JP2007034247A - Display device - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a multi-view display device which enables observers of the device to visually recognize images with a resolution of the number of pixels which the device has, in the case that the observers exist in only one direction or only an image in one direction is required. <P>SOLUTION: A multi-view display device 340 capable of simultaneously displaying different images in a plurality of viewing directions on the basis of image signals edited from a plurality of source signals is provided with an image signal generation means 350. In the case that source signals of images displayed in respective viewing directions are identical, the means 350 generates the image signals from the source signals so as to improve the quality of images visually recognized from intermediate viewing directions between adjacent viewing directions. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a display device capable of displaying individual videos for a plurality of viewing directions on the same screen based on video signals edited from a plurality of source signals.

  The main display development so far is to enable the viewer to see the same good image quality regardless of the viewing direction from the viewer, or to allow multiple viewers to obtain the same information at the same time. Has been optimized for. However, there are many applications where it is desirable for individual viewers to be able to see different information from the same display. For example, in a car, a driver may want to see satellite navigation data, and a passenger in the next seat may want to see video from an in-vehicle DVD or a TV tuner. When two displays are used in such an example, there is a problem that an extra space is taken and the cost is increased.

Therefore, in recent years, as shown in the following Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2, two screens can be displayed simultaneously on a single liquid crystal display, for example, a display capable of viewing different screens from a driver seat and a passenger seat. An apparatus is disclosed. Further, as shown in Patent Documents 3 and 4 below, a two-screen display device capable of simultaneously displaying two types of images on the same screen is disclosed.
JP-A-6-186526 JP 2000-137443 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-331876 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 09-46622 JP 2004-206089 A

  The above-described multi-view display device needs to have the number of pixels that can display source signals corresponding to the number of viewing directions, because it displays different images according to the viewing direction simultaneously on one screen. In order to increase the number of pixels in a limited display area without increasing the size, it is necessary to form high-definition pixels, which is very expensive. Therefore, without increasing the number of pixels of the device, the pixel data included in the source signal is displayed according to a common rule (for example, in the case of displaying in two viewing directions, the pixel data included in each source signal is aligned along a predetermined direction. (Thinning out odd-numbered pixel data, etc.) by thinning out the processing (lowering the resolution), but even if the observer exists only in one viewing direction, only the reduced-resolution video Not being displayed was very inconvenient for the observer. In addition, when the source signal of the video for each viewing direction is the same, the same video for each viewing direction is observed redundantly for an observer viewing from an intermediate viewing direction of adjacent viewing directions. There was a problem that it was a spicy picture.

  In view of the above-described problems, an object of the present invention is to provide an intermediate viewing direction between adjacent viewing directions when only a video for one viewing direction is required or when a source signal of a video displayed in each viewing direction is common. The present invention is to provide a display device that allows a viewer located at a high-definition image to be visually recognized.

  In order to achieve the above object, the first characteristic configuration of the display device according to the present invention is capable of displaying individual videos for a plurality of viewing directions on the same screen based on video signals edited from a plurality of source signals. And a video signal generating means for generating the same video signal as the source signal when the source signal of the video displayed in each viewing direction is the same.

  With the above-described configuration, when the source signals of the images displayed in each viewing direction are the same, when the images displayed in each viewing direction are overlapped, the images are the same as the source signal. It is possible to provide a high-resolution video that the source signal has in the intermediate viewing direction of the viewing directions adjacent to each other where the video of the direction is viewed in a multiplexed manner, and the video recognized from each viewing direction is also conventional. It is possible to ensure equivalent video quality.

  The second feature configuration includes a display unit capable of displaying individual videos for a plurality of viewing directions on the same screen based on video signals edited from a plurality of source signals, and a video displayed in each viewing direction. Video signal generating means for outputting the source signal as a video signal when the source signals are the same.

  Similarly, when the source signals are the same, the source signals are output as they are, so that the high resolution of the source signals is obtained in the intermediate viewing directions of the adjacent viewing directions in which the images in each viewing direction are multiplexed and viewed. It is possible to provide a video, and it is possible to ensure a video quality equivalent to that of the conventional video recognized from each viewing direction.

  The third characteristic configuration is the display device according to the first or second characteristic configuration described above, wherein a plurality of display elements driven by the video signal and output light from the display elements are displayed in a specific view. Viewing direction switching means that includes a parallax barrier that passes in the direction and switches the display surface direction so that the viewing direction is viewed from an intermediate viewing direction of adjacent viewing directions when the source signals of the images displayed in each viewing direction are the same It is in the point which comprises.

  With the above-described configuration, a viewer in any viewing direction can view a high-resolution video by controlling the direction of the display device by the viewing direction switching unit. .

  The fourth feature configuration is that, in addition to the third feature configuration described above, the viewing direction switching means is configured by posture switching means for integrally rotating the display element and the parallax barrier. .

  With the above-described configuration, it becomes possible for a viewer in any viewing direction to easily switch and control the display device in a direction in which the display device can be viewed with high resolution.

  The fifth characteristic configuration is the display device according to the first or second characteristic configuration described above, wherein a plurality of display elements driven by the video signal and output light from the display elements are displayed in a specific view. A viewing direction switching unit that includes a parallax barrier that passes in the direction and switches the viewing direction so that the viewing direction is viewed from an intermediate viewing direction of adjacent viewing directions when the source signals of the images displayed in each viewing direction are the same. There is in point to be prepared.

  With the above-described configuration, it is possible for a viewer in any viewing direction to control the display state so that the display device can be viewed with high-resolution video.

  The sixth feature configuration is that, in addition to the fifth feature configuration described above, the viewing direction switching means includes a parallax barrier switching means for switching the position of the parallax barrier.

  For a viewer in any viewing direction, switching control of the display device in a direction in which the display device can be viewed with high resolution can be easily realized.

