JP2008282051A - Liquid crystal display device and electronic equipment - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a viewing angle control element having a high switching effect between a wide viewing angle and a narrow viewing angle and to provide a liquid crystal display device applicable to various use environments and intended purposes by using the element. <P>SOLUTION: The liquid crystal display device is equipped with a display liquid crystal cell 1 and a viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2 including a pair of substrates 61, 62, a liquid crystal layer 65 comprising hybrid-aligned liquid crystal molecules held between the pair of substrates, and a pair of electrodes 63, 64 for applying an electric field to the liquid crystal layer. The viewing angle of the display liquid crystal cell 1 is controlled by changing an alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer 65 by a voltage applied. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a viewing angle control element, a manufacturing method thereof, a liquid crystal display device, and an electronic device, and more particularly to a viewing angle control element capable of switching between a wide viewing angle and a narrow viewing angle, and a liquid crystal display device including the same.

  Conventionally, liquid crystal display devices have a problem that the viewing angle is narrow, and a wide viewing angle characteristic is required. This is particularly the case for televisions, car navigation systems, digital cameras, and the like that are used for viewing by a large number of people. On the other hand, there is also a request that the user does not want to be looked at by others when viewing the display alone. In that case, narrow viewing angle characteristics are required. For example, those which are used for notebook computers and mobile phones used in public places. In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for switching the viewing angle between wide and narrow depending on how the same device is used, such as watching a TV program on a notebook computer or playing a game on a mobile phone.

  In response to such demands, proposals have been made to provide a liquid crystal element for phase difference control in addition to a liquid crystal element for display, and to change the viewing angle characteristics by controlling the voltage applied to the liquid crystal element for phase difference control. (For example, Patent Document 1 below). Patent Document 1 exemplifies chiral nematic liquid crystal, homogeneous liquid crystal, random alignment nematic liquid crystal, and the like as the liquid crystal mode used in the liquid crystal element for phase difference control.

JP-A-11-174489

  In Patent Document 1, it is stated that the viewing angle can be switched between wide and narrow by using a liquid crystal element for phase difference control, but the effect is not sufficient. For example, FIG. 4 of Patent Document 1 shows an isocontrast curve having a contrast ratio of 10: 1. When the viewing angle is narrowed, the contrast in the wide viewing angle direction surely decreases. However, with such a change, the display is sufficiently visually recognized by the person next to it. This is because, in general, the display can be sufficiently visually recognized even when the contrast ratio is reduced to 2: 1.

  The present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and has a viewing angle control element having a high switching effect between a wide viewing angle and a narrow viewing angle, and a liquid crystal adaptable to various usage environments and uses by using the viewing angle control element. The object is to provide a display device and an electronic device.

  In order to achieve the above object, a viewing angle control element of the present invention is a viewing angle control element that is used adjacent to an arbitrary display device and controls the viewing angle of the display device, and a pair of translucent substrates And a viewing angle control liquid crystal cell having a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the pair of translucent substrates and hybrid-aligning liquid crystal molecules, and an electric field applying means for applying an electric field to the liquid crystal layer, The viewing angle of the display device is controlled by changing the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules according to the voltage applied from the electric field applying means. In the present invention, “hybrid alignment” refers to an alignment state in which the tilt angle of liquid crystal molecules continuously changes from one substrate side interface to the other substrate side interface. At this time, the liquid crystal molecules are generally not twisted, that is, the twist angle is 0 °.

  A technique for performing viewing angle control using a liquid crystal cell is already known as in Patent Document 1 described above. However, the present inventor has a limitation in the viewing angle limiting effect in the above-mentioned Patent Document 1 because the use of chiral nematic liquid crystal, homogeneous liquid crystal, randomly aligned nematic liquid crystal, etc. for the liquid crystal cell for viewing angle control. I thought. That is, this type of liquid crystal only contributes to a reduction in the contrast of the original display. On the other hand, the present inventor reduces the amount of transmitted light rather than lowering the display contrast on the wide viewing angle side when narrowing the viewing angle (viewing angle restriction) by using liquid crystal hybrid-aligned in the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell ( It has been found that a greater viewing angle limiting effect can be obtained by making it darker. The reason why the amount of transmitted light on the wide viewing angle side changes due to the change in the alignment state of the liquid crystal with hybrid alignment will be described in detail in the embodiment of the present invention.

In the viewing angle control element of the present invention, it is desirable that polarizing plates are respectively arranged on the outer surfaces of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cells, and the absorption axes of these polarizing plates are arranged in parallel to each other.
In this specification, the expressions “outer surface” and “inner surface” of a liquid crystal cell or a substrate are used. The “inner surface” is a surface facing the liquid crystal layer side of the main surface of each substrate. "Is the opposite side.
According to this configuration, linearly polarized light is incident on the hybrid alignment liquid crystal layer by the action of the polarizing plate on the light incident side, and this linearly polarized light causes optical rotation in a predetermined direction in the azimuthal direction of the substrate surface. The display becomes dark under parallel Nicols.

Further, it is desirable that the absorption axis of the polarizing plate is arranged in parallel or perpendicular to the slow axis of the liquid crystal molecules viewed from the normal direction of the viewing angle controlling liquid crystal cell.
According to this configuration, since the liquid crystal layer does not exhibit a birefringence effect with respect to light incident from the normal direction of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell, the display characteristics of the display device can be hardly impaired.
However, more preferably, the absorption axis of the polarizing plate should be arranged in parallel with the slow axis of the liquid crystal molecules as viewed from the normal direction of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell.
This is because the viewing angle can be effectively limited in a wider viewing angle range. This will also be described in detail later.

