JP2007256397A - Electrifying device and image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an inexpensive electrifying device having high durability, free from the occurrence of rust or the like, hardly impaired for the controllability of potential by electrification even when contaminants such as toner are somewhat deposited, and stably controlling the potential by electrification of a photoreceptor in an appropriate range over a long term. <P>SOLUTION: In the electrifying device 1 including a needle electrode 2, a holding member 3, two cleaning members 4a and 4b, a supporting member 5, a moving member 6, a shielding case 7 and a grid electrode 8, a polytetrafluoroethylene containing nickel layer is formed on the surface of the grid electrode 8 and the length of the minor axis of the secondary aggregate of polytetrafluoroethylene contained in the polytetrafluoroethylene containing nickel layer formed on the surface of the needle electrode 2 is set to be twice or less as large as the layer thickness of the polytetrafluoroethylene containing nickel layer. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a charging device and an image forming apparatus.

  In an electrophotographic image forming apparatus such as a copying machine, a printer, or a facsimile, a photoconductor having a photosensitive layer containing a photoconductive material formed on the surface is used as an image carrier, and a uniform charge is applied to the surface of the photoconductor. Then, an electrostatic latent image corresponding to image information is formed by various image forming processes, and this electrostatic latent image is developed with a developer supplied from a developing unit and containing toner, and is visible. After the visible image is transferred to a recording material such as paper, the image is formed on the recording paper by being heated and pressed by a fixing roller and fixed on the recording material. In such an image forming apparatus, a charging device is used to charge the surface of the photoreceptor. The charging device includes, for example, a charging wire (discharge wire) that is an electrode that performs corona discharge on the photoconductor, and an amount of charge that is applied to the photoconductor surface by the charging wire and thus the surface of the photoconductor surface. It includes a grid electrode that controls the charging potential, and a support member that supports the charging wire and the grid electrode. As the grid electrode, a wire grid electrode made of stainless steel, tungsten or the like, a porous plate grid electrode in which a large number of through holes are formed in a metal plate (grid base material) made of stainless steel, or the like is used. . In manufacturing a porous plate-like grit electrode, a method such as etching can be used to open a through hole in a metal plate. A porous plate-like grid electrode produced by etching is called an etching grid. Among these grid electrodes, contaminants such as toner are likely to adhere to the wire grid electrode, and due to the adhesion of contaminants, the function of controlling the charged potential on the surface of the photoconductor becomes insufficient, and the charged potential on the surface of the photoconductor becomes insufficient. There is a problem to be solved that becomes non-uniform.

  On the other hand, since the porous plate-like grid electrode has a relatively large area compared to the wire grid electrode, the charged potential on the surface of the photoconductor can be controlled within an appropriate range, and in addition, some contaminants are attached. However, there is little decrease in the controllability of the charging potential. In addition, as described above, the porous plate-like grid electrode is formed of an iron-based metal material such as stainless steel, so it has high durability and does not cause inconveniences such as deformation even when used for a long time. The change in charge potential controllability due to deformation and the like is very small. Therefore, such a porous plate-like grid electrode should be able to control the charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor almost constant over a long period of time. However, ferrous metal materials such as stainless steel, which are the materials for porous plate-like grid electrodes, usually have high durability, but moisture in a high humidity environment, ozone generated by corona discharge during charging operation, etc. Has the disadvantage of being easily oxidized. When the porous plate-like grid electrode is used for a long period of time, use in a high humidity environment, contact with ozone, etc. cannot be avoided. For this reason, in porous plate-like grid electrodes made of metal materials such as stainless steel, corrosion such as rust occurs due to moisture in the air, ozone, etc., and nitrogen oxides adhere to the surface, so that the durability is improved. descend. At the same time, the ability to control the charging potential on the photoreceptor becomes insufficient, the charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor becomes non-uniform, and the desired charging potential cannot always be stably applied to the surface of the photoreceptor. There are challenges. In view of such problems of the porous plate-shaped grid electrode, a corona charging device having a grid electrode formed by sequentially coating a nickel plating layer and a gold plating layer on the surface of a metal plate (grid base material) made of stainless steel. Has been proposed (see, for example, Patent Document 1). Although this grid electrode certainly has a certain degree of improvement in terms of corrosion resistance, it has the drawback that the gold plating layer, which is the main cause of enhancing the corrosion resistance, is easily peeled off. In Patent Document 1, a nickel plating layer is formed between a metal plate and a gold plating layer in order to prevent peeling of the gold plating layer, but the effect is not sufficient.

  Further, a charging device having a grid electrode in which a gold plating layer is directly formed on a surface of a stainless steel metal plate (grid base material) by an electrolytic plating method using a pulse current without using a nickel plating layer has been proposed. (For example, refer to Patent Document 2). The charging device includes an organic photosensitive member on which an electrostatic charge image is formed, a charging device that charges the organic photosensitive member, a developing device that develops an electrostatic latent image formed on the organic photosensitive member into a toner image, and toner The image forming apparatus includes a transfer unit that transfers an image to a recording material and a fixing device that fixes a toner image transferred to the recording material to the recording material. In this charging device, the grid electrode has good corrosion resistance and controllability of the charged potential on the surface of the photoreceptor because the gold plating layer is difficult to peel off. By the way, in order for this grid electrode to fully exhibit the preferable characteristics as described above, it is necessary to set the thickness of the gold plating layer to 0.3 μm or more. In addition, since the grid electrode is a relatively large member having substantially the same dimensions as the photoconductor, the amount of gold used inevitably increases due to the fact that the plating layer must be thickened. However, such heavy use of gold raises the price of the charging device and thus the image forming apparatus more than necessary, and impairs versatility due to the relatively low price, which is one of the advantages of the image forming apparatus. Is. Therefore, there is a demand for a charging device having a grid electrode that is excellent in durability and controllability of the charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor without using an expensive material such as gold.

Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-40316 JP 2001-166669 A

  It is an object of the present invention to have high durability, and even if a contaminant such as toner adheres to some extent, the controllability of the charging potential is hardly impaired, and the charging potential of the photoconductor is appropriately adjusted over a long period of time. It is an object to provide an inexpensive charging device that can be stably controlled within a range, and an image forming apparatus that includes the charging device and can record high-quality images over a long period of time.

The present invention
In a charging device mounted on an electrophotographic image forming apparatus including a photoconductor so as to face the surface of the photoconductor,
A needle-like electrode having a plurality of sharp protrusions and charging the surface by applying a voltage to the surface of the photoreceptor;
A grid electrode provided between the acicular electrode and the photoreceptor, and including a porous plate-like base material and a polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer formed on a part or the entire surface of the porous substrate;
The charging device is characterized in that the minor axis length of the secondary aggregate of polytetrafluoroethylene contained in the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer is not more than twice the thickness of the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer. .

  Further, the charging device of the present invention includes a grid electrode or nickel formed by forming a polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer on the surface of the grid electrode or the nickel layer formed on the surface of the grid electrode, and being covered with the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer. The minor axis length of the defect portion on the layer surface is not more than twice the thickness of the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer.

  Furthermore, the charging device of the present invention is characterized in that the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer is formed by an electroless plating method.

  Furthermore, the charging device of the present invention is characterized in that the primary particle diameter of polytetrafluoroethylene contained in the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer is 0.7 μm or more.

  Furthermore, the charging device of the present invention is characterized in that the layer thickness of the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer is larger than the primary particle diameter of polytetrafluoroethylene.

  Furthermore, the charging device of the present invention is characterized in that a nickel layer is further formed between the porous plate-like substrate and the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer.

  Furthermore, the charging device of the present invention is characterized in that the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer contains phosphorus together with nickel.

  Furthermore, the charging device of the present invention is characterized in that the porous plate-shaped substrate is a porous stainless steel plate or a porous copper plate.

The present invention also provides
A photosensitive member on which an electrostatic charge image is formed, a charging means for charging the surface of the photosensitive member, and an electrostatic charge image is formed by irradiating the charged photosensitive member surface with signal light based on image information. Exposing means for developing, developing means for supplying toner to the electrostatic image on the surface of the photosensitive member to form a toner image, transfer means for transferring the toner image to the recording material, and fixing the toner image transferred to the recording material In an image forming apparatus including a fixing unit,
The image forming apparatus is characterized in that the charging means is any one of the above-described charging devices.

  Furthermore, the image forming apparatus of the present invention is characterized in that the toner contains hydrophobic silica as an external additive.

Furthermore, the image forming apparatus of the present invention is
A cleaning means for removing toner remaining on the surface of the photoreceptor after the toner image is transferred to the recording material;
Charging means
It is characterized by being disposed vertically below the developing means or the cleaning means.

