JP2008009927A - Mobile robot - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reduce erroneous reports of obstacle detection, and to obtain high judgement precision even when a traveling road surface is wet in rain in a mobile robot. <P>SOLUTION: This mobile robot is provided with a ranging sensor; an obstacle judgement means; a traveling surface status judgement means; and a control means for changing a traveling speed and the threshold of obstacle detection. When it rains, a data sampling interval to a traveling distance by the ranging sensor is shortened by slowing the speed, and the number of samples is increased to much more finely acquire a distance difference between the traveling road surface and the obstacle. Thus, it is possible to detect an obstacle with a much more correct distance difference without missing it by setting the threshold as a high value, and to evade any erroneous report. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a mobile robot that travels outdoors while detecting an obstacle on a traveling road surface, and more particularly to a technique for ensuring the accuracy of detecting an obstacle even when the traveling road surface is wet.

  2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, a mobile robot that travels while detecting an obstacle on a traveling road surface uses a distance detection sensor to emit laser light for distance measurement in the left-right direction toward the floor (traveling road surface) as disclosed in Patent Document 1. Light was projected and received at predetermined sampling intervals, and obstacles were detected based on the obtained distance data.

  FIG. 11 is a diagram for explaining a state of obstacle detection by a conventional mobile robot R, and shows a side view of the positional relationship among the mobile robot R, laser light L, traveling road surface S, and obstacle H on the right side. The left side shows a plan view of the distance data measured by the distance detection sensor. The distance data on the left is schematically shown in an orthogonal coordinate system viewed from the left and right (X axis direction) and front and rear (Y axis direction) with the distance detection sensor as the center. Further, in order to see the movement history of the mobile robot R, the mobile robot R is shown in a line up and down in order of time t, t + 1, t + 2, t + 3, and t + 4.

  At time t, the laser beam L of the mobile robot R is projected onto the traveling road surface S, and the reflected light from the traveling road surface S is received. For this reason, as shown in the left column, the distance to the place where the laser light L of the traveling road surface S hits is measured.

At time t + 1, the mobile robot R is slightly closer to the obstacle H, and the laser beam L is in a state where it hits a height close to the traveling road surface S of the obstacle H. In this case, as shown in the left column, the measured distance data has a difference between the distance from the reflected light from the traveling road surface S and the distance from the reflected light from the obstacle H.
At t + 2, the mobile robot R is closer to the time point t + 1, and the laser beam L has hit an intermediate height of the obstacle H. In this case, as shown in the left column, the measured distance data has a difference between the distance due to the reflected light from the traveling road surface S and the distance due to the reflected light from the obstacle H greater than the time point t + 1.
At t + 3, the mobile robot R is closer to the time point t + 2 and the laser beam L hits the upper part of the obstacle H. In this case, as shown in the left column, in the measured distance data, the difference between the distance from the reflected light from the traveling road surface S and the distance from the reflected light from the obstacle H becomes larger than the time point t + 2.

At t + 4, the laser beam L of the mobile robot R passes over the obstacle H and is projected onto the traveling road surface S, and the reflected light from the traveling road surface S is received. For this reason, as shown in the left column, the distance to the place where the laser light L of the traveling road surface S hits is measured.
Normally, in order to prevent the mobile robot R from colliding with the obstacle, a stop or avoidance operation is performed when the obstacle H is detected, so that control is performed so as not to move to t + 4. It is described for the purpose.

In the mobile robot R, the obstacle H is detected based on the distance data as shown in the left column of FIG. That is, as is apparent from the figure, the distance data based on the reflected light from the traveling road surface S is measured as substantially equidistant data, and the obstacle H is closer to the distance data than the distance data based on the reflected light from the traveling road surface S. It becomes data. Therefore, in the mobile robot R, if there is a distance difference of a predetermined threshold or more from the distance data by the traveling road surface S, it is detected as an obstacle. Note that the predetermined threshold value is used to determine whether or not the obstacle is an obstacle in consideration of the fact that the distance difference corresponds to the height of the obstacle from the road surface.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1-293410

  However, when it rains and the road surface gets wet, it is difficult to obtain a correct distance value by the laser sensor. In particular, when the laser sensor is installed at a shallow angle with respect to the road surface, depending on the road surface condition, the laser beam is specularly reflected and the distance value cannot be obtained at all, or the waveform of the signal from the received reflected light The error of the distance value may become large because it is difficult to determine the rising position. If the distance value error results in a shorter value (closer distance) than the actual road surface, it may be mistaken for an obstacle. May be judged.

  For example, if the mobile robot travels at a speed of 10 km / h (277.7 cm / s) and the sampling period of the laser sensor is 33 ms, sensor data is obtained every time the mobile robot moves 9.2 cm. Here, when laser light hits the obstacle, if the sensor mounting angle is about 10 degrees, the position where the laser light hits the obstacle is 1.6 cm (= tan10 ° in the height direction of the obstacle as the robot moves) * 9.2) It will be shifted one by one.

Here, when the mobile robot can get over a step of up to 5 cm, it is necessary to detect an object having a height of 5 cm or more as an obstacle that obstructs traveling.
Therefore, in order to find an obstacle 5 cm high, the sensing result must be within the range of 3.4 cm <h ≤ 5 cm, that is, the threshold must be set as 3.4 cm to reliably find a 5 cm object. .

