JP2008283932A - Method for producing ethanol and diesel fuel using tree trunk of oil palm as raw material - Google Patents

Method for producing ethanol and diesel fuel using tree trunk of oil palm as raw material Download PDF

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JP2008283932A
JP2008283932A JP2007133894A JP2007133894A JP2008283932A JP 2008283932 A JP2008283932 A JP 2008283932A JP 2007133894 A JP2007133894 A JP 2007133894A JP 2007133894 A JP2007133894 A JP 2007133894A JP 2008283932 A JP2008283932 A JP 2008283932A
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Hirofumi Osato
洋文 大里
Tsutomu Ishizuka
勉 石塚
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
    • C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
    • C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
    • C12P7/08—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate
    • C12P7/10—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate substrate containing cellulosic material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
    • C12P7/6436—Fatty acid esters
    • C12P7/6445—Glycerides
    • C12P7/6463—Glycerides obtained from glyceride producing microorganisms, e.g. single cell oil
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
    • C12P7/6436—Fatty acid esters
    • C12P7/649—Biodiesel, i.e. fatty acid alkyl esters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel

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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for efficiently producing ethanol and diesel fuel derived from a plant. <P>SOLUTION: This method for producing ethanol is characterized by using an extract (preferably, hot water extract) of the tree trunks of oil palm (preferably, a part situated 5 to 12 m part above ground of adult trees) as a raw material for fermentation. Also, the method for producing the diesel fuel uses the extract of the tree trunks of the oil palm (preferably, a part situated 0 to 5 m part above ground of adult trees). <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

本発明は、植物を原料とするエタノールおよびディーゼル燃料の製造方法に関する。   The present invention relates to a method for producing ethanol and diesel fuel from plants.

近年、世界的な二酸化炭素の排出量の増大が懸念されている状況の下、自動車用燃料などに混入して使用できる、植物資材を原料とするエタノール（バイオエタノール）およびディーゼル燃料（バイオディーゼル）に関する研究開発が盛んに進められている。バイオエタノール中の炭素は、植物が吸収、固定化した二酸化炭素に由来するため、燃焼により再び大気中に放出されても大気中の二酸化炭素量を増加させるものとはみなされない（いわゆる“カーボンニュートラル”の）性質を有することから、石油等の化石燃料に替わる重要な資源と考えられている。   Recently, ethanol (bioethanol) and diesel fuel (biodiesel) made from plant materials that can be mixed and used in automobile fuels under the situation that global carbon dioxide emissions are increasing Research and development is actively promoted. Since carbon in bioethanol is derived from carbon dioxide absorbed and immobilized by plants, it is not considered to increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere even if released again into the atmosphere by combustion (so-called “carbon neutral” It is considered as an important resource to replace fossil fuels such as oil.

バイオエタノールの製造方法としては、植物の搾汁などに含有される糖類（ブドウ糖、ショ糖、澱粉など）を回収し、微生物によるエタノール発酵により、これらの糖類からエタノールを産生するという方法が一般的であり、各種の改良されたバリエーションも提案されている（たとえば特許文献１参照）。このような用途に向けた植物素材としては、ショ糖や澱粉を豊富に含有するサトウキビやトウモロコシが好適なものとして知られており、その他キャッサバ、テンサイ、ジャガイモなども利用されている。   As a method for producing bioethanol, a method of collecting saccharides (glucose, sucrose, starch, etc.) contained in plant juice and producing ethanol from these saccharides by ethanol fermentation using microorganisms is generally used. Various improved variations have also been proposed (see, for example, Patent Document 1). As plant materials for such applications, sugarcane and corn that are rich in sucrose and starch are known to be suitable, and cassava, sugar beet, potato and the like are also used.