  According to the present invention, a needle-like electrode having a plurality of sharp protrusions, a porous plate-like substrate, and a polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer formed on a part or the entire surface of the porous substrate (hereinafter referred to as “ A grid electrode including a nickel PTFE composite layer, and a short diameter length of the secondary aggregate of polytetrafluoroethylene contained in the nickel PEFE composite layer By making the thickness less than twice the layer thickness, pinholes on the surface of the nickel PTFE composite layer, which are mainly caused by the lack of PTFE secondary aggregates, have almost no adverse effect on the charge control performance of the grid electrode. The charge controllability on the body surface is significantly improved. For this reason, the charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor is controlled smoothly and stably by the grid electrode, and the charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor can be maintained in an appropriate range for a long period of time. Further, when the grid electrode as described above is used, it is possible to more reliably prevent foreign matters such as toner from adhering to the sharp projections of the needle-like electrode. In particular, a toner containing hydrophobic silica as an external additive (hereinafter referred to as “hydrophobic toner”), which is widely used to cope with an increase in image forming speed, easily adheres to the sharp projection of the needle electrode. In many cases, the discharge performance of the needle electrode is gradually lowered. However, by using the grid electrode having the above-described configuration, toner adhesion is prevented even when a hydrophobic toner is used, and the discharge performance of the acicular electrode is stably maintained for a long time at a high level. Furthermore, the grid electrode has an advantage that it is less expensive than the grid electrode of the prior art because the nickel PTFE composite layer is formed on the surface of the grid base material instead of the gold plating layer as in the prior art. . Therefore, the image forming apparatus including the charging device having the grid electrode as described above can record a high-quality image over a long period without significantly increasing the manufacturing cost.

  The reason why an excellent effect can be obtained by the above-described configuration is presumed as follows. For example, consider the case where the nickel PTFE composite layer is formed by electroless plating. Since electroless plating does not have directionality in the growth of the plating layer, it grows so as to cover the surface of PTFE primary particles or PTFE secondary aggregates. However, when the short axis length of the PTFE secondary aggregate is larger than twice the layer thickness of the nickel PTFE composite layer, the secondary aggregate is exposed on the surface of the nickel PTFE composite layer, and the PTFE secondary aggregate is formed by washing treatment or the like. While missing, pinholes are generated, and the PTFE content is reduced to reduce the PTFE content by half. In addition, when the minor axis length of the secondary aggregate is nearly twice that of the nickel PTFE composite layer, the nickel PTFE composite layer at the center of the secondary aggregate has a layer thickness even if it covers the surface of the secondary aggregate. Small and low mechanical strength, PTFE secondary agglomerates are easily lost due to washing treatment, etc., pinholes that adversely affect the charge control performance of the grid electrode are generated, and PTFE content decreases to contain PTFE The effect obtained by making it half is halved.

  According to the present invention, the nickel PTFE composite layer is formed on the surface of the grid electrode or the nickel layer formed on the surface of the grid electrode, and the minor diameter of the defect portion on the grid electrode or nickel layer surface covered with the nickel PTFE composite layer By making the length less than twice the thickness of the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer, the charge control performance of the grid electrode on the photoreceptor surface is further improved, and the charge control performance is not only improved, Over high levels. Therefore, even if image formation at high speed is continuously performed for a long time, the fluctuation range of the charged potential on the surface of the photoreceptor is reduced. As a result, for example, even when several hundred continuous copies are made for the same image, an image having a certain or higher image quality can be stably obtained. In the present specification, the “defect portion” means a portion where a deposit caused by contact with another object or the like, a deposit remaining due to poor cleaning, an oxide film, or the like adheres. The reason why an excellent effect is obtained by such a configuration is presumed to be as follows. Usually, it is difficult to form a plating layer having a sufficient layer thickness and mechanical strength at a defective portion by plating. And the plating layer which has sufficient layer thickness and mechanical strength is formed in the favorable to-be-plated surface adjacent to a defective part. Since the electroless plating does not have directionality in the growth of the plating layer, a plating layer on a good plated surface adjacent to the defective portion grows in an overhang shape on the upper portion of the defective portion. If the minor axis length of the defective portion is sufficiently smaller than twice the plating thickness, the plating layer growing in an overhang shape covers the defective portion in a dome shape, and the surface of the plating layer becomes uniform. However, if the minor axis length of the defective part exceeds twice the thickness of the plating layer, the defective part cannot be covered even if grown in an overhang shape, and remains as a pinhole. Exposed on the plating layer surface. Even if the minor axis length of the defective portion is about twice the layer thickness of the plating layer and is larger than twice, even if the overhang portion is covered in a dome shape, the center of the defective portion is plated. Since the layer is thin and low in strength, it is peeled off by a washing process or the like to become a pinhole, and a defective portion is exposed. When such a pinhole is formed, corrosion due to oxidation proceeds with the pinhole serving as a nucleus, and the portion has fine irregularities, so that toner, nitrogen oxide, etc. are likely to adhere firmly, and charging Causes unevenness.

  According to the present invention, the nickel PTFE composite layer of the grid electrode is formed by an electroless plating method, so that the structure is denser and harder than the nickel PTFE composite layer obtained by a normal electrolytic plating method using a direct current. A nickel PTFE composite layer having few holes and uniform even if the layer thickness is thin and having high adhesion to the porous plate-like substrate is obtained, and the charge potential controllability and durability of the grid electrode are further improved. Furthermore, adhesion of hydrophobic toner to the needle-like electrode is prevented. If the electroless plating method is used, it is easy to keep the particle diameter of the PTFE secondary aggregate in the nickel PTFE composite layer within the specified range by selecting the plating conditions.

  According to the present invention, the primary particle diameter of polytetrafluoroethylene contained in the nickel PTFE composite layer is 0.7 μm or more, so that the PTFE primary particles and / or the PTFE secondary aggregates from the surface of the nickel PTFE composite layer can be obtained. Generation of pinholes due to omission is prevented. This further improves the charge control performance and durability of the grid electrode with respect to the surface of the photoconductor, and the variation in charge potential on the surface of the photoconductor is extremely reduced. As a result, the charged potential on the surface of the photoreceptor is always stable, and even when several hundred or more continuous images are formed, a high-quality image can be obtained without variation in the image quality of the formed image.

  According to the present invention, by forming a nickel layer between the porous plate-shaped substrate and the nickel PTFE composite layer, peeling of the nickel PTFE composite layer from the porous plate-shaped substrate is reliably prevented, The long-term durability of the grid electrode is further improved. Therefore, a charging device capable of stably controlling the charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor for a longer period of time can be obtained.

  According to the present invention, when the nickel PTFE composite layer contains phosphorus together with nickel and PTFE, the adhesion of the layer to the porous plate-like substrate is improved, and the durability of the grid electrode is further improved.

  According to the present invention, the porous plate-like substrate is preferably a porous stainless steel plate or a porous copper plate. If a porous stainless steel plate is used, the controllability of the charging potential on the surface of the photoreceptor is extremely good, and the occurrence of corrosion such as rust and the adhesion of nitrogen oxides are very low, so that the durability is further enhanced. On the other hand, although a porous copper plate is inexpensive, it has a drawback of insufficient corrosion resistance. However, by forming the nickel PTFE composite layer, the corrosion resistance is improved to a satisfactory level. Moreover, the porous copper plate has very good adhesion with the nickel PTFE composite layer, and it is not necessary to form the nickel PTFE composite layer via the nickel layer, so the number of manufacturing steps can be reduced and the manufacturing cost can be reduced. It can be planned. Therefore, when a porous copper plate is used, it is possible to obtain an inexpensive grid electrode with less corrosion such as rust and adhesion of nitrogen oxides, excellent durability, good charge potential controllability on the surface of the photoreceptor. it can.

  According to the present invention, in an image forming apparatus including a photosensitive member, a charging unit, an exposure unit, a developing unit, a transfer unit, and a fixing unit, nickel is applied to the surface of the porous plate-like substrate as the charging unit. By using the charging device of the present invention having a grid electrode formed with a PTFE composite layer, the charged potential on the surface of the photoreceptor when forming an electrostatic latent image can be stably maintained within an appropriate range. Since a high-quality image can be recorded over a long period of time and no gold plating layer is provided unlike the prior art, an inexpensive image forming apparatus can be obtained.

  According to the present invention, by using hydrophobic toner in the image forming apparatus of the present invention, it is possible to increase the image forming speed without impairing the corona discharge performance of the needle-like electrode in the charging device over a long period of time. .

  According to the present invention, when the image forming apparatus of the present invention further includes a cleaning unit that removes toner remaining on the surface of the photosensitive member, the charging unit is disposed vertically below the developing unit or the cleaning unit, The occurrence of poor charging on the surface of the photoreceptor is remarkably reduced. For example, if the charging unit is disposed below the developing unit and the cleaning unit in the vertical direction, the photosensitive member is likely to be poorly charged.

  FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a configuration of an image forming apparatus 20 according to another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a perspective view schematically showing the configuration of the charging device 1 according to the first embodiment of the present invention. The image forming apparatus 20 is a multifunction machine having both a copying function, a printer function, and a facsimile function, and forms a full-color or monochrome image on a recording medium such as recording paper in accordance with transmitted image information. That is, the image forming apparatus 20 has three types of printing modes, ie, a copier mode (copying mode), a printer mode, and a FAX mode, and an operation input from an operation unit (not shown) or an external host device such as a personal computer. In response to the reception of the print job, a print mode is selected by a control unit (not shown). The image forming apparatus 20 includes a toner image forming unit 21, a transfer unit 22, a fixing unit 23, a recording medium supply unit 24, and a discharge unit 25. Each member constituting the toner image forming unit 21 and some members included in the intermediate transfer unit 22 are black (b), cyan (c), magenta (m), and yellow (y) included in the color image information. In order to correspond to the image information of each color, four each are provided. Here, each member provided by four according to each color is distinguished by attaching an alphabet representing each color to the end of the reference symbol, and when referring collectively, only the reference symbol is used.