However, as described above, the error increases when the road surface gets wet, and if a value shorter than the actual distance is obtained, an object with a height of 3.4 cm or more is erroneously detected even if the object is low in height. There was a problem that there is a possibility.
Further, when the traveling speed of the mobile robot is fast, the number of distance data samples that can be measured with respect to the traveling distance decreases due to the limit of the sampling period of the laser sensor. That is, if the speed is slow, distance data for five cycles from t to t + 4 can be acquired, but if the speed is increased by about twice, only distance data for three cycles of t, t + 2, and t + 4 can be acquired. Further, when the traveling road surface gets wet, the number of received laser beams decreases, so the number of distance data that can be measured decreases. Therefore, because the traveling speed of the mobile robot is fast and the traveling road surface is wet, the number of distance data samples that can be measured is considerably reduced, resulting in a decrease in obstacle detection accuracy. There was a problem that.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and detects an obstacle by changing a threshold value, which is a criterion for detecting an obstacle, or by reducing a traveling speed in accordance with the state of a traveling road surface (wetting due to rain). The purpose is to improve the determination accuracy by reducing the possibility of false alarms.

The mobile robot according to claim 1 is a mobile robot capable of detecting a wet state of a traveling road surface,
A distance measuring sensor that transmits a detection wave for distance measurement to the road surface at regular intervals and receives a reflected wave to measure a distance to the mobile robot;
Road surface condition determining means for detecting the wet condition of the road surface;
Obstacle determining means for detecting an obstacle present on the road surface having a size exceeding a predetermined threshold based on the distance data measured by the distance measuring sensor;
Comprising control means for controlling the traveling speed of the mobile robot;
The control means limits the travel speed to a predetermined speed suitable for the obstacle determination means when the road surface condition determination means detects a wet state of the road surface.

The mobile robot according to claim 2 is the mobile robot according to claim 1,
When the obstacle determination unit detects the wet state of the road surface by the road surface state determination unit, the predetermined threshold value is set to a value that makes it difficult to detect the obstacle than the threshold value when the wet state of the road surface is not detected. It is characterized by doing.

The mobile robot according to claim 3 is the mobile robot according to claim 1 or 2,
The predetermined threshold value is determined based on a value corresponding to the height of an obstacle from the road surface.

The mobile robot according to claim 4 is the mobile robot according to any one of claims 1 to 3,
The road surface state determination means detects the wet state of the road surface based on distance data out of a predetermined range measured by the distance measuring sensor or impossible to measure.

  According to the mobile robot described in claim 1, in the control of the mobile robot provided with the distance measuring sensor that operates at a constant cycle, when the traveling road surface is wet, the speed of the mobile robot is limited. The apparent sampling interval by the distance measuring sensor with respect to the travel distance of the robot is increased, whereby more obstacle detection data can be acquired, and the distance difference between the travel road surface and the obstacle can be obtained more precisely.

  According to the mobile robot described in claim 2, since the apparent sampling interval by the distance measuring sensor is increased, the obstacle determination threshold can be changed to a stricter value. Necessary detection accuracy can be achieved at the same time while reducing false alarms.

  In the prior art, even when the traveling speed of the mobile robot is relatively fast, the data from non-obstacles (objects of false alarms) does not reach the threshold value and no false alarms occur. Since the data error becomes larger than that during drying, the possibility of false alarms increases if the traveling speed and threshold value of the mobile robot remain the same. In order to avoid false alarms, it is necessary to relatively increase the threshold value. However, if the travel speed is still high, the data acquisition interval for the travel distance is relatively long and the number of samples is small. There is a risk of missing something.

  Therefore, in rainy weather, by reducing the travel speed and shortening the data acquisition interval for the travel distance (increasing the number of samples), the distance difference between the travel road surface and the obstacle can be obtained more precisely. Since the threshold value can be set to a high value, an obstacle can be overlooked and misinformation can be avoided.

1. Overall configuration (Figure 1)
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a monitoring area, which is an environment in which a mobile robot 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention is used, and a perspective view showing an appearance of the mobile robot 1.
The mobile robot 1 is, for example, an autonomous mobile robot used for security purposes, and uses an abnormality determination sensor (not shown), an imaging unit 7, and a laser sensor 2 while traveling around a predetermined route in the monitoring area. It detects abnormalities in the monitoring area.

  In FIG. 1A, the periphery of the building is a moving route that the mobile robot 1 circulates in advance, and a white line tape 3 as a guide means is fixedly provided over the entire length of the moving route. . The monitoring area is a range of a predetermined area including the building and the white line tape 3 set to go around the building.

  In addition, at a predetermined point in the route, an indication marker 4 as a point indication means is fixedly arranged in the vicinity of the white line tape 3. The instruction marker 4 is provided as a white rectangular mark at the boundary of the travel section set on the travel route, and the travel section set on the travel route and the point where the instruction marker 4 is set are indicated to the mobile robot 1. It is an instruction.

  In the middle of the white line tape 3, there are a starting point (starting point) and an ending point (arrival point) in one cycle of the monitoring patrol action by the mobile robot 1, which is a hangar when the robot is not used, and further the mobile robot 1 A robot box having a charging device for charging the battery is arranged.

  Although not shown in FIG. 1, for example, a monitoring center is installed in a security-related department in the building. In this monitoring center, the mobile robot 1 of this example and a control device for operating the system related thereto are arranged, and a staff member is in charge of the operation.