  The seventh feature configuration includes viewer detection means for detecting the presence or absence of a viewer in each viewing direction in addition to any of the third to sixth feature configurations described above, and the viewing direction switching means includes: It is the point which is comprised so that it may operate | move based on the detection result by the said viewer detection means.

  With the above-described configuration, when a viewer is confirmed only in one viewing direction among a plurality of viewing directions, the viewing direction switching unit automatically operates, so that a video preferable for the viewer is displayed. It can be provided.

  As described above, according to the present invention, when the observer of the display device exists only in one direction, or when only an image in one direction is required, the resolution of the number of pixels that the display device has. It is now possible to provide a display device that can be visually recognized.

  Hereinafter, a basic embodiment of a display device embodying the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. However, the technical scope of the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described below, but extends to the invention described in the claims and equivalents thereof.

  FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of a multi-view display device (hereinafter simply referred to as “display device”) according to the present invention. In the figure, 1 is the first video source, 2 is the second video source, 3 is the first image data from the first video source, 4 is the second image data from the second video source, 5 Is display control means, 6 is display data, 7 is a display unit (for example, a liquid crystal panel), 8 is a first display image based on the first video source 1, and 9 is a second display based on the second video source 2. The display image 10 is an observer (user) located on the left side of the display unit 7, and 11 is an observer (user) located on the right side of the display unit 7.

  The conceptual diagram of FIG. 1 shows that the observer 10 observes the first display image 8 according to the relative positions of the observers 10 and 11 with respect to the display unit 7, in other words, according to the viewing angle with respect to the display unit 7. The person 11 can conceptually show that the second display image 9 can be viewed substantially simultaneously, and that each display image 8, 9 can be viewed over the entire display surface of the display unit 7. . In FIG. 1, a first video source 1 is a movie image of a DVD player or a received image of a television receiver, for example, and a second video source 2 is a map or route guidance image of a car navigation device, for example. The first video data 3 and the second video data 4 are supplied to the display control means 5 and processed so that they can be displayed substantially simultaneously on the display unit 7.

  The display unit 7 to which the display data 6 is supplied from the display control means 5 is composed of a liquid crystal panel provided with a parallax barrier described later. Half of the total number of pixels in the horizontal direction of the display unit 7 is displayed on the first display image 8 based on the first video source 1, and the other half of the pixels is the second display image 9 based on the second video source 2. Used for display. The observer 10 located on the left side with respect to the display unit 7 can see only the pixels corresponding to the first display image 8, and the second display image 9 is displayed by the parallax barrier formed on the surface of the display unit 7. It is blocked and is virtually invisible. On the other hand, the observer 11 located on the right side of the display unit 7 can see only the pixels corresponding to the second display image 9, and the first display image 8 is substantially invisible due to being blocked by the parallax barrier. . As the parallax barrier, for example, the configurations disclosed in JP-A-10-123461 and JP-A-11-84131 can be applied.

  With such a configuration, different information and content can be provided to the left and right users on a single screen. Of course, if the first and second video sources are the same, the left and right users can view the same image as before.

  FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing an example of mounting the display device according to the present invention on a vehicle. In the figure, 12 is a passenger seat, 13 is a driver's seat, 14 is a windshield, 15 is an operation unit, and 16 is a speaker.

  The display unit 7 of the display device of FIG. 1 is disposed in the dashboard portion at the substantially center between the driver's seat 13 and the passenger seat 12, for example, as shown in FIG. 2. Various operations on the display device are performed by operating a touch panel (not shown) or the operation unit 15 formed integrally on the surface of the display unit 7 or an infrared or wireless remote controller (not shown). A speaker 16 is disposed at each door of the vehicle, and sounds, warning sounds and the like linked to the display image are output.

  The observer 11 shown in FIG. 1 sits in the driver seat 13 and the observer 10 sits in the passenger seat 12. The image that can be viewed from the first viewing direction (driver's seat side) with respect to the display unit 7 is, for example, an image such as a map of a car navigation device, and can be viewed from the second viewing direction (passenger seat side) substantially simultaneously. The image is, for example, a television reception image or a DVD movie image. Therefore, the passenger in the passenger seat 12 can enjoy television and DVD at the same time that the driver in the driver seat 13 receives driving assistance by car navigation. Moreover, since each image is displayed using, for example, the entire 7-inch screen, the screen size is not reduced as in the conventional multi-window display. In other words, optimal information and content are provided to the driver and passengers as if each had its own dedicated display.

  FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a cross-sectional structure of the display unit 7. In the figure, 100 is a liquid crystal panel, 101 is a backlight, 102 is a polarizing plate disposed on the backlight side of the liquid crystal panel, 103 is a polarizing plate disposed on the front side of the light emitting direction of the liquid crystal panel, and 104 is a TFT (Thin Film Transistor) substrate, 105 a liquid crystal layer, 106 a color filter substrate, 107 a glass substrate, and 108 a parallax barrier. The liquid crystal panel 100 includes a pair of substrates having a liquid crystal layer 105 sandwiched between a TFT substrate 104 and a color filter substrate 106 disposed to face the TFT substrate 104, a parallax barrier 108 disposed on the front surface on the light emitting direction side, and a glass substrate. 107 is sandwiched between two polarizing plates 102 and 103, and is disposed slightly apart from the backlight 101. In addition, the liquid crystal panel 100 includes pixels composed of RGB colors (three primary colors).

