liquid temperature of 90 ° C. for 2 hours. After the etching treatment, washing with water and washing with pure were performed to produce a needle electrode substrate.

The surface of the acicular electrode substrate obtained above is subjected to electrolytic plating by a radiant treatment, and the acicular electrode H1 is formed with a protective layer made of chromium and chromium oxide each having a diffusion layer and a thin skin layer of 1 μm. Was made. The radiant treatment is performed by immersing the acicular electrode base material in a radiant treatment bath containing chromium and chromium oxide adjusted to 0 ° C. or less, and energizing at a current density of 100 A / dm ² for 3 minutes to 30 minutes. went. After completion of the radiant treatment, the needle electrode was taken out from the radiant treatment bath, washed with water and washed with pure water, and dried.

Example 9
A needle-shaped electrode in which a protective layer having a diffusion layer and a thin skin layer of 1 μm and 0.3 μm, respectively, is formed on the surface of a needle-shaped electrode substrate obtained in the same manner as in Example 8 by electroplating by a radiant treatment H2 was produced. The radiant treatment is performed by immersing the acicular electrode base material in a radiant treatment bath containing chromium and chromium oxide adjusted to 0 ° C. or less, and energizing at a current density of 100 A / dm ² for 3 minutes to 30 minutes. went.

(Example 10)
A needle-shaped electrode in which a protective layer having a diffusion layer and a thin skin layer of 1 μm and 0.2 μm is formed on the surface of a needle-shaped electrode substrate obtained in the same manner as in Example 8 by electroplating by a radiant treatment. H3 was produced. The radiant treatment is performed by immersing the acicular electrode base material in a radiant treatment bath containing chromium and chromium oxide adjusted to 0 ° C. or less, and energizing at a current density of 100 A / dm ² for 3 minutes to 30 minutes. went.

Example 11
On the surface of the needle electrode substrate obtained in the same manner as in Example 8, a pretreatment layer made of Ni (nickel) having a thickness of 2 μm was formed by electrolytic plating at a current of 50 A for 5 minutes. Next, in the same manner as in Example 8, electrolytic plating by a radiant treatment was performed to produce a needle electrode H4 in which a protective layer having a diffusion layer and a thin skin layer each having a thickness of 1 μm was formed on the pretreatment layer.

(Example 12)
On the surface of the needle-like electrode H4 obtained in Example 11, a post-treatment layer made of Au (gold) having a thickness of 0.03 μm was further formed by electrolytic plating to produce a needle-like electrode H5.

(Example 13)
The surface of the needle electrode substrate obtained in the same manner as in Example 8 is subjected to electrolytic plating by a radiant treatment to form a protective layer made of chromium and chromium oxide containing PTFE fine particles and having a thickness of 2 μm. A needle electrode H6 was prepared. At this time, the PTFE fine particle content of the diffusion layer and the thin skin layer was 0.5% by volume. The radiant treatment for producing the needle-like electrode H6 is a chromium PTFE composite plating method in which PTFE fine particles are impregnated and held in a thin skin layer in which chromium fine particles are deposited and laminated with a chromium aqueous solution. That is, in a treatment bath adjusted to 0 ° C. or less (trade name: Raydent treatment, LSL-4FE, manufactured by Raydent Kogyo Co., Ltd.), a current density of 100 A / dm ² was applied for 3 to 30 minutes, and then PTFE fine particles were thinned. Impregnation was fixed in the layer.

(Example 14)
A metal plate made of titanium (dimensions 20 mm × 310 mm × thickness 0.1 mm) was subjected to masking treatment and etching treatment to produce a needle electrode substrate. Other than that was carried out similarly to Example 8, and the electroplating by the radiant process was performed, and the acicular electrode H7 in which the protective layer whose diffusion layer and thin skin layer are 1 micrometer each was formed was produced.

(Comparative Example 3)
A needle electrode HR1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 8 except that the radiant treatment was not performed.