As the material of the liquid crystal layer, either a liquid crystal material having a negative dielectric anisotropy or a positive liquid crystal material may be used, but a liquid crystal material having a negative dielectric anisotropy is preferably used.
This is because when a liquid crystal material having a negative dielectric anisotropy is used, the viewing angle when a selection voltage is applied (voltage on) can be widened so that the display characteristics of the display device are not impaired.

The method for manufacturing a viewing angle control element of the present invention adjusts the degree of the viewing angle limiting effect by adjusting the product Δn · d of the birefringence Δn of the liquid crystal layer and the liquid crystal layer thickness d of the liquid crystal cell for viewing angle control. It is characterized by that.
Since the transmittance characteristic in the polar angle direction of the substrate surface changes by adjusting Δn · d, an optimal value of Δn · d can be selected according to the application.

The liquid crystal display device of the present invention comprises the viewing angle control element of the present invention and a display liquid crystal cell disposed adjacent to the viewing angle control element.
According to this configuration, the viewing angle control element of the present invention is disposed adjacent to the display liquid crystal cell, so that a display with a high switching effect between a wide viewing angle and a narrow viewing angle can be obtained, and the liquid crystal display can be adapted to various usage environments and applications. An apparatus can be realized.

The slow axis of the liquid crystal molecules is preferably arranged so as to coincide with the vertical direction (12: 00-6 o'clock direction) of the display screen of the display liquid crystal cell.
This configuration is particularly preferable because the viewing angle in the left-right direction (3 o'clock to 9 o'clock direction) of the display screen can be effectively switched. This is because it is normal for someone else to look into the display from the left-right direction.

The liquid crystal display device of the present invention includes a first polarizing plate provided on an outer surface of the display liquid crystal cell opposite to the side on which the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell is disposed, and the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell. A second polarizing plate provided on the outer surface opposite to the side on which the display liquid crystal cell is disposed, and a third polarizing plate provided between the display liquid crystal cell and the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell It can be set as the structure provided with.
According to this configuration, the first polarizing plate and the third polarizing plate sandwich the display liquid crystal cell, and these polarizing plates function as a polarizer and an analyzer of the display liquid crystal cell. Further, the second polarizing plate and the third polarizing plate sandwich the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell, and a more effective viewing angle limiting effect is obtained by setting the absorption axis of these polarizing plates to the above relationship. be able to.

Alternatively, the liquid crystal display device of the present invention includes a first polarizing plate provided on an outer surface of the display liquid crystal cell opposite to the side on which the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell is disposed, and the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell. It can be set as the structure provided with the 2nd polarizing plate provided in the outer surface on the opposite side to the side by which the said liquid crystal cell for a display is arrange | positioned.
According to this configuration, the display is brightened by the amount of one polarizing plate less than the above configuration, and the entire apparatus can be thinned. In addition, since there is no polarizing plate between the liquid crystal cell for display and the liquid crystal cell for viewing angle control, the action and effect different from the above configuration can be obtained due to the interaction of the two liquid crystal cells, and the narrower range. The viewing angle can also be limited. This will be described in detail in the following [Third Embodiment] section.

Or the liquid crystal display device of this invention can be set as the structure which has arrange | positioned the backlight provided with the condensing sheet | seat on the opposite side to the side by which the said visual angle control cell of the said 2nd polarizing plate is arrange | positioned.
According to this configuration, a more effective viewing angle limiting effect can be obtained by a synergistic effect with the viewing angle limiting effect of the light collecting sheet.

Alternatively, in the liquid crystal display device of the present invention, the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell is disposed on a side opposite to the viewer side of the display liquid crystal cell, and the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell and the display liquid crystal cell are disposed between the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell and the display liquid crystal cell. It can be set as the structure provided with the scattering plate.
According to this configuration, there is an effect of making it difficult to see the light leakage generated in the viewing angle limiting liquid crystal cell by spraying the spacers and the like.

The viewing angle control element of the present invention is a viewing angle control element that is used adjacent to an arbitrary display device and controls the viewing angle of the display device, and includes a layer formed by hybrid alignment of a liquid crystalline polymer. Can be configured.
According to this configuration, the viewing angle cannot be controlled by the electric field, but the viewing angle can be limited by the same principle as the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell.

In addition, the liquid crystal display device of the present invention may be configured to include the viewing angle control element including a liquid crystal polymer layer and a display liquid crystal cell disposed adjacent to the viewing angle control element.
According to this configuration, by limiting the viewing angle in a specific direction, it is possible to realize a liquid crystal display device in consideration of privacy that is difficult for others to look into.

An electronic apparatus according to the present invention includes the liquid crystal display device according to the present invention.
According to this configuration, it is possible to realize an electronic device that has a liquid crystal display unit with a high viewing angle control effect and can be adapted to various usage environments and applications.

