JP2007104972A - Greening method of citizen-based town planning considering microclimate - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a greening method of a citizen-based town planning, intended for performing plantation which gives well-balanced consistency to the plantation function of each section so as to organically continue a whole town and each section based on terms and conditions of a site environment, and intended for effectively using source energy. <P>SOLUTION: This greening method of a citizen-based town planning considering microclimate comprises a first process of greening a town circumference 1, a second process of greening customer premise roads 2, and a process of greening a residential land. Plantation which gives well-balanced consistency to the plantation function of each section is performed in each process of the first, second and third processes so as to organically continue a whole town and each section based on terms and conditions of a site environment. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Description

The present invention relates to a greening method for town planning in consideration of a microclimate.

In the days when resource energy was not available, people have made various efforts to relax the heat and cold, and spend a pleasant time. The house was organically continuous with the surrounding natural environment because the house was not clearly separated as it is today. And with the blessings of natural energy such as water, greenery, wind, and sun, there was wisdom to change the microclimate of the surrounding environment warm in winter and cool in summer. Trees in particular had a microclimate-forming function that relaxed the surrounding climate, creating a human-scale climate around the house.

In modern times, however, the functions that have been fulfilled by planting have been replaced by housing equipment, which has been placed mainly as an aesthetic target. The weight of the aesthetic function such as the beauty of appearance is biased, and the role of microclimate formation has been reduced. Therefore, the current situation is that little consideration is given to the microclimate, which is an important role in improving the living environment.

For example, in recent housing estate development, it is rare to consider the natural environment and social environment of the planned site, and business plans that prioritize sales and profits are common. It is the present situation that it may be said that there is no townscape.

  On the other hand, there are many examples of traditional towns and villages that exist in various parts of the country that have a beautiful appearance that is close to the local natural environment. In the surrounding environment of the building, you can see a number of ingenuity so that you can live comfortably in hot and humid summers and harsh winters, such as greening considering the climate and location environment.

  After the energy crisis in the 70s and the global environmental problems in the 1980s, there has been a demand for housing and town development that coexists with the environment. However, it is still unclear how to develop a town that is healthy and willing to live in, with consideration for the natural environment and ecosystem that fits the ecological era. Absent.

  Unlike the traditional one, the conditions for the total pixel area in the town development in recent years have changed greatly. When creating a new living and natural environment, such as landfills and wilderness, there are a wide variety of areas, such as a built-up land that destroyed the topography and vegetation, and town development that uses environments such as satoyama and forest land.

  It is important and effective for such a problem to be promoted as a whole town including the surrounding environment rather than promoting it at the individual house level, and it is expected that environmental problems can be improved. For example, when creating a large-scale town planning site, it is necessary to design and create such that a microclimate is effectively formed in the entire planned site. Conventionally, the use of a green area on a mountain slope or the use of a natural forest in a natural forest area that grows in the area as the green of a park has been performed (for example, see Patent Document 1).

JP2002-220839

However, in the above conventional example, consideration was given to cost reduction and landscape for procuring and planting trees, but no consideration was given to a planting method in which a microclimate is effectively formed. In addition, humans have evolved over time to match the climate like other organisms, but the recent homogenous artificial environment adjustments in the house that are not too much change are biologically unhealthy. It has also been pointed out.

From this point of view, the indoor environment of a house is not mainly considered to be an environmental adjustment by an artificial method such as air conditioning, but rather a natural climate adjustment that takes advantage of the characteristics of the local climate and climate. There is a need to compensate for the heat of the summer and the cold winter by artificial means. Therefore, future urban development is not too dependent on natural resources and energy, and it is necessary to develop a comprehensive environment utilizing the potential microclimate formation function of trees.

  Considering the above points, it is important to consider the following points in order to create a microclimate that is cool in summer and warm in winter when greening the town development. That is, it is necessary to determine the role of each part of the periphery of the town, the road in the residential area, the greening of the residential area, and the various conditions of the location environment. In addition, it is important to have a well-balanced consistency in the planting function of each part and to plan while always considering the part and the whole as to how each part can be organically continuous as a whole.

