JP2007157584A - Electrolyte material - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electrolyte material which has improved ion conductivity and excellent basic properties. <P>SOLUTION: The electrolyte material contains an anion as shown in a formula (1) in which R<SP>1</SP>stands for a 1-12C hydrocarbon group not containing a fluorine atom, A for a carbonyl group or a sulfonyl group, or a direct combination of R<SP>1</SP>and a carbon atom, and contains a cation as shown in a formula (2) in which X stands for one element selected from a group of C, Si, N, P, S and O, and R stands for the same or different monovalent element or an organic group and can be a combined element, and s for an integer of 2, 3 or 4 which is a value decided by an element valence of X. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Description

The present invention relates to an electrolyte material. More specifically, the present invention relates to an electrolyte material suitably used for an electrolyte that is an ionic conductor of an electrochemical device, and an electrolyte including the electrolyte material.

The electrolyte material is widely used in various types of batteries using ion conduction, for example, a battery having a charging and discharging mechanism such as a primary battery, a lithium (ion) secondary battery, and a fuel cell, and an electrolytic capacitor. It is used for electrochemical devices such as electric double layer capacitors, solar cells and electrochromic display elements. In these, a battery is generally composed of a pair of electrodes and an electrolytic solution which is an ionic conductor filling between the electrodes. Examples of such ionic conductors include organic solvents such as γ-butyrolactone, N, N-dimethylformamide, propylene carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, lithium perchlorate, LiPF ₆ , LiBF ₄ , tetraethylammonium borofluoride, tetramethyl phthalate. An electrolytic solution in which an electrolyte such as ammonium is dissolved is used. In such an ionic conductor, when the electrolyte is dissolved, it is dissociated into a cation and an anion to conduct ions in the electrolytic solution.

FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of one form of a general lithium (ion) secondary battery. Such a lithium (ion) secondary battery has a positive electrode and a negative electrode formed from an active substance, and an electrolyte solution composed of an organic solvent in which a lithium salt such as LiPF ₆ is dissolved as an electrolyte. An ionic conductor is formed between the negative electrode. In this case, at the time of charging, a reaction of C ₆ Li → 6C + Li + e occurs in the negative electrode, and electrons (e) generated on the negative electrode surface are ion-conducted in the electrolytic solution and move to the positive electrode surface, and on the positive electrode surface, CoO ₂ + Li + e → A reaction of LiCoO ₂ occurs, and a current flows from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. When discharging, a reverse reaction occurs during charging, and current flows from the positive electrode to the negative electrode.

The electrolyte constituting such an electrochemical device comprises N-cyano-substituted amide, N-cyano-substituted sulfonamide, 1,1,1-dicyano-substituted sulfonylmethide, and 1,1,1-dicyanoacylmethide. An electrolyte containing at least one salt selected from the group and a matrix material is disclosed (for example, see Patent Document 1). An ionic compound derived from malononitrile that includes an anionic moiety associated with a sufficient number of at least one cationic moiety M ^{+ m} to provide electrical neutrality of the assembly, wherein M is a hydroxo Ni, nitrosonium NO ⁺ , ammonium-NH ₄ ⁺ , a metal cation having a valence m, an organic cation having a valence m, or an organometallic cation having a valence m (for example, Patent Documents) (See 2.)
However, in such an electrolyte, an electrolyte having excellent ionic conductivity can be suitably used for various uses such as a material constituting an electrochemical device, and constitutes an electrolyte material exhibiting excellent basic performance. There was room for contrivance to make anions and cations. Moreover, in the electrolyte solution containing an electrolyte, there is a problem that the organic solvent is likely to volatilize and the flash point is low, and the electrolyte solution is solidified at a low temperature, so that the performance as an electrolyte solution cannot be exhibited. Therefore, a material that can improve these problems has been demanded.
Japanese translation of PCT publication No. 2002-523879 (page 1-2) Special Table 2000-5008677 (Page 1-2)

The present invention has been made in view of the above situation, and an object of the present invention is to provide an electrolyte material having improved ionic conductivity and excellent basic performance.

As a result of various studies on the materials constituting the electrolyte, the present inventors have reduced the volatility of the salt form and can handle it safely, so that the ionic conduction in the liquid state in which the electrolyte is dissolved in the molten salt Focusing on the usefulness of the body, it has been found that if an anion having a specific structure is essential, the ionic conductivity is excellent, so that it is suitable for a material constituting the ionic conductor. Further, in the case where such a material does not have a fluorine atom, the corrosiveness to the electrode or the like can be suppressed due to this, and it can function stably over time, and constitutes an electrolyte. The inventors have found that it can function as a liquid material and can be suitable for an electrochemical device, and can solve the above-mentioned problems in an excellent manner. Furthermore, by having a form having a cation having a specific structure, it becomes a room temperature molten salt that stably maintains a molten state at room temperature, can suppress volatilization to the outside at high temperature, and is an electrochemical device that can withstand a long period of time. The present invention has also been found to be more suitable as a material constituting the electrolyte. In JP-T-2002-523879 (Patent Document 1), only the sulfonyl fluoride type is described for the anion, and the acyl type is not described. Regarding the cation, there are examples of quaternary salts, but no examples of tertiary salts. Furthermore, Japanese translations of PCT publication No. 2000-5008677 (patent document 2) describes acyl type and sulfonyl type for anions. In combination with a cation, a quaternary salt, a trivalent rare salt (imidazolium salt) is described, but a combination of an acyl type and a tertiary salt is not disclosed.

That is, the present invention provides the following general formula (1);

(In the formula, R ¹ represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms not containing a fluorine atom. A represents a carbonyl group or a sulfonyl group, or represents a direct bond between R ¹ and a carbon atom. .) Is an electrolyte material containing an anion.
The present invention is described in detail below.

The electrolyte material of the present invention contains an anion represented by the general formula (1). By having such an anion, it can be set as the electrolyte material excellent in ion conductivity.
In the above formula, R ¹ represents a C 1-12 hydrocarbon group not containing a fluorine atom. R ¹ is preferably 1 to 8, and more preferably 1 to 4.

In the above formula, A represents a carbonyl group or a sulfonyl group, or represents a direct bond between R ¹ and a carbon atom. Note that represents a direct bond between R ¹ and the carbon atom, R ¹ and the carbon atom, may be made directly bonded structure, in which case, the electrolyte material, the following formula (4) And no group represented by A. In the following formula (4), R ⁵ is the same as R ¹ described above.

Examples of the anion represented by the general formula (1) include acetyldicyanomethide, propionyldicyanomethide, butyryldicyanomethide, benzoyldicyanomethide, phenyldicyanomethide, methylsulfonyldicyanomethide, ethylsulfonyldicyanomethide. And butylsulfonyldicyanomethide are preferred.

The electrolyte material of the present invention essentially comprises an anion having a cyano group represented by the general formula (1). Such an anion may be an anion constituting the electrolyte material of the present invention, or an anion constituting another compound. By setting it as such a form, it is excellent in ionic conductivity and can be made suitable for the material which comprises an ionic conductor. Moreover, in the electrolyte material, other anions may be contained as long as they act suitably when used as an electrolyte. For example, bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide anion (TFSI), tetrafluoroborate anion, It may contain monocarboxylic acid such as acetic acid and benzoic acid, dicarboxylic acid anion such as phthalic acid, maleic acid and succinic acid anion, and sulfuric acid ester anion such as methyl sulfuric acid and ethyl sulfuric acid. Also, fluorine-containing inorganic ions such as fluorine-containing inorganic ions, hexafluorophosphate ions, hexafluoroarsenate ions, hexafluoroantimonate ions, hexafluoroniobate ions, hexafluorotantalate ions; hydrogen phthalate ions, maleic acid Carboxylic acid ions such as hydrogen ion, salicylic acid ion, benzoic acid ion and adipic acid ion; sulfonic acid such as benzenesulfonic acid ion, toluenesulfonic acid ion, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid ion, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid ion, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid Inorganic oxo acid ions such as borate ion and phosphate ion; bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide ion, bis (pentafluoroethanesulfonyl) imide ion, tris (trifluoromethanesulfuric acid) Nyl) methide ion, perfluoroalkylfluoroborate ion, perfluoroalkylfluorophosphate ion, borodicatecholate, borodiglycolate, borodisalicylate, borotetrakis (trifluoroacetate), bis (oxalato) borate, etc. You may contain 1 type, or 2 or more types, such as a coordinate borate ion.

As a ratio of the anion represented by the general formula (1) and other anions, (anion represented by the general formula (1)) / (other anions) is 100/1 to 1/1. It is preferable. More preferably, it is 50/1-2/1, More preferably, it is 25/1-5/1.