  The toner image forming unit 21 includes a photosensitive drum 30, a charging device 1, an exposure unit 31, a developing unit 32, and a cleaning unit 33. The charging device 1, the developing unit 32, and the cleaning unit 33 are arranged around the photosensitive drum 30 in this order. The charging device 1 is disposed below the cleaning unit 33 in the vertical direction.

  The photosensitive drum 30 is supported by a driving unit (not shown) so as to be rotatable around an axis, and includes a conductive substrate (not shown) and a photosensitive layer formed on the surface of the conductive substrate. The conductive substrate can take various shapes, and examples thereof include a cylindrical shape, a columnar shape, and a thin film sheet shape. Among these, a cylindrical shape is preferable. The conductive substrate is formed of a conductive material. As the conductive material, those commonly used in this field can be used. For example, metals such as aluminum, copper, brass, zinc, nickel, stainless steel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, indium, titanium, gold, platinum, etc. A conductive layer made of one or more of aluminum, aluminum alloy, tin oxide, gold, indium oxide and the like is formed on a film-like substrate such as two or more alloys, synthetic resin film, metal film, paper, etc. And a resin composition containing a conductive film, conductive particles and / or a conductive polymer. In addition, as a film-form base | substrate used for an electroconductive film, a synthetic resin film is preferable and a polyester film is especially preferable. Moreover, as a formation method of the electroconductive layer in an electroconductive film, vapor deposition, application | coating, etc. are preferable.

  The photosensitive layer is formed, for example, by laminating a charge generation layer containing a charge generation material and a charge transport layer containing a charge transport material. In that case, it is preferable to provide an undercoat layer between the conductive substrate and the charge generation layer or the charge transport layer. By providing an undercoat layer, the scratches and irregularities present on the surface of the conductive substrate are coated to smooth the surface of the photosensitive layer, to prevent deterioration of the chargeability of the photosensitive layer during repeated use. Alternatively, the advantage of improving the charging characteristics of the photosensitive layer in a low humidity environment can be obtained.

  The charge generation layer is mainly composed of a charge generation material that generates a charge when irradiated with light, and contains a known binder resin, plasticizer, sensitizer and the like as necessary. As the charge generation material, those commonly used in this field can be used, for example, perylene pigments such as perylene imide and perylene acid anhydride, polycyclic quinone pigments such as quinacridone and anthraquinone, metal and metal-free phthalocyanines, and halogenated compounds. Phthalocyanine pigments such as metal-free phthalocyanine, squalium dye, azulenium dye, thiapyrylium dye, carbazole skeleton, styryl stilbene skeleton, triphenylamine skeleton, dibenzothiophene skeleton, oxadiazole skeleton, fluorenone skeleton, bis-stilbene skeleton, distyryl oxa And azo pigments having a diazole skeleton or a distyrylcarbazole skeleton. Among these, metal-free phthalocyanine pigments, oxotitanyl phthalocyanine pigments, bisazo pigments containing a fluorene ring and / or a fluorenone ring, bisazo pigments composed of aromatic amines, trisazo pigments, etc. have high charge generation ability and high sensitivity. Suitable for obtaining a photosensitive layer. One type of charge generating material can be used alone, or two or more types can be used in combination. The content of the charge generation material is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5 to 500 parts by weight, more preferably 10 to 200 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin in the charge generation layer. As the binder resin for the charge generation layer, those commonly used in this field can be used. For example, melamine resin, epoxy resin, silicone resin, polyurethane, acrylic resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, polycarbonate, phenoxy Examples thereof include resins, polyvinyl butyral, polyarylate, polyamide, and polyester. Binder resin can be used individually by 1 type, or can use 2 or more types together as needed. The charge generation layer comprises a charge generation material, a binder resin, and, if necessary, an appropriate amount of a plasticizer, a sensitizer, etc., dissolved or dispersed in an appropriate organic solvent capable of dissolving or dispersing these components. It can be formed by preparing a generation layer coating solution, applying the charge generation layer coating solution to the surface of the conductive substrate, and drying. The film thickness of the charge generation layer thus obtained is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.05 to 5 μm, more preferably 0.1 to 2.5 μm.

  The charge transport layer laminated on the charge generation layer has as essential components a charge transport material having the ability to accept and transport the charge generated from the charge generation material and a binder resin for the charge transport layer. Known antioxidants, plasticizers, sensitizers, lubricants and the like. As the charge transport material, those commonly used in this field can be used, for example, poly-N-vinylcarbazole and derivatives thereof, poly-γ-carbazolylethyl glutamate and derivatives thereof, pyrene-formaldehyde condensation product and derivatives thereof, Polyvinylpyrene, polyvinylphenanthrene, oxazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, 9- (p-diethylaminostyryl) anthracene, 1,1-bis (4-dibenzylaminophenyl) propane, styrylanthracene, styrylpyrazoline, pyrazoline Derivatives, phenylhydrazones, hydrazone derivatives, triphenylamine compounds, tetraphenyldiamine compounds, triphenylmethane compounds, stilbene compounds, 3-methyl-2-benzothiazoline -Donating substances such as azine compounds, fluorenone derivatives, dibenzothiophene derivatives, indenothiophene derivatives, phenanthrenequinone derivatives, indenopyridine derivatives, thioxanthone derivatives, benzo [c] cinnoline derivatives, phenazine oxide derivatives, tetracyano Examples include electron-accepting substances such as ethylene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, promanyl, chloranil, and benzoquinone. The charge transport materials can be used alone or in combination of two or more. The content of the charge transport material is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10 to 300 parts by weight, more preferably 30 to 150 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin in the charge transport material. As the binder resin for the charge transport layer, those commonly used in this field and capable of uniformly dispersing the charge transport material can be used. For example, polycarbonate, polyarylate, polyvinyl butyral, polyamide, polyester, polyketone, epoxy resin, Examples thereof include polyurethane, polyvinyl ketone, polystyrene, polyacrylamide, phenol resin, phenoxy resin, polysulfone resin, and copolymer resins thereof. Among these, in consideration of film formability, wear resistance of the resulting charge transport layer, electrical characteristics, etc., polycarbonate containing bisphenol Z as a monomer component (hereinafter referred to as “bisphenol Z type polycarbonate”), bisphenol Z type polycarbonate And a mixture of polycarbonate with other polycarbonates are preferred. Binder resin can be used individually by 1 type, or can use 2 or more types together. The charge transport layer preferably contains an antioxidant together with the charge transport material and the binder resin for the charge transport layer. As the antioxidant, those commonly used in this field can be used, and examples thereof include vitamin E, hydroquinone, hindered amine, hindered phenol, paraphenylenediamine, arylalkane and derivatives thereof, organic sulfur compounds, and organic phosphorus compounds. It is done. One antioxidant can be used alone, or two or more antioxidants can be used in combination. The content of the antioxidant is not particularly limited, but is 0.01 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 5% by weight, based on the total amount of components constituting the charge transport layer. The charge transport layer comprises a charge transport material, a binder resin, and, if necessary, an appropriate amount of an antioxidant, a plasticizer, a sensitizer, etc. dissolved in an appropriate organic solvent capable of dissolving or dispersing these components. It can be formed by dispersing to prepare a charge transport layer coating solution, applying the charge transport layer coating solution to the surface of the charge generation layer, and drying. The film thickness of the charge generation layer thus obtained is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10 to 50 μm, more preferably 15 to 40 μm.

  Note that a photosensitive layer in which a charge generation material and a charge transport material are present can be formed in one layer. In that case, the type, content, binder resin, and other additives of the charge generation material and the charge transport material may be the same as in the case of separately forming the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer. In this embodiment, the photosensitive drum formed by forming the organic photosensitive layer using the charge generation material and the charge transport material as described above is used. Instead, an inorganic photosensitive layer using silicon or the like is formed. A photosensitive drum can be used.

  The charging device 1 is the charging device 1 shown in FIGS. The charging device 1 faces the photosensitive drum 30 and is disposed along the longitudinal direction of the photosensitive drum 30. FIG. 2 is a perspective view schematically showing the configuration of the charging device 1. FIG. 3 is a front view of the charging device 1 shown in FIG. The charging device 1 is a plate-like electrode 2 (a needle-like electrode 2) that is arranged along the longitudinal direction of the photosensitive drum 30 and faces the photosensitive drum 30 in the toner image forming unit 21 and has a plurality of sharp projections 10. (Hereinafter referred to as “needle electrode 2”), holding member 3, cleaning members 4a and 4b, support member 5, moving member 6, shield case 7, and grid electrode 8. Although the charging device 1 is disposed around the photosensitive drum 30 together with the developing unit 32, the cleaning unit 33, and the like, in the image forming apparatus 1, it is ensured that the charging failure of the photosensitive drum 30 mainly occurs. In order to prevent this, it is preferable to arrange the charging device 1 so as to be positioned vertically below either one or both of the developing means 32 and the cleaning unit 33. In the present embodiment, the charging device 1 is disposed below the cleaning unit 33 in the vertical direction.