  Each pixel of the liquid crystal panel 100 is separately controlled for left side (passenger seat side) display and right side (driver seat side) display. The display pixel on the left side (passenger seat side) is blocked from being displayed on the right side (driver seat side) by the parallax barrier 108 and is visible from the left side (passenger seat side). Further, the display pixel on the right side (driver's seat side) is blocked from being displayed on the left side (passenger seat side) by the parallax barrier 108 and is visible from the right side (driver's seat side). This makes it possible to provide different displays for the driver and passengers. In other words, navigation map information can be given to the driver, and at the same time, a DVD movie or the like can be shown to the passenger. In addition, if the configuration of each pixel of the parallax barrier 108 and the liquid crystal panel is changed, a configuration in which different images are displayed in a plurality of directions such as three directions is also possible. Further, the viewing angle may be varied by configuring the parallax barrier itself with a liquid crystal shutter or the like that can be electrically driven.

  FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the structure of the display panel viewed from the front, and FIG. 3 is a cross section taken along the line AA ′ in FIG. In the figure, 109 is a pixel for left side (passenger seat side) display, and 110 is a pixel for right side (driver's seat side) display. 3 and 4 show a part of the liquid crystal panel 100 in which, for example, 800 pixels are arranged in the horizontal direction and 480 pixels are arranged in the vertical direction. The left (passenger side) display pixel 109 and the right (driver's side) display pixel 110 are grouped in the vertical direction and are arranged alternately. The parallax barriers 108 are arranged at intervals in the horizontal direction and are uniform in the vertical direction. Thus, when the display panel is viewed from the left side, the parallax barrier 108 covers the right pixel 110 and the left pixel 109 is visible. Similarly, when viewed from the right side, the parallax barrier 108 covers the left pixel 109 and the right pixel 110 can be seen. Further, in the vicinity of the front, since both the left pixel 109 and the right pixel 110 are visible, the left display image and the right display image appear to substantially overlap. Here, the left side pixels 109 and the right side pixels 110 alternately arranged in FIG. 4 have RGB colors as shown in FIG. 3, but in each group in the vertical direction, R columns, G columns, B It may be configured by a single color like a column, or may be configured as a column in which a plurality of RGB are mixed.

  When the image displayed on the display unit in this way is viewed from an intermediate position between the right side (driver's seat side) and the left side (passenger seat side), the image of the left pixel 109 between the parallax barriers 108 shown in FIG. Both images of the right pixel 110 are observed, and the image becomes very difficult to see. Further, when viewed from the right side (driver's seat side), for example, depending on the observation position of the driver illustrated in FIG. 1, the image of the left pixel 109 that should be covered by the parallax barrier 108 illustrated in FIG. Similarly, when viewed from the left side (passenger seat side), the image of the right side pixel 110 that should be obscured by the parallax barrier 108 may slightly appear from the parallax barrier 108 depending on the observation position of the passenger. May leak. In preparation for such a case, there is provided a video signal generating means (to be described later) that generates the video signal from the source signal so that the video quality of the video viewed from the intermediate viewing direction of the adjacent viewing direction is improved. .

  FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram showing an outline of the TFT substrate 104. Reference numeral 111 denotes a display panel driving unit, 112 denotes a scanning line driving circuit, 113 denotes a data line driving circuit, 114 denotes a TFT element, 115 to 118 denote data lines, 119 to 121 denote scanning lines, 122 denotes a pixel electrode, and 123 denotes a sub pixel. is there.

  As shown in FIG. 5, a plurality of subpixels 123 are formed with a region surrounded by the data lines 115 to 118 and the scanning lines 119 to 121 as one unit. In each subpixel, a pixel electrode 122 for applying a voltage to the liquid crystal layer 105 and a TFT element 114 for controlling the switching are formed. The display panel driving unit 111 controls the driving timing of the scanning line driving circuit 112 and the data line driving circuit 113. The scanning line driving circuit 112 performs selective scanning of the TFT element 114, and the data line driving circuit 113 controls the voltage applied to the pixel electrode 122.

  The plurality of subpixels may include first pixel data (for example, data lines 115 and 117) based on synthesized data of first image data and second image data, or first and second individual image data. By transmitting the second pixel data (for right image display) to the data lines 116 and 118, the first image data group for displaying the first image and the second image are displayed. A second image data group to be displayed is formed.

  FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing an outline of a display device according to the present invention, which is an application example to a so-called Audio Visual Navigation multifunction peripheral. In the figure, 124 is a touch panel, 200 is a control means, 201 is a CD / MD playback unit, 202 is a radio reception unit, 203 is a TV reception unit, 204 is DVD playback, 205 is an HD (Hard Disk) playback unit, and 206 is navigation. 207 is a distribution circuit, 208 is a first image adjustment circuit, 209 is a second image adjustment circuit, 210 is an audio adjustment circuit, 211 is an image output unit, 212 is a VICS information reception unit, and 213 is a GPS information reception unit. , 214 is a selector, 215 is an operation unit, 216 is a remote control transmission / reception unit, 217 is a remote control, 218 is a memory, 219 is an external audio / video input unit, 220 is a camera, 221 is brightness detection means, 222 is occupant detection means, 223 is a rear display unit, 224 is an ETC vehicle-mounted device, and 225 is a communication unit.

  The display unit 7 includes a touch panel 124, a liquid crystal panel 100, and a backlight 101. As described above, the liquid crystal panel 100 of the display unit 7 substantially includes an image viewed from the driver's seat side as the first viewing direction and an image viewed from the passenger seat side as the second viewing direction. It is possible to display at the same time. The display unit 7 may be a flat panel display other than a liquid crystal panel, such as an organic EL display panel, a plasma display panel, a cold cathode flat panel display, or the like.