また、上述のような容易に資化しうる糖類の他、植物体を構成する主要な多糖類であるセルロースに着目し、セルロース分解酵素（セルラーゼ）を作用させて低分子の糖類にしてから、上記と同様にエタノールを産生するという手法もある。樹木等の木質部分にあるセルロースの場合は、リグニンなどと複合体を形成しているため化学的に安定であり、そのままではセルラーゼが作用しにくい。そのため、たとえば、化学的な処理によりリグニンおよびセルロースを低分子化してからエタノールを生成させる方法（特許文献２等参照）や、リグニン分解酵素を有するキノコを利用することによりリグニンが分解された木質を原料としてセルロースからエタノールを産生する手法（特許文献３等参照）も知られている。しかし、このようにセルロースからエタノールを産生する方法は、ショ糖や澱粉を原料とする方法に比べて、処理速度や経済性などの面で課題があるといわれている。   In addition to saccharides that can be easily assimilated as described above, attention is paid to cellulose, which is a main polysaccharide constituting the plant body, and cellulolytic enzymes (cellulases) are allowed to act to form low-molecular-weight saccharides. There is also a method of producing ethanol in the same way as Cellulose in a woody part such as a tree is chemically stable because it forms a complex with lignin and the like, and cellulase hardly acts as it is. Therefore, for example, a method of producing ethanol after reducing the molecular weight of lignin and cellulose by chemical treatment (see Patent Document 2, etc.), or using a mushroom having a lignin-degrading enzyme to treat wood that has been decomposed by lignin. A method for producing ethanol from cellulose as a raw material (see Patent Document 3 etc.) is also known. However, it is said that the method of producing ethanol from cellulose as described above has problems in terms of processing speed and economy as compared with a method using sucrose or starch as a raw material.

一方、アブラヤシは、果実（果肉および種子）から食用、石けん用、ディーゼル燃料用などの油脂を採取するために、マレーシアなどで大規模に栽培されている植物である。果実の採取量の減少などのため、アブラヤシは植樹後約２５年で伐採されるが、伐採後の多量の樹幹は、放置や燃焼により処分することが一般的であり、一部が合板用などの木材として利用される他、有効活用はこれまでになされていなかった。
特表２００２−５３７８４８号公報 特開２００１−２６２１６２号公報 特開２００６−８１４８３号公報 On the other hand, oil palm is a plant that is cultivated on a large scale in Malaysia and the like for collecting fats and oils for fruits, pulp, and seeds for food, soap, and diesel fuel. Oil palm is harvested approximately 25 years after planting due to a decrease in the amount of fruit collected, etc., but a large amount of trunk after harvesting is generally disposed of by neglecting or burning, some for plywood, etc. In addition to being used as wood, it has never been used effectively.
JP 2002-537848 A JP 2001-262162 A JP 2006-81483 A

本発明は、植物に由来するエタノールおよびディーゼル燃料を効率的に産生する方法を提供することを目的とする。   An object of this invention is to provide the method of producing ethanol and diesel fuel derived from a plant efficiently.

従来、エタノールに容易に変換されうるショ糖や澱粉などを豊富に含有する植物として
、サトウキビやトウモロコシなど圧搾の容易な草本類が注目を集めていた。
しかし、本発明者は、これまで有効な活用方法が見出されていなかったアブラヤシの樹幹に、意外にもバイオエタノールの原料として利用できる糖類（セルロースやヘミセルロース以外の容易に資化しうる種類のもの、たとえばフラクトオリゴ糖）が、工業的な生産性に見合う十分な量で含まれていることを見出し、本発明を完成させるに至った。 Conventionally, herbs that can be easily squeezed, such as sugarcane and corn, have attracted attention as plants rich in sucrose and starch that can be easily converted into ethanol.
However, the present inventor has surprisingly found that sugar (which can be easily assimilated other than cellulose and hemicellulose) can be used as a raw material for bioethanol on an oil palm tree trunk for which no effective utilization method has been found so far. For example, fructooligosaccharides) were found to be contained in a sufficient amount commensurate with industrial productivity, and the present invention was completed.

すなわち、本発明のエタノールの製造方法は、アブラヤシの樹幹（好ましくは成木の地上５〜１２ｍの部分）の抽出物（好ましくは熱水抽出物）を発酵の原料として使用することを特徴とする。   That is, the method for producing ethanol of the present invention is characterized by using an extract (preferably a hot water extract) of an oil palm tree trunk (preferably a portion of 5-12 m above the ground) as a fermentation raw material. .

また、本発明のディーゼル燃料の製造方法は、アブラヤシの樹幹（好ましくは成木の地上０〜５ｍの部分）の抽出物を使用することを特徴とする。   The method for producing diesel fuel of the present invention is characterized by using an extract of an oil palm tree trunk (preferably a portion of 0 to 5 m above the ground of an adult tree).