  The acicular electrode 2 is a thin plate member including a flat plate portion 9 and a sharp projection 10. The flat plate portion 9 is formed to extend long in one direction. The sharp protrusion 10 is formed so as to protrude in the short direction from one end surface of the flat plate portion 9 in the short direction. The acicular electrode 2 is made of, for example, stainless steel. In the present embodiment, the length L1 in the short direction of the flat plate portion 9 is 10 mm, the length L2 in the protruding direction of the sharp projection 10 is 2 mm, the radius of curvature R of the tip of the sharp projection 10 is 40 μm, and sharp. The pitch TP at which the protrusions 10 are formed is 2 mm. A power source (not shown) is connected to the needle electrode 2. The needle-like electrode 2 receives a voltage from a power source, and the sharp projection 10 performs corona discharge toward the surface of the photosensitive drum 30 to charge the surface of the photosensitive drum 30. In the present embodiment, a voltage of 5 kV is applied to the needle electrode 2.

  The holding member 3 is a member that extends in one direction as in the case of the needle electrode 2 and has a reverse T-shaped cross section orthogonal to the longitudinal direction, and holds the needle electrode 2. The holding member 3 is made of synthetic resin, for example. By the screw member 11, the vicinity of both ends in the longitudinal direction of the needle electrode 2 is screwed to one side surface of the protruding portion of the holding member 3.

  The cleaning members 4a and 4b are plate-like members that are provided so as to be movable relative to the needle-like electrode 2 and clean the surface of the needle-like electrode 2 by rubbing the needle-like electrode 2 during the movement. More specifically, the cleaning members 4a and 4b are made of an elastic body of a metal material or a polymer material having a T-shaped planar projection shape and a thickness t of 20 to 40 μm. If the thickness t is less than 20 μm, it deforms easily when it comes into contact with the needle-like electrode 2, but the pressing force against the needle-like electrode 2, which is the reaction force accompanying the deformation, becomes weaker, so that the contamination adhering to the needle-like electrode 2 The substance cannot be removed sufficiently. If the thickness t exceeds 40 μm, the contaminants adhering to the needle electrode 2 can be sufficiently removed, but the rigidity becomes so high that the pressing force against the needle electrode 2 becomes too strong. 10 There is a risk that the tip may be deformed and damaged. As a result, when the thickness t is out of the range of 20 to 40 μm, there is a possibility that image unevenness or the like due to charging failure occurs. Phosphor bronze, ordinary steel, stainless steel, or the like can be used as the metal material constituting the cleaning members 4a and 4b. Among these, considering that the cleaning members 4a and 4b are used in an ozone atmosphere generated by corona discharge, stainless steel is preferable from the viewpoint of durability life based on oxidation resistance. As the stainless steel, known ones can be used, and examples thereof include SUS304, which is an austenitic stainless steel defined in Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) G4305, SUS430, which is a ferritic stainless steel, and the like. The cleaning members 4a and 4b are provided so as to have an interval L3 in the direction of movement relative to the needle-like electrode 2. The distance L3 is selected such that when one of the cleaning members 4a contacts and deforms against the needle electrode 2, the other cleaning member 4b does not hit the deformed cleaning member 4a and is attached to the support member 5 to be mounted. It can be adjusted by the thickness of the beam. Since the deformation state varies depending on the material constituting the cleaning members 4a and 4b, it is desirable to determine the distance L3 by testing the deformation state of the material in advance. When the cleaning members 4a and 4b are made of, for example, stainless steel having a thickness t = 30 μm, the distance L3 is preferably 2 mm. By providing the interval L3 between the two cleaning members 4a and 4b, while the one cleaning member 4a scrapes the needle-like electrode 2, the other cleaning member 4b does not impede the deformation of the cleaning member 4a within the preferred range. Since the pressure can be maintained, the tip of the needle electrode 2 can be sufficiently cleaned without being deformed and damaged.

  It is desirable that the cleaning members 4a and 4b have a hardness of 115 or more on the Rockwell hardness M scale defined in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard D785. If the Rockwell hardness is less than 115, the hardness is too soft, so that when the contact is made against the needle-like electrode 2 and scratched, the cleaning members 4a and 4b are deformed excessively and the cleaning effect cannot be obtained. Even if the hardness of the cleaning members 4a and 4b is high, there is no need to provide an upper limit because no particular functional problem appears. However, since the upper limit value of the Rockwell hardness M scale is 130, if an upper limit is set intentionally That is 130. The width dimension w of the T-shaped vertical bar portion that is the portion that contacts the needle-like electrode 2 of the cleaning members 4a and 4b, that is, in the direction perpendicular to the moving direction of the cleaning members 4a and 4b and in the direction in which the protrusion 10 extends On the other hand, the dimension w of the cleaning members 4a and 4b in the vertical direction is preferably 3.5 mm or more. If the width dimension w is less than 3.5 mm, the value per unit area of the force generated when the needle electrode 2 is deformed by being pressed increases, so that fatigue failure due to repeated deformation is likely to occur, and the durability life is reduced. . By setting the width dimension w to 3.5 mm or more, the value per unit area of the force described above can be reduced, and the durability life against repeated deformation can be increased. Since the size is increased, the upper limit is preferably set to about 10 mm. The cleaning members 4a and 4b and the needle-like electrode 2 are arranged so that the biting amount d of the protrusion 10 of the needle-like electrode 2 with respect to the cleaning members 4a and 4b is 0.2 to 0.8 mm. Is preferred. Here, the biting amount d is a state in which the cleaning members 4 a and 4 b and the protrusion 10 are projected on a virtual plane perpendicular to the direction in which the cleaning members 4 a and 4 b move relative to the needle-like electrode 2. The cleaning members 4a and 4b and the protruding portion 10 mean a length that overlaps in the extending direction of the protruding portion 10. If the biting amount d is less than 0.2 mm, the pressing force against the needle electrode 2 which is a reaction force accompanying the deformation of the cleaning members 4a and 4b becomes weak, so that the contaminants adhering to the needle electrode 2 cannot be removed sufficiently. If the amount of bite d exceeds 0.8 mm, the contaminants adhering to the needle electrode 2 can be sufficiently removed, but the reaction force (the pressing force against the needle electrode 2) accompanying the deformation of the cleaning members 4a and 4b becomes strong. Therefore, there is a risk that the tip of the protrusion 10 of the needle electrode 2 may be deformed and damaged. As a result, if the biting amount d is out of the range of 0.2 to 0.8 mm, there is a possibility that image unevenness or the like due to defective charging occurs.

  The support member 5 is a member having an inverted L-shape that supports the cleaning members 4a and 4b, and arm portions of the cleaning members 4a and 4b having a T-shape are attached to the beam-shaped portions. A through hole 12 is formed in the columnar portion of the support member 5 in parallel with the direction in which the needle electrode 2 extends, and a moving member 6 is provided through the through hole 12. Since the moving member 6 is fixed to the support member 5 at a portion inserted through the through hole 12, the support member 5 is pulled into the groove portion 14 by pulling the moving member 6 in the extending direction of the needle electrode 2. It slides with respect to it and is guided by the groove 14 so that it can move in the direction in which the needle electrode 2 extends. That is, the cleaning members 4 a and 4 b supported by the support member 5 can be abutted against the needle electrode 2 and rubbed. The moving member 6 is a thread-like or wire-like member, is inserted through the through-hole 12 formed in the columnar portion of the support member 5, and is provided in parallel with the direction in which the needle-like electrode 2 extends. The shield case 7 extends outwardly from the formed hole or gap, and its end is suspended via pulleys 16a and 16b provided on the outer surface of the shield case 7 or the body of the image forming apparatus 1. The pulleys 16a and 16b and the end portions of the moving member 6 are omitted in FIG. The end of the moving member 6 is preferably extended to the outside of the image forming apparatus 1. Accordingly, the needle-like electrode 2 can be cleaned without removing the charging device 1 from the image forming apparatus 1 or opening the image forming apparatus 1. When the cleaning member 4a, 4b is brought into contact with the needle electrode 2 by the pulling of the moving member 6 for cleaning, the pressing force of the cleaning member 4a, 4b against the needle electrode 2 is adjusted to be 10 to 30 gf. Is preferred. If the pressing force is less than 10 gf, there is a possibility that contaminants such as toner and paper powder adhering to the needle electrode 2 may not be sufficiently removed. If the pressing force exceeds 30 gf, the tip of the protrusion 10 of the needle electrode 2 is deformed and damaged. There is a fear. Further, the pressing force of the cleaning members 4 a and 4 b against the needle electrode 2 can be adjusted by the moving member 6. With the weight suspended from one end of the moving member 6, the magnitude of the force applied to the cleaning member 4a or 52b is measured. The measurement is performed, for example, by connecting a spring balance to the cleaning member 4a or 52b. Then, by selecting a weight with which the force applied to the cleaning member 4a or 52b is 10 to 30 gf and cleaning the needle-like electrode 2, by hanging the weight selected in advance on the end of the moving member 6, It can be cleaned with a predetermined pressing force. Further, an electric motor whose rotational torque is adjusted may be connected to the end of the moving member 6 so that a predetermined pressing force can be applied.