  As shown in FIG. 1 (b), the mobile robot 1 is an obstacle detection means equipped on the front side of the main body while traveling along the white line tape 3 with the left and right wheels 6 as the movement means. The laser sensor 2 scans the monitoring area ahead of the moving direction as shown by the dashed line in the figure. The upper part of the main body is equipped with an imaging unit 7 that can image the entire periphery, and when an abnormality is found by the laser sensor 2 or the like or when necessary, an image of a necessary position in the periphery can be captured. Yes.

  When the mobile robot 1 detects an abnormality in the monitoring area during the monitoring patrol action, the mobile robot 1 sends an abnormal signal together with the captured image to the remote monitoring center. When the monitoring center receives the abnormality signal, the received captured image is displayed to check the abnormality, and the mobile robot 1 is remotely operated to deal with the abnormality.

2. Configuration of mobile robot 1 (FIGS. 1 and 2)
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram showing a specific configuration of the mobile robot 1 of this example.
This mobile robot 1 includes moving means 6 and 8, a guide detection unit 10, a movement control unit 9, a self-position detection unit 13, a distance measuring sensor 16, a storage unit 17, a processing unit 18, an imaging unit 7, a communication unit 20, and these It has the control part 21 which controls each part, and the power supply part 22 which supplies electric power to each part. Each part will be described below.

(1) Moving means The mobile robot 1 has four wheels 6 as shown in FIG. 1B, and two of them, the right front wheel 6 and the left front wheel 6, function as drive wheels. The moving means is composed of two motors 8 for independently driving the right front wheel 6, the left front wheel 6 and the left and right front wheels 6, and the straight traveling speed and the turning traveling speed are controlled by the rotational speed of the left and right front wheels 6, The turning direction is also controlled. The rotational speed of the left and right front wheels 6 is controlled by the movement control unit 9. Instead of controlling the left and right front wheels 6 independently, a method of controlling the turning speed by controlling the steering angle may be used, or a method of independently controlling the left and right crawlers instead of driving the wheels.

(2) Guide Detection Unit The guide detection unit 10 detects the above-described white line tape 3 which is guide means on the moving path.
The guide detection unit 10 includes a white line detection camera 11 and a road surface information extraction unit 12. The white line detection camera 11 is installed on the bottom surface of the mobile robot 1 so that the traveling road surface can be photographed. The road surface information extraction unit 12 detects the white line tape 3 and the pointing marker 4 that should guide the route of the mobile robot 1 from the photographed image of the white line detection camera 11 by processing such as edge extraction and Hough conversion, and sends it to the control unit 21. Output.

  Note that the guide detection unit 10 may be configured by a magnetic sensor, an electromagnetic induction sensor, or the like, and may detect a magnetic guide or an electromagnetic induction guide as guide means installed in the moving path. It is preferable that the guide means and the guide detection unit can be selected depending on the installation environment. Further, each point on the patrol route may be recognized based on position information calculated by dead reckoning or GPS without providing a guide unit or a point instruction unit on the patrol route.

(3) Movement control part The movement control part 9 is a means for controlling the motor 8 which drives the wheel 6 of a moving means. The movement control unit 9 controls the motor 8 so that the mobile robot 1 moves along the white line tape 3 by, for example, well-known PID control according to the detection output of the white line tape 3 by the guide detection unit 10. Further, the movement control unit 9 controls the movement speed based on preset route information according to the detection of the travel section by the position calculation unit 15 of the self-position detection unit 13 described later, and the specific point by the position calculation unit 15 Stops traveling in response to detection of.

(4) Self-position detection unit The self-position detection unit 13 includes a resolver 14 as a rotation amount detection unit installed in each motor 8 of the moving means, and a position calculation unit 15 connected to each resolver 14. . The resolver 14 detects the absolute position of the rotating shaft of the motor 8. The position calculation unit 15 calculates the rotation amount of each of the left and right front wheels 6 from the rotation amount of the rotation shaft of the motor 8 obtained from the output of the resolver 14, and calculates the left and right calculated from the rotation amount and wheel radius of each of the left and right front wheels 6. The travel distance of the mobile robot 1 is calculated from the average travel distance of each front wheel 6.

  In this example, since the traveling route of the mobile robot 1 is fixed, the traveling distance can be set as the self-position. The travel distance may be recorded as the total distance from the start point or as the distance from the position of each indication marker 4. The position calculation unit 15 calculates the change in the posture (orientation) of the mobile robot from the difference in rotation amount between the left and right front wheels and the wheel interval, and calculates the self position by dead reckoning from the travel distance and posture change by the left and right front wheels. May be.

  The self-position calculating unit 13 counts the number of detections of the indication marker 4 according to the detection output of the indication marker 4 by the guide detection unit 10, detects the current travel section based on the route information, and Make corrections.

(5) Ranging sensor The ranging sensor 16 is a means for scanning the front of the mobile robot 1 to detect the state of the traveling road surface, foreign matter on the traveling road surface, and other detection targets.
As shown in FIG. 3, the distance measuring sensor 16 includes a laser sensor 2 installed on the front side of the main body of the mobile robot 1 toward the front lower side in the traveling direction, and the laser light emitted from the laser oscillator is on the optical path. Receives reflected light when reflected by an object in the area. The distance measuring sensor 16 controls the irradiation direction of the laser light emitted from the laser oscillator by means of a scanning mirror and means for rotationally driving the scanning mirror, and makes a predetermined range including the front of the mobile robot 1 a predetermined period (for example, 33 ms).