  The object of the present invention is to perform planting with balanced and consistent planting functions of each part so that the whole town and each part can be organically continuous based on various conditions of the location environment. It is to provide a technique of a greening method that can be done.

  The present invention is a greening method for urban development that takes into account the microclimate, and includes a first step of greening the outer periphery of the city, a second step of greening the residential road, and a third step of greening the residential land. In the first step, the second step, and the third step, the planting function of each part so that the whole town and each part can be organically continuous based on various conditions of the location environment It is characterized by planting in a balanced and consistent manner.

  In the present invention, in the second step of greening the residential road, it is preferable that the crossing and the T-shaped road of the residential road have a tree species and planting density that can adjust the wind speed flowing along the road.

  In the present invention, in the second step of greening the residential road, it is desirable that a tree species to be planted along the residential road is a deciduous tree.

  In the present invention, in the third step of greening the residential land, it is desirable to plant a deciduous broad-leaved tree for forming a southern canopy on the south surface side of the building.

  In the present invention, in the third step of greening the residential land, it is desirable to plant a deciduous broad-leaved tree with many lower branches on the east-west side of the building to block solar radiation from a low angle.

  In the present invention, it is desirable to plant 20% or more of the site area in the third step of greening the residential land.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, it becomes possible to form a microclimate long and maximally in the whole town development plan ground, and can make the whole town development plan ground comfortable and healthy living environment. In addition, the use of natural energy by trees can reduce the use of air-conditioning and the like in the building and can greatly reduce resource energy. As a result, it is possible to create a community that can coexist with the environment, taking into account global environmental issues such as global warming.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing the concept of greening in town development.

<Concept of town development in an ecological era>
The matsuzukuri lacking consideration for the natural environment, social environment and location conditions of the planned site rarely formed good townscapes over time. These towns are also limited in terms of resource circulation, with the loss of resident attachment, scrapping and building due to sudden changes in consumer culture and lifestyle accompanying economic growth.

  What is important as a basis for town development in an ecological era is a green that fits the local climate, culture, and social environment, has a good community consciousness (adjacent to the other three houses), and is matured by residents. The plan that puts emphasis on rich town development becomes the tide of the times.

  To create a comfortable living environment for building a sustainable recycling-oriented society, as shown in Fig. 1, we accurately grasp the various conditions of the location environment and establish a concept that makes the most of its potential. And it is important to make a town after making a basic plan.

<Greening concept>
In many of the conventional town planning, residential land creation that ignores the conditions of the location environment has been implemented. As a result, the natural environment and ecosystems that had been formed for hundreds of years were destroyed, and the irreplaceable green space inhabited by various creatures was lost. In the towns where residential land has been created in this way, it has been greened, but it is only from an aesthetic point of view, so it is necessary to select tree species that do not match the climate and to consider the diverse functions of the plant itself. There was no planting. In urban development, it is important to consider the following points in order to create a cool summer and warm winter climate.

  In other words, as shown in FIG. 2, it is necessary to determine the role of each part of the city, such as the outer periphery 1 of the town, the road 2 in the residential land, and the greening of the residential land 3 in consideration of the conditions of the location environment. There is. In addition, it is important to plan in consideration of the part and the whole so that the planting function of each part is balanced and consistent, and how each part can be organically continued as a whole.

<Greening of the town periphery>
The greening of the outer periphery of the town should be in line with the town planning vision of the planned site in order to strengthen the character and impression of the town. Important factors that determine greening include the lifestyle and value of the resident along with the culture, historical environment, and social environment around the project site.