  The shield case 7 is made of, for example, stainless steel, and is a container-like member having an external shape of a rectangular parallelepiped and having an internal space and having an opening on one surface facing the above-described photosensitive drum 30. The shield case 7 accommodates at least the needle electrode 2, the holding member 3, the cleaning members 4 a and 4 b, and the support member 5 in the internal space. The shield case 7 extends in the same direction as the needle-like electrode 2 and has a substantially U-shaped cross section in a direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction. The holding member 3 is attached to the bottom surface 15 of the shield case 7. Further, the end portion of the columnar portion of the support member 5 is slidably inserted into the groove portion 14 formed by the inner side surface 13 of the shield case 7 and the holding member 3.

  The grid electrode 8 is provided between the needle-like electrode 2 and the photosensitive drum 30, receives a voltage application, adjusts the variation in the charged state on the surface of the photosensitive drum 30, and equalizes the charging potential. Grid electrode 8 includes a porous plate-like substrate and a nickel PTFE composite layer formed on a part or the entire surface of the porous plate-like substrate. The porous plate-like substrate is formed from, for example, a metal such as stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, copper, or iron. The nickel PTFE composite layer is a surface coating layer in which primary particles of PTFE and / or secondary aggregates of PTFE are dispersed in a nickel layer. PTFE primary particles and / or PTFE secondary aggregates may be exposed on the surface of the nickel PTFE composite layer. According to the inventors of the present invention, pinholes are generated on the surface of the nickel PTFE composite layer, and the electrode base layer (porous plate-like substrate) of the grid electrode 8 may be exposed. Research revealed. The exposure of the electrode base layer causes the charge control performance of the grid electrode 8 to deteriorate or causes variation in the charge control performance. Therefore, in the present invention, the minor axis length of the PTFE secondary aggregate contained in the nickel PTFE composite layer is set to not more than twice the layer thickness of the nickel PTFE composite layer, preferably not more than one time the layer thickness of the nickel PTFE composite layer. As a result, it is possible to obtain the grid electrode 8 that prevents the electrode base layer from being exposed, exhibits high charge control performance over a long period of time, and has little variation in charge control. If the short axis length of the PTFE secondary aggregate contained in the nickel PTFE composite layer is larger than twice the layer thickness of the nickel PTFE composite layer, the PTFE secondary aggregate is missing and the electrode base layer is exposed. The number of pinholes increases. As a result, the charge control performance of the grid electrode 8 is likely to vary, and the charge potential on the surface of the photosensitive drum 30 may not be sufficiently uniform. The layer thickness of the nickel PTFE composite layer is preferably larger than the particle diameter of the PTFE primary particles. The particle diameter of the PTFE primary particles in the nickel PTFE composite layer is preferably 0.7 μm or more. Since the nickel PTFE composite layer contains PTFE primary particles and PTFE secondary aggregates as described above, the particle diameter as PTFE is 0.7 μm or more as the primary particle diameter, and the short diameter of the secondary aggregates. The length is preferably not more than twice the thickness of the nickel PTFE composite layer. In the present specification, the PTFE secondary aggregate is a particle formed by aggregating a plurality of PTFE primary particles, and may be referred to as a PTFE secondary aggregate particle. The short axis length of the PTFE secondary aggregate is determined by observing the surface of the nickel PTFE composite layer with a scanning electron microscope (SEM, trade name: Real Surface View, manufactured by Keyence Corporation). That is, the surface of the nickel PTFE composite layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope at a magnification of 500 times, the presence or absence of PTFE secondary aggregates in one field of view was observed, and when PTFE secondary aggregates were present, the magnification was increased to 3000 times. The minor axis of the PTFE secondary aggregate is measured. Here, the minor axis is a portion having the smallest width of the PTFE secondary aggregate. This observation is performed for 20 fields of view, and an average value is obtained, which is taken as the minor axis length of the PTFE secondary aggregate.

  The grid electrode 8 can be manufactured according to a known method. As an example, a manufacturing method including a chemical polishing step, a water washing step, an acid dipping step, a water washing step, a pure water dipping step, a nickel plating step, a nickel PTFE composite plating step, a water washing treatment and a drying treatment can be mentioned. Among these steps, the nickel plating step is not an essential step and is performed as necessary. In the chemical polishing step, a plurality of through holes are formed in the sheet metal by masking and etching the sheet metal. Etching can be carried out according to a known method, and examples thereof include a method of spraying an etching solution such as a ferric chloride aqueous solution on a sheet metal. Here, as the metal used as the material of the sheet metal, a metal that can be processed in a grid shape and can be plated can be used, and examples thereof include stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, copper, and iron. Among these, stainless steel is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of improving the durability of the grid electrode 8. Specific examples of the stainless steel include SUS304, SUS309, SUS316, and the like. Among these, SUS304 is preferable. Moreover, copper is particularly preferable from the viewpoints of improving adhesion with the nickel PTFE composite plating layer and reducing manufacturing costs. In the case of using copper, the adhesion with the nickel PTFE composite plating layer is very high, so the nickel plating layer may not be formed. The thickness of the sheet metal is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.05 to 1 mm, more preferably 0.05 to 0.3 mm. The sheet metal in which the through holes are formed in the chemical polishing process is subjected to water washing, acid washing or pure water washing in the water washing process, the acid dipping process, the water washing process and the pure water dipping process to remove foreign substances from the surface, A platy base material is obtained. Although the nickel plating step is not an essential step as described above, the nickel plating step is preferably performed in order to improve the adhesion of the nickel PTFE composite plating layer to the porous plate-like substrate. Here, although nickel plating can be performed by a generally practiced method, it is preferable to perform electroplating in consideration of forming a nickel PTFE composite plating layer later. The thickness of the nickel plating layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.03 to 3 μm, more preferably 0.5 to 1.5 μm, and particularly preferably about 1 μm. It should be noted that the surface of the porous plate-like substrate and the nickel plating layer remains with the recesses formed by contact with other objects, chemical substances used in etching, masking, etc., oxide films, etc. attached. There may be a defective part such as a part. Such a defective portion preferably has a minor axis length that is not more than twice the thickness of the nickel PTFE composite layer formed by the nickel PTFE composite plating step described later. Here, the minor axis length of the defect portion means the smallest width of the defect portion when the defect portion is observed with a scanning electron microscope (real surface view) at a magnification of 3000 times. In order to set the minor axis of the defective portion within the above-mentioned predetermined range, water washing, acid washing, pure water washing, etc. may be repeated. By comprising in this way, the charge control performance performance of the grid electrode 8 finally obtained improves further.

  The nickel PTFE composite plating step can be performed, for example, according to an electroless nickel plating method such as a catalytic nickel plating method (Kanizen method) on a porous plate-like substrate. Here, as the plating bath, for example, a plating bath in which polytetrafluoroethylene is further added to an aqueous solution containing hypophosphorous acid or a salt thereof and a nickel salt is used. The pH of the plating bath is usually adjusted to a range of 5 to 5.5. The polytetrafluoroethylene used here is particulate polytetrafluoroethylene, and the particle diameter is not particularly limited as long as it is smaller than the thickness of the plating layer to be formed, but is preferably 1 μm or less, more preferably Is 100-500 nm. Although the amount of polytetrafluoroethylene added to the plating bath is not particularly limited, it is preferably 0.01 to 10% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 1.0% by weight based on the total weight of the plating bath. Specific examples of the plating solution include, for example, the product name “Kaniflon S” manufactured by Nippon Kanisen Co., Ltd., the product name “Nimflon” manufactured by Uemura Kogyo Co., Ltd., and the product name “Topni” manufactured by Okuno Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. "Cogit" series. A nickel PTFE composite plating layer is formed on the surface of the substrate by immersing the porous plate substrate in a plating bath having the composition and pH as described above at a bath temperature of 90 ° C. or higher and performing electroless plating. The The content of PTFE in the formed nickel PTFE composite plating layer is preferably 3 to 30% by volume, more preferably 10 to 20% by volume. The layer thickness of the nickel PTFE composite plating layer to be formed is not particularly limited, but is preferably not less than the particle diameter of PTFE particles, more preferably 2 to 20 μm, more preferably 2 of the particle diameter of PTFE particles. Double to 10 μm. If the thickness is less than the particle diameter of the PTFE particles, pinholes due to lack of the particle diameter of the PTFE particles are likely to occur and become non-uniform, and the grid base material is corroded through the pinholes, thereby charging the photoreceptor. Potential tends to be partially unstable. On the other hand, if it greatly exceeds 20 μm, the plating film may be peeled off due to stress. In addition, since the thickness of the nickel PTFE composite plating layer is substantially proportional to the length of the plating time, in order to obtain a plating layer having a desired thickness, the immersion time of the porous plate substrate in the plating bath is appropriately set. Change it. The nickel PTFE composite plating layer formed by electroless plating has a plating bath solution that adheres evenly to the surface of the porous plate-like substrate. Therefore, when the layer thickness of the plating layer is as thin as the particle size of PTFE particles However, it has a preferable characteristic that there is no variation in layer thickness and it is uniform. Furthermore, the plating structure is dense and has high adhesion to the surface of the porous plate-like substrate, and even when used for a long period of time, it does not cause peeling. In the nickel PTFE composite plating step, in order to obtain the nickel PTFE composite layer defined in the present invention, the PTFE particle content (volume%), the bath temperature of the plating bath, the plating time, and other plating conditions may be appropriately changed. . For example, the plating bath is depressurized immediately before the plating treatment, and dissolved oxygen and the like are deaerated to prevent generation of bubbles in the plating bath during the plating treatment, and the bath temperature of the plating bath is set to 90 to 92 ° C. And the plating time may be 5 to 60 minutes. In addition to the pressure reduction treatment, a deaeration treatment may be performed by stirring for a predetermined time at a bath temperature in ultrasonic vibration or plating treatment. The nickel PTFE composite plating step can be performed by electroplating. As the plating bath, the same one as the electroless plating bath can be used. The electroplating conditions are the same as general nickel electroplating. Nickel PTFE composite plating by electroplating has a tendency peculiar to electroplating, that is, it is easy to get on the edge part, but on the other hand, it is difficult to get on the part where the through hole of the porous plate-like substrate is formed. There is. For this reason, in order to make the thickness of the plating layer uniform, it is necessary to increase the layer thickness, and it is preferable that the layer thickness is preferably 3 μm or more. Note that, when forming the nickel PTFE composite layer, whether to select electroless plating or electroplating may be determined according to the characteristics and cost of each plating method.