  3A shows the geometric positional relationship between the laser sensor 2 and the measurement point in the mobile robot 1 of this example, and FIG. 3B shows the scanning angle range Φ of the laser sensor 2. An example of the sensing area (hatched area) indicated by and the number of sensor measurement data in the area is shown. As shown in the figure, in this example, 140 ° in front of the mobile robot 1 is set as a sensing area by the laser sensor 2, and the scanning mirror is rotated by 0.5 ° to scan the sensing area. As a result, data of 281 measurement points are obtained in one cycle of scanning by the laser sensor 2.

  Then, the distance measuring sensor 16 calculates the distance between the distance measuring sensor 16 calculated by the time from the irradiation of the laser light to the detection of the reflected light and the object (measurement point) reflecting the laser light, and the scanning mirror driven to rotate. Based on the angle, the relative position of the object reflecting the laser beam, that is, the measurement point reflecting the laser beam is calculated. The relative position is the position (distance value, angle) of the measurement point with reference to the mobile robot 1. The distance measuring sensor 16 outputs a measurement result every time the laser sensor 2 scans for one period.

  The distance measuring sensor 16 may be composed of a sensor other than the laser sensor. For example, the distance measuring sensor 16 may be constituted by an infrared type sensor or a millimeter wave radar type sensor. In addition to a configuration that scans with a scanning mirror, a plurality of light projecting / receiving units are provided for each predetermined angle around the mobile robot, and by operating each of the light projecting / receiving units at a predetermined cycle, the road surface and obstacles below the surroundings can be obtained. The distance value may be obtained. In this case, the distance measuring sensor 16 collectively outputs the measurement results of the light projecting and receiving units.

(6) Storage Unit The storage unit 17 stores information used for various processes of the mobile robot 1. The information stored in the storage unit 17 includes the following items 1) to 4).
1) Route information showing travel route information
2) Obstacle map
3) Position information of the mobile robot 1 calculated by the position calculation unit
4) Threshold for obstacle judgment

  The route information of 1) corresponds to the number of each section (section from one indication marker 4 to the next indication marker 4) in the traveling route, and the traveling speeds maxH and maxL (maxH> maxL) within the section, The section distance measured, the difference in azimuth between the start point and end point of the section (angle difference), the wheel diameter when traveling in each section, and the operation of the mobile robot 1 on each indication marker 4 are stored. In the route information, the section number is associated with the number of indication markers 4 (number of detections) to be detected by the corresponding section. In the traveling control, the section number and the operation of the mobile robot 1 on the instruction marker 4 are specified from the number of detections of the instruction marker 4, and the wheel diameter in each section is specified from the section number.

  The obstacle map 2) is a map showing a predetermined range around the mobile robot 1 for temporarily storing obstacle information detected by the distance measuring sensor 16 and the processing unit 18. As shown in FIG. 4, a stop area and a deceleration area are set and detected in the map area with the position of the laser sensor 2 installed in the mobile robot 1 as the origin (0, 0). Obstacles and road surface wetness information are registered in the map. Each time the mobile robot 1 travels, coordinate conversion of obstacle data registered on the map is performed in accordance with the movement.

The position information 3) is self-position information of the mobile robot 1 calculated by the position calculation unit 15 of the self-position detection unit 13.
The threshold for obstacle determination in 4) is a threshold that is compared with a value corresponding to the height of the object in order to detect an object having a height that interferes with traveling that the mobile robot 1 cannot get over as an obstacle. It is. As a value set as a threshold, a relatively large value thH (a strict value as a threshold for determining that there is an obstacle) and a relatively low value thL (a loose value as a threshold for determining that there is an obstacle) Two values are stored in advance, and any one of them is set as an obstacle determination threshold value in the control related to obstacle detection described later.

(7) Processing Unit The processing unit 18 includes a road surface state determination unit 23 and an obstacle determination unit 19. The road surface state determination unit 23 determines whether the road surface state is dry or wet based on the output result of the laser sensor 2, and outputs the determination result to the control unit 21. As a result, the control unit 21 outputs a signal to the movement control unit 9 so as to travel at the upper limit speed (maxH or maxL) according to the road surface condition. The obstacle determination unit 19 determines whether there is an abnormality based on the output of the distance measuring sensor 16. The obstacle determination unit 19 compares the distance value included in the data output as the scanning result of one cycle of the distance measuring sensor 16 with a threshold (thH or thL), and has an obstacle having a height higher than a predetermined value. It is determined whether or not exists. As described above, the distance value difference (the distance value difference for each angle of the scanning mirror) included in the data output as a result of the distance measurement sensor 16 scanning the road surface is a value corresponding to the height of the obstacle. Become. By performing threshold processing on a value corresponding to this obstacle height, it is determined whether or not there is an obstacle having a height that interferes with the traveling of the mobile robot 1. When an obstacle having a height that interferes with the traveling of the mobile robot 1 is detected and determined to be abnormal, an abnormal signal is output from the communication unit 20 described later, and the movement control unit 9 stops the mobile robot 1. Or a predetermined process such as deceleration is performed. The obstacle determination unit 19 determines an abnormality using the obstacle map. Specific examples will be described later. In this example, the wetness of the road surface is determined from the output result of the laser sensor 2, but means for determining the wetness of the road surface may be separately provided. In this case, the determination is not limited to the method of determining from the reflected wave of the laser sensor 2, and may be determined by analyzing the difference between the ultrasonic wave, the reflected wave of infrared rays, the image analysis, or the running sound generated from the wheel.