  Understand the climate characteristics, geography, and topographical environment, and clearly divide the elements that you want to incorporate into the town and the elements that you want to prevent in the summer and winter climates of the planned area, and consider the outer structure, tree species, and planting methods of the town To do. The living environment where strong winds blow through is unsettling. How to cope with winter seasonal winds, local winds, typhoons and strong winds of low pressure is a big problem of the greening of the outer periphery. In addition, preventing cold wind is one of the important functions required for planting in order to live warmly in winter and leads to the creation of a healthy living environment. Sound that hits the leaves, branches, and bark of plants is diffusely reflected and diffused. Also, the sound of rubbing leaves and the sound of wild birds resonate comfortably in the ear, and the noise is masked with natural sounds.

  In view of the above, as shown in FIG. 3, consideration should be given to greening the outer periphery of the town so that at least the impression addition function, sound adjustment function, strong wind adjustment function, heat adjustment function, etc. can be exhibited. This is very important.

<Greening of residential roads>
Since the road becomes a wind path, greening is effective in mitigating it. It is desirable to design the residential road so that it does not run parallel to the direction of the winter seasonal wind, but the trees and green roads along the road generate wind turbulence and exert a wind-damping effect. Since wind speed tends to be stronger than crossroads, T-shaped roads, and straight roads, it is necessary to consider tree species and planting density.

  In summer, when the sun is shielded by greening the road, a good microclimate is formed in the town, which greatly contributes to the improvement of the indoor climate. In winter, it is desirable to plant deciduous trees so that solar radiation can be acquired on the road surface. Fallen leaves can also be expected to have a positive effect on the formation of community relationships.

Tree planting along the road leads to stabilization of temperature due to the transpiration of trees. In addition, when a material having water permeability and water retention is selected as the road pavement in conjunction with greening, the surface temperature from the road surface is lowered due to the evaporative cooling effect from the road surface, and the heat radiation from the road surface is alleviated.
In order to create a calm living environment, it is important to consider light.
This is because planting helps to prevent glare from street lights and car headlights.

  In view of the above, as shown in FIG. 4, consideration should be given to the greening of residential roads so that at least the wind adjustment function, solar radiation adjustment function, heat / temperature adjustment function, anti-glare function, etc. can be exhibited. This is very important.

<Greening in residential land>
(Southern surface canopy by deciduous broad-leaved tree)
Deciduous broad-leaved trees control solar radiant heat according to the season and maintain a pleasant living environment. There is data that deciduous broad-leaved trees densely cover the leaves from spring to summer, when the amount of solar radiation increases, and block about 90% of sunlight. And in winter, when the temperature drops and you want to incorporate solar heat into the room, you will not drop the leaves and block the solar radiation heat from entering. In other words, deciduous broad-leaved trees exhibit an automatic opening and closing parasol function that can respond well to changes in the local climate.

(Planting on the east and west to prevent low solar radiation)
In summer, the amount of solar radiation on the walls of the east and west is about three times that of the south surface. If the solar radiation on the east and west surfaces is neglected, the room temperature rises due to solar heat conducted on the wall. It is effective to use a different tree species from the south side to block the solar radiant heat that flows into the east and west sides of the house. Deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Japanese maple and Japanese cypress that are strong against heat rays from a low angle and have many lower branches are suitable.

(Ventilation invitation)
You can feel the coolness of the room by letting the wind through in the summer. When the skin hits the wind, heat is taken away, and when the sweat evaporates, the perceived temperature drops further. Read the summer wind direction and consider how to open the windows and plant the wind.

  From the above points, as shown in Fig. 5, the greening of residential land has at least a solar radiation shielding (summer) function, a solar radiation acquisition (winter) function, a function to prevent low sunlight (planting in the east and west), and a draft-inducing function. It is important to consider so that it can be used.

<Control of solar radiation>
As shown in FIG. 6, the effect of solar radiation control varies greatly depending on the tree species. It is deciduous trees and evergreen trees that have an extreme difference in the difference. Among deciduous trees, there are broad leaves and needle leaves, and the degree of adjustment of solar radiation is different, but basically the sun is blocked in the summer, and the sun is deflated in the winter, so it passes through the sun. On the other hand, evergreen trees shield solar radiation throughout the year, so the use of tree species has a great impact on the microclimate.