  According to the charging device 1, corona discharge occurs when a voltage is applied to the needle electrode 2, the surface of the photosensitive drum 30 is charged, and a predetermined grid voltage is applied to the grid electrode 8. Since the charged state of the surface of the photosensitive drum 30 is made uniform, the surface of the photosensitive drum 30 can be charged to a predetermined potential and polarity. In the charging device 1 of the present embodiment, the needle-like electrode 2 is used as the corona discharge electrode, but the invention is not limited thereto, and a charging wire can also be used. As the charging wire, any wire commonly used in this field can be used, and examples thereof include a tungsten wire having a wire diameter of 0.06 mm plated with gold.

  Here, referring back to FIG. 1, the exposure unit 31 causes the light of each color information emitted from the exposure unit 31 to pass between the charging device 1 and the developing unit 32 and irradiate the surface of the photosensitive drum 30. Placed in. The exposure unit 31 branches the image information into light of each color information of b, c, m, and y in the unit, and the surface of the photosensitive drum 30 charged to a uniform potential by the charging device 1 is light of each color information. To form an electrostatic latent image on the surface. As the exposure unit 31, for example, a laser scanning unit including a laser irradiation unit and a plurality of reflection mirrors can be used.

  The developing means 32 includes a developing tank 34 and a toner hopper 35. The developing tank 34 is disposed so as to face the surface of the photosensitive drum 30, and supplies and develops toner on the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the photosensitive drum 30 to form a visible toner image. Inside the developing tank 34, a developing roller is rotatably provided at a position facing the photosensitive drum 30 in the opening of the developing tank 34. The developing roller is a roller-like member that supplies toner to the electrostatic latent image on the photosensitive drum 30. In addition to the developing roller, a supply roller and a stirring roller are provided. The supply roller is a roller-like member provided so as to be able to rotate and face the developing roller, and supplies toner around the developing roller. The agitation roller is a roller-like member that faces the supply roller and can be driven to rotate, and feeds toner newly supplied from the toner hopper 35 into the developing tank 34 around the supply roller. The toner hopper 35 is provided so that a toner replenishing port (not shown) provided at the lower part in the vertical direction communicates with a toner receiving port (not shown) provided at the upper part in the vertical direction of the developing tank 34. The toner is replenished according to the toner consumption status 34. As the toner used here, any toner commonly used in this field can be used. For example, those containing a binder resin, a colorant, a charge control agent, a release agent and the like are used.

  As the binder resin, those commonly used in this field can be used. For example, styrene polymer, polyvinyl chloride, phenol resin, naturally modified phenol resin, naturally modified maleic acid resin, acrylic resin, methacrylic resin, polyvinyl acetate. , Silicone resin, polyester, polyurethane, polyamide resin, furan resin, epoxy resin, xylene resin, polyvinyl butyral, terpene resin, coumarone indene resin, petroleum resin and the like.

  As the colorant, those commonly used in this field can be used, and examples thereof include a yellow toner colorant, a magenta toner colorant, a cyan toner colorant, and a black toner colorant. Examples of the colorant for yellow toner include C.I. I. Pigment yellow 1, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 5, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 12, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 15, C.I. I. Azo pigments such as CI Pigment Yellow 17; inorganic pigments such as yellow iron oxide and ocher; I. Nitro dyes such as Acid Yellow 1, C.I. I. Solvent Yellow 2, C.I. I. Solvent Yellow 6, C.I. I. Solvent Yellow 14, C.I. I. Solvent Yellow 15, C.I. I. Solvent Yellow 19, C.I. I. Examples thereof include oil-soluble dyes such as Solvent Yellow 21. Examples of the colorant for magenta toner include C.I. I. Pigment red 49, C.I. I. Pigment red 57, C.I. I. Pigment red 81, C.I. I. Pigment red 122, C.I. I. Solvent Red 19, C.I. I. Solvent Red 49, C.I. I. Solvent Red 52, C.I. I. Basic Red 10, C.I. I. Disperse Red 15 etc. are mentioned. Examples of the colorant for cyan toner include C.I. I. Pigment blue 15, C.I. I. Pigment blue 16, C.I. I. Solvent Blue 55, C.I. I. Solvent Blue 70, C.I. I. Direct Blue 25, C.I. I. Direct Blue 86 and the like can be mentioned. Examples of the colorant for black toner include carbon black such as channel black, roller black, disk black, gas furnace black, oil furnace black, thermal black, and acetylene black. From these various types of carbon black, an appropriate carbon black may be appropriately selected according to the design characteristics of the toner to be obtained. A coloring agent can be used individually by 1 type, or can use 2 or more types together. Two or more of the same color can be used, and one or more of the different colors can also be used. The amount of the colorant used is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5 to 20 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin. By using the colorant in this range, an image having a high image density and a very good image quality can be formed without impairing various physical properties of the toner.

  As the charge control agent, those for positive charge control and negative charge control commonly used in this field can be used. Examples of the charge control agent for controlling positive charge include basic dyes, quaternary ammonium salts, aminopyrines, pyrimidine compounds, polynuclear polyamino compounds, aminosilanes, and nigrosine dyes. Examples of the charge control agent for controlling the negative charge include oil-soluble dyes such as oil black and nest pyrone black, metal-containing azo compounds, naphthenic acid metal salts, salicylic acid metal salts, fatty acid soaps, and resin acid soaps. A charge control agent can be used individually by 1 type, or can use 2 or more types together as needed. The use amount of the charge control agent is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected from a wide range, but is preferably 0.5 to 3 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.

  As the release agent, those commonly used in this field can be used, for example, petroleum wax such as paraffin wax and derivatives thereof, microcrystalline wax and derivatives thereof, Fischer-Tropsch wax and derivatives thereof, polyolefin wax and derivatives thereof, low Hydrocarbon synthetic waxes such as molecular weight polypropylin wax and derivatives thereof, low molecular weight polyethylene wax and derivatives thereof, carnauba wax and derivatives thereof, rice wax and derivatives thereof, candelilla wax and derivatives thereof, plant waxes such as wood wax, beeswax , Animal waxes such as spermaceti, fats and oils synthetic waxes such as fatty acid amides and phenol fatty acid esters, long chain carboxylic acids and their derivatives, long chain alcohols and their derivatives, etc. It is below. Derivatives include oxides, block copolymers of vinyl monomers and waxes, graft modified products of vinyl monomers and waxes, and the like. The amount of the wax used is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected from a wide range, but is preferably 0.2 to 20 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.

  Furthermore, a fluidity improver can be included as an external additive. The effect is exhibited by mixing the toner and the fluidity improver and adhering the fluidity improver to the toner surface. As the fluidity improver, those commonly used in this field can be used, and examples thereof include silica, titanium oxide, silicon carbide, and aluminum oxide. The fluidity improver may be hydrophobized. The hydrophobization treatment of the fluidity improver is performed, for example, by mixing the fluidity improver and the hydrophobizing agent. The fluidity improver that has been subjected to a hydrophobization treatment is used as an external additive for toners, mainly to cope with image formation at high speed. Of the fluidity improvers that have been subjected to hydrophobic treatment, silica that has been subjected to hydrophobic treatment is preferred. Hydrophobized silica generally adheres to the electrode of a charging device and the like, often reduces the charging ability of the photosensitive drum, and often causes charging failure. However, when the charging device 1 of the present invention is used, even if an image is formed using a toner containing silica that has been subjected to a hydrophobic treatment, charging failure and thus image failure do not occur. As the hydrophobizing agent, those commonly used in this field can be used. For example, trimethylsilane, trimethylsilyl mercaptan, hexamethyldisilazane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, trimethylsilane, trimethylchlorosilane, trimethylethoxysilane, dimethyl Dichlorosilane, methyltrichlorosilane, allyldimethylchlorosilane, allylphenylsilane, benzyldimethylchlorosilane, bromomethyldimethylchlorosilane, α-chloroethyltrichlorosilane, β-chloroethyltrichlorosilane, chloromethyldimethylchlorosilane, triorganosilylmercaptan, trimethylsilylmercaptan , Triorganosilyl acrylate, vinylmethylacetoxysilane, dimethylethoxysilane, di Examples thereof include methyldimethoxysilane, diphenyldiethoxysilane, hexamethyldisiloxane, 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane, 1,3-diphenyltetramethyldisiloxane, and polyorganosiloxane having a trimethylsilyl group. A fluidity improver can be used individually by 1 type, or can use 2 or more types together. The amount of the fluidity improver used is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.1 to 3.0 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles.