Regarding the amount of anion present in the electrolyte material of the present invention, the lower limit value of the content of the compound that is derived from the anion is preferably 1% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the electrolyte material. More preferably, it is 5 mass%, More preferably, it is 10 mass%. As an upper limit, 99.5 mass% is preferable. More preferably, it is 95 mass%, More preferably, it is 90 mass%.

The present invention also provides the following general formula (1):

(In the formula, R ¹ represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms not containing a fluorine atom. A represents a carbonyl group or a sulfonyl group, or represents a direct bond between R ¹ and a carbon atom. .) And an anion represented by
The following general formula (2);

(Wherein X represents one kind of element selected from the group consisting of C, Si, N, P, S and O. R is the same or different and is a monovalent element or an organic group, and It may be a combined element, and s is an integer of 2, 3 or 4, and is a value determined by the valence of the element of X).

The anion represented by the general formula (1) is preferably the same as described above.
In the general formula (2), X represents one element selected from the group consisting of C, Si, N, P, S, and O. N, P, and S elements are preferable, and an N element is more preferable. When X is an element of N, it is chemically and electrochemically stable.

The Rs may be the same or different and are monovalent elements or organic groups, and may be elements bonded to each other. Examples of the monovalent element or organic group include hydrogen element, fluorine element, amino group, imino group, amide group, ether group, ester group, hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, carbamoyl group, cyano group, sulfone group, sulfide group, A vinyl group, a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, a fluorine group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms and the like are preferable. The hydrocarbon group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms and the fluorine group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain a nitrogen element, an oxygen element, or a sulfur element. Moreover, as these carbon number, it is preferable that it is 1-18, and it is more preferable that it is 1-8.
More preferably, the monovalent element or organic group is a hydrogen element, a fluorine element, a cyano group, a sulfone group, a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms containing an oxygen element, It is a C1-C8 hydrocarbon group, More preferably, it is a C1-C8 hydrocarbon group and a C1-C8 hydrocarbon group containing an oxygen element.

The s is an integer of 2, 3 or 4, and is a value determined by the valence of the element of X. When the element of X is an element of C or Si, s is 4, when the element of N or P is s is 3, and when it is an element of S or O, s is 2. That is, as the cation represented by the general formula (2), the following general formula:

(Wherein R is the same as in formula (2), but at least one is a hydrogen element) is preferred.
The cation is not particularly limited as long as it satisfies the general formula (2), but among them, the following onium cations (I) to (IV) are more preferable. The onium cation means an organic group having a cation of a nonmetal atom or a semimetal atom such as O, N, S, and P.

The onium cations (I) to (IV) will be described below.
(I) the following general formula;

10 heterocyclic onium cations represented by
(II) the following general formula;

5 types of unsaturated onium cations represented by
(III) the following general formula;

9 kinds of saturated ring onium cations represented by
In the above general formula, R ^{6 to} R ¹⁷ are the same or different and are monovalent elements or organic groups, which may be bonded to each other, and at least one is a hydrogen element.
(IV) R is an alkyl group of _C 1 -C ₈ chain onium cations.
Among such onium cations, more preferably, X in the general formula (2) is a nitrogen atom. That is, the following general formula (1);

(In the formula, R ¹ represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms not containing a fluorine atom. A represents a carbonyl group or a sulfonyl group, or represents a direct bond between R ¹ and a carbon atom. .) And an anion represented by
The following general formula (3);

(Wherein R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ are the same or different and represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. At least two of R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ are carbonized. In the case of a hydrogen group, these hydrocarbon groups may be bonded directly or may have a structure bonded via at least one element selected from O, S and N.) The electrolyte material containing the cation represented by these is also one of this invention.
Examples of the cation represented by the general formula (3) include the following general formula:

(Wherein R ^{6 to} R ¹⁷ are the same as above), triethylmethylammonium, dimethylethylpropylammonium, diethylmethylmethoxyethylammonium, trimethylpropylammonium, trimethylbutyl Chain onium cations such as ammonium and trimethylhexylammonium are preferred.

Examples of the monovalent element or organic group of R ^{2 to} R ⁴ and R ^{6 to} R ¹⁷ include a hydrogen element, a fluorine element, an amino group, an imino group, an amide group, an ether group, an ester group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, A carbamoyl group, a cyano group, a sulfone group, a sulfide group, a vinyl group, a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, a fluorine group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and the like are preferable. The hydrocarbon group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms and the fluorine group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain a nitrogen element, an oxygen element, or a sulfur element. Moreover, as these carbon number, it is preferable that it is 1-18, and it is more preferable that it is 1-8.

More preferably, the monovalent element or organic group is a hydrogen element, a fluorine element, a cyano group, a sulfone group, a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms containing an oxygen element, It is a C1-C8 hydrocarbon group, More preferably, it is a C1-C8 hydrocarbon group and a C1-C8 hydrocarbon group containing an oxygen element.
A compound composed of such an onium cation and the above anion becomes a room temperature molten salt that stably maintains a molten state at room temperature, and the electrolyte material containing such a molten salt can withstand a long period of time. It is suitable as a material for an ionic conductor of an electrochemical device. In addition, molten salt can maintain a liquid state stably at the temperature of 80 degrees C or less.

In the electrolyte material, (1) a form in which a nitrogen heterocyclic cation having a conjugated double bond is essential, or (2) in the general formula (2), X is an element of N, and R is the same. Or, differently, a form of R ¹ , R ² and R ³ representing a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms is preferable.
In the form of (1) above, examples of the nitrogen heterocyclic cation having a conjugated double bond include 10 types of heterocyclic onium cations represented by the above general formula (I) and 5 represented by the above general formula (II). Among the kinds of unsaturated onium cations and the like, those having a conjugated double bond and X in the general formula (1) being a nitrogen atom are suitable.

The electrolyte material may also contain other cations other than the above-mentioned organic salts of anions which essentially comprise the onium cation as long as the effects of the present invention are exhibited.
Examples of the organic compound having an onium cation include a halogen anion (fluoro anion, chloro anion, bromo anion, iodo anion), tetrafluoroborate anion, hexafluorophosphate anion, tetrafluoroaluminate anion, 6 Fluoroarsenate anion, sulfonylimide anion represented by the following general formula (5), sulfonylmethide anion represented by the following general formula (6), organic carboxylic acid (acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, phthalic acid, maleic acid , Fluorine-containing inorganic ions such as hexafluorophosphate ion, hexafluoroarsenate ion, hexafluoroantimonate ion, hexafluoroniobate ion and hexafluorotantalate ion; hydrogen phthalate ion , Hydrogen maleate ion, salicylate ion, Carboxylic acid ions such as benzoic acid ions and adipic acid ions; sulfonic acid ions such as benzenesulfonic acid ions, toluenesulfonic acid ions, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid ions, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid ions, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid; boric acid ions Inorganic oxoacid ions such as phosphate ion; bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide ion, bis (pentafluoroethanesulfonyl) imide ion, tris (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) methide ion, perfluoroalkylfluoroborate ion, perfluoroalkylfluorophosphate ion, Tetracoordinate boric acid such as borodicatecholate, borodiglycolate, borodisalicylate, borotetrakis (trifluoroacetate), bis (oxalato) borate And anions on such an organic compound having an onium cation is preferable.

In said general formula, R <^18> , R <^19> and R < ²⁰ > are the same or different, and represent the C1-C4 perfluoroalkyl group which may have one or two ether groups.

In the electrolyte material, the abundance of the onium cation is preferably 0.5 mol with respect to 1 mol of the anion. More preferably, it is 0.8 mol. Moreover, it is preferable that an upper limit is 2.0 mol. More preferably, it is 1.2 mol.

The electrolyte material may further contain an alkali metal salt and / or an alkaline earth metal salt. An electrolyte material containing such an alkali metal salt and / or alkaline earth metal salt contains an alkali metal salt and / or alkaline earth metal salt as an electrolyte, and is a material for an ionic conductor of an electrochemical device. It becomes more suitable as. As the alkali metal salt, a lithium salt, a sodium salt, and a potassium salt are preferable, and as the alkaline earth metal salt, a calcium salt and a magnesium salt are preferable. More preferably, it is a lithium salt.

The alkali metal salt and / or alkaline earth metal salt may be an ionic substance which essentially requires an anion as described above, or other compounds.
In the case of the ionic substance essentially containing the anion, an alkali metal salt and / or alkaline earth metal salt of the anion represented by the general formula (1) is preferable. For example, it can be used in the form of a lithium salt. As other alkali metal salts and / or alkaline earth metal salts, for example, lithium salts can be used, and as such lithium salts, LiC (CN) ₃ , LiSi (CN) ₃ , LiB (CN) ₄ , LiAl (CN) ₄ , LiP (CN) ₂ , LiP (CN) ₆ , LiAs (CN) ₆ , LiOCN, LiSCN and the like are suitable.