  Depending on the latitude and longitude of the planned site, the solar altitude from sunrise to sunset is always different. In controlling solar radiation, the conditions differ depending on the season, time, and direction of the building part you want to adjust, so the key point is to select a tree shape such as a canopy type, an egg type, or a type with a lower branch. The solar shading rate varies greatly depending on the leaf density of the tree. Since there are 20 to 30% openness depending on the individual even in the same tree species, it is necessary to confirm the actual tree selection for the part that becomes the point of solar radiation adjustment.

  Planting more than 20% of the site area is a key point for creating a green city. The evaluation of green abundance begins when the green coverage ratio is around 20%, which, along with the improvement of the microclimate, has a psychological impact on the human body and makes it possible to feel cooler in summer.

<Control of heat>
As shown in FIG. 7, if a part of the building that is sun-shielded by trees is provided, it becomes a heat source, which is useful for summer cooling. If it is in the direction of the prevailing wind in summer, the ventilation to the room will be more pleasant. Even if the cold source is in the opposite direction to the summer seasonal wind, it can be used in the absence of wind. When the surface temperature of the roof or road surface rises, the upward flow from there becomes a trigger, and it becomes possible to take cool air into the room.

  If there is a parking lot close to the house, the heat radiation from the summer will worsen the indoor thermal environment. Hedges and greening fences alleviate the worsening indoor climate. Directly hitting the building with a cold seasonal wind in winter will cool the outer wall and lead to deterioration of the indoor thermal environment. When evergreen trees are planted in the direction of the seasonal wind, the air between the trees and the building does not move, which has the effect of heat insulation.

  If there is a hill adjacent to the project site, a downdraft of cold air will occur along the slope in winter, and the microclimate of the town will deteriorate. Planting an evergreen tree with high leaf density at the lower end of the slope makes it possible to stop the cold air flowing into the city.

<Wind control>
(Utilization of hedges)
As shown in FIG. 8, there are a dense hedge and a rough hedge. In the case of a relatively dense hedge, there is data that the wind speed has been reduced to about 15 to 25% in the lee. Wind speed is also reduced on the windward side of the hedge. The downwind of a dense hedge with a large windbreak effect generates strong turbulent flow from the top to the bottom within a distance of 10 to 15 times the height of the hedge, and care must be taken in the distance between the windbreak hedge and the building. is there. As a point of construction, mainly planted with evergreen trees with fine leaves, etc., and planted so as to have a density of 5-6 per 1 m. A rough hedge has the effect of reducing the wind speed by passing a strong wind through it. In the case of a rough hedge, a turbulent flow like a dense hedge is not generated, and a stable weak wind can be expected.

(Wind agitation)
In the summer, the so-called breeze is more pleasant than the continuous strong wind. It is possible to do this by planting, planting a deciduous broad-leaved tree or evergreen broad-leaved tree with a wide hem just before the opening on the wind entrance side, and generating a vertical vortex in the wind flow, the breeze flows in the room It becomes like this.

<Control of rain and clouds>
As shown in FIG. 9, the rain that falls on the trees does not all reach the ground surface. The amount of precipitation that reaches the earth's surface varies depending on the type of tree, and the annual average amount of water is greater for broadleaf trees than for conifers. The reason for this is that conifers have a large number of sharp-angled leaves, and water drops accumulate in each depression. When creating a residential land, a slope is created. When rainfall is low, rainwater penetrates into the soil and is absorbed, but when it rains heavily, surface soil flows out. Planting ground cover and shrubs on the slope will help maintain the ecosystem by preventing soil erosion and drying.