(8) Imaging Unit The imaging unit 7 is a unit that is mounted on the upper surface of the main body of the mobile robot 1 and images the surroundings of the mobile robot 1. In this example, a plurality of cameras are arranged outward in the circumferential direction so as to cover the entire circumference.

(9) Communication unit The communication unit 20 is a wireless communication unit that transmits and receives signals to and from a remote monitoring center. When the mobile robot 1 detects an abnormality in the monitoring area, the communication unit 20 outputs an abnormality signal to the remote monitoring center by radio or the like. The communication unit 20 transmits the image captured by the imaging unit 7 and the position of the mobile robot 1 calculated by the self-position detection unit 13 to the remote monitoring center, and receives a control command signal transmitted from the monitoring center. To the control unit 21 described later.

(10) Control Unit The control unit 21 is a unit that comprehensively controls each component of the mobile robot 1 and is configured by a computer including a CPU and the like.

  In addition, in the configuration of each unit described above, the function that can be realized by computer processing may be realized by the same computer. For example, the road surface information extraction unit 12, the position calculation unit 15, the movement control unit 9, the road surface state determination unit 23, the obstacle determination unit 19, and the like may be realized by the same computer. The storage unit 17 may be realized by a memory of the computer, an external storage device, or the like.

3. Information Processing Procedure and Operation According to this in the Control System of the Mobile Robot The control operation during travel of the mobile robot 1 of this example will be described below. First, the overall obstacle detection during travel of the mobile robot 1 of this example will be described. An explanation will be given of the control procedure (FIG. 5), and the travel control of the mobile robot 1 performed using the information obtained in the procedure of FIG. 5 will be explained (FIG. 6). Next, the wet road surface detection control (FIG. 7) and the obstacle detection control (FIG. 8) in the control procedure at the time of obstacle detection will be described in detail. In the following description using each flowchart, each step of the control procedure is indicated by a serial number starting with S.

(1) Overall control for obstacle detection (Figure 5)
FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing the entire obstacle detection procedure during travel of the mobile robot 1 of this example. In this procedure, when the wet road surface is detected in the wet road surface detection process (S01), the mobile robot is detected. A request for speed setting to lower the upper limit of the traveling speed of 1 is made, a threshold for determining that there is an obstacle is raised, and an obstacle detection process (S07) is performed based on a single scanning result by the laser sensor. Here, when the presence or absence of an obstacle is detected, a request to stop / decelerate the mobile robot 1 is made according to the detection result. In this example, an example of the obstacle detection control is shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and the obstacle detection is based on the difference in distance values obtained by scanning the front road surface with the distance measuring sensor 16. Any process that determines the presence or absence of an object may be used.

S01: In the wet traveling road surface detection process, it is determined whether or not the traveling road surface is wet. Details of this subroutine are shown in FIG.
S02: If the traveling road surface is wet, proceed to S05. If there is no wetting, the process proceeds to S03.

S03: When the traveling road surface is not wet (NO in S02), the controller 21 is instructed to set the upper limit of the traveling speed to maxH. The upper limit maxH of the traveling speed indicates the upper limit of the traveling speed when the traveling road surface is not wet. In addition, wetting is detected because it is not preferable to perform speed control frequently when the puddle is scattered due to the unevenness of the road surface, etc., and the wet road surface judgment processing results change wet and dry at short intervals. After that, the upper limit speed is not changed even if it is determined that the vehicle is dry until it has traveled a predetermined distance, or the position determined to be wet is stored on the obstacle map, and the mobile robot 1 travels to make it move on the map. You may make it restart the determination of a dry road surface after the position determined to be wet from a predetermined area disappears.
S04: As a threshold value (a value corresponding to the obstacle height) for determining that there is an obstacle according to the traveling road surface condition (no wetting), a threshold value thL that is relatively lower than that when the road surface is wet is set. Set. That is, since the error of the distance detected by the laser sensor 2 is relatively smaller on a dry traveling road surface than on a wet road surface, the upper limit of the traveling speed is relatively high (maxH) and it is determined that there is an obstacle. The threshold value at that time is relatively low (thL). The set threshold value thL is stored in the storage unit 17.

S05: When the traveling road surface is wet (YES in S02), the controller 21 is instructed to set the upper limit of the traveling speed to maxL (<maxH). The upper limit maxL of the traveling speed indicates the upper limit of the speed when the traveling road surface is wet. That is, when the traveling road surface is wet, the speed of the mobile robot 1 is decreased as compared with the case where the traveling road surface is not wet.
S06: A relatively high threshold value thH is set as a threshold value (a value corresponding to the obstacle height) for determining that there is an obstacle according to the traveling road surface condition (with wetness) as compared with the case where the road surface is not wet. To do. That is, since the error of the distance detected by the laser sensor 2 is relatively larger on the wet traveling road surface than the case where the distance is dry, the upper limit of the traveling speed is relatively lowered (maxL) and it is determined that there is an obstacle. The threshold value at that time is relatively high (thH). The set threshold value thH is stored in the storage unit 17.

  S07: An obstacle detection process (a distance difference detection method from the traveling road surface) is executed. This subroutine is shown in FIG. 8, and will be described in detail later with reference to FIG.