  The cleaning unit 33 removes the toner remaining on the surface of the photosensitive drum 30 after the toner image is transferred to the recording medium by the intermediate, and cleans the surface of the photosensitive drum 30. For the cleaning unit 33, for example, a plate-like member such as a cleaning blade is used. In the image forming apparatus of the present invention, an organic photosensitive drum is mainly used as the photosensitive drum 30, and the surface of the organic photosensitive drum is mainly composed of a resin component. Deterioration of the surface is likely to proceed due to the chemical action of ozone generated by. However, the deteriorated surface portion is worn by receiving a rubbing action by the cleaning unit 33 and is gradually but surely removed. Therefore, the problem of surface deterioration due to ozone or the like is practically solved, and the charging potential by the charging operation can be stably maintained over a long period of time.

  According to the toner image forming unit 21, the surface of the photosensitive drum 30 that is uniformly charged by the charging device 1 is irradiated with signal light corresponding to the image information from the exposure unit 31 to form an electrostatic latent image. Toner is supplied from the developing means 32 to form a toner image, and the toner image is transferred to the transfer belt 36, and then the toner remaining on the surface of the photosensitive drum 30 is removed by the cleaning unit 33. This series of toner image forming operations is repeatedly executed.

  The transfer unit 22 is disposed above the photosensitive drum 30, and includes a transfer belt 36, a driving roller 37, a driven roller 38, an intermediate transfer roller 39 (b, c, m, y), and a transfer belt cleaning unit 40. And the transfer roller 41. The transfer belt 36 is an endless belt-like member that is stretched by a driving roller 37 and a driven roller 38 to form a loop-shaped movement path, and is rotationally driven in the direction of an arrow B. When the transfer belt 36 passes through the photosensitive drum 30 while being in contact with the photosensitive drum 30, the toner on the surface of the photosensitive drum 30 is transferred from an intermediate transfer roller 39 disposed opposite to the photosensitive drum 30 via the transfer belt 36. A transfer bias having a polarity opposite to the charging polarity is applied, and the toner image formed on the surface of the photosensitive drum 30 is transferred onto the transfer belt 36. In the case of a full-color image, each color toner image formed on each photoconductor drum 30 is sequentially transferred onto the transfer belt 36 to form a full-color toner image. The driving roller 37 is provided so as to be rotatable around its axis by driving means (not shown), and the transfer belt 36 is driven to rotate in the direction of arrow B by the rotational driving. The driven roller 38 is provided so as to be able to be driven and rotated by the rotational drive of the drive roller 37, and applies a certain tension to the transfer belt 36 so that the transfer belt 36 does not loosen. The intermediate transfer roller 39 is provided in pressure contact with the photosensitive drum 30 via the transfer belt 36 and capable of being driven to rotate about its axis by a driving unit (not shown). The intermediate transfer roller 39 is connected to a power source (not shown) for applying a transfer bias as described above, and has a function of transferring the toner image on the surface of the photosensitive drum 30 to the transfer belt 36. The transfer belt cleaning unit 40 is provided so as to face the driven roller 38 through the transfer belt 36 and to contact the outer peripheral surface of the transfer belt 36. The toner adhering to the transfer belt 36 due to contact with the photosensitive drum 30 causes the back surface of the recording medium to be contaminated. Therefore, the transfer belt cleaning unit 40 removes and collects the toner on the surface of the transfer belt 36. The transfer roller 41 is provided in pressure contact with the drive roller 37 via the transfer belt 36, and can be driven to rotate about an axis by a drive unit (not shown). At the pressure contact portion (transfer nip portion) between the transfer roller 41 and the drive roller 37, the toner image carried and conveyed by the transfer belt 36 is transferred to the recording medium fed from the recording medium supply means 24 described later. The The recording medium carrying the toner image is fed to the fixing unit 23. According to the transfer unit 22, the toner image transferred from the photosensitive drum 30 to the transfer belt 36 at the pressure contact portion between the photosensitive drum 30 and the intermediate transfer roller 39 is driven by the rotation of the transfer belt 36 in the direction of arrow B. It is conveyed to a transfer nip portion where it is transferred to a recording medium.

  The fixing unit 23 is provided downstream of the transfer unit 22 in the conveyance direction of the recording medium, includes a heating roller 47 and a pressure roller 48, and further detects a temperature of the heating source of the heating roller 47 and the temperature of the heating roller 47. And a controller for controlling the operation of the heating source so that the heating roller 47 reaches a predetermined temperature. The heating roller 47 and the pressure roller 48 are provided in pressure contact with each other so as to be rotationally driven by a driving unit (not shown), and the recording medium is nipped and conveyed by the pressure contact portion (fixing nip portion). When the toner image carrying recording medium fed from the transfer means 22 passes through the fixing nip portion, the fixing means 23 heats and pressurizes the toner image to fix it on the recording medium, thereby forming a robust recording image. According to the fixing unit 23, the recording medium carrying the toner image is heated and pressurized when passing through the press contact portion, and the toner image is fixed on the recording medium to form an image.

  The recording medium supply unit 24 includes an automatic paper feed tray 42, a pickup roller 43, a transport roller 44, a registration roller 45, and a manual paper feed tray 46. The automatic paper feed tray 42 is a container-like member that is provided in the lower part of the image forming apparatus 20 in the vertical direction and stores a recording medium. Examples of the recording medium include plain paper, color copy dedicated paper, coated paper, overhead projector (OHP) sheet, and postcard. The size of the recording medium is, for example, A3, A4, B4, B5 defined by JIS P 0138 or JIS P 0202, or a postcard size. Moreover, it is not limited to these sizes, An irregular-shaped recording medium can also be accommodated. The pickup roller 43 takes out the recording medium stored in the automatic paper feed tray 42 one by one and feeds it to the paper transport path S1. The conveyance rollers 44 are a pair of roller members provided so as to be in pressure contact with each other, and convey the recording medium toward the registration rollers 45. The registration rollers 45 are a pair of roller members provided so as to be in pressure contact with each other, and the recording medium fed from the conveyance roller 44 is synchronized with the toner image carried on the transfer belt 36 being conveyed to the transfer nip portion. Then, it is fed to the transfer nip portion. The manual paper feed tray 46 is a device that takes in a recording medium into the image forming apparatus 20 by manual operation. The recording medium taken in from the manual paper feed tray 46 passes through the paper conveyance path S2 by the conveyance roller 44. Then, it is fed to the registration roller 45. According to the recording medium supply means 24, the toner image carried on the transfer belt 36 is conveyed to the transfer nip portion of the recording medium supplied one by one from the automatic paper feed tray 42 or the manual paper feed tray 46. Synchronously with this, the sheet is fed to the transfer nip portion.

  The discharge unit 25 includes a conveyance roller 44, a discharge roller 49, and a discharge tray 50. The conveyance roller 44 is provided on the downstream side of the fixing nip portion in the sheet conveyance direction, and conveys the recording medium on which the image is fixed by the fixing unit 23 toward the discharge roller 49. The discharge roller 49 discharges the recording medium on which the image is fixed to a discharge tray 50 provided on the upper surface in the vertical direction of the image forming apparatus 20. The discharge tray 50 stores a recording medium on which an image is fixed.

  The image forming apparatus 20 is provided with a control unit (not shown). The control means is, for example, a processing circuit that is provided in the upper part of the internal space of the image forming apparatus 20 and is realized by a microcomputer that includes a central processing unit (CPU) that includes a control unit, a calculation unit, a storage unit, and the like (not shown). including. The CPU storage unit stores image formation commands via an operation panel (not shown) arranged on the upper surface of the image forming apparatus 20, detection results from sensors (not shown) arranged at various locations inside the image forming apparatus 20, and external devices. Image information, etc. are input, and the determination by the calculation unit is performed based on various types of input data (image formation command, detection result, image information, etc.), and a control signal is sent from the control unit according to the determination result of the calculation unit The entire operation of the image forming apparatus 20 is controlled. As the storage unit, those commonly used in this field can be used, and examples thereof include a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), and a hard disk drive (HDD). As the external device, an electric / electronic device capable of forming or acquiring image information and electrically connected to the image forming apparatus 20 can be used. For example, a computer, a digital camera, a television, a video recorder, a DVD recorder And facsimile machines. The control unit includes a power source together with the processing circuit described above, and the power source supplies power not only to the control unit but also to each device in the image forming apparatus 20.