  The control unit 200 receives images and sounds from various sources (CD / MD playback unit 201, radio reception unit 202, TV reception unit 203, DVD playback unit 204, HD playback unit 205, and navigation unit 206) from the control unit 200. The first image adjustment circuit 208 and the second image are distributed through the distribution circuit 207 that distributes the video source designated for left to 208 and the source designated for right to 209 based on the instruction of If the sound is a sound, it is distributed to the sound adjusting circuit 210 to the adjusting circuit 209. The first and second image adjustment circuits 208 and 209 adjust the brightness, color tone, contrast, and the like, and display the adjusted images on the display unit 7 in the image output unit 211. The sound adjustment circuit 210 adjusts the distribution, volume, and sound to each speaker, and the adjusted sound is output from the speaker 16.

  FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing an outline of the image output unit 211. In the figure, 226 is a first writing circuit, 227 is a second writing circuit, and 228 is a VRAM (Video RAM).

  As shown in FIG. 7, for example, the image output unit 211 includes a first writing circuit 226, a second writing circuit 227, a VRAM (Video RAM) 228, and a display panel driving unit 111. For example, the first writing circuit 226 outputs image data corresponding to an odd-numbered column of images output from 208 of the adjusted image data (that is, image data for the first display image 8 in FIG. 1). The second writing circuit 227 is based on the image data corresponding to the even-numbered columns output from the 209 (that is, the image data for the second display image 9 in FIG. 1), and in each corresponding area in the VRAM 228. Write. The display panel driving unit 111 is a circuit that drives the liquid crystal panel 100, and is based on the image data (the combined data of the first image data and the second image data) held in the VRAM 228. The corresponding pixel is driven. Since the image data is written in the VRAM 228 so as to correspond to the multi-view display image obtained by combining the first image data and the second image data, only one drive circuit is required. The operation is also the same as that of a driving circuit of a normal liquid crystal display device. As another configuration, the first display panel driving circuit and the first display panel driving circuit for driving the corresponding pixels of the liquid crystal display panel based on the respective image data without combining the first image data and the second image data. It is also conceivable to use two display panel drive circuits.

  Here, an example of various sources shown in FIG. 6 will be described. When the HD playback unit 205 is selected, music data such as an MP3 file stored in the hard disk (HD), image data such as a JPEG file, and navigation data are stored. The map data and the like are read out, and menu display and image data for selecting music data can be displayed on the display unit 7.

  The navigation unit 206 includes a map information storage unit that stores map information used for navigation, obtains information from the VICS information reception unit 212 and the GPS information reception unit 213, and creates an image for the navigation operation. Can be displayed. The TV receiving unit 203 receives an analog TV broadcast wave and a digital TV broadcast wave from the antenna via the selector 214.

  FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing an outline of the control means 200. In the figure, 229 is an interface, 230 is a CPU, 231 is a storage unit, and 232 is a data storage unit.

  The control unit 200 controls the distribution circuit 207 and various sources, and displays the selected two sources or one source. The control means 200 also displays an operation menu display for controlling these various sources on the display unit 7. Here, as shown in FIG. 8, the control means 200 is configured by a microprocessor or the like, and includes a CPU 230 that comprehensively controls each unit and each circuit in the display device via an interface 229. The CPU 230 is provided with a program storage unit 231 including a ROM that stores various programs necessary for the operation of the display device, and a data storage unit 232 including a RAM that stores various data. Note that the ROM, the RAM, and the like can be used either those built in the CPU or those provided externally. The ROM may be an electrically rewritable nonvolatile memory such as a flash memory.

  The user controls the various sources using the touch panel 124 attached to the surface of the display unit 7, a switch provided around the display unit 7, or input operation or selection operation such as voice recognition using the operation unit 215. be able to. Further, an input or selection operation may be performed by the remote control 217 via the remote control transmission / reception unit 216. The control unit 200 performs control including various sources in accordance with the operation of the touch panel 124 and the operation unit 215. Further, the control means 200 is configured to be able to control each volume of the speakers 16 provided in the vehicle as shown in FIG. The control unit 200 also stores various setting information such as image quality setting information, programs, and vehicle information in the memory 218.

  FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing an outline of the memory 218. In the figure, reference numeral 233 denotes a first screen RAM, 234 denotes a second screen RAM 234, 235 denotes image quality setting information storage means, and 236 denotes an environment adjustment value holding means.

  For example, as shown in FIG. 9, the memory 218 includes a first screen RAM 233 and a second screen RAM 234 in which adjustment values of the image quality of the first image and the second image set by the user can be written. Also, image quality setting information storage means 235 in which a plurality of image quality adjustment values are stored in advance for each image quality adjustment as preset values that can be read out when adjusting the image quality of the first image and the second image. Have. Furthermore, in order to adjust the image quality according to changes in the surrounding environment such as the brightness change outside the vehicle, there is provided an environmental adjustment value holding means 236 that holds adjustment values of the image quality of the first video and the second video with respect to the surrounding environment. is doing. Here, the image quality setting information storage unit 235 and the environmental adjustment value holding unit 236 are configured by an electrically rewritable nonvolatile memory such as a flash memory or a battery-backed volatile memory.

  For example, an image from the rear monitoring camera 220 connected to the external audio / image input unit 219 may be displayed on the display unit 7. In addition to the rear monitoring camera 220, a video camera, a game machine, and the like may be connected to the external audio / image input unit 219.

  The control unit 200 is based on information detected by the brightness detection unit 221 (for example, a vehicle light switch or light sensor) or the occupant detection unit 222 (for example, a pressure sensor provided in a driver seat or a passenger seat). It is possible to change settings such as the sound localization position.

  Reference numeral 223 denotes a rear display unit provided for the rear seat of the vehicle, which is the same as the image displayed on the display unit 7 via the image output unit 211, or an image for the driver's seat or the image for the passenger seat. One can be displayed.

  The control means 200 displays the charge display etc. from the ETC onboard equipment 250. FIG. Further, the control means 200 may control the communication unit 225 for wireless connection with a mobile phone or the like, and display related thereto.