When the compound is other than the ionic substance, it is preferably an electrolyte salt having a large dissociation constant in the electrolytic solution or the solid polymer electrolyte. For example, LiCF ₃ SO ₃ , NaCF ₃ SO ₃ , KCF ₃ Alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid such as SO ₃ ; alkali metals of perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid imide such as LiN (CF ₃ SO ₃ ) ₃ and LiN (CF ₃ CF ₃ SO ₂ ) ₂ Salts and alkaline earth metal salts; alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts of hexafluorophosphoric acid such as LiPF ₆ , NaPF ₆ and KPF ₆ ; alkali metal salts and alkaline earth perchlorates such as LiClO ₄ and NaClO ₄ metal _salts; LiBF 4, Tetorafuroro borates NaBF _{4 such; LiAsF 6, LiI, NaI,} NaAsF 6, KI Alkali metal salts of are preferred. Among these, from the viewpoint of solubility and ionic conductivity, LiPF ₆ , LiBF ₄ , LiAsF ₆ , and alkali metal salts or alkaline earth metal salts of perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid imide are preferable.

The electrolyte material may contain other electrolyte salts, and a quaternary ammonium salt of perchloric acid such as tetraethylammonium perchlorate; a quaternary tetrafluoroboric acid such as (C ₂ H ₅ ) ₄ NBF ₄ Ammonium salts, quaternary ammonium salts such as (C ₂ H ₅ ) ₄ NPF ₆ ; quaternary phosphonium salts such as (CH ₃ ) ₄ P · BF ₄ , (C ₂ H ₅ ) ₄ P · BF _{4 and the} like are suitable. In view of solubility and ionic conductivity, quaternary ammonium salts are more preferable.
As the abundance of the electrolyte salt, it is preferable that the lower limit value is 0.1% by mass and the upper limit value is 50% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the electrolyte material. If the amount is less than 0.1% by mass, the absolute amount of ions may not be sufficient, and the ionic conductivity may be reduced. If the amount exceeds 50% by mass, the migration of ions may be greatly inhibited. is there. A more preferable upper limit is 30% by mass.

When the electrolyte material contains protons, the electrolyte material can be suitably used as an ion conductor material constituting a hydrogen battery. In the present invention, by including a compound that can dissociate to generate protons, protons are present in the electrolyte material according to the present invention.
As for the abundance of the proton, it is preferable that the lower limit value is 0.01 mol / L and the upper limit value is 10 mol / L with respect to the electrolyte material. If the amount is less than 0.01 mol / L, the absolute amount of protons may not be sufficient, and the proton conductivity may decrease. If the amount exceeds 10 mol / L, proton transfer may be significantly inhibited. is there. A more preferable upper limit is 5 mol / L or less.

As the above electrolyte material, by including a polymer, it is solidified and can be suitably used as a polymer solid electrolyte. Moreover, ion conductivity will improve more by including a solvent.
Examples of the polymer include polyvinyl polymers such as polyacrylonitrile, poly (meth) acrylates, polyvinyl chloride, and polyvinylidene fluoride; polyoxymethylene: polyether polymers such as polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide. Polyamide polymers such as nylon 6 and nylon 66; polyester polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate; polystyrene, polyphosphazenes, polysiloxane, polysilane, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polycarbonate polymers, ionene One or more polymers are preferred.
When the electrolyte material is a solid polymer electrolyte, the polymer is preferably present in a lower limit of 0.1% by mass and an upper limit of 5000% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the electrolyte material. If it is less than 0.1% by mass, the effect of solidification may not be sufficiently obtained, and if it exceeds 5000% by mass, the ionic conductivity may be lowered. A more preferred lower limit is 1% by mass and an upper limit is 1000% by mass.

The solvent is not particularly limited as long as it can improve the ionic conductivity. For example, water, an organic solvent, or the like is preferable. The organic solvent has good compatibility with the constituent elements in the above-described electrolyte material, has a large dielectric constant, high solubility of the electrolyte salt, has a boiling point of 60 ° C. or higher, and is electrochemically stable. A wide range of compounds is preferred. More preferably, it is an organic solvent (non-aqueous solvent) having a low water content. Examples of such organic solvents include ethers such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, crown ether, triethylene glycol methyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dioxane; ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate Carbonates such as diethyl carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate; chain carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate and methyl phenyl carbonate; ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, 2,3-dimethyl ethylene carbonate, Cyclic carbonates such as butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, 2-vinylethylene carbonate; methyl formate, methyl acetate, propionic acid, methyl propionate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, acetic acid Aliphatic carboxylic acid esters such as chill and amyl acetate; Aromatic carboxylic acid esters such as methyl benzoate and ethyl benzoate; Carboxylic acid esters such as γ-butyrolactone, γ-valerolactone and δ-valerolactone; Phosphate esters such as trimethyl acid, ethyldimethyl phosphate, diethylmethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate; nitriles such as acetonitrile, propionitrile, methoxypropionitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, 2-methylglutaronitrile, etc. Amides such as N-methylformamide, N-ethylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, N-methylpyrrolidone, N-vinylpyrrolidone; dimethylsulfone, ethylmethylsulfone , Diethyl Sulfur compounds such as luphone, sulfolane, 3-methylsulfolane, 2,4 dimethylsulfolane: alcohols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether; ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, Ethers such as 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 2,6-dimethyltetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran; sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide, methylethyl sulfoxide, diethyl sulfoxide; benzonitrile, Aromatic nitriles such as tolunitrile; nitromethane, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 1,3-dimethyl-3,4 , 5,6-tetrahydro-2 (1H) -pyrimidinone, 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone, etc., and one or more of these are preferred. Among these, carbonates, aliphatic esters, and ethers are more preferable, carbonates such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate are more preferable, and cyclic esters such as γ-butyrolactone and γ-valerolactone are most preferable.

The content of the solvent is preferably 1 to 99% by mass in 100% by mass of the electrolyte material. If it is less than 1% by mass, the ionic conductivity will not be sufficiently improved, and if it exceeds 99% by mass, the stability will not be sufficiently improved due to volatilization of the solvent or the like. As a lower limit, Preferably, it is 1.5 mass%, More preferably, it is 20 mass%, More preferably, it is 50 mass%. As an upper limit, Preferably, it is 85 mass%, More preferably, it is 75 mass%, More preferably, it is 65 mass%. As a range, the solvent amount is preferably 50 to 85% by mass.
The electrolyte material has a reduced volatile content and does not freeze even at a low temperature of −55 ° C., for example, and has excellent ionic conductivity. For example, such an electrolyte material is used as an electrolytic solution. It can demonstrate excellent basic performance.

The electrolyte material may contain one or more components other than those described above as long as the effects of the present invention are exhibited. For example, by including various inorganic oxide fine particles, it can also be used as a composite electrolyte, thereby not only improving strength and film thickness uniformity, but also providing fine voids between the inorganic oxide and the above-described polymer. In particular, when a solvent is added, free electrolyte will be dispersed in the composite electrolyte in the pores, and the ion conductivity and mobility will be increased without deteriorating the strength improvement effect. It can also be made.
As the inorganic oxide fine particles, non-electron conductive and electrochemically stable particles are preferable, and those having ion conductivity are more preferable. As such fine particles, ion conductive or nonconductive ceramic fine particles such as α, β, γ-alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, magnesia, barium titanate, titanium oxide, and hydrotalcite are suitable.

The specific surface area of the inorganic oxide fine particles is preferably as large as possible from the viewpoint of increasing the amount of the electrolyte-containing liquid in the polymer solid electrolyte and increasing the ionic conductivity and mobility. For example, the BET method Is preferably 5 m ² / g or more, and more preferably 50 m ² / g or more. The crystal particle size of such inorganic oxide fine particles may be any as long as it can be mixed with other components in the electrolyte material. For example, the lower limit of the size (average crystal particle size) is 0.00. It is preferably 01 μm and the upper limit value is 20 μm. A more preferable lower limit value is 0.01 μm, and an upper limit value is 2 μm.
As the shape of the inorganic oxide fine particles, those having various shapes such as a spherical shape, an oval shape, a cubic shape, a rectangular parallelepiped shape, a cylindrical shape, and a rod shape can be used.
The addition amount of the inorganic oxide fine particles is preferably 50% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the polymer solid electrolyte. On the other hand, if it exceeds 50% by mass, the strength and ion conductivity of the polymer solid electrolyte may be lowered, or film formation may be difficult. More preferably, it is 30 mass%. The lower limit is preferably 0.1% by mass.