[First Embodiment]
Hereinafter, a first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
The liquid crystal display device of this embodiment is a liquid crystal cell in which a viewing angle control liquid crystal cell is stacked on a display liquid crystal cell, and the viewing angle characteristics of the display liquid crystal cell are limited to a narrow angle range by using the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell. Therefore, it is desirable that the display liquid crystal cell adopts a mode such as VAN (Vertically Aligned Nematic) or IPS (In-Plane Switching), which is a liquid crystal mode originally having a wide viewing angle. Here, the VAN will be described as an example. An example of an active matrix transmissive liquid crystal display device using a thin film diode (hereinafter abbreviated as TFD) as a pixel switching element is given as a display liquid crystal cell. In addition, in each figure, in order to make each layer and each member into a size that can be recognized on the drawing, the scale is varied for each layer and each member.

  FIG. 1 shows an equivalent circuit for a display liquid crystal cell of the liquid crystal display device 100 of the present embodiment. The liquid crystal display device 100 includes a scanning signal driving circuit 110 and a data signal driving circuit 120. The liquid crystal display device 100 is provided with signal lines, that is, a plurality of scanning lines 13 and a plurality of data lines 9 intersecting with the scanning lines 13. The scanning lines 13 are driven by a scanning signal driving circuit 110, and the data lines 9 Are driven by the data signal driving circuit 120. In each pixel region 150, the TFD element 40 and the liquid crystal display element 160 (liquid crystal layer) are connected in series between the scanning line 13 and the data line 9. In FIG. 1, the TFD element 40 is connected to the scanning line 13 side and the liquid crystal display element 160 is connected to the data line 9 side. On the contrary, the TFD element 40 is connected to the data line 9 side and the liquid crystal display element 160 is connected to the data line 9 side. The display element 160 may be provided on the scanning line 13 side.

Next, the planar structure (pixel structure) of the electrodes in the display liquid crystal cell of the liquid crystal display device 100 of the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIG.
As shown in FIG. 2, in the display liquid crystal cell of this embodiment, pixel electrodes 31 connected to the scanning lines 13 via the TFD elements 40 are provided in a matrix, and the pixel electrodes 31 are arranged in a direction perpendicular to the paper surface. The counter electrode 9 is provided in a strip shape (stripe shape) so as to oppose. The counter electrode 9 is the data line described above, and has a stripe shape that intersects the scanning line 13. In the present embodiment, each region where each pixel electrode 31 is formed is one dot region, and each dot region arranged in a matrix is provided with a TFD element 40, which can display each dot region. It has a simple structure. In FIG. 2, each pixel electrode is simply illustrated in a substantially rectangular shape, but actually has an island portion and a connecting portion as will be described later. Here, the TFD element 40 is a switching element that electrically connects the scanning line 13 and the pixel electrode 31, and the TFD element 40 includes a first conductive film mainly composed of Ta and a surface of the first conductive film. And an MIM (Metal-Insulator-Metal) structure including an insulating film mainly composed of Ta ₂ O ₃ and a second conductive film formed on the surface of the insulating film and mainly composed of Cr. Configured. The first conductive film of the TFD element 40 is connected to the scanning line 13 and the second conductive film is connected to the pixel electrode 31.

Next, a pixel configuration of the liquid crystal display device 100 according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a pixel configuration of the display liquid crystal cell, particularly a planar configuration of the pixel electrode 31. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the entire liquid crystal display device including the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell, and is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA ′ of FIG.
As shown in FIG. 2, the liquid crystal display device 100 according to the present embodiment has a dot region including a pixel electrode 31 inside a region surrounded by the data lines 9 and the scanning lines 13. In this dot area, as shown in FIG. 3, one colored layer of different colors among the three primary colors is arranged corresponding to one dot area, and adjacent three dot areas (D1, D2, D2) are arranged. In D3), one pixel including the colored layers 16B (blue), 16G (green), and 16R (red) is formed.

  As shown in FIG. 4, the liquid crystal display device 100 according to the present embodiment has a display liquid crystal cell 1, a viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2, and a backlight 15 stacked in this order as viewed from the upper side (user side). . In FIG. 4, the display liquid crystal cell 1, the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2, and the backlight 15 are illustrated separately from each other.

First, the display liquid crystal cell 1 will be described.
In the display liquid crystal cell 1, the initial alignment state is vertical alignment between the upper substrate (counter substrate) 25 and the lower substrate (element substrate) 10 disposed opposite thereto, and the dielectric anisotropy is negative. A liquid crystal layer 50 made of a liquid crystal material is sandwiched. A chiral agent may be added to the liquid crystal layer 50 in order to improve the transmittance.

  The upper substrate 25 is a color filter having a red colored layer 16R, a green colored layer 16G, and a blue colored layer 16B on the inner surface (the liquid crystal layer side of the substrate body 25A) of a substrate body 25A made of a light-transmitting material such as glass or quartz. 16 is provided. Although not shown in FIG. 4, the periphery of each of the colored layers 16R, 16B, and 16G is surrounded by a black matrix BM made of metal chromium or the like, and the boundaries of the dot regions D1, D2, and D3 are formed by the black matrix BM. (See FIG. 3). On the color filter 16, a counter electrode 9 made of a transparent conductive film such as indium tin oxide (hereinafter abbreviated as ITO) is formed. On the counter electrode 9, an alignment film made of polyimide or the like ( (Not shown) is formed. The alignment film functions as a vertical alignment film that aligns liquid crystal molecules perpendicularly to the film surface, and is not subjected to alignment treatment such as rubbing. In FIG. 4, the counter electrode 9 is formed in a stripe shape extending in the horizontal direction on the paper surface and functions as a common electrode for a plurality of dot regions arranged in the horizontal direction on the paper surface. On the counter electrode 9, a protrusion 43 as an alignment control means described later is formed so as to protrude toward the liquid crystal layer 50. The protrusion 43 is made of resin or the like, and has a conical shape, a truncated cone shape, a polygonal pyramid shape, a polygonal truncated pyramid shape, or a hemispherical shape obtained by adding roundness to these.