  Hereinafter, video signal generating means for generating the video signal from the source signal will be described in detail so as to improve the video quality of the video viewed from the intermediate viewing direction of the adjacent viewing directions. As shown in FIG. 10, a navigation device N for guiding a vehicle to a destination, a radio wave receiving device 302 for receiving terrestrial digital broadcasting, and display images by the navigation device N and the radio wave receiving device 302 can be displayed simultaneously. A multi-view display device 340, an image sensor 330 for security, and the like are mounted on the vehicle.

  The navigation device N includes a map data storage unit 305 that stores road map data, a GPS receiving unit 306 that recognizes position information of the host vehicle, a GPS antenna 306a, and an autonomous navigation unit 307 that manages the traveling state of the host vehicle. A route search means 308 for searching for a route to the destination specified based on the map data, a travel state display processing means 309 for displaying the travel position of the vehicle on the map, and various operation modes and conditions. It is configured to include an operation unit 326 and the like, and is configured so that each block is controlled by including a single or a plurality of CPUs, a ROM storing operation programs thereof, and a RAM used for a working area. It has a navigation function that guides the vehicle to a designated point.

  The radio wave receiving apparatus 2 extracts a digital signal from the received signal selected from the received antenna 320, a tuner 321 that selects a transmission channel (frequency band) received via the receiving antenna 320, and error correction. An OFDM demodulator 322 that performs processing and outputs a TS (transport stream) packet; decodes an audio signal from the video / audio packet in the TS packet and outputs the decoded signal to the speaker 324; and decodes the video signal and displays a display unit 325 It is composed of a digital television receiver provided with a decoder 323 for outputting to the receiver.

  A plurality of the image pickup devices 330 are arranged in the vehicle, and the image pickup devices 330b and 330c arranged outside the vehicle can be used for a back monitor and an inter-vehicle distance measurement. The image pickup device 330a installed in the vehicle compartment is used for security such as crime prevention, and is arranged at a position where the driver's seat, the passenger seat, and the rear seat can be observed, and also functions as a viewer detection sensor.

  The multi-view display device 340 includes a multi-view display unit 325 that can display different images on the driver's seat side and the passenger seat side, a display control unit 343 that controls the display of the multi-view display unit 325, A multi-view display unit 325 is integrated with the multi-view display unit 325 to switch the viewing direction of the multi-view display unit 325.

  As shown in FIG. 11, the multi-view display unit 325 includes two pairs of substrates each having a liquid crystal layer 913 sandwiched between a TFT substrate 912 on which a TFT array 916 is formed and a counter substrate 914 disposed to face the TFT substrate 912. A liquid crystal panel 930 disposed between the polarizing plates 911 and a parallax barrier substrate 917 having a parallax barrier layer 915 having a microlens and a light-shielding slit are integrally formed.

  As shown in FIG. 12, the TFT array 916 includes a plurality of pixels each having a region surrounded by the data lines 925 and the scanning lines 924 as a unit, and each pixel applies a voltage to the liquid crystal layer 913. An electrode 923 and a TFT element 922 that controls switching of the electrode 923 are formed. The scanning line driving circuit 921 performs selective scanning of the TFT element 922, and the data line driving circuit 920 controls the voltage applied to the pixel electrode 923. The display panel driver 926 controls drive timing of the scan line driver circuit 921 and the data line driver circuit 920.

  The plurality of pixels are formed of two pixel groups, a first pixel group and a second pixel group, which are arranged in one row (one data line) (classified as an odd column and an even column), each of which is a source Are driven separately based on different video signals. The light that has passed through the two pixel groups is guided in different directions by the parallax barrier layer 915, or the light in a specific direction is shielded, so that it differs in different directions only near the display surface 918 in space. It is possible to display video. Note that the two pixel groups are not limited to being arranged in every other row, but may be distributed in the screen.

  The multi-view display unit 325 is installed on the front panel in the center of the driver's seat and the passenger seat, and can display the images observed from the driver seat side and the images observed from the passenger seat side. It has become a structure. For example, video information from the radio wave receiving device 302 can be observed on the passenger seat side, while map information can be displayed as a display of the navigation device N on the driver seat side.

  In addition, when viewed from the front, the multi-view display unit 325 does not completely separate the image on the driver's seat side and the image on the passenger's seat side, and the multiple images can be viewed by overlapping each image. It is comprised so that it may become a display.

  As shown in FIG. 10, the display control unit 343 includes a data recording unit 341 in which shooting data including the vicinity of a passenger seat or a driver's seat by the image sensor 330a is recorded, and image analysis for analyzing presence / absence of a viewer. 342, a video signal generation unit 350 that converts and generates a video signal that drives each pixel group of the multi-view display unit 325 from a plurality of source signals, and a viewing direction switching unit 346 that controls the viewing direction switching mechanism 360. The plurality of source signals and an operation unit 348 for selecting and operating the switching operation of various display modes described later from the outside.

  The image analysis unit 342 is configured as a viewer detection unit that analyzes and determines the presence / absence of the viewer of the multi-view device 340 from the captured data in the vicinity of the passenger seat or driver seat recorded in the data recording unit 341. ing.

  The operation unit 348 displays a guidance display from the navigation device N and a television image received by the radio wave reception device 302 for each of the two images that the driver or passenger can display on the multi-view display unit 325. Or an operation panel for selecting content to be displayed, such as image display from an image sensor for a back monitor, and the video signal generating means 350 selects a video signal based on the selected content and selects the multi-view. The data is output to the display unit 325.