The electrolyte material may also contain various additives in addition to the salts and solvents described above. The purpose of adding the additive is various, and includes improvement of electrical conductivity, improvement of thermal stability, suppression of electrode deterioration due to hydration and dissolution, suppression of gas generation, improvement of withstand voltage, improvement of wettability, etc. it can. Examples of such additives include nitro compounds such as p-nitrophenol, m-nitroacetophenone, and p-nitrobenzoic acid, dibutyl phosphate, monobutyl phosphate, dioctyl phosphate, monooctyl phosphonate, monophosphate Boron compounds such as phosphorus compounds such as boric acid or boric acid and polyhydric alcohols (ethylene glycol, glycerin, mannitol, polyvinyl alcohol, etc.) and polysaccharides, nitroso compounds, urea compounds, arsenic compounds, titanium compounds, Silicic acid compounds, aluminate compounds, nitric acid and nitrous acid compounds, 2-hydroxy-N-methylbenzoic acid, benzoic acids such as di (tri) hydroxybenzoic acid, gluconic acid, dichromic acid, sorbic acid, dicarboxylic acid, EDTA , Fluorocarboxylic acid, picric acid, suberic acid, adipine , Sebacic acid, heteropolyacid (tungstic acid, molybdic acid), gentisic acid, borodigentisic acid, salicylic acid, N-aminosalicylic acid, borodiprotocatechuic acid, borodipyrocatechol, bamonic acid, boric acid, borodiresorcylic acid, resorcylic acid, Borodiprotocaquelic acid, glutaric acid, acids such as dithiocarbamic acid, esters thereof, amides and salts thereof, silane coupling agents, silicon compounds such as silica and aminosilicate, amine compounds such as triethylamine and hexamethylenetetramine, L- Amino acids, benzoles, polyphenols, 8-oxyquinoline, hydroquinone, N-methylpyrocatechol, quinoline and thioanisole, thiocresol, thiobenzoic acid and other sulfur compounds, sorbitol, L-histidine, etc. It may be used or two or more.
Although content of the said additive is not specifically limited, For example, it is preferable that it is the range of 0.1-20 mass% with respect to 100 mass% of electrolyte materials. More preferably, it is the range of 0.5-10 mass%.

As said electrolyte material, it is preferable that the ionic conductivity in 0 degreeC is 0.5 mS / cm or more. If it is less than 0.5 mS / cm, the ionic conductor using the above electrolyte material may not be able to sufficiently function stably with time while maintaining excellent ionic conductivity. More preferably, it is 2.0 mS / cm or more. At −55 ° C., it is preferably 1 × 10 ⁻⁷ S / cm or more. If it is less than 1 × 10 ⁻⁷ S / cm, the electrolytic solution using the above electrolyte material may not be able to sufficiently function stably with time while maintaining excellent ionic conductivity. More preferably, it is 1 × 10 ⁻⁶ S / cm or more, further preferably 5 × 10 ⁻⁵ S / cm or more, and particularly preferably 1 × 10 ⁻⁴ S / cm or more.
The ion conductivity is measured by a complex impedance method using an impedance analyzer HP4294A (trade name, manufactured by Toyo Technica Corp.) or an impedance analyzer SI1260 (trade name, manufactured by Solartron Corp.) using a SUS electrode. Is preferred.

The electrolyte material preferably has a viscosity at 25 ° C. of 300 mPa · s or less. If it exceeds 300 mPa · s, the ionic conductivity may not be sufficiently improved. More preferably, it is 200 mPa * s or less, More preferably, it is 100 mPa * s or less, Most preferably, it is 50 mPa * s or less.
The method for measuring the viscosity is not particularly limited, but a method of measuring at 25 ° C. using a TV-20 viscometer cone plate type (manufactured by Tokimec) is preferable.

In the electrolyte material, the impurity content is preferably 0.1% by mass (1000 ppm) or less in 100% by mass of the electrolyte material. If it exceeds 0.1% by mass, sufficient electrochemical stability may not be obtained. More preferably, it is 0.05 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 0.01 mass% or less.
In addition, the said impurity does not contain water, For example, what mixes in manufacturing electrolyte material is mentioned. Specifically, in the case of producing an electrolyte material essentially including an anion represented by the above general formula (1), for example, when obtained by inducing the electrolyte material using a halogen compound, There is a possibility that a halogen compound is mixed as an impurity, and when the electrolyte material is derived using a silver salt, the silver salt may be mixed as an impurity. In addition, manufacturing raw materials and by-products may be mixed as impurities.
In the present invention, by setting the impurity content in the electrolyte material as described above, for example, the halogen compound can sufficiently suppress the deterioration of the performance by poisoning the electrode in the electrochemical device, It is possible to sufficiently suppress the deterioration of the performance by affecting the ionic conductivity. The impurity content is preferably measured by the following measurement method.

(Measurement method of impurities)
(1) ICP (Measurement of cations such as silver ion and iron ion)
Instrument: ICP emission spectroscopic analyzer SPS4000 (manufactured by Seiko Electronics Co., Ltd.)
Method: Dilute 0.3 g of sample 10 times with ion-exchanged water, and measure the solution. (2) Ion chromatography (measurement of anions such as nitrate ion, bromine ion, chloride ion)
Equipment: Ion chromatograph system DX-500 (manufactured by Nippon Dionex)
Separation mode: Ion exchange detector: Electrical conductivity detector CD-20
Column: AS4A-SC
Method: Dilute 0.3g of sample 100 times with ion-exchanged water and measure the solution

In the electrolyte material, the water content is preferably 0.05 to 10% by mass in 100% by mass of the electrolyte material. If it is less than 0.05% by mass, moisture management becomes difficult, which may lead to an increase in cost. Moreover, when it exceeds 10 mass%, there exists a possibility that electrical stability cannot fully be exhibited. The preferred lower limit is 0.1% by mass and the upper limit is 5% by mass, the more preferred lower limit is 0.5% by mass, and the upper limit is 3% by mass.
The water content is preferably measured by the following measurement method.
(Moisture measurement method)
For sample preparation, 0.25 g of a measurement sample and 0.75 g of dehydrated acetonitrile are mixed in a glow box with a dew point of -80 ° C. or lower, and mixed with a Terumo syringe (trade name, 2.5 ml) that is sufficiently dried in the glow box. This is done by collecting 0.5 g. Thereafter, moisture measurement is performed with a Karl Fischer moisture meter AQ-7 (trade name, manufactured by Hiranuma Sangyo Co., Ltd.).

Although it does not specifically limit as a manufacturing method of the said electrolyte material, The manufacturing method including the process of inducing | guiding an ionic substance from the compound which has an anion represented by General formula (1) is suitable. Thereby, it becomes possible to make an ionic substance into a suitable form as a molten salt or a salt constituting a solid electrolyte. Such a production method preferably comprises a step of deriving an ionic substance from a compound having a structure of an anion represented by the general formula (1) using a halide or a carbonate. A step of reacting a compound having an anion represented by the formula (1) with a halide or a carbonate compound, wherein the halide or carbonate compound is an onium cation, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal, or It is preferable to have a cation that essentially contains at least one metal atom selected from an atom, a transition metal atom, and a rare earth metal atom. These production raw materials can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
In the present invention, an anion exchange resin is preferably used as the production method.

The production method may include a step of producing a compound having an anion represented by the general formula (1) used in the step of deriving an ionic substance from the compound having an anion represented by the general formula (1). Well, in this case, the compound having the anion represented by the general formula (1) by reacting the compound having the anion represented by the general formula (1) as described above with a halide or carbonate. It is preferable to manufacture. This makes it possible to appropriately set the structure of the anion represented by the general formula (1) in the ionic substance according to the performance required for the electrolyte material. In this case, the general formula (1) The anion possessed by the compound having an anion that is the production raw material in the step of producing the compound having an anion represented and the anion represented by the general formula (1) in the ionic substance are not the same. . In addition, a step of reacting a compound such as a tertiary amine with an acid type compound of the general formula (1) is also a preferable production method.

In the above step, one form of the chemical reaction formula in the step of deriving the ionic substance from the compound having an anion represented by the general formula (1) is shown in the following formula (1).

In the above process, when the number of moles of the compound having an anion represented by the general formula (1) is a and the number of moles of the halide is b, the molar ratio (a / b) in the reaction is 100/1 to It is preferably 0.1 / 1. If the compound having an anion is less than 0.1, the halide may be excessive and the product may not be obtained efficiently. Further, halogen is mixed in the electrolyte material and poisons the electrode and the like. There is a fear. If it exceeds 100, the compound having an anion may be excessive, and further improvement in yield may not be expected. Further, metal ions may be mixed into the electrolyte material and the performance of the electrochemical device may be deteriorated. More preferably, it is 10/1 to 0.5 / 1.