本発明は、農園で毎年大量に伐採されるアブラヤシの樹幹を使用することにより、経済性、効率性に優れたバイオエタノールおよびバイオディーゼルを産生することを可能とするものである。特に、単位面積あたりのエタノール生産量はトウモロコシやサトウキビに近い値が見込まれ、今後のバイオエタノールの安定的な供給に大きく貢献しうる。あわせて、アブラヤシの焼却処分に伴う煙害も抑制でき、二酸化炭素に関する世界的な問題とともに、地球環境の改善に寄与しうる。   The present invention makes it possible to produce bioethanol and biodiesel excellent in economic efficiency and efficiency by using oil palm trunks that are cut in large quantities every year in a farm. In particular, the amount of ethanol production per unit area is expected to be close to that of corn and sugarcane, and can greatly contribute to the stable supply of bioethanol in the future. At the same time, smoke damage associated with oil palm incineration can be reduced, contributing to the improvement of the global environment as well as global problems related to carbon dioxide.

本発明における「アブラヤシ」は、ヤシ科アブラヤシ属に分類される植物全般をいい、西アフリカを原産とするギニアアブラヤシ（Elaeis guineensis）や、中南米の熱帯域を
原産後するアメリカアブラヤシ（Elaeis oleifera）、あるいはこれらの栽培品種など、
いずれを使用することもできる。 The “oil palm” in the present invention refers to all plants classified into the palm genus oil palm genus, Guinea oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) native to West Africa, American oil palm (Elaeis oleifera) native to the tropical zone of Central and South America, or These cultivars,
Either can be used.

エタノールの原料となる糖類（単糖、オリゴ糖、多糖）は、アブラヤシの主として樹幹に含有されている。特に、アブラヤシの成木（高さがおよそ１０〜１３ｍに達する）の地上５〜１０ｍの部分にかかる糖類は豊富に含有されているため、この部分を対象として抽出することが望ましい。   Sugars (monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides) that are ethanol raw materials are mainly contained in the trunk of oil palm. In particular, since sugar contained in 5-10 m above the ground of an oil palm (having a height of approximately 10-13 m) is abundant, it is desirable to extract this portion.

本発明では、アブラヤシの樹幹に豊富に含有される糖類を抽出して、エタノールの原料として用いる。そのための糖類の抽出方法としては、アブラヤシの樹幹を微細化（裁断、粉砕）した後、熱水その他の水性溶媒により抽出する方法が望ましいが、その他の公知の手法を用いてもよい。   In the present invention, saccharides abundantly contained in the trunk of oil palm are extracted and used as a raw material for ethanol. As a method for extracting the saccharide for that purpose, a method of extracting the palm trunk of oil palm with fine water (cutting, pulverizing) and then extracting with hot water or other aqueous solvent is preferable, but other known methods may be used.

上述のようにしてアブラヤシから抽出物を得た後の、糖類からエタノールを産生する工程は、バイオエタノールに関する公知の各種の方法と同様に行うことができる。一般的には、抽出物を一旦精製した後、含有される多糖・オリゴ糖を酵素処理（アミラーゼなど）により単糖に分解し、さらに酵母等の微生物による発酵工程を経て、エタノールが産生される。グルコースなどの六単糖からエタノールを生成する代謝経路を有する微生物の他、五単糖からエタノールを生成する代謝経路を有する微生物をあわせて利用することも望ましい。各種の糖類から効率的にエタノールを生成するための遺伝子を酵母や大腸菌に導入するなど、遺伝子組み換え技術を応用してもよい。なお、本発明のエタノールの製造方法においては、容易に資化しうる糖類の他、セルロースやヘミセルロースからエタノールを産生するための手法を組み合わせて用いることができる。   The process of producing ethanol from sugars after obtaining an extract from oil palm as described above can be performed in the same manner as various known methods relating to bioethanol. In general, once the extract is purified, the polysaccharides and oligosaccharides contained therein are decomposed into monosaccharides by enzyme treatment (such as amylase), and then ethanol is produced through a fermentation process by microorganisms such as yeast. . In addition to microorganisms having a metabolic pathway for producing ethanol from hexasaccharides such as glucose, it is also desirable to use microorganisms having a metabolic pathway for producing ethanol from pentasaccharides. Genetic recombination techniques may be applied such as introducing a gene for efficiently producing ethanol from various sugars into yeast or E. coli. In addition, in the manufacturing method of ethanol of this invention, the method for producing ethanol from cellulose and hemicellulose other than the saccharide | sugar which can be assimilated easily can be used in combination.