  The viewing direction switching unit 346 is configured to control a viewing direction switching mechanism 360 for changing the display surface direction of the multi-view display unit 325. For example, as shown in FIG. 13, the viewing direction switching mechanism 360 is configured by a rotation mechanism attached to a part of the multi-view display unit 325, and the direction is changed by rotating the multi-view display unit 325. The video on the multi-view display unit 325 can be viewed in an optimum state. For the rotation mechanism, a known technique such as a rotation control motor can be used.

  The video signal generation unit 350 selects and outputs a source signal to be displayed in each viewing direction selected from the outside by the operation unit 348 from a plurality of source signals, and the selected source Source signal compression means 352 for thinning out a signal corresponding to each viewing direction; editing processing means 353 for generating a video signal by combining and editing the compressed source signals corresponding to each viewing direction; A mode switching means 354 for switching various display modes to be described later is provided.

  The source signal selection / output unit 351 outputs a source signal corresponding to the mode selected by the operation unit 348 or the mode switching unit 354 to the source signal compression unit 352.

  The source signal compression unit 352 thins out the plurality of source signals output from the source signal selection output unit 351 in each viewing direction, that is, in a phase corresponding to each pixel group, so that the multi-view display unit 325 Compression processing is performed on video data that matches the number of pixels formed.

  For example, in the multi-view display unit 325, in order to display different images in two directions on the driver's seat side and the passenger seat side, the first video source and the second video source signal corresponding to each video are displayed. An image corresponding to 800 × 480, which is the number of pixels of the multi-display display unit 325, by compressing 800 × 480 pixels constituting the image source into 400 × 480 pixels and editing and synthesizing them into alternating columns. It is configured as a signal. At this time, as shown in FIG. 19, the source signals on the driver's seat side are thinned out of the odd-numbered source signals among the source signals to be originally displayed, and the source signals on the passenger seat side are even-numbered columns. The source signal is thinned out. However, the thinning-out method is not limited to this, and it may be thinned out appropriately with different phases from each other for displaying different images, and odd-numbered columns for each element of R, G, B constituting one pixel. The thinning process may be performed on even-numbered columns.

  The editing processing unit 353 can display different images in different directions on the multi-view display unit 325 by editing and outputting the plurality of compressed source signals so as to correspond to the respective pixel groups. It has become.

  The mode switching unit 354 directly controls the display surface direction of the multi-view display unit 325 via the viewing direction switching unit 346 by the operation of the operation unit 348 and is selected via the operation unit 348. In addition, a normal multi-view mode (first display mode) for displaying the output signal of the source signal selection output means 351 so that different images are visually recognized from the driver seat side and the passenger seat side, and the driver seat side or It is configured to perform switching control with a single view mode (second display mode, third display mode) in which a high-resolution image is visually recognized from any of the passenger seat sides.

  The second display mode automatically determines the presence or absence of a passenger in the passenger seat so that the driver can view a high-resolution image. The viewing direction switching is performed so that 350 displays an image substantially the same as the image displayed on the driver's seat side on the passenger seat side, and the display surface direction of the multi-view display unit 325 faces the driver seat side. This is a driver seat side priority mode for controlling the means 346.

  The third display mode automatically determines whether or not the driver is driving (driving) so that the passenger can view a high-resolution image. The video signal generation means 350 displays substantially the same image as the image displayed on the passenger seat side on the driver's seat side, and the display surface direction of the multi-view display unit 325 faces the passenger seat side. This is a passenger seat priority mode for controlling the viewing direction switching means 346. Note that the viewing direction switching means 346 has a center of an angle at which the display surface direction of the multi-view display unit 325 faces both seats so that different images can be viewed on the driver seat side and the passenger seat side in the first display mode. Control to face the direction.

  As shown in FIG. 20, the substantially identical video includes a source signal of a video to be displayed on the driver seat side and a source signal of a video to be displayed on the passenger seat side on the source signal selection output means 351. This is an image composed of a compressed source signal obtained by performing the thinning process with the phase corresponding to each viewing direction described above using the same source signal. That is, in this embodiment, the same source signal is used, and the first and second video source compressions are not thinned out in the same phase, but are thinned out in the odd / even phase corresponding to each viewing direction. Thus, a synthesized video signal that is substantially the same as the source signal can be generated.

  The two compressed source signals that output substantially the same video are edited and output by the editing processing means 353, so that the front video displayed on the multi-view display unit 325 is equivalent to the original video by the source signal. It is comprised so that the image | video which has the resolution of can be obtained. Here, the front image is an image viewed from an intermediate viewing direction between the viewing direction on the driver's seat side and the viewing direction on the passenger seat side.

  Further, in the second display mode and the third display mode, the source signal selection / output unit 351 directly displays the source signal without compressing the source signal in order to display the substantially same video. The source signal may be output to the multi-view display unit 325. That is, even in this case, the image from the front displayed on the multi-view display unit 325 is configured to obtain an image having a resolution equivalent to the source signal of the image.

  Hereinafter, the operation in the second display mode will be described based on the flowchart shown in FIG. This flowchart is started when the multi-view display device 40 starts up and is repeated until the power is turned off.

  The image picked up by the image pickup device 330a is captured (SA1), and the image analysis unit 342 performs image analysis based on the image data in the vicinity of the passenger seat stored in the data recording unit 341 (SA2). When the image analysis unit 342 determines that there is a passenger in the passenger seat (SA3), the source signal selection output unit 351 is a source of content to be displayed on the driver seat side selected by the operation unit 348. The signal and the source signal of the content to be displayed on the passenger seat side which is also selected by the operation unit 348 are selectively output (SA4, SA5). The two source signals are compressed by the source signal compression unit 352 (SA6, SA7), edited by the editing processing unit 353 (SA8), and then output to the multi-view display unit 325. A multi-view mode is displayed in which different images are displayed on the driver's seat side and the passenger seat side (SA10). Further, the viewing direction switching means 346 allows the multi-view display unit 325 to view the driver seat side image and the passenger seat side image so that the driver seat side image and the passenger seat side are easily viewed from the driver seat and the passenger seat, respectively. The direction switching mechanism 360 (rotation mechanism) is rotationally controlled (SA11).