The reaction conditions for the above steps can be appropriately set depending on the production raw materials and other reaction conditions, but the reaction temperature is preferably -20 to 200 ° C, more preferably 0 to 100 ° C, and more preferably 10 to 60 ° C. Is more preferable. The reaction pressure is preferably 1 × 10 ² to 1 × 10 ⁸ Pa, more preferably 1 × 10 ³ to 1 × 10 ⁷ Pa, and still more preferably 1 × 10 ⁴ to 1 × 10 ⁶ Pa. As reaction time, 48 hours or less are preferable, 24 hours or less are more preferable, and 12 hours or less are still more preferable.

In the above step, a reaction solvent is usually used. As the reaction solvent, (1) aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane and octane; (2) alicyclic saturated hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane; (3) Cycloaliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons such as cyclohexene; (4) aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene; (5) ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; (6) methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, Esters such as γ-butyrolactone; (7) Halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride; (8) Ethers such as diethyl ether, dioxane, dioxolane, (9) Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Etc. of alkylene glycol (10) Alcohols such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol monomethyl ether; (11) Amides such as dimethylformamide and N-methylpyrrolidone; (12) Sulfonic acids such as dimethyl sulfoxide (13) Carbonic esters such as dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate; (14) Alicyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate; (15) Nitriles such as acetonitrile; (16) Water and the like are suitable. . These can use 1 type (s) or 2 or more types. Among these, (5), (6), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), and (16) are preferable. More preferred are (5), (10), (15) and (16).

In the method for producing an electrolyte material, after the above step, the precipitate may be filtered, the solvent may be removed, dewatered, dried under reduced pressure, or the like. For example, the generated precipitate may be filtered to obtain an ionic substance. After removing the solvent under a condition such as vacuum from the solvent containing, it was washed by dissolving in a solvent such as dichloromethane, dehydrated by adding a substance having a dehydrating effect such as MgSO ₄ , and dried under reduced pressure after removing the solvent By doing so, an electrolyte material requiring an ionic substance may be obtained. The number of times of washing treatment with a solvent may be appropriately set. As the solvent, in addition to dichloromethane, ketones such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran and acetone, ethers such as ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, acetonitrile, water and the like are suitable. In addition to MgSO ₄ , molecular sieves, CaCl ₂ , CaO, CaSO ₄ , K ₂ CO ₃ , activated alumina, silica gel, and the like are preferable as the substance having a dehydrating effect. What is necessary is just to set suitably according to a kind etc.

Since the electrolyte material of the present invention can exhibit the above-described characteristics, it can be suitably applied to various applications. Among them, a primary battery, a lithium (ion) secondary battery, a fuel cell, etc. It is particularly suitable as an electrolyte constituting an electrochemical device such as a battery having a charging / discharging mechanism, an electrolytic solution for an electrolytic capacitor, an electrolytic capacitor, an electric double layer capacitor, a solar cell or an electrochromic display element. A lithium secondary battery, an electrolytic solution for an electrolytic capacitor, an electrolytic capacitor, or an electric double layer capacitor using the electrolyte of the present invention is also a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The electrolyte material is preferably used as an electrolyte, but can be used as a material other than the electrolyte.

The electrolyte only needs to include an electrolyte material, and preferably includes an electrolyte material and a matrix material. Thus, the electrolyte containing the electrolyte material and the matrix material is also one aspect of the present invention.
The electrolyte means an electrolyte material or an electrolyte material, and (1) a solvent constituting the electrolyte and / or (2) an electrolyte material (ion conductor material) and (3) As a solid electrolyte material (electrolyte material), it can be suitably used for an ionic conductor of an electrochemical device. For example, in the case of (1), an electrolyte solution (or solid electrolyte) is constituted by containing a substance exhibiting ionic conductivity in a solvent together with the electrolyte of the present invention. In the case of (2), the electrolyte material is constituted by containing the electrolyte of the present invention in a solvent. In the case of (3), the electrolyte of the present invention is used as it is or contains other components to form a solid electrolyte.
The matrix material is preferably an electrolyte that requires an organic solvent. As such an organic solvent, the thing similar to the above-mentioned organic solvent is suitable.

When an electrochemical device is configured using the electrolyte of the present invention, the electrochemical device preferably has an ion conductor, a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a current collector, a separator, and a container as basic components.
As the ion conductor, a mixture of an electrolyte and an organic solvent or a polymer is suitable. If an organic solvent is used, this ionic conductor is generally called an electrolytic solution, and if a polymer is used, it is called a polymer solid electrolyte. The polymer solid electrolyte includes those containing an organic solvent as a plasticizer. The electrolyte of the present invention can be suitably applied to such an ion conductor as a substitute for an electrolyte or an organic solvent in an electrolytic solution or as a polymer solid electrolyte. The electrolyte of the present invention can be used as a material for an ion conductor. In the electrochemical device used as, at least one of these is constituted by the electrolyte of the present invention. Among these, it is preferable to use as an alternative to the organic solvent in the electrolytic solution or as a polymer solid electrolyte.

The organic solvent may be an aprotic solvent that can dissolve the electrolyte of the present invention, and the same organic solvents as described above are suitable. However, when two or more kinds of mixed solvents are used, when the electrolyte contains Li ions, among these organic solvents, an aprotic solvent having a dielectric constant of 20 or more and an aprotic solvent having a dielectric constant of 10 or less are used. It is preferable to prepare an electrolytic solution by dissolving in a mixed solvent. In particular, when a lithium salt is used, the solubility in an aprotic solvent having a dielectric constant of 10 or less, such as diethyl ether or dimethyl carbonate, is low, and sufficient ionic conductivity cannot be obtained by itself. Although the aprotic solvent alone has high solubility but high viscosity, ions are difficult to move and sufficient ionic conductivity cannot be obtained. If these are mixed, appropriate solubility and mobility can be ensured, and sufficient ionic conductivity can be obtained.

As the polymer that dissolves the electrolyte, one or more of the above-described polymers can be suitably used. Among these, a polymer or copolymer having polyethylene oxide in the main chain or side chain, a homopolymer or copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride, a methacrylic acid ester polymer, and polyacrylonitrile are preferable. When a plasticizer is added to these polymers, the above-mentioned aprotic organic solvent can be used.

The electrolyte concentration in the ion conductor is preferably 0.01 mol / dm ³ or more, and more preferably a saturation concentration or less. If it is less than 0.01 mol / dm ³ , the ionic conductivity is low, which is not preferable. More preferably, 0.1 mol / dm ³ or more, it is 1.5 mol / dm ³ or less.

In the case of a lithium battery, the negative electrode material is preferably lithium metal or an alloy of lithium and another metal. In the case of a lithium ion battery, a material using a phenomenon called intercalation of carbon, natural graphite, metal oxide, or the like obtained by firing a polymer, an organic substance, pitch, or the like is preferable. In the case of the electric double layer capacitor, activated carbon, porous metal oxide, porous metal, and conductive polymer are suitable.

As the positive electrode material, in the case of lithium batteries and lithium ion batteries, lithium-containing oxides such as LiCoO ₂ , LiNiO ₂ , LiMnO ₂ , LiMn ₂ O ₄ ; oxides such as TiO ₂ , V ₂ O ₅ , MoO ₃ ; Sulfides such as TiS ₂ and FeS; conductive polymers such as polyacetylene, polyparaphenylene, polyaniline, and polypyrrole are suitable. In the case of the electric double layer capacitor, activated carbon, porous metal oxide, porous metal, and conductive polymer are suitable.

Hereinafter, (1) a lithium secondary battery, (2) an electrolytic capacitor, and (3) an electric double layer capacitor using the electrolyte of the present invention will be described in more detail.
(1) Lithium secondary battery A lithium secondary battery is composed of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an ionic conductor using the electrolyte of the present invention as basic constituent elements. . In this case, the electrolyte of the present invention contains a lithium salt as a substance exhibiting ionic conductivity. Such a lithium secondary battery is preferably a non-aqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery that is a lithium secondary battery other than the water electrolyte. A schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a lithium secondary battery is shown in FIG. This lithium secondary battery uses coke as a negative electrode active material, which will be described later, and uses a compound containing Co as the positive electrode active material. The reaction of ₆ Li → 6C + Li + e occurs, and the electron (e) generated on the negative electrode surface is ion-conductive in the electrolyte and moves to the positive electrode surface. On the positive electrode surface, the reaction of CoO ₂ + Li + e → LiCoO ₂ occurs. Current flows from the positive electrode to the positive electrode. When discharging, a reverse reaction occurs during charging, and current flows from the positive electrode to the negative electrode. Thus, electricity is stored or supplied by a chemical reaction by ions.