  Planting for snow prevention is important when planning town development in areas where there is a lot of snow and the seasonal wind blows through. It is possible to adjust the position and amount of snow puddles by reducing the wind speed of trees in the snow protection forest. It is necessary to take measures against snow damage in planting areas where a lot of solid snow falls. Snow fishing and snow fences are effective depending on the tree type, tree shape and tree height.

<Various environmental controls by greening>
(Air purification)
As shown in FIG. 10, the plant controls the air pollutant gas by an oxidizing action and a diluting action. As contaminated air flows around the plant, oxygen-rich air and contaminated air are mixed and diluted. Plants remove impurities such as dust, sand, dust, smoke, and odors that float in the air and dance in the wind.

(Measures against dust)
If there is a ground or road where dust is likely to stand next to the plan, it is preferable to protect the environment of the residential area by providing a planting zone or preventing dust by combining fences and hedges. In traditional towns, there are waterways in the center of the road, and you can often see scenery where small irrigation channels run along the houses. This water is not well known except for use in domestic and waterproofing water, but it also has the function of keeping the dust away and draining the surrounding environment when it is dry in winter.

(Light control)
It is quite uncomfortable for a car headlight to enter the room. When a high-traffic road is adjacent to a residential area, it is necessary to plant evergreen trees. In addition, it is easy to forget about glare prevention except when the road in the planned area is curved or has a T-shaped road.

(Protect privacy)
By using plants such as hedges, trees, rinsing trees, and flowers, the line of sight from the outside is diffused. The effect can be further improved by using lighting at night, and the private zone is concealed softly.

<Topographical environmental characteristics (landfill, wilderness, satoyama, forest land, reclaimed land)>
There are many cases in the planned areas of recent town development development. There are no trees like landfills and wilderness, and when building a new living and natural environment, town development utilizing the environment such as satoyama and forest land, which was created by destroying the original topography and vegetation, etc. There are three main types.

  How to understand the topographical environmental characteristics in order to develop a green cityscape that takes into consideration the formation of a favorable microclimate by assimilating to the surrounding natural environment, even if the initial grounds of town development are different If we organize the points that we need to know about each terrain, we can list landfill, wilderness, satoyama, forest land, and reclaimed land. Environmental characteristics to be grasped include microclimate environment, geological environment, groundwater environment, biological environment, and ground shape.

<Greening for each location environment>
(Landfill)
Since there is a large amount of water with a large heat capacity in the vicinity, as shown in FIG. 11, the daily range of temperature is small and it is warmer than inland. The wind that crosses the surface of the water is unobstructed, and strong wind measures are necessary. The ground is not strong and the normal water level is high, so it is necessary to devise greening. Water birds often live quite a bit. In town development, forestry wild birds increase when tree planting is actively implemented. Points to consider when planting landfills include wind damage measures, salt damage measures, moisture damage measures, soil quality measures, and biological environment measures.

(Wilderness)
As shown in FIG. 12, there are cases where the wilderness that has not been used in the past has basically poor climatic conditions and ground conditions. Drainage is often poor due to the topography and geology. As a biological environment, there are wild birds that prefer shrubs by vegetation. The points to be considered in the greening of the wilderness include wind damage measures, snow damage measures, moisture damage measures, low temperature measures, and soil quality measures.

(Satoyama)
As shown in FIG. 13, it is a hilly area that has been artificially developed for charcoal, compost, etc., which is necessary for daily life, and has good climatic conditions because it is close to a village. There are few bad conditions in both ground and geology. In addition, it is easy to judge groundwater conditions from topography. The biological environment is rich. Points to consider when planting trees include vegetation surveys, points to be cut down, excess or deficiency of sunlight, and utilization of cold heat sources.