  On the other hand, if it is determined that there is no passenger in the passenger seat (SA3), only the source signal of the content to be displayed on the driver seat side selected by the operation unit 348 is selected (SA9) and directly compressed. Without being output to the multi-view display unit 325, a single view mode is displayed in which substantially the same video is displayed on the driver's seat side and the passenger seat side (SA10). The viewing direction switching means 346 controls the rotation of the viewing direction switching mechanism 160 (rotation mechanism) so that the front of the multi-view display unit 325 faces the driver's seat (SA11). That is, rotation control is performed so that the driver can visually recognize a high-resolution image.

  It is judged whether there is a passenger on the passenger seat side as a passenger, but if there is a passenger in the passenger seat and there is no passenger (driver) in the driver seat, the passenger side source Needless to say, only the signal is selectively output, and the output may be controlled according to the state of the passenger.

  Here, when there is no passenger in the passenger seat, the configuration shown in the flowchart of FIG. 15 may be adopted. That is, only the source signal of the content displayed on the driver's seat side selected by the operation unit 348 is selectively output (SA9). The source signal compression means 352 performs a source signal thinning process so that the phase of the source signal is different between the compressed source signal displayed on the driver's seat side and the compressed source signal displayed on the passenger seat side ( SA101, SA102). Since the two compressed source signals are edited by the editing processing means 353 (SA103), and output to the multi-view display unit 325, substantially the same video is displayed on the driver seat side and the passenger seat side. Yes (SA10). Further, the viewing direction switching unit 346 controls the rotation of the viewing direction switching mechanism 360 (rotating mechanism) so that the front of the multi-view display unit 325 faces the driver's seat (SA11). That is, rotation control is performed so that the driver can visually recognize a high-resolution image.

  Hereinafter, the operation in the third display mode will be described with reference to the flowchart shown in FIG. This flowchart is started when the multi-view display device 40 starts up and is repeated until the power is turned off.

  Image capturing by the image sensor 330a is captured (SB1), and image analysis is performed by the image analysis unit 342 based on the image data in the vicinity of the driver's seat in the room stored in the data recording unit 341 (SB2). When the image analysis unit 342 determines that the driver is not driving (SB3), the source signal selection output unit 351 is a source signal of content to be displayed on the driver's seat side selected by the operation unit 348. Similarly, the source signal of the content to be displayed on the passenger seat side selected by the operation unit 48 is selectively output (SB4, SB5). The two source signals are compressed by the source signal compression unit 52 (SB6, SB7), edited by the editing processing unit 53 (SB8), and then output to the multi-view display unit 25. A multi-view mode is displayed in which different images are displayed on the driver's seat side and the passenger seat side (SB10). Further, the viewing direction switching means 346 allows the multi-view display unit 325 to view the driver seat side image and the passenger seat side image so that they are easily viewed from the driver seat and the passenger seat, respectively. The direction switching mechanism 360 (rotation mechanism) is rotationally controlled (SB11).

  On the other hand, when it is determined that the driver is driving (SB3), only the source signal of the content to be displayed on the passenger seat side selected by the operation unit 348 is selected (SB9), and the multi signal is directly selected. By outputting to the view display unit 25, a single view mode in which substantially the same video is displayed on the driver's seat side and the passenger seat side is set (SB10). The viewing direction switching means 46 controls the rotation of the viewing direction switching mechanism 360 (rotating mechanism) so that the front of the multi-view display unit 25 faces the passenger seat (SB11). That is, rotation control is performed so that the passenger can visually recognize a high-resolution video.

  Here, when it is determined that the driver is driving, the configuration shown in the flowchart of FIG. 17 may be adopted. That is, only the source signal of the content displayed on the passenger seat side selected by the operation unit 348 is selectively output (SB9). The source signal compression means 352 performs a source signal thinning process so that the phase of the source signal is different between the compressed source signal displayed on the driver's seat side and the compressed source signal displayed on the passenger seat side ( SB101, SB102). Since the two compressed source signals are edited by the editing processing means 353 (SB103), and output to the multi-view display unit 325, substantially the same image is displayed on the driver seat side and the passenger seat side. Yes (SB10). The viewing direction switching unit 346 controls rotation of the viewing direction switching mechanism 360 (rotating mechanism) so that the front of the multi-view display unit 325 faces the passenger seat (SB11). That is, rotation control is performed so that the passenger can visually recognize a high-resolution video.

  Note that the configuration of the viewer detection means for determining the presence or absence of viewers in the driver seat, passenger seat, or rear seat is not limited to the image analysis by the image sensor 330a and the image analysis means 42 described above. It is possible to configure using a known technique such as a pressure sensor installed in a seat, an infrared sensor for detecting a human body, a weight sensor provided in each seat, and a seat belt attachment / detachment detection switch.

  Another embodiment will be described below. In the first embodiment described above, the viewing direction switching unit 46 controls the viewing direction switching mechanism 60 (rotation mechanism) attached to a part of the multiview display unit 25 to thereby perform the multiview display. By rotating the unit 25 integrally, the direction is controlled to a direction suitable for each display state. Instead, the parallax barrier substrate 917 and the liquid crystal panel 930 are arranged along the arrangement direction of the parallax barrier. A second embodiment for controlling the slide mechanism to be slid will be described.