The negative electrode is preferably prepared by applying a negative electrode mixture containing a negative electrode active material, a negative electrode conductive agent, a negative electrode binder, and the like to the surface of the negative electrode current collector. The negative electrode mixture may contain various additives in addition to the conductive agent and the binder.
As the negative electrode active material, metallic lithium, a material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions, and the like are suitable. Suitable materials that can occlude and release lithium ions include metallic lithium; pyrolytic carbon; coke such as pitch coke, needle coke, and petroleum coke; graphite; glassy carbon; phenol resin, furan resin, and the like. Organic polymer compound fired body fired at temperature and carbonized; carbon fiber; carbon material such as activated carbon; polymer such as polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyacene; Li _4/3 Ti _5/3 O ₄ , TiS ₂ etc. Lithium-containing transition metal oxides or transition metal sulfides; metals such as Al, Pb, Sn, Bi, and Si that are alloyed with alkali metals; AlSb, Mg ₂ Si, in which alkali metals can be inserted between lattices, and cubic intermetallic compounds of NiSi _{2, etc., Li 3-f G f N} : lithium nitrogen compounds in (G transition metals), etc. Etc. are preferred. These can use 1 type (s) or 2 or more types. Among these, metallic lithium and carbon materials that can occlude / release alkali metal ions are more preferable.

The negative electrode conductive agent may be an electronic conductive material, such as natural graphite such as flake graphite, graphite such as artificial graphite; acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, etc. Carbon black; conductive fibers such as carbon fibers and metal fibers; metal powders such as carbon fluoride, copper and nickel; organic conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives are suitable. These can use 1 type (s) or 2 or more types. Among these, artificial graphite, acetylene black, and carbon fiber are more preferable. The amount of the negative electrode conductive agent used is preferably 1 to 50 parts by weight, and more preferably 1 to 30 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material. Further, since the negative electrode active material has electronic conductivity, a negative electrode conductive agent need not be used.

The binder for the negative electrode may be either a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin. Polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, styrene butadiene rubber, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene Polymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, polychlorotri Fluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride-pentafluoropropylene copolymer, propylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene -Tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-perfluoromethyl vinyl ether-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer, ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer, An ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer, polyamide, polyurethane, polyimide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and a copolymer thereof are preferable. These can use 1 type (s) or 2 or more types. Among these, styrene butadiene rubber, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer, ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer, polyamide, polyurethane, More preferred are polyimide, polyvinylpyrrolidone and copolymers thereof.

The current collector for the negative electrode may be an electronic conductor that does not cause a chemical change inside the battery. Stainless steel, nickel, copper, titanium, carbon, conductive resin, carbon on the surface of copper or stainless steel, Those having nickel or titanium adhered or coated thereon are suitable. Among these, copper and alloys containing copper are more preferable. These can use 1 type (s) or 2 or more types. Further, the surface of the negative electrode current collector can be oxidized and used. Furthermore, it is desirable to make the current collector surface uneven. As the shape of the current collector for the negative electrode, a foil, a film, a sheet, a net, a punched one, a lath body, a porous body, a foamed body, a molded body of a fiber group, and the like are suitable. The thickness of the current collector is preferably 1 to 500 μm.

The positive electrode is preferably prepared by coating a positive electrode mixture containing a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode conductive agent, a positive electrode binder, and the like on the surface of the positive electrode current collector. The positive electrode mixture may contain various additives in addition to the conductive agent and the binder.
Examples of the positive electrode active material include metal Li, Li _x CoO ₂ , Li _x NiO ₂ , Li _x MnO ₂ , Li _x Co _y Ni _1-y O ₂ , Li _x Co _y J _1-y O _z , and Li _x Ni. _{1-y J y O z,} Li x Mn 2 O 4, Li x Mn 2-y J y O 4; MnO 2, V g O h, Cr g O h (g and h is an integer of 1 or more) such as An oxide containing no lithium is suitable. These can use 1 type (s) or 2 or more types.
J represents at least one element selected from Na, Mg, Sc, Y, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Cr, Pb, Sb, and B. X is 0 ≦ x ≦ 1.2, y is 0 ≦ y ≦ 0.9, z is 2.0 ≦ z ≦ 2.3, and x is charge / discharge of the battery. Will increase or decrease. Further, as the positive electrode active material, a transition metal chalcogenide, vanadium oxide or niobium oxide which may contain lithium, an organic conductive material composed of a conjugated polymer, a chevrel phase compound, or the like may be used. The average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material particles is preferably 1 to 30 μm.

The positive electrode conductive agent may be any electron conductive material that does not cause a chemical change in the charge / discharge potential of the positive electrode active material used, and is the same as the negative electrode conductive agent described above; metal powder such as aluminum and silver Conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide are suitable. These can use 1 type (s) or 2 or more types. Among these, artificial graphite, acetylene black, and nickel powder are more preferable. The amount of the positive electrode conductive agent used is preferably 1 to 50 parts by weight, and more preferably 1 to 30 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the positive electrode active material. When carbon black or graphite is used, the amount is preferably 2 to 15 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the positive electrode active material.

The positive electrode binder may be either a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin, other than the styrene butadiene rubber in the negative electrode binder described above, and tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoroethylene copolymer. A coalescence or the like is preferred. These can use 1 type (s) or 2 or more types. Among these, polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene are more preferable.
The positive electrode current collector may be any electron conductor that does not cause a chemical change in the charge / discharge potential of the positive electrode active material to be used. The surface of stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, carbon, conductive resin, aluminum or stainless steel Those having carbon or titanium adhered or coated thereon are suitable. These can use 1 type (s) or 2 or more types. Among these, aluminum or an alloy containing aluminum is preferable. Further, the surface of the positive electrode current collector can be oxidized and used. Furthermore, it is desirable to make the current collector surface uneven. The shape and thickness of the positive electrode current collector are the same as those of the negative electrode current collector described above.

The separator is preferably an insulating microporous thin film having a large ion permeability and a predetermined mechanical strength when an electrolytic solution is used as an ionic conductor. It preferably has a function of closing and increasing resistance. Materials include porous synthetic resin films of polyolefin polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene, woven or non-woven fabrics made of organic materials such as polypropylene and fluorinated polyolefins, glass fibers, and inorganic materials from the viewpoint of organic solvent resistance and hydrophobicity. A woven fabric or a non-woven fabric is preferably used. The pore diameter of the pores of the separator is preferably in a range in which the positive electrode active material, the negative electrode active material, the binder, and the conductive agent detached from the electrode do not pass through, and is preferably 0.01 to 1 μm. The thickness of the separator is preferably 10 to 300 μm. Moreover, as a porosity, it is preferable that it is 30 to 80%.
Further, the surface of the separator is preferably modified in advance by corona discharge treatment, plasma discharge treatment, or other wet treatment using a surfactant so as to reduce the hydrophobicity. As a result, the wettability of the separator surface and the inside of the pores is improved, and the increase in the internal resistance of the battery can be suppressed as much as possible.

As the lithium secondary battery, a positive electrode mixture or a negative electrode mixture containing a gel holding an electrolyte solution in a polymer material, or a porous separator made of a polymer material holding an electrolyte solution is used as a positive electrode or a negative electrode. You may be comprised by integrating. The polymer material is not particularly limited as long as it can hold an electrolytic solution, and a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene is preferable.
Examples of the shape of the lithium secondary battery include a coin shape, a button shape, a sheet shape, a laminated shape, a cylindrical shape, a flat shape, a square shape, and a large size used for an electric vehicle.

(2) Electrolytic Capacitor An electrolytic capacitor is composed of an anode foil, a cathode foil, an electrolytic paper that is a separator sandwiched between the anode foil and the cathode foil, and a capacitor element composed of a lead wire and the electrolyte of the present invention. The ion conductor, the bottomed cylindrical outer case, and the sealing body that seals the outer case are configured as basic constituent elements. A perspective view of one embodiment of the capacitor element is shown in FIG. The electrolytic capacitor in the present invention is impregnated with an electrolytic solution that is an ionic conductor using the above electrolyte material in a capacitor element, the capacitor element is accommodated in a bottomed cylindrical outer case, and sealed in an opening of the outer case. It can be obtained by attaching the body and sealing the outer case by drawing the end of the outer case. As such an electrolytic capacitor, an aluminum electrolytic capacitor, a tantalum electrolytic capacitor, and a niobium electrolytic capacitor are suitable. A schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the aluminum electrolytic capacitor is shown in FIG. As such an aluminum electrolytic capacitor, a thin oxide film (aluminum oxide) formed by electrolytic anodic oxidation on the surface of an aluminum foil roughened by producing fine irregularities by electrolytic etching is suitable. .