  According to the image forming apparatus 20, the toner image formed by the toner image forming unit 21 is transferred to the transfer belt 36 of the transfer unit 22, and the toner image on the transfer belt 36 is transferred to a recording medium. The toner image is fixed on the recording medium to form an image, and the image-formed recording medium is discharged to the discharge tray 50 via the discharge means 25.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples.
Example 1
An etching treatment was performed on a grid base material (size 30 mm × 370 mm × thickness 0.1 mm) made of stainless steel (SUS304) to prepare a porous plate-like base material. Etching was performed by spraying a 30 wt% aqueous ferric chloride solution at a liquid temperature of 90 ° C. for 2 hours onto the grid base material. After etching, the grid substrate was washed with pure water and pure water to produce a porous plate-like substrate. A Ni plating layer having a thickness of 0.5 μm was formed on the surface of the porous plate-like substrate by electroplating. Next, PTFE particles having a particle diameter of 1 μm are dispersed in the porous plate-like substrate on which the Ni plating layer is formed as a finished plating layer so that the PTFE particle content is 18% by volume, and degassing treatment (reduced pressure: 1 / 10 atm, deaeration time: 10 minutes) A 15-minute immersion in a nickel PTFE composite plating bath (bath temperature 90 ° C.) produces a grid electrode having a 3 μm thick nickel PTFE composite plating layer formed on the surface. did. In addition, as the nickel PTFE plating bath, a plating bath obtained by adjusting the PTFE particle content and degassing treatment as described above to Nimflon (trade name) manufactured by Uemura Kogyo Co., Ltd. was used. When the surface of the formed nickel PTFE composite layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope (real surface view) at magnifications of 500 times and 3000 times, PTFE secondary aggregates having a minor axis length exceeding 3 μm were not observed. Moreover, no pinhole was observed.

(Comparative Example 1)
Example except that PTFE particles having a particle diameter of 0.2 μm were used instead of PTFE particles having a particle diameter of 1 μm, the PTFE particle content in the finished plating layer was changed from 18% by volume to 23% by volume, and no deaeration treatment was performed. In the same manner as in Example 1, a grid electrode having a nickel PTFE composite layer having a thickness of 3 μm formed on the surface was manufactured. When the surface of the formed nickel PTFE composite layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope (real surface view) at magnifications of 500 and 3000, PTFE secondary aggregates having a minor axis length exceeding 2 μm were observed, and PTFE was observed. The dispersion of the particles was also uneven. Pinholes were also observed.

(Comparative Example 2)
An etching treatment was performed on a grid base material (size 30 mm × 370 mm × thickness 0.1 mm) made of stainless steel (SUS304) to prepare a porous plate-like base material. Etching was performed by spraying a 30 wt% aqueous ferric chloride solution at a liquid temperature of 90 ° C. for 2 hours onto the grid base material. After etching, the grid base material was washed with water and pure water to produce a porous plate-like base material, which was used as a grid electrode. The grid electrode obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 was replaced with the grid electrode of the charging device in a commercially available image forming apparatus (trade name: AR625, manufactured by Sharp Corporation). An image forming apparatus including the same was manufactured. The following tests were carried out using this grid electrode, charging device and image forming apparatus.

[Discharge test]
As a severe test, an aging test without passing paper was performed under low humidity conditions (10% or less). Since AR625 is a 70-sheet machine, 24 hours corresponds to the number of copies (100,000 sheets). In this test, the charging potential on the surface of the photosensitive member was initially set to -630V. When the grid electrode of Example 1 was used, the halftone image had a uniform image quality and no unevenness even after copying 100,000 sheets. When the acicular electrode of Comparative Example 1 was used, the occurrence of image unevenness was recognized after a small number of 100,000 copies. In the case of Comparative Example 2, image defects such as white stripes and black stripes occurred in the halftone image at the stage of copying 50,000 sheets. FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the charged potential unevenness (V) on the surface of the photoreceptor and the number of printed sheets (number of copies) when the grid electrodes of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 are used. FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the charged potential unevenness (V) on the surface of the photoreceptor and the number of printed sheets. In FIG. 4, “K” in the number of printed sheets (sheets) on the horizontal axis means 1000. Accordingly, in FIG. 4, the number of printed sheets is 0 to 100,000. From FIG. 4, it is clear that the width of the charged potential unevenness is extremely small even when 100,000 sheets are printed using the needle-shaped electrode of Example 1. On the other hand, it can be seen that when the acicular electrode of Comparative Example 1 is used, the width of the charged potential unevenness increases after printing 40,000 sheets. That is, in Example 1, the uneven charging potential after printing 100,000 sheets was within 30 V, whereas in Comparative Example 1, it increased to 45 V at 50,000 sheets and reached 98 V at 100,000 sheets.

[Detection of nitrogen oxides and rust]
Rust and nitrogen oxide were detected by observing the surface of the grid electrode after discharge with a microscope. When the grid electrode of Example 1 was used, no precipitation such as rust was observed. On the other hand, when the grid electrode of Comparative Example 2 was used, precipitation such as rust was observed. Further, by using the grid electrodes of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, dust in the air, etc., compared to the needle-like electrode of Comparative Example 2 as it is due to the smoothness of the surface that is a feature of the nickel PTFE composite layer. It was found that it can be easily removed at the time of cleaning, along with the feature that there are few deposits derived from.

  In Example 1 using PTFE particles having a primary particle diameter of 1 μm, there was no secondary aggregate exceeding twice the thickness of the nickel PTFE composite layer, and a good dispersion state without aggregation was obtained. You can see that In contrast, in Comparative Example 1 using PTFE particles having a primary particle diameter of 0.2 μm, significant aggregation of PTFE particles has been confirmed by microscopic observation. Based on the fact that van der Waals force proportional to the square of the particle diameter is involved in the cohesion force of the fine particles, PTFE particles having a primary particle diameter of 0.7 μm or more are obtained from the results of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1. It is clear that the formation of PTFE secondary aggregates having a minor axis length exceeding twice the layer thickness of the nickel PTFE composite layer is prevented by using.

It is sectional drawing which shows schematically the structure of the image forming apparatus which is other embodiment of this invention. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing a configuration of a charging device according to a first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a front view of the charging device shown in FIG. 2. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between uneven charging potential (V) on the surface of a photoreceptor and the number of printed sheets.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Charging device 2 Needle-shaped electrode 3 Holding member 4a, 4b Cleaning member 5 Support member 6 Moving member 7 Shield case 8 Grid electrode 20 Image forming apparatus 21 Toner image forming means 22 Transfer means 23 Fixing means 24 Recording medium supply means 25 Discharge Means 30 Photosensitive drum 31 Exposure unit 32 Developing means 33 Cleaning unit

Claims (11)

In a charging device mounted on an electrophotographic image forming apparatus including a photoconductor so as to face the surface of the photoconductor,
A needle-like electrode having a plurality of sharp protrusions and charging the surface by applying a voltage to the surface of the photoreceptor;
A grid electrode provided between the acicular electrode and the photoreceptor, and including a porous plate-like base material and a polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer formed on a part or the entire surface of the porous substrate;
A charging device characterized in that the minor axis length of the secondary aggregate of polytetrafluoroethylene contained in the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer is not more than twice the thickness of the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer.   The minor diameter of the defect portion on the surface of the grid electrode or the nickel layer covered with the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer formed on the surface of the nickel layer formed on the surface of the grid electrode or the grid electrode with the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer 2. The charging device according to claim 1, wherein the length is not more than twice the thickness of the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer.   3. The charging device according to claim 1, wherein the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer is formed by an electroless plating method.   The charging device according to claim 1, wherein a primary particle diameter of polytetrafluoroethylene contained in the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer is 0.7 μm or more.   5. The charging device according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer is larger than the primary particle diameter of the polytetrafluoroethylene.   The charging device according to claim 1, wherein a nickel layer is further formed between the porous plate-like base material and the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer.   The charging device according to claim 1, wherein the polytetrafluoroethylene-containing nickel layer contains phosphorus together with nickel.   The charging device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the porous plate-shaped substrate is a porous stainless steel plate or a porous copper plate. A photosensitive member on which an electrostatic charge image is formed, a charging means for charging the surface of the photosensitive member, and an electrostatic charge image is formed by irradiating the charged photosensitive member surface with signal light based on image information. Exposing means for developing, developing means for supplying toner to the electrostatic image on the surface of the photosensitive member to form a toner image, transfer means for transferring the toner image to the recording material, and fixing the toner image transferred to the recording material In an image forming apparatus including a fixing unit,
An image forming apparatus, wherein the charging means is any one of the charging devices according to claim 1.   The image forming apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the toner contains hydrophobic silica as an external additive. A cleaning means for removing toner remaining on the surface of the photoreceptor after the toner image is transferred to the recording material;
The charging means is
The image forming apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the image forming apparatus is disposed vertically below the developing unit or the cleaning unit.

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