  S09: It is determined whether or not there is an obstacle in the obstacle detection process of S07. If there is an obstacle, the process proceeds to S10, and if not, the process proceeds to S14.

  S10: If there is an obstacle (YES in S09), it is determined whether this obstacle is in the stop area (see FIG. 4) in the obstacle map (S10). If there is an obstacle (YES in S10), S11. In step S12, the control unit 21 is instructed to stop the mobile robot 1. If not (NO in S10), the process proceeds to S12.

  S12: It is determined whether or not the detected obstacle is in the deceleration area (see FIG. 4) in the obstacle map. If there is (YES in S12), the control unit 21 is instructed to decelerate the mobile robot 1 in S13, and if not (NO in S12), the process proceeds to S14.

  S14: It is determined whether or not an instruction to stop the obstacle detection process is input from the control unit 21, and if not, the process returns to S01 and the above processing procedure is repeated, and if there is an instruction to stop, the process ends.

(2) Overall travel control (Fig. 6)
FIG. 6 shows a flowchart in the case where the travel control of the mobile robot 1 of this example is performed with one travel section between the instruction marker 4 and the instruction marker 4, while traveling on a prescribed travel route according to the initial setting. FIG. 5 shows an information processing procedure performed based on a travel speed setting request, a stop request, a deceleration request, etc., output in the above-described obstacle detection process (FIG. 5).

S51: The control unit 21 acquires the speed designated as maxH as the speed information of the current travel section from the route information stored in the storage unit 17. In the route information, two speeds maxH and maxL are stored as travel speeds for each travel section. The mobile robot 1 normally travels at a speed specified by maxH, and travels with a travel speed of maxL when a wet road surface is detected.
S52: The control unit 21 causes the mobile robot 1 to travel at the travel speed specified as the acquired maxH.

S53: The control unit 21 obtains information on the traveling speed (maxH set speed, maxL set speed, stop request, or deceleration request) output to the control unit 21 in the flow of FIG. 5 described above by the processing unit 18. To do.
S54: The control unit 21 determines whether or not there is a stop request in the information on the traveling speed from the processing unit 18. If there is a stop request (YES in S54), the traveling of the mobile robot 1 is stopped in S55. When the mobile robot 1 stops, the control unit 21 maintains the mobile robot 1 in a stopped state until a command to start traveling is received again.

  S56: If there is no stop request (NO in S54), it is determined whether or not a speed change is necessary based on information on the running speed from the processing unit 18 (hereinafter referred to as “designated speed”). The control unit 21 compares the designated speed with the current running speed, and decelerates to the designated speed if the current running speed is faster than the designated speed, and accelerates to the designated speed if the current running speed is slower than the designated speed. Run.

In other words, when the upper limit of the specified speed is increased or decreased (for example, when the road surface is changed from maxL when the road surface is wet to maxH when the road surface is dry or when it is changed from maxH when the road surface is dry to maxL when the road surface is wet) ) If the current travel speed is the same as the upper limit of the specified speed, the vehicle will continue to travel at the current travel speed. If the current travel speed is slower than the upper limit of the specified speed, the vehicle will accelerate to the upper limit of the specified speed. If it is faster than the upper limit of, it will decelerate to the upper limit of the specified speed. The upper limit of the speed specified as maxH is the value of the traveling speed stored in advance in the route information of the storage unit 17 for each section, for example, 10 km / h, 6 km / h, etc., and specified as maxL The upper limit of the speed to be set is, for example, 3 km / h or less which is less than maxH.
In addition, when a deceleration request is made because the obstacle is in the deceleration area in the obstacle map, the vehicle is decelerated regardless of the travel speed request by maxH or maxL.

  S57: If the control unit 21 determines that the speed change is necessary by the process as described above (YES in S56), the speed is changed to the designated travel speed.

  S58: The control unit 21 determines whether or not the travel section in which the mobile robot 1 is traveling has ended. If not completed, the process returns to S53 and the above procedure is repeated. If the travel section has ended, the process returns to S51 to start travel control in the next travel section. Further, when the end point of the route is reached, the above control is terminated.

(3) Wet road surface detection control (Fig. 7)
FIG. 7 shows a specific flow of wet road surface detection processing by the laser sensor that is made into a subroutine in S01 of FIG.
S71: The road surface state determination unit 23 acquires data (sensor data) of the distance value y to the measurement point that reflects the laser beam by the output signal from the laser sensor 2. The laser sensor irradiates the traveling road surface about 3 m ahead in the range of the central angle close to 180 degrees to obtain reflected light (see FIG. 3).

  S72: The road surface state determination unit 23 selects N pieces of data corresponding to the front in the traveling direction of the mobile robot 1 (for example, 121 pieces of data corresponding to 60 degrees in front) from the sensor data.

S73: The road surface state determination unit 23 counts the number of sensor data in which the value of each sensor data (distance value y) is equal to or less than a predetermined value among the N data corresponding to the front in the traveling direction.
Here, the constant value is a numerical value slightly higher than the distance value obtained when the light is reflected on the road surface, and the obtained value of each sensor data (distance value y) is equal to or less than the constant value is a laser beam. Is reflected on the traveling road surface and returned to the laser sensor 2, which means that the reflected light is obtained from the portion of the traveling road surface where the laser light hits. In other words, the count number here means the number of laser beams reflected from the traveling road surface and returned to the laser sensor 2 out of N pieces of sensor data.
When the traveling road surface is wet, the laser light may be totally reflected on the traveling road surface and may not return to the laser sensor 2. In this case, the sensor data in the laser sensor 2 is evaluated as infinity, and the sensor The data value (distance value y) is determined to be a certain value or more. Alternatively, when the traveling road surface is wet, the laser light irregularly reflected on the traveling road surface may be output as a large distance value that is significantly different from the distance value from the road surface in the laser sensor. Therefore, in this example, the sensor data indicating a significantly large distance value compared to the case where the light is reflected on the road surface is processed by assuming that the sensor data is based on the laser light reflected on the wet road surface.