As the anode foil, an aluminum foil having a purity of 99% or more is chemically or electrochemically etched in an acidic solution and subjected to a surface expansion treatment, and then in an aqueous solution such as ammonium borate, ammonium phosphate, or ammonium adipate. A material obtained by performing a chemical conversion treatment and forming an anodized film layer on the surface thereof can be used.
The cathode foil is selected from one or more metal nitrides selected from titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, tantalum nitride and niobium nitride, and / or titanium, zirconium, tantalum and niobium on part or all of the surface. An aluminum foil formed with a film composed of one or more metals can be used.
Examples of the method for forming the film include a vapor deposition method, a plating method, a coating method, and the like. As a portion for forming the film, the entire surface of the cathode foil may be coated, or if necessary, For example, only one surface of the cathode foil may be coated with metal nitride or metal.

The lead wire is preferably composed of a connection part in contact with the anode foil and the cathode foil, a round bar part, and an external connection part. The lead wires are electrically connected to the anode foil and the cathode foil by means such as stitching and ultrasonic welding at the connection portions. Further, the connecting portion and the round bar portion in the lead wire are preferably made of high-purity aluminum, and the external connecting portion is preferably made of a copper-plated steel wire subjected to solder plating. In addition, an aluminum oxide layer formed by anodizing with an aqueous ammonium borate solution, an aqueous ammonium phosphate solution, or an aqueous ammonium adipate solution may be formed on part or all of the surface of the connecting portion with the cathode foil and the round bar portion. An insulating layer such as a ceramic coating layer made of Al ₂ O ₃ , SiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ or the like can be formed.

The exterior case is preferably made of aluminum.
The sealing body is preferably provided with a through hole through which each lead wire is led out, and is preferably composed of an elastic rubber such as butyl rubber, and the butyl rubber is, for example, a copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene. After adding and kneading a reinforcing rubber (carbon black, etc.), a bulking agent (clay, talc, calcium carbonate, etc.), a processing aid (stearic acid, zinc oxide, etc.), a vulcanizing agent, etc. A molded rubber elastic body can be used. Examples of vulcanizing agents include alkylphenol formalin resins; peroxides (dicumyl peroxide, 1,1-di- (t-butylperoxy) -3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5- Di- (t-butylperoxy) hexane etc.); quinoids (p-quinone dioxime, p, p'-dibenzoylquinone dioxime etc.); sulfur etc. can be used. Note that it is more preferable to coat the surface of the sealing body with a resin such as Teflon (registered trademark) or to attach a plate such as bakelite because the permeability of the solvent vapor is reduced.
As the separator, paper such as manila paper or kraft paper is usually used, but non-woven fabrics such as glass fiber, polypropylene and polyethylene can also be used.

The electrolytic capacitor may have a hermetic seal structure or a structure sealed in a resin case (for example, described in JP-A-8-148384). In the case of an aluminum electrolytic capacitor with a rubber seal, gas permeates through rubber to some extent, so that the solvent evaporates from the inside of the capacitor to the atmosphere in a high temperature environment, and from the atmosphere to the inside of the capacitor in a high temperature and high humidity environment. Moisture may be mixed into the capacitor, and under these harsh environments, the capacitor may cause undesirable characteristic changes such as a decrease in capacitance. On the other hand, a capacitor with a hermetic seal structure or a structure sealed in a resin case has a very small amount of gas permeation, and thus exhibits stable characteristics even in such a harsh environment.

(3) Electric Double Layer Capacitor The electric double layer capacitor is composed of a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and an ion conductor using the electrolyte of the present invention as a basic constituent element. In addition, an electrolyte solution that is an ionic conductor is included in an electrode element composed of a negative electrode. FIG. 3 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of such an electric double layer capacitor and an enlarged schematic view of the electrode surface.

The positive electrode and the negative electrode are polarizable electrodes, and are composed of activated carbon fibers, activated carbon particle molded bodies, activated carbon particles such as activated carbon particles, a conductive agent, and a binder material as an electrode active material. It is preferable to use it as a plate-shaped molded body. In the electric double layer capacitor having such a configuration, as shown in the enlarged view of FIG. 3, the electric double layer generated at the interface between the polarizable electrode and the electrolytic solution due to physical adsorption / desorption of ions is charged. Will be stored.

As the activated carbon, those having an average pore diameter of 2.5 nm or less are preferable. The average pore diameter of the activated carbon is preferably measured by the BET method using nitrogen adsorption. The specific surface area of the activated carbon varies depending on the capacitance per unit area (F / m ² ) depending on the carbonaceous species, the decrease in bulk density accompanying the increase in the specific surface area, etc., but the specific surface area determined by the BET method by nitrogen adsorption as is preferably ^{500~2500m 2 / g, 1000~2000m 2 /} g is more preferable.

As the method for producing the activated carbon, plant-based wood, sawdust, coconut husk, pulp waste liquid, fossil fuel-based coal, heavy petroleum oil, or pyrolyzed coal and petroleum-based pitch, petroleum coke, Carbon aerogel, mesophase carbon, tar pitched fiber, synthetic polymer, phenol resin, furan resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinylidene chloride resin, polyimide resin, polyamide resin, ion exchange resin, liquid crystal polymer, plastic disposal It is preferable to use an activation method in which a raw material such as a product or a waste tire is carbonized and then activated.

The activation method includes (1) a gas activation method in which a carbonized raw material is contact-reacted with water vapor, carbon dioxide gas, oxygen, and other oxidizing gas at a high temperature, and (2) zinc chloride and phosphoric acid are added to the carbonized raw material. An inert gas atmosphere that is uniformly impregnated with sodium phosphate, calcium chloride, potassium sulfide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, calcium carbonate, boric acid, nitric acid, etc. The chemical activation method which heats in and obtains activated carbon by the dehydration and oxidation reaction of a chemical | medical agent is mentioned, Any may be used.

Activated carbon obtained by the above activation method is preferably heat treated at 500 to 2500 ° C., more preferably 700 to 1500 ° C. in an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen, argon, helium, xenon, etc. The electron conductivity may be increased by removing functional groups or by developing carbon crystallinity. Examples of the shape of the activated carbon include crushing, granulation, granule, fiber, felt, woven fabric, and sheet shape. In the case of particles, the average particle diameter is preferably 30 μm or less in terms of improving the bulk density of the electrode and reducing the internal resistance.
As the electrode active material, in addition to activated carbon, a carbon material having the above-described high specific surface area may be used. For example, carbon nanotubes or diamond produced by plasma CVD may be used.

As the conductive agent, carbon black such as acetylene black and ketjen black, natural graphite, thermally expanded graphite, carbon fiber, metal fiber such as ruthenium oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum, and nickel are preferable. These can use 1 type (s) or 2 or more types. Among these, acetylene black and ketjen black are more preferable in that the conductivity is effectively improved with a small amount. The blending amount of the conductive agent varies depending on the bulk density of the activated carbon, but when the activated carbon is 100% by mass, 5 to 50% by mass is preferable, and 10 to 30% by mass is more preferable.

As the binder material, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, carboxymethyl cellulose, fluoroolefin copolymer crosslinked polymer, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, polyimide, petroleum pitch, coal pitch, phenol resin, and the like are suitable. These can use 1 type (s) or 2 or more types. The blending amount of the binder substance varies depending on the type and shape of the activated carbon, but when the activated carbon is 100% by mass, 0.5 to 30% by mass is preferable, and 2 to 30% by mass is more preferable.

The positive electrode and negative electrode are formed by, for example, (1) a method obtained by adding polytetrafluoroethylene to a mixture of activated carbon and acetylene black and then press-molding. (2) activated carbon and pitch, tar, phenol resin, etc. A method of mixing and molding the binder material and then heat-treating it under an inert atmosphere to obtain a sintered body, and (3) a method of sintering only activated carbon and the binder material or activated carbon to form an electrode are preferred. When using activated carbon fiber cloth obtained by activating carbon fiber cloth, it may be used as an electrode as it is without using a binder substance.

In the electric double layer capacitor, the polarizable electrode is prevented from contacting or short-circuiting by a method in which the separator is sandwiched between the polarizable electrodes or a method in which the polarizable electrodes are opposed to each other by using a holding means. It is preferable. As the separator, it is preferable to use a porous thin film that does not cause a chemical reaction with molten salt or the like in the operating temperature range. As the material of the separator, paper, polypropylene, polyethylene, glass fiber, and the like are suitable.
Examples of the shape of the electric double layer capacitor include a coin type, a wound type, a square type, and an aluminum laminate type, and any shape may be used.

Electrochemical devices such as lithium secondary batteries, electrolytic capacitors, and electric double layer capacitors using the electrolyte according to the present invention are portable information terminals, portable electronic devices, small household electric power storage devices, motorcycles, electric vehicles, and hybrid electrics. It can be suitably used for various applications such as automobiles.