  The lower substrate 10 includes a pixel electrode 31 made of a transparent conductive film such as ITO and an alignment film (not shown) made of polyimide or the like on the inner surface of a substrate body 10A made of a translucent material such as quartz or glass. ) And are formed. In FIG. 4, illustration of TFD elements, scanning lines, and the like is omitted. In particular, in the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3, the pixel electrode 31 includes a plurality of island-shaped portions 31 a, 31 b, and 31 c, and the island-shaped portions 31 a, 31 b, and 31 c are connected to each other by a connecting portion 39. The pixel electrode 31 is configured by being electrically connected via the. That is, in the present embodiment, each dot area D1, D2, D3 is divided into a plurality of (three in FIG. 3) sub-dot areas S1, S2, S3 having substantially the same shape. That is, the pixel electrode 31 on the lower substrate 10 side includes a plurality (three in FIG. 3) of island-shaped portions 31a, 31b, and 31c and connecting portions 39 and 39 that electrically connect the adjacent island-shaped portions to each other. The island-shaped portions 31a, 31b, and 31c constitute sub-dot regions S1, S2, and S3, respectively.

  In general, in a color liquid crystal display device, the aspect ratio of one dot area is about 3: 1. Therefore, as in this embodiment, three sub-dot areas S1, S2, and D3 are included in one dot area D1, D2, and D3. When S3 is provided, the shape of one sub-dot region becomes a substantially circular shape or a substantially regular polygon shape. The shape of each of the sub-dot regions S1, S2, S3 (island portions 31a, 31b, 31c) is a substantially regular octagonal shape in FIG. 3, but is not limited thereto, and is, for example, a circular shape or other polygonal shapes. can do. The above-described protrusion 43 on the upper substrate 25 side is disposed at the center of each of the regular octagonal island-shaped portions 31 a, 31 b, and 31 c of the pixel electrode 31. The liquid crystal molecules 50B of the liquid crystal layer 50 are vertically aligned when a non-selection voltage is applied (voltage off), but when the selection voltage is applied (voltage on), the shape effect by the protrusions 43 and the fringe electric field of the island-shaped portion of the pixel electrode 31 Combined with the effect, the liquid crystal molecules 50B are tilted in all 360 ° directions. By performing such orientation control, a wide viewing angle can be achieved. Alternatively, the same orientation control effect can be obtained even if the counter electrode 9 is patterned to provide a polygonal or circular opening instead of the protrusion 43.

Next, the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2 will be described.
In the viewing angle controlling liquid crystal cell 2, a liquid crystal layer 65 made of a liquid crystal material having a negative dielectric anisotropy in which the initial alignment state exhibits a hybrid alignment between the upper substrate 61 and the lower substrate 10 disposed to face the upper substrate 61. Is pinched.
In the upper substrate 61, an upper electrode 63 (electric field applying means) made of a transparent conductive film such as ITO is formed on the inner surface of a substrate body 61A made of a translucent material such as glass. Similarly, on the lower substrate 62 side, a lower electrode 64 (electric field applying means) made of a transparent conductive film such as ITO is formed on the inner surface of a substrate body 62A made of a translucent material such as glass. In the viewing angle controlling liquid crystal cell 2, the upper electrode 63 and the lower electrode 64 are not divided for each dot region, but are formed on the entire surfaces of the substrates 61 and 62 in a solid manner.

  The liquid crystal layer 65 exhibits a substantially horizontal alignment at the upper substrate 61 side interface and a substantially vertical alignment at the lower substrate 62 side interface, and takes a hybrid alignment in which the tilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules continuously changes therebetween. In such an initial alignment state, for example, a polyimide film for horizontal alignment is applied on the upper electrode 63 of the upper substrate 61, baked and rubbed, and a polyimide film for vertical alignment is applied on the lower electrode 64 of the lower substrate 62. Obtained by firing. More preferably, rubbing the polyimide film for vertical alignment in a direction anti-parallel to the rubbing direction of the polyimide for horizontal alignment is preferable in terms of obtaining a stable alignment because the reverse spray domain is less likely to occur. Then, by applying a voltage between the upper electrode 63 and the lower electrode 64, the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer 65 can be tilted substantially parallel to the substrate surface. In contrast to the present embodiment, the upper substrate 61 side interface may be substantially vertical and the lower substrate 62 side interface may be substantially horizontal. As described above, a liquid crystal material having negative dielectric anisotropy is used for the liquid crystal layer 65, and the product Δn · d of the birefringence Δn and the liquid crystal layer thickness d is set to 6.0 μm.