(Forest land)
As shown in FIG. 14, it is planted for the use of wood, has many villages, and has many conifers such as cedars and bushes. In recent years, there are many cases where the state of care such as pruning or mowing is poor, and both the microclimate environment and the biological environment are not preferable. In town development, it is good to use it partially considering wind and solar radiation environment. Points to consider when planting trees include forest land utilization, solar radiation countermeasures, moisture damage countermeasures, and tree planting countermeasures. In greening countermeasures, it is important to arrange deciduous broad-leaved trees in a well-balanced area around the building so that the negative side of evergreen coniferous land does not appear in the living environment.

(Creation site)
As shown in FIG. 15, most of the land created in the last 30 years has been created by changing the topography and destroying the ecosystem through large-scale civil engineering work. In order to form a good microclimate, it is recommended to actively plant trees. This gradually creates an ecosystem and increases the number of birds every year. Points to consider when planting trees include natural environment restoration, wind damage countermeasures, and solar / heat countermeasures.

  In addition, in FIG. 11 to FIG. 15, landfill, wilderness, satoyama, and reclaimed land are listed as arrangement items for topographical environmental characteristics and summer / winter microclimate considerations, for summer and winter respectively. It is illustrated as a chart so that the positive elements and the negative elements can be organized and correlated with the greening. Therefore, by referring to these charts, greening countermeasures can be implemented accurately.

Explanatory drawing which concerns on embodiment of this invention and shows the idea of a town development from now on. Explanatory drawing which concerns on embodiment of this invention and shows the idea of tree planting of a town development with a chart. Explanatory drawing which concerns on embodiment of this invention and shows greening of a town outer periphery. Explanatory drawing which concerns on embodiment of this invention and shows greening of a residential road. Explanatory drawing which concerns on embodiment of this invention and shows greening in a residential land. Explanatory drawing which concerns on embodiment of this invention and shows the example of control of solar radiation. Explanatory drawing which concerns on embodiment of this invention and shows the example of heat control. Explanatory drawing which concerns on embodiment of this invention and shows the example of a wind control. Explanatory drawing which concerns on embodiment of this invention and shows the example of control of rain and snow. Explanatory drawing which concerns on embodiment of this invention and shows the various environmental control examples by greening. Explanatory drawing which concerns on embodiment of this invention and shows the example of greening countermeasure (chart) of a landfill. Explanatory drawing which concerns on embodiment of this invention and shows the greening countermeasure example (chart) of a wilderness. Explanatory drawing which concerns on embodiment of this invention and shows the greening countermeasure example (chart) of satoyama. Explanatory drawing which concerns on embodiment of this invention and shows the example of greening countermeasures (chart) of forest land. Explanatory drawing which concerns on embodiment of this invention and shows the example of greening countermeasures (chart) of a creation site.

Explanation of symbols

1 Outer periphery of town 2 Residential road 3 Housing land

Claims (6)

A greening method for urban development that takes into account the microclimate,
A first step of greening the outer periphery of the town, a second step of greening the residential road, and a third step of greening the residential land,
In each step of the first step, the second step, and the third step, the whole town and each part are organically continuous based on various conditions of the location environment, and the planting function of each part is well balanced. A greening method for urban development that takes into account the microclimate, characterized by planting with the characteristics of nature.   2. The second step of greening the residential road is characterized in that the crossing and the T-shaped road of the residential road are made to have a tree species and planting density capable of adjusting the wind speed flowing along the road. A greening method for urban development that takes into account the microclimate of the city.   3. The greening method for town development considering microclimate according to claim 1, wherein in the second step of greening the residential road, a tree species to be planted along the residential road is a deciduous tree.   The microclimate according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein in the third step of greening the residential land, a deciduous broad-leaved tree for forming a southern canopy is planted on the south surface side of the building. A greening method for urban development that takes into account   In the third step of greening the residential land, deciduous broad-leaved trees with many lower branches for planting heat radiation from a low angle are planted on the east-west surface side of the building. A greening method for town development that takes into account the microclimate described in any of the above. 6. The greening method for town development considering microclimate according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, in the third step of greening the residential land, planting of 20% or more of the site area is performed.

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