(Comparative Example 4)
An acicular electrode HR2 was produced in which a nickel PTFE composite plating layer having a thickness of 3 μm was formed on the surface of an acicular electrode substrate obtained in the same manner as in Example 8, instead of the protective layer. The nickel PTFE composite plating layer is formed by immersing the needle-shaped electrode base material in a plating solution in which nickel and PTFE fine particles whose liquid temperature is adjusted to 90 ° C. are dispersed and performing electroless plating treatment. did.

  The needle-like electrodes H1 to H7 of Examples 8 to 14 and the needle-like electrodes HR1 and HR2 of Comparative Examples 3 and 4 are used as the needle-like electrodes of a charging device in a commercially available image forming apparatus (trade name: MX2700, manufactured by Sharp Corporation). The above discharge tests 1 and 2 were performed.

  The evaluation results are shown in Table 2. As apparent from Table 2, in the image forming apparatus provided with the charging device in which the needle electrodes HR1 and HR2 of Comparative Examples 3 and 4 are arranged, white streaks are generated under low humidity conditions, and nitrogen oxides are generated from the surface of the needle electrode. And rust was detected. On the other hand, in the image forming apparatus provided with the charging device in which the needle-like electrodes H1 to H7 of Examples 8 to 14 having the diffusion layer and the thin skin layer on the surface by the ray denting treatment, the generation of white stripes is suppressed, and Nitrogen oxide and rust components are not detected from the surface of the needle electrode. Further, when Example 9 and Example 10 are compared, Example 9 has a much smaller potential increase. From this, it can be seen that the change in the charging potential and the thickness of the thin skin layer are closely related, and the change in the charging potential can be suppressed by adjusting the thickness of the thin skin layer to 0.3 μm or more. It turns out that it is possible.

  As described above, in a needle electrode having a protective layer composed of a thin skin layer and a diffusion layer, the thin skin layer is formed in close contact with the surface of the needle electrode through the diffusion layer. It is possible to prevent the moisture, ozone, and the like from entering the interface between the protective layer and the needle electrode substrate, and to prevent the needle electrode surface from being corroded. Therefore, the applied voltage control performance of the needle electrode is maintained over a long period of time, so that the charged potential on the surface of the photoreceptor can be maintained within an appropriate range over a long period of time.

  In addition, a printing test for 100,000 sheets was performed. In the image forming apparatus in which the needle electrode HR1 of Comparative Example 3 is arranged, when the needle electrode HR1 is not cleaned by the cleaning member, white stripes and black stripes are generated in the halftone image. On the other hand, in the image forming apparatus in which the needle-like electrodes H1 to H7 of Examples 8 to 14 are arranged, the halftone image is a high-quality image that is uniform and has no unevenness.

  Further, in the image forming apparatus in which the needle electrode H7 of Example 13 is arranged, the surface of the needle electrode H7 has a feature that there are few deposits such as dust floating in the air and is cleaned by a cleaning member. In this case, it has also been found that the deposit attached to the surface of the needle electrode H7 is easily removed. This is because PTFE fine particles are contained in the protective layer of the needle electrode H7, so that the adhesion force of the deposit to the surface of the needle electrode H7 is small.

[Experiment 3: Combination of grid electrode and needle electrode]
(Example 15)
Using the grid electrode G1 of Example 1 and the needle electrode H1 of Example 8 as a grid electrode and a discharge electrode of a charging device in a commercially available image forming apparatus (trade name: MX2700, manufactured by Sharp Corporation), the aforementioned discharge Tests 1 and 2 were performed.

(Comparative Example 5)
Using the grid electrode GR2 of Comparative Example 2 and the needle electrode HR2 of Comparative Example 4 as a grid electrode and a discharge electrode of a charging device in a commercially available image forming apparatus (trade name: MX2700, manufactured by Sharp Corporation), the discharge described above Tests 1 and 2 were performed.

  The evaluation results are shown in Table 3. In Example 15 including the charging device in which the diffusion layer and the thin skin layer are formed on both the grid electrode and the needle electrode by performing the radient treatment, the generation of white stripes is suppressed under the low humidity condition, and the high humidity condition Below, nitrogen oxides and rust components are not detected from both electrode surfaces of the grid electrode and the needle electrode.