  The first polarizing plate 17 is provided on the outer surface side of the upper substrate 25 of the display liquid crystal cell 1, and the second polarizing plate 66 is provided on the outer surface side of the lower substrate 62 of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2. A third polarizing plate 19 is provided between the lower substrate 10 of the liquid crystal cell 1 and the upper substrate 61 of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2. As shown in FIG. 5, the second polarizing plate 66 and the third polarizing plate 19 are arranged so that the absorption axis directions of the second polarizing plate 66 and the third polarizing plate 19 are parallel to each other. It arrange | positions so that it may correspond (12: 00-6 o'clock direction). Also, the absorption axes of the second polarizing plate 66 and the third polarizing plate 19 are arranged so that the slow axis direction of the liquid crystal layer 65 viewed from the normal direction of the viewing angle controlling liquid crystal cell 2 is parallel. Has been. Since the direction of the slow axis of the liquid crystal layer 65 of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2 coincides with the rubbing direction on the upper substrate 61 side of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2, in other words, the second polarizing plate 66 and the third polarization The rubbing direction of the upper substrate 61 of the liquid crystal cell 2 for viewing angle control and the absorption axis of the plate 19 are set in parallel (referred to as the rubbing direction of the upper substrate of the second liquid crystal cell in FIG. 5). Therefore, the rubbing direction of the upper substrate 61 is a vertical direction of the screen as shown in FIG. 5 and is a direction from 12:00 to 6 o'clock, or a direction from 6 o'clock to 12 o'clock. The absorption axis of the first polarizing plate 17 is orthogonal to the absorption axes of the second polarizing plate 66 and the third polarizing plate 19, and the display liquid crystal cell has a normally black configuration. Further, a backlight 15 serving as a light source for transmissive display is provided outside the second polarizing plate 66 on the outer surface side of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2.

  The liquid crystal layer 65 of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2 has a liquid crystal layer of at least 25 μm in order to obtain Δn · d = 6.0 μm because the upper limit of Δn of general liquid crystal is about 0.25. A thickness d is required. The spacer for maintaining the liquid crystal layer thickness of 25 μm is required to have a diameter of about 25 μm even if it is a cylindrical shape as well as a spherical one, and they can be recognized as bright spots with the naked eye. It is a size. In order to make such bright spots difficult to see, between the lower substrate 10 of the display liquid crystal cell 1 and the third polarizing plate 19 or between the upper substrate 61 of the viewing angle controlling liquid crystal cell 2 and the third polarizing plate 19. A scattering plate may be further provided therebetween. The scattering plate desirably has a larger forward scattering than the back scattering. For example, a plate in which transparent beads are kneaded in an adhesive is suitable.

In the liquid crystal display device having the above-described configuration, the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2 having the liquid crystal layer 65 exhibiting the hybrid orientation is provided, so that the viewing angle inherent to the display liquid crystal cell 1 when the non-selection voltage is applied (voltage off). Narrowing and a viewing angle limiting effect can be exhibited.
The operation will be described below.
For example, in the optical axis arrangement shown in FIG. 5, when the liquid crystal layer 65 of hybrid orientation is viewed from the normal direction of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2, it is as shown in FIG. 6A, and the slow axis of the liquid crystal molecules 50a. The direction appears to overlap in a straight line from the top to the bottom of the liquid crystal layer 65. On the other hand, when the liquid crystal layer 65 of hybrid alignment is viewed obliquely from the right side with respect to the normal direction, it is as shown in FIG. 6B, and the slow axis direction of the liquid crystal molecules 50a to 50d is the liquid crystal. From the liquid crystal molecules 50a above the layer 65 to the liquid crystal molecules 50d below, it appears to be twisted from the vertical direction to the horizontal direction. This means that the liquid crystal layer 65 is apparently twisted by 90 ° for light incident obliquely from the right or left side with respect to the normal direction of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2. That is, optical rotation occurs in obliquely incident light, and after being emitted from the backlight 15, the linearly polarized light transmitted through the second polarizing plate 66 is rotated and absorbed by the absorption axis of the third polarizing plate 19. The Therefore, under parallel Nicols, the display becomes dark when viewed from an angle as in the normally black TN mode, but when viewed from the front, no optical rotation occurs, so the display brightness of the display liquid crystal cell 1 is high. Is maintained.

On the other hand, when a selection voltage is applied (voltage on), the hybrid alignment state is lost, and the liquid crystal layer 65 uses a liquid crystal material having a negative dielectric anisotropy, so that all liquid crystal molecules are tilted almost horizontally with respect to the substrate surface. In this case, optical rotation does not occur not only for light in the normal direction of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2 but also for light incident obliquely from the right or left side. Therefore, the display brightness of the display liquid crystal cell 1 is maintained over almost the entire viewing angle range.
As described above, in the liquid crystal display device of the present embodiment, since the method of reducing the brightness is adopted instead of reducing the contrast in the wide viewing angle direction as in the conventional technique, a more effective viewing angle limiting effect is adopted. Can be obtained.

FIGS. 7 and 8 show the results of measuring the viewing angle characteristics using only the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell, the second polarizing plate, and the third polarizing plate in the present embodiment. FIG. 7 shows an equitransmittance curve when the voltage is off, and FIG. 8 shows an equitransmittance curve when the voltage is on (applied voltage: ± 10 V, frequency: 100 Hz rectangular wave AC voltage applied). Polar angle (°) with respect to the line direction. However, since this is only the viewing angle characteristic of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell, the viewing angle characteristic of the entire liquid crystal display device is multiplied by the viewing angle characteristic of the display liquid crystal cell.
When the voltage is turned on, as shown in FIG. 8, the transmittance is 48 to 50% in all viewing angle regions, that is, one of all linearly polarized light is transmitted, so that the wide viewing angle characteristic of the display liquid crystal cell is maintained as it is. Become. On the other hand, when the voltage is turned off, as shown in FIG. 7, a region with low transmittance is formed, and in particular, a region with transmittance of 0 to 10% in the left-right direction (3 o'clock to 9 o'clock direction) greatly extends to the center of the figure. The peeping from the left and right direction can be effectively prevented.