The electrolyte material of the present invention has the above-described configuration, and improves ionic conductivity and is stable over time. Therefore, the electrolyte material is suitable as an electrolyte material constituting an ionic conductor, and corrosive to electrodes and the like. Since the electrolyte salt is prevented from decomposing even at high potentials and is electrochemically stable, the charging and discharging mechanisms of primary batteries, lithium (ion) secondary batteries, fuel cells, etc. It can be suitably applied to electrochemical devices such as electrolytic capacitors, electric double layer capacitors, solar cells and electrochromic display elements, in addition to the batteries having them.

The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples. However, the present invention is not limited to these examples. Unless otherwise specified, “part” means “part by weight” and “%” means “mass%”.

Example 1
In a flask equipped with a thermometer, a nitrogen gas inlet tube, a reflux condenser, a stirrer, and a dropping funnel, 6.61 g of malononitrile was dissolved in 20 mL of THF and added dropwise to a THF solution of NaH cooled to −78 ° C. After completion of the dropwise addition, 8.3 g of acetyl chloride in THF was added. After completion of the reaction, THF was removed under reduced pressure, and neutralized with an aqueous sulfuric acid solution. Extraction was performed with diethyl ether, and diethyl ether was removed under reduced pressure using an evaporator to obtain brown crystals of acetylmalononitrile. (Yield 6.0 g, 55% yield)
¹ H-NMR: Solvent: d ₆ -DMSO
δ = 2.16 ppm

Next, 5 g of the obtained acetylmalononitrile was dissolved in 30 mL of methanol. When a methanol solution of triethylamine was dropped there, a slight exotherm was observed. The resulting solution was filtered, evaporated and concentrated to obtain a yellow liquid triethylammonium acetyldicyanomethide. (Yield 9g, Yield 95%)
¹ H-NMR: Solvent: d ₆ -DMSO
δ = 1.2 ppm (9H), 1.9 ppm (3H), 3.1 ppm (6H), 8.9 ppm (1H)
The ionic conductivity at 25 ° C. of propylene carbonate (hereinafter abbreviated as PC) 2 mol / kg was 1.2 × 10 ⁻² S / cm.

Example 2
1 g of acetylmalononitrile obtained in Example 1 was dissolved in 30 mL of water and neutralized with 9.8 g of 1M NaOH aqueous solution. An aqueous silver nitrate solution was dropped into the obtained solution to obtain a solid. The obtained solid was washed twice with water and purified to obtain 2 g of silver acetyldicyanomethide.
Subsequently, 2 g of silver acetyldicyanomethide was dispersed in water, and an aqueous solution in which 1.2 g of heethylmethylimidazolinium bromide was dissolved was dropped. The suspension was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated with an evaporator to obtain a yellow liquid ethylmethylimidazolinium acetyldicyanomethide.
¹ H-NMR: Solvent: d ₆ -DMSO
δ = 1.3 ppm (3H), 1.9 ppm (3H), 3.7 ppm (3H), 4.0 ppm (2H), 7.2 ppm (1H), 7.3 ppm (1H)
The ionic conductivity at 25 ° C. of propylene carbonate (hereinafter abbreviated as PC) 2 mol / kg was 2.6 × 10 ⁻² S / cm.

Example 3
In a flask equipped with a thermometer, a nitrogen gas inlet tube, a reflux condenser, a stirrer, and a dropping funnel, 4.4 g (128 mmol) of sodium hydride (70% silicon oil product) and 20 ml of hexane were added at room temperature under a nitrogen stream. And stirred and washed for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, stirring was stopped, and the supernatant was sucked up with a syringe and discarded. To the remaining solid portion, 10 ml of hexane was newly added and washed with stirring for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was discarded. After repeating this operation twice, 30 ml of tetrahydrofuran was charged into the solid portion, and a tetrahydrofuran solution (35 ml) of 4.3 g (64 mmol) of malononitrile was added dropwise over 1 hour in a state kept at 0 ° C. under a nitrogen stream. After stirring for 1 hour after the completion of dropping, a THF solution (35 ml) of 8.26 g (59 mmol) of benzoyl chloride was added dropwise over 1 hour while maintaining at -78 ° C. After completion of the dropwise addition, the mixture was further stirred for 1 hour, and 3 mol / l hydrochloric acid aqueous solution (70 ml) was added to complete the reaction. Ethyl acetate (40 ml) was added, extracted twice, and concentrated to obtain 7.0 g of benzoylmalononitrile as a yellow solid.

Next, 7.0 g of the obtained benzoylmalononitrile and methanol (50 ml) were charged into a three-necked flask. While maintaining at 0 ° C., 6.3 g (62 mmol) of triethylamine was added dropwise over 1 hour. Reaction was complete | finished by stirring for 30 minutes after completion | finish of dripping. The solution was concentrated to obtain a benzoylmalononitrile / triethylamine salt as a brown solid (10.7 g, yield: 66%).
¹ H-NMR: Solvent: d ₆ -DMSO
δ 7.3-7.6 (m, 5H) δ 3.08 (q, ΔJ = 8.6 Hz, 6H) δ 1.17 (t, ΔJ = 8.6 Hz, 9H)
The ion conductivity at 25 ° C. of propylene carbonate (hereinafter abbreviated as PC) 2 mol / kg was 0.9 × 10 ⁻² S / cm.

Example 4
To a flask equipped with a thermometer, a nitrogen gas introduction tube, a reflux condenser, a stirrer, and a dropping funnel, 5.3 g (155 mmol) of sodium hydride (70% silicon oil product) and 50 ml of THF were added under a nitrogen stream, While maintaining at 0 ° C., a THF solution (50 ml) of 5.1 g (77 mmol) of malononitrile was added dropwise over 1 hour, and the mixture was further stirred for 1 hour after the completion of the dropwise addition. Thereafter, 14.4 g (70 mmol) of iodobenzene, 0.3 g (1.4 mmol) of palladium acetate and 0.74 g (2.8 mmol) of triphenylphosphine were added under a nitrogen stream, and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 8 hours under reflux of THF. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was treated with dilute hydrochloric acid, extracted with ethyl acetate, and concentrated to obtain 7 g of 2-phenylmalononitrile as a brown solid.

Next, 7 g of the obtained 2-phenylmalononitrile and methanol (50 ml) were charged into a three-necked flask, and 6.3 g (62 mmol) of triethylamine was added dropwise over 1 hour while maintaining the temperature at 0 ° C. Reaction was complete | finished by stirring for 30 minutes after completion | finish of dripping. The solution was concentrated to obtain 2-phenylmalononitrile / triethylamine salt (10.5 g, yield: 61%) as a brown solid.
¹ H-NMR: Solvent: d ₆ -DMSO
δ7.1-7.6 (m, 5H) δ3.08 (q, ΔJ = 8.6 Hz, 6H) δ1.17 (t, ΔJ = 8.6 Hz, 9H)

It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram which shows one form of a lithium secondary battery. (A) is a perspective view which shows one form of an electrolytic capacitor, (b) is a cross-sectional schematic diagram which shows one form of an aluminum electrolytic capacitor. It is the cross-sectional schematic diagram which shows one form of an electrical double layer capacitor, and the enlarged schematic diagram of the electrode surface.

Claims (5)

The following general formula (1);

(In the formula, R ¹ represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms not containing a fluorine atom. A represents a carbonyl group or a sulfonyl group, or represents a direct bond between R ¹ and a carbon atom. .) An electrolyte material characterized by containing an anion represented by The following general formula (1);

(In the formula, R ¹ represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms not containing a fluorine atom. A represents a carbonyl group or a sulfonyl group, or represents a direct bond between R ¹ and a carbon atom. .) And an anion represented by
The following general formula (2);

(Wherein X represents one kind of element selected from the group consisting of C, Si, N, P, S and O. R is the same or different and is a monovalent element or an organic group, and And s is an integer of 2, 3 or 4, and is a value determined by the valence of the element of X)). Electrolyte material. The following general formula (1);

(In the formula, R ¹ represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms not containing a fluorine atom. A represents a carbonyl group or a sulfonyl group, or represents a direct bond between R ¹ and a carbon atom. .) And an anion represented by
The following general formula (3);

(Wherein R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ are the same or different and represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. At least two of R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ are carbonized. In the case of a hydrogen group, these hydrocarbon groups may be bonded directly or may have a structure bonded via at least one element selected from O, S and N.) An electrolyte material comprising a cation represented by the formula: An electrolyte comprising the electrolyte material according to claim 1, 2 or 3 and a matrix material. The electrolyte according to claim 4, wherein the matrix material essentially contains an organic solvent.

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