  S74: The road surface state determination unit 23 determines whether the ratio of the count number to the number N of the sensor data is equal to or greater than a predetermined value (for example, 70%) set in advance.

  S75: When the ratio of the count number to the number N of the sensor data is equal to or greater than the predetermined value (YES in S74), it is determined that the road surface is dry.

  S76: If the ratio of the count to the total number N of sensor data is not equal to or greater than the predetermined value (NO in S74), it is determined that the road surface is wet.

(4) Obstacle detection control (Figs. 8 and 9)
This obstacle detection control is a method for detecting any obstacle present on a flat traveling road surface.

S81: In the sensor data for one cycle, those whose difference in distance value is equal to or less than a predetermined value between adjacent data are grouped and labeled.
FIG. 9 is a plot of sensor data of distance value y indicating each position detected by one cycle of scanning by the laser sensor on the xy coordinate plane as in FIG. And the Y axis indicate distance values from the mobile robot 1. Although it is a continuous straight line in the figure, it is actually a set of measurement points, and the horizontal straight lines on both sides in the figure are data on a flat road surface, and the central convex part is placed on the road surface. This is data indicating the distance to the obstacle, and the continuous part of both indicates data by reflection from the side of the obstacle. Although not shown, the position of the laser sensor is the origin of the XY coordinates and is below in the figure.

  Here, labeling means classifying a plurality of data that are close in the y direction and arranged in the x direction in a permutation of sensor data as one set. In the example of FIG. Two horizontal straight lines and a central convex part are labeled.

  S82: Focusing on one piece of labeled data (labeling data), is there labeling data consisting of K (for example, 10) or more measurement points on both sides in the X direction of the labeling data? Judge whether or not. The value of K is appropriately set in consideration of the total number of sensor data, the size of the obstacle to be detected, and the like.

  S83: If there are K or more data on both sides (YES in S82), it is determined whether or not the labeling data on both sides have substantially the same y coordinate value. Thus, it is determined whether the labeling data on both sides is based on the traveling road surface.

  S84: The difference between the average value of the y coordinate values of the focused labeling data and the average value of the y coordinate values of the labeling data on both sides is calculated. Thereby, a difference in distance value between the target detection object and the detection objects on both sides thereof is obtained. This distance difference corresponds to the height of the target detection object.

  S85: The difference calculated in S84 is greater than or equal to the obstacle determination threshold value (threshold value corresponding to the height of the obstacle: thL or thH) stored in the storage unit 17 in the control related to detection shown in FIG. It is determined whether or not. As shown in FIG. 5, the storage unit 17 stores a relatively high value thH as a value corresponding to the height if the road surface is wet, and the height if the road surface is not wet. Any of relatively low values thL is set as a threshold for obstacle determination as a corresponding value.

  S86: If the difference calculated in S84 is greater than or equal to the obstacle determination threshold (YES in S85), the noted labeling data is recognized as an obstacle and it is determined that there is an obstacle.

  If it is determined that there is an obstacle and if NO in S82, S83, and S85, respectively, it is determined whether or not the above processing has been performed for all labeling data, and if all are processed (YES in S87), this flow When the processing procedure is completed and the above processing is not performed for all the labeling data (NO in S87), the process returns to S82 and the above procedure is repeated focusing on the next labeling data.

4). Effect by this example (FIG. 10)
The effect by this example is explained in full detail with reference to FIG.
In the same figure as FIG. 11 and FIG. 9 described above, sensor data indicating a distance value between a measurement target (obstacle or non-obstacle (false alarm target)) and a mobile robot when the laser sensor 2 scans for one cycle. Is plotted on the xy coordinate plane, and the relationship between the trajectory of the measurement point when the laser sensor 2 scans for one period and the threshold value for obstacle determination is shown. In FIG. 10A, sensor data obtained at each successive time is overlaid and plotted on the xy coordinate plane. In the figure, the X axis represents the angle from the front of the mobile robot 1, and the Y axis represents the distance value from the mobile robot 1.

As described with reference to FIG. 5, when detecting the wetness of the road surface, the mobile robot 1 of the present example lowers the upper limit of the traveling speed to maxL and sets the threshold value for determining that there is an obstacle to a strict value thH.
Further, as described above, since the laser sensor 2 scans the front road surface at a predetermined cycle, the traveling distance from one scanning to the next scanning becomes longer as the traveling speed of the mobile robot 1 increases. That is, when the traveling speed is low, the sampling interval with respect to the traveling distance becomes dense, and when the traveling speed is fast, the sampling interval with respect to the traveling distance becomes sparse.
FIG. 10B shows an example in which a white line is drawn on asphalt which is a road surface, for example. The white line may be measured with a short distance when the road surface is dry, which is a measurement example as shown on the left. When the white line gets wet along with the road surface, the distance is measured as shown in the right figure. That is, according to the measurement example of a non-obstacle (such as a false alarm target) such as a white line shown in FIG. 10B, when the traveling road surface is dry (the left figure in FIG. 10B), the traveling speed of the mobile robot 1 is Even with a relatively fast maxH, the distance difference (value corresponding to the height) from the road surface of the non-obstacle (false alarm target) does not reach the relatively low threshold thL at the speed maxH, and the false alarm is Although it does not occur, the data error becomes larger when the traveling road surface is wet than at the time of drying (the right figure in FIG. 10B). Therefore, the traveling speed of the mobile robot 1 is maxH and the threshold value is relatively high. If it remains at a low thL, data from non-obstacles (targets for false alarms) will fall on this relatively low threshold thL, resulting in false alarms. In order to avoid false alarms, it is necessary to relatively increase the threshold value.