  FIG. 9 is a graph showing the transmittance in the left-right direction (3 o'clock to 9 o'clock direction) in FIGS. In FIG. 9, the horizontal axis represents the polar angle (°), and the vertical axis represents the transmittance (%). In FIGS. 7 and 8, the product Δn · d of the birefringence Δn and the liquid crystal layer thickness d is fixed to 6.0 μm, but here, Δn · d is 1.5 μm (solid line), 3.0 μm. (Broken line) and 4.5 μm (one-dot chain line). When Δn · d is 6.0 μm (two-dot chain line), the transmittance is reduced to 10% of the transmittance in the normal direction of the panel (transmittance at 0 ° polar angle) near the polar angle of 40 °. The display is difficult to recognize from a viewing angle direction with a large polar angle. Further, the transmittance characteristic also changes with the change of Δn · d, and the greater the Δn · d, the larger the viewing angle limiting effect tends to be. Therefore, when designing the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell, the degree of the viewing angle limiting effect can be appropriately adjusted by selecting an optimal value of Δn · d according to the application.

[Second Embodiment]
Hereinafter, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
The basic configuration of the liquid crystal display device of the present embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment, and only the optical axis relationship of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell is different from that of the first embodiment. Therefore, only that part will be described below, and a common description will be omitted.

  In the first embodiment, as shown in FIG. 5, the absorption axis directions of the second polarizing plate 66 and the third polarizing plate 19 are parallel in the vertical direction (12 o'clock-6 o'clock direction) of the screen. Further, the liquid crystal layer 65 of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2 is arranged so that the slow axis directions thereof are parallel to each other. In contrast, in the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 10, the absorption axis directions of the second polarizing plate 66 and the third polarizing plate 19 are parallel to each other, but the horizontal direction of the screen (3 o'clock). -9 o'clock direction). The direction of the slow axis of the liquid crystal layer 65 of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2, that is, the rubbing direction of the upper substrate 61 of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2 is arranged in the vertical direction of the screen (12 o'clock to 6 o'clock direction). Yes. Therefore, the absorption axis directions of the second polarizing plate 66 and the third polarizing plate 19 are orthogonal to the direction of the slow axis of the liquid crystal layer 65 of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2. That is, in the present embodiment, only the absorption axis directions of the second polarizing plate 66 and the third polarizing plate 19 are rotated by 90 ° from the optical axis arrangement of the first embodiment.

FIG. 11 shows the results of measuring the viewing angle characteristics using only the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell, the second polarizing plate, and the third polarizing plate in the present embodiment. FIG. 11 is a diagram corresponding to FIG. 7 of the first embodiment, and shows an equitransmittance curve when the voltage is off.
As shown in FIG. 11, it can be seen that when the voltage is off, there is a low transmittance region in the left-right direction (3 o'clock to 9 o'clock direction), and this embodiment can effectively prevent peeping from the left-right direction. Therefore, the absorption axes of the second polarizing plate 66 and the third polarizing plate 19 may be arranged parallel to the slow axis of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2 as in the first embodiment. You may arrange | position orthogonally like embodiment. However, it is not preferable that the liquid crystal layer is disposed obliquely because the liquid crystal layer exhibits a birefringence effect and the display characteristics of the display liquid crystal cell are impaired.
However, compared with FIG. 7 of the first embodiment, in FIG. 11, the region where the viewing angle can be limited in the oblique direction is narrower. Therefore, in this embodiment, the effect is great for peeping from the side, but the effect is diminished for peeping from an oblique direction, and the application is limited. In that sense, it is preferable to adopt the optical axis arrangement of the first embodiment.

[Third Embodiment]
Hereinafter, a third embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
The liquid crystal display device of the present embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment in the configuration of the liquid crystal cell for display and the liquid crystal cell for viewing angle control, and only the configuration of the polarizing plate is different from that of the first embodiment. . FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the liquid crystal display device according to the present embodiment. In FIG. 12, the same reference numerals are given to the same constituent elements as those in FIG.

  In the liquid crystal display device of the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 12, a first polarizing plate 17 is provided on the outer surface side of the upper substrate 25 of the display liquid crystal cell 1, and the lower substrate of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2. A second polarizing plate 66 is provided on the outer surface side of 62. In the first embodiment, the third polarizing plate 19 is provided between the lower substrate 10 of the display liquid crystal cell 1 and the upper substrate 61 of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2. However, in the present embodiment, the third polarizing plate 19 is provided. No. 3 polarizing plate 19 is not provided. Therefore, in this embodiment, the lower substrate of the display liquid crystal cell and the upper substrate of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell can be bonded, or a single substrate can also be used. Then, the liquid crystal display device can be thinned and the number of parts can be reduced.