  As described above, in the acicular electrode and grid electrode having a protective layer composed of a thin skin layer and a diffusion layer, the thin skin layer is formed in close contact with the surface of the acicular electrode and grid electrode through the diffusion layer. Therefore, prevent moisture and ozone in the air from entering the interface between the protective layer and the needle electrode and grid electrode base material, and prevent the needle electrode and grid electrode surface from corroding. Can do. Therefore, the applied voltage control performance of the needle electrode and the charging potential control performance of the grid electrode are maintained over a long period of time, so that the charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor can be maintained within an appropriate range over a long period of time.

1 is a perspective view illustrating a configuration of a charging device 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of an image forming apparatus 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Charging device 2 Toner image forming means 3 Transfer means 4 Fixing means 5 Recording medium supply means 6 Ejecting means 11 Photosensitive drum 12 Charging means 13 Exposure unit 14 Developing means 15 Cleaning unit 50 Needle electrode 56 Grid electrode 100 Image forming apparatus

Claims (10)

A charging device comprising: a discharge electrode for applying a voltage to the surface of the photoconductor to charge the surface; and a grid electrode provided between the discharge electrode and the photoconductor to control the charging potential of the surface of the photoconductor.
On at least one surface of the grid electrode, a protective layer for protecting the surface made of metal chromium and chromium oxide is formed,
The protective layer
A thin skin layer laminated to cover the grid electrode surface;
A charging device comprising: a diffusion layer formed by diffusing and alloying metal particles in a thin skin layer in the vicinity of an interface between the thin skin layer and a grid electrode surface. A charging device comprising: a discharge electrode for applying a voltage to the surface of the photoconductor to charge the surface; and a grid electrode provided between the discharge electrode and the photoconductor to control the charging potential of the surface of the photoconductor.
On at least one surface of the discharge electrode, a protective layer for protecting the surface made of metallic chromium and chromium oxide is formed,
The protective layer
A thin skin layer laminated to cover the surface of the discharge electrode;
A charging device comprising: a diffusion layer formed by diffusing and alloying metal particles in a thin skin layer in the vicinity of an interface between the thin skin layer and a discharge electrode surface. A charging device comprising: a discharge electrode for applying a voltage to the surface of the photoconductor to charge the surface; and a grid electrode provided between the discharge electrode and the photoconductor to control the charging potential of the surface of the photoconductor.
On at least one surface of the discharge electrode and the grid electrode, a protective layer that protects each surface made of metallic chromium and chromium oxide is formed,
The protective layer
A thin skin layer laminated to cover the surfaces of the discharge electrode and the grid electrode;
A charging device comprising: a diffusion layer formed by diffusing and alloying metal particles in a thin skin layer in the vicinity of an interface between the thin skin layer and the surface of a discharge electrode and a grid electrode.   The protective layer is formed by electrolyzing at least one of a grid electrode and a discharge electrode in a bath solution containing chromium and having a bath temperature of 0 degrees or less. The charging device according to any one of the above.   The charging device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein at least one of the grid electrode and the discharge electrode is made of a metal material including stainless steel or titanium.   The charging device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the thin skin layer and the diffusion layer each have a thickness of 0.3 µm to 2 µm.   The charging according to any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising a pretreatment layer made of a conductive material other than chromium formed by plating, between the grid electrode and the discharge electrode and the protective layer. apparatus.   The post-treatment layer made of a conductive material other than chromium formed by plating is formed on the protective layer so as to cover the protective layer. The charging device described.   The charging device according to claim 1, wherein the protective layer includes fluorinated organic fine particles. A photoreceptor on which an electrostatic charge image is formed, a charging device for charging the surface of the photoreceptor, and an electrostatic charge image is formed by irradiating the charged photoreceptor surface with signal light based on image information. Exposure means for developing, developing means for developing an electrostatic image on the surface of the photoreceptor to form a toner image, transfer means for transferring the toner image to a recording material, and fixing means for fixing the toner image transferred to the recording material An image forming apparatus including:
An image forming apparatus, wherein the charging device is the charging device according to claim 1.

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