発酵工程の後、常法に従って蒸留や脱水工程を経ることにより、燃料用、工業用などに好適なエタノールを精製することができる。
また、アブラヤシの樹幹の地上０〜５ｍの部分には、前述のような糖類以外に油分も豊富に含まれているため、いわゆるバイオディーゼルの原料として用いることができる。 After the fermentation process, ethanol suitable for fuel, industrial use, etc. can be purified through a distillation or dehydration process according to a conventional method.
Moreover, since the oil component is contained abundantly in addition to the sugars as described above, the portion of the oil palm tree trunk from 0 to 5 m above ground can be used as a raw material for so-called biodiesel.

アブラヤシの樹幹からの油分の抽出方法としては、木材等の植物資材から油分を抽出するために用いられている公知の方法を適用することが可能である。たとえば、樹幹の粉砕物を、減圧、無酸素の条件下で加熱することにより（一例としては、約−０．１ＭＰａ、２００〜２５０℃で２時間加熱）、油分が気化してガス状となって放出され、これを冷却することにより液体として回収することができる。このような抽出工程の後、必要に応じて精製工程を経ることにより、ディーゼル燃料として用いることのできる液体が製造可能である。   As a method for extracting oil from a tree trunk of oil palm, a known method used for extracting oil from plant materials such as wood can be applied. For example, by heating a pulverized trunk of a tree under reduced pressure and oxygen-free conditions (for example, heating at about −0.1 MPa at 200 to 250 ° C. for 2 hours), the oil is vaporized and becomes gaseous. It can be recovered as a liquid by cooling it. After such an extraction step, a liquid that can be used as a diesel fuel can be produced through a purification step as necessary.

Claims (5)

アブラヤシの樹幹の抽出物を発酵の原料として使用することを特徴とするエタノールの製造方法。   A method for producing ethanol, comprising using an extract of an oil palm tree trunk as a raw material for fermentation. 前記アブラヤシの樹幹が、成木の地上５〜１２ｍの部分であることを特徴とする、請求項１に記載のエタノールの製造方法。   The method for producing ethanol according to claim 1, wherein the oil palm tree trunk is a portion of 5-12 m above the ground of an adult tree. 前記抽出物が、熱水による抽出物であることを特徴とする、請求項１または２に記載のエタノールの製造方法。   The method for producing ethanol according to claim 1, wherein the extract is an extract from hot water. アブラヤシの樹幹の抽出物を使用することを特徴とするディーゼル燃料の製造方法。   The manufacturing method of the diesel fuel characterized by using the extract of an oil palm tree trunk. 前記アブラヤシの樹幹が、成木の地上０〜５ｍの部分であることを特徴とする、請求項４に記載のディーゼル燃料の製造方法。   The method for producing diesel fuel according to claim 4, wherein the trunk of the oil palm is a portion of 0 to 5 m above the ground of an adult tree.
JP2007133894A 2007-05-21 2007-05-21 Method for producing ethanol and diesel fuel using tree trunk of oil palm as raw material Pending JP2008283932A (en)

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Cited By (1)

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WO2016056353A1 (en) * 2014-10-10 2016-04-14 株式会社Ｉｈｉ環境エンジニアリング Cellulose-based-biomass squeezing method, and gas fuel preparation method

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010067425A1 (en) * 2008-12-10 2010-06-17 国立大学法人 九州大学 Use of oil palm material as raw material for bioethanol
MY171076A (en) * 2011-09-20 2019-09-24 Univ Putra Malaysia Renewable sugars from oil palm wastes

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2016056353A1 (en) * 2014-10-10 2016-04-14 株式会社Ｉｈｉ環境エンジニアリング Cellulose-based-biomass squeezing method, and gas fuel preparation method
JPWO2016056353A1 (en) * 2014-10-10 2017-08-31 株式会社Ｉｈｉ環境エンジニアリング Cellulose biomass squeezing method and gaseous fuel conversion method
JP2019103498A (en) * 2014-10-10 2019-06-27 株式会社Ihi Methods for squeezing cellulosic biomass and methods of making gas fuel

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