  In this way, even when the third polarizing plate 19 is not used, the viewing angle controlling liquid crystal cell 2 has a slow axis when viewed from the normal direction. If the absorption axis is arranged orthogonally or in parallel, the display characteristics in the normal direction are not impaired. The viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2 does not affect the viewing angle characteristics because the liquid crystal molecules are optically aligned almost uniaxially when the voltage is on. On the other hand, when the voltage is turned off, the actions and effects different from those of the first embodiment appear due to the interaction between the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2 and the display liquid crystal cell 1. That is, in the present embodiment, since the light is not analyzed by the third polarizing plate 19, the viewing angle range darkened in the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell 2 in the first embodiment, for example, the polar angle in the horizontal direction in FIG. The positive / negative reversal of the display occurs around 40 °.

  In the liquid crystal display device of the present embodiment, the viewing angle can be limited by the above operation. Even in reverse display, it is sufficient to make it difficult to see the display, but in some cases, it may be possible to recognize an inverted display. In consideration thereof, for example, a region where half-way inversion occurs (region near the boundary where display is reversed) such as a polar angle of about 20 ° in the left-right direction has a lower contrast and is difficult to visually recognize. In this case, as can be seen from FIG. 9, in this embodiment, the viewing angle can be limited to a narrower range with a smaller Δn · d than in the first embodiment. Further, in the case of the present embodiment, the display is brightened by the amount of one polarizing plate, and there is an effect that the apparatus can be thinned and the number of parts can be reduced.

Now, it has been stated that a greater viewing angle limiting effect can be obtained by lowering (darkening) the amount of transmitted light than by lowering the contrast. In the liquid crystal display device of the present embodiment, the effect of reducing the contrast is greater than that of reducing the amount of transmitted light. Therefore, in order to obtain a larger viewing angle limiting effect, it is preferable to combine with a backlight provided with a condensing sheet. As the condensing sheet, for example, a prism sheet called BEF available from Sumitomo 3M Co. can be used. This is a sheet in which micro prisms having apex angles of 90 degrees are arranged, and has an effect of condensing diffused light in one direction.
FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an angular distribution of luminance when one BEF is arranged on a backlight that emits diffused light. If BEF is used, the light emitted in the large polar angle direction can be bent in the small polar angle direction, so that the front luminance can be increased. Furthermore, a more effective viewing angle limiting effect can be obtained by a synergistic effect with the viewing angle limiting effect of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell.
Of course, such a condensing sheet can also be applied to the liquid crystal display devices of the first and second embodiments, and in that case, a more reliable viewing angle limiting effect can be obtained.

[Fourth Embodiment]
Hereinafter, a fourth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
The liquid crystal display device of the present embodiment is the same as the first embodiment in the configuration of the liquid crystal cell for display, but uses a liquid crystal polymer sheet for viewing angle control instead of the liquid crystal cell for viewing angle control. This is different from the first embodiment. FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the liquid crystal display device according to the present embodiment. In FIG. 14, the same reference numerals are given to the same components as those in FIG.

  In the liquid crystal display device according to the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 14, adjacent to the display liquid crystal cell 1, a hybrid-aligned liquid crystalline polymer layer 75, its supporting substrate 71, and a third polarizing plate 66 are used. The viewing angle control liquid crystalline polymer sheet 3 is provided. For example, as disclosed in JP-A-10-186356, this liquid crystalline polymer layer is prepared by diluting a positive or negative uniaxial liquid crystalline polymer in a suitable solvent on a plastic substrate subjected to rubbing treatment. It can be obtained by a method of applying, heating and cooling.

  If comprised in this way, a viewing angle direction can be restrict | limited by the same principle as 1st Embodiment. Of course, the viewing angle cannot be controlled by an electric field. However, since the viewing angle can be limited by using a plurality of thin sheets, the viewing angle can be limited. If the polymer liquid crystal sheet is arranged on the front surface of the liquid crystal cell for display, the user can select wide / narrow viewing angle by sticking or peeling as required.

[Electronics]
Next, specific examples of the electronic apparatus including the liquid crystal display device according to the above embodiment of the present invention will be described.
FIG. 15 is a perspective view showing an example of a mobile phone. In FIG. 15, reference numeral 1000 denotes a mobile phone body, and reference numeral 1001 denotes a display unit using the liquid crystal display device. When the liquid crystal display device of the above embodiment is used for the display unit of such an electronic device such as a cellular phone, the liquid crystal display unit has a high switching effect between a wide viewing angle and a narrow viewing angle, and has various usage environments and applications. Can be realized. Other electronic devices include electronic books, personal computers, digital still cameras, LCD TVs, viewfinder type or monitor direct-view type video tape recorders, car navigation devices, pagers, electronic notebooks, calculators, word processors, workstations, videophones, It can be suitably used for a POS terminal, a device equipped with a touch panel, and the like.

  The technical scope of the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment, and various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention. For example, in the above embodiment, a liquid crystal material having a negative dielectric anisotropy is used for the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell, because this widens the viewing angle when the voltage is on and does not impair the viewing angle characteristics of the display liquid crystal cell. there were. On the other hand, a liquid crystal material having positive dielectric anisotropy can also be used for the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell. In this case, the viewing angle characteristics of the liquid crystal cell for display may be slightly impaired. For example, a viewing angle compensation film such as a C plate may be used in combination.