  However, as shown in the left figure of the obstacle measurement example shown in FIG. 10A, if the data acquisition interval with respect to the travel distance is relatively long and the number of samples is small with a relatively high speed maxH, it should be overlooked. In order to avoid this, it is necessary to set the threshold value for obstacle determination to a relatively low value, and as described above, if the threshold value is simply set to be relatively high in order to avoid false alarms, an obstacle to be detected may be missed. .

  Therefore, as shown in the right figure of the obstacle measurement example shown in FIG. 10A, the data acquisition interval with respect to the travel distance is shortened (the number of samples is increased) by setting the speed to a relatively low speed maxL. As a result, the distance difference between the road surface and the obstacle can be obtained more precisely, and the threshold value is set to a relatively high value thH, so that the obstacle is not overlooked and detected with a more precise distance difference. You can also avoid false alarms.

  In this way, by reducing the robot's traveling speed in the rainy weather that is likely to generate false alarms, shortening the sampling interval of data acquisition with respect to the traveling road surface, so that the distance difference between the traveling road surface and the obstacle can be obtained more precisely, As a result, the threshold can be tightened, and the effect of reducing false alarms can be obtained.

FIG. 1 is a plan view of a monitoring area, which is an environment in which a mobile robot 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention is used, and a perspective view showing an appearance of the mobile robot 1. FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram showing a specific configuration of the mobile robot 1 of this example. FIG. 3A is a side view showing the geometric positional relationship between the laser sensor 2 and the measurement point in the mobile robot 1 of this example, and FIG. 3B is a scanning angle range Φ of the laser sensor 2. It is a top view which shows the sensing area (shaded area) etc. which are shown by. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a map area registered as a map in which the position of the laser sensor installed in the mobile robot 1 is the origin (0, 0) in the storage unit 17 of the mobile robot 1 of this example. FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing the entire obstacle detection procedure in the travel control of the mobile robot 1 of this example. FIG. 6 shows a flowchart in the case where the travel between the instruction marker 4 and the instruction marker 4 is one travel section in the travel control of the mobile robot 1 of this example. FIG. 7 shows a specific flow of wet running road surface detection processing by the laser sensor that is made into a subroutine in S01 of FIG. FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing the obstacle detection control by the distance difference detection method with the traveling road surface suitable for detecting any obstacle present on the flat traveling road surface. FIG. 9 is a graph in which sensor data of a distance difference y indicating each position detected by a laser sensor in one cycle is plotted on an xy coordinate plane. FIG. 10 shows the laser trajectory indicating the difference in distance between the measurement target (obstacle or non-obstacle (false alarm target)) and the mobile robot 1 in the scanning of the laser beam in the moving mobile robot 1 of this example. 2 is shown as distance data from the laser sensor 2 at each time in the plane of the xy coordinate system including the position 2. FIG. 11 is a diagram showing, in a time series, states of obstacle detection during traveling in the mobile robot 1 having a basic structure that detects obstacles while scanning a laser obliquely forward and downward while moving. At each time t to t + 4, the distance difference between the detection target and the mobile robot 1 on the screen of the planar view xy coordinate system with the laser beam, the mobile robot 1 and the obstacle side view, and the position of the laser sensor 2 as the origin (see FIG. (Distance in the middle y direction) is expressed by a laser trajectory.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Mobile robot 2 ... Laser sensor as a distance measurement sensor 16 ... Distance measurement sensor 19 ... Obstacle determination part as an obstacle determination means 21 ... Control part as a control means

Claims (4)

A mobile robot capable of detecting the wet state of a running road surface,
A distance measuring sensor that transmits a detection wave for distance measurement to the road surface at regular intervals and receives a reflected wave to measure a distance to the mobile robot;
Road surface condition determining means for detecting the wet condition of the road surface;
Obstacle determining means for detecting an obstacle present on the road surface having a size exceeding a predetermined threshold based on the distance data measured by the distance measuring sensor;
Comprising control means for controlling the traveling speed of the mobile robot;
When the road surface condition determination unit detects a wet state of the road surface, the control unit limits the traveling speed to a predetermined speed suitable for the obstacle determination unit. When the obstacle determination unit detects the wet state of the road surface by the road surface state determination unit, the predetermined threshold value is set to a value that makes it difficult to detect the obstacle than the threshold value when the wet state of the road surface is not detected. The mobile robot according to claim 1. The mobile robot according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined threshold is determined based on a value corresponding to a height of an obstacle from the road surface. The movement according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the road surface state determination unit detects a wet state of the road surface based on distance data measured by the distance measuring sensor that is out of a predetermined range or cannot be measured. robot.

Images