  In the above embodiment, the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell is disposed on the back side (backlight side) of the display liquid crystal cell as viewed from the user side, but is disposed on the front side (user side) of the display liquid crystal cell. You may do it. In that case, a sense of depth occurs in the display, but the same viewing angle limiting effect can be obtained. In the above embodiment, a transmissive liquid crystal display device is used for the display liquid crystal cell. However, a reflective liquid crystal display device or a transflective liquid crystal display device can also be used. In particular, these liquid crystal display devices often incorporate a reflector in the display liquid crystal cell to prevent parallax, and therefore the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell may be disposed on the front side (user side) of the display liquid crystal cell. desirable. In addition, the viewing angle control element of the present invention can be used in combination with not only a liquid crystal display device but also a CRT (Brown Tube), EL (Electroluminescence) display, PDP (Plasma Display Panel) or the like.

1 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a liquid crystal display device according to a first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a plan view showing the structure of a dot region of the liquid crystal display device. FIG. 3 is a plan view showing one pixel of the liquid crystal display device. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A ′ of FIG. 3. It is a figure which shows the relationship between each polarizing plate and a rubbing direction in a liquid crystal display device. It is a figure for demonstrating the principle of the viewing angle control of this invention. It is a figure which shows the viewing angle characteristic at the time of the voltage OFF of a liquid crystal display device equally. It is a figure which shows the viewing angle characteristic at the time of the voltage ON of a liquid crystal display device equally. It is a figure which shows the transmittance | permeability of the left-right (3 o'clock-9 o'clock) direction of a liquid crystal display device. It is a figure which shows the relationship between each polarizing plate and the rubbing direction in the liquid crystal display device of the 2nd Embodiment of this invention. It is a figure which shows the viewing angle characteristic at the time of the voltage OFF of a liquid crystal display device equally. It is sectional drawing of the liquid crystal display device of the 3rd Embodiment of this invention. It is a figure which shows the characteristic of the condensing sheet | seat used in the 3rd Embodiment of this invention. It is sectional drawing of the liquid crystal display device of the 4th Embodiment of this invention. It is a perspective view which shows an example of the electronic device of this invention.

Explanation of symbols

  DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Display liquid crystal cell, 2 ... Viewing angle control liquid crystal cell, 17 ... 1st polarizing plate, 19 ... 3rd polarizing plate, 61 ... Upper substrate, 62 ... Lower substrate, 63 ... Upper electrode (electric field application means) 64, lower electrode (electric field applying means), 65, liquid crystal layer, 65B, liquid crystal molecules, 66, second polarizing plate.

Claims (15)

A viewing angle control element that is used adjacent to an arbitrary display device and controls the viewing angle of the display device,
Viewing angle control comprising a pair of translucent substrates, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the pair of translucent substrates and having liquid crystal molecules hybrid-aligned, and an electric field applying means for applying an electric field to the liquid crystal layer With a liquid crystal cell for
A viewing angle control element that controls a viewing angle of the display device by changing an alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules by an applied voltage from the electric field applying means.   The viewing angle control element according to claim 1, wherein polarizing plates are respectively disposed on outer surfaces of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cells, and absorption axes of the polarizing plates are disposed in parallel to each other.   3. The viewing angle control element according to claim 2, wherein an absorption axis of the polarizing plate is arranged in parallel or orthogonal to a slow axis of the liquid crystal molecule viewed from a normal direction of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell. .   4. The viewing angle control element according to claim 3, wherein an absorption axis of the polarizing plate is arranged in parallel with a slow axis of the liquid crystal molecules viewed from a normal direction of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell.   The viewing angle control element according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the liquid crystal layer is made of a liquid crystal material having a negative dielectric anisotropy. A method of manufacturing a viewing angle control element according to any one of claims 1 to 5,
A method of manufacturing a viewing angle control element, wherein the degree of the viewing angle limiting effect is adjusted by adjusting the product Δn · d of the birefringence Δn of the liquid crystal layer and the liquid crystal layer thickness d of the liquid crystal cell for viewing angle control. .   6. A liquid crystal display device comprising: the viewing angle control element according to claim 1; and a display liquid crystal cell disposed adjacent to the viewing angle control element.   8. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 7, wherein a slow axis of the liquid crystal molecules is arranged so as to coincide with a vertical direction of a display screen of the display liquid crystal cell.   A first polarizing plate provided on an outer surface of the display liquid crystal cell opposite to a side on which the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell is disposed; and a side of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell on which the display liquid crystal cell is disposed. And a third polarizing plate provided between the liquid crystal cell for display and the liquid crystal cell for viewing angle control. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 7 or 8.   A first polarizing plate provided on an outer surface of the display liquid crystal cell opposite to a side on which the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell is disposed; and a side of the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell on which the display liquid crystal cell is disposed. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 7, further comprising a second polarizing plate provided on an outer surface opposite to the first polarizing plate.   11. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 9, wherein a backlight having a condensing sheet is disposed on a side opposite to the side on which the viewing angle control cell is disposed of the second polarizing plate.   The viewing angle control liquid crystal cell is disposed on the side opposite to the viewer side of the display liquid crystal cell, and a scattering plate is provided between the viewing angle control liquid crystal cell and the display liquid crystal cell. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 9. A viewing angle control element that is used adjacent to an arbitrary display device and controls the viewing angle of the display device,
A viewing angle control element comprising a layer formed by hybrid alignment of a liquid crystalline polymer.   14. A liquid crystal display device comprising: the viewing angle control element according to claim 13; and a display liquid crystal cell disposed adjacent to the viewing angle control element.   An electronic apparatus comprising the liquid crystal display device according to claim 7.

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