  The viewing direction switching mechanism 360 includes a slide mechanism that slides the parallax barrier substrate 917 and the liquid crystal panel 930 by a relatively fixed amount instead of the rotation mechanism. As shown in FIG. 18, the viewing direction switching unit 346 determines the relationship between the center position of the opening 931 of the light shielding slit and the center position of the opening 932 of the pixel, as shown in FIG. In the normal multi-view display state in which the viewing direction is symmetric about the normal direction of the multi-view display unit 325 and multiple images are displayed when viewed from the front. 18 (a)), the viewing direction is asymmetric about the normal direction of the multi-view display unit 25, and a different angle multi-view display state in which multiple images are displayed when viewed from other than the front direction (FIG. 18 ( b)).

  As the slide mechanism, a known technique such as attaching a micro control motor to the four sides of the multi-view display unit 325 can be used. In addition, it is preferable that an air layer is not formed between the parallax barrier substrate 917 and the liquid crystal panel 930, and a mucous substance having a refractive index (about 1.5) similar to each substrate, for example, silicon It is preferable that it is bonded with a resin or the like.

  In the second embodiment, the slide control is performed in place of the rotation control in Step SA11 and Step SB11 in the first embodiment. When the multi-view display unit 325 enables the driver seat side image and the passenger seat side image to be viewed from the driver seat side and the passenger seat side, respectively, The slide mechanism is controlled so as to be in a multi-view display state. Further, when a high-resolution video is displayed on one of the driver seat side or the passenger seat side, the slide mechanism is controlled so that the different-angle multi-view display state is achieved.

  In the second embodiment, the slide mechanism is provided so that the normal multi-view display state and the different-angle multi-view display state can be switched. It is good also as a structure which forms with a panel and switches the display state of the said multi view display part 325. FIG.

  In other words, the light-shielding slit is formed by a liquid crystal panel display instead of the parallax barrier substrate, and the standard multi-view display state and the multi-view display state are not changed by switching between the light-shielding slit display and non-display. It is good also as a structure which switches with a display state. When the multi-view display unit 25 enables the driver's seat image and the passenger's seat image to be visible from the driver's seat side and the passenger's seat side, respectively, the normal multi-view display state is set, and the driver When displaying a high-resolution video on the seat side and the passenger seat side, the display / non-display control of the light-shielding slit is performed so as to be in the standard display state.

  In the above-described embodiment, the mode switching unit 54 is configured so that, based on the detection result of the viewer detection unit, the multi-view mode in which different images are visually recognized from the driver seat side and the passenger seat side, the driver seat side or the passenger seat In the above description, the display mode is automatically switched to the single view mode in which a high-resolution video is viewed from either side. However, the display mode may be manually switched based on the operator's intention. For example, as shown in FIG. 21 (a), as a display mode selection means capable of selecting and operating either the automatic switching mode or the manual switching mode on the touch panel display screen of the multi-view display unit 25. The mode switching means 54 may be configured to display the display mode selection switches 54a and 54b. The display mode selection switch can also be configured by a hardware switch provided in the vicinity of the multi-view display unit 25.

  When the automatic switching mode is selected in FIG. 21A, the mode switching unit 54 displays one of the first to third displays described in the above embodiment based on the detection result of the viewer detection unit. When the mode is automatically selected and the manual switching mode is selected in FIG. 21 (a), as shown in FIG. 21 (b), a high-resolution video is displayed from the multi-view mode and the driver's seat side. Selection switches 354c, 354d, and 354e that can select either a single view mode that can be viewed or a single view mode that allows high-resolution video to be viewed from the passenger side are displayed, and the display is switched in the selected display mode. It works.

  Furthermore, in any of the above-described embodiments, the single view mode in which the display is switched by the mode switching unit 540 is such that the display surface of the multi-view display unit 525 is on the driver seat side or the passenger seat side by the viewing direction switching unit 546. In the above description, the mode switching unit 54 has been described in which a high-resolution image is visually recognized by rotating the parallax barrier substrate 917 and the liquid crystal panel 930 by a relatively fixed amount. As a single view mode, the display is switched by the multi-view mode in which different images can be seen on the driver's side and the passenger's side without performing rotation control and slide control even in the single view mode. To select a multi-view mode with a different video source and one of the video sources. Or it may be switchably configured in between the single-view mode substantially identical image is displayed on the user's side and the passenger seat side.

  In this case, when the automatic switching mode is selected, in addition to the presence or absence of the passenger on the driver's seat and the presence or absence of the passenger on the passenger seat by the viewer detection means, the presence or absence of the passenger on the rear seat side is determined, When the occupant is confirmed on the seat side, the high-resolution video can be visually recognized by the occupant on the rear seat side by automatically switching to the single view mode. For example, if an occupant is confirmed only on the driver's seat side, the mode is switched to the single view mode. If an occupant is confirmed only on the driver's side and the passenger's side, the mode is switched to the multi-view mode, and the occupant is confirmed on the rear seat side. Then, it can be configured to be switched to the single view mode regardless of whether there is a passenger on the passenger side.

  In the above-described embodiment, the multi-view display device has been described which displays different videos in two directions at the same time. However, the same applies to a case where different videos are displayed simultaneously in more directions than two directions. Moreover, although the case where a liquid crystal panel as described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-206089 was used as a multi-view display device has been described, the present invention is not limited to this, and is described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-15535. The present invention can be similarly applied to a multi-view display device generally configured using an organic EL, a plasma display, a CRT, an SED, or the like, in addition to those employing the above-described configuration.

  The term “video” defined in the present invention includes both still images and moving images.

  In the above-described embodiment, the multi-view display device mounted on the vehicle has been described. However, the present invention is not limited to this and can be applied to a home display device.

Schematic diagram of a display device according to the present invention The perspective view which shows the example of mounting of a display apparatus Schematic of the cross-sectional structure of the display unit Schematic diagram of the structure of the display panel as seen from the front Circuit diagram showing outline of TFT substrate The block diagram which shows the outline of the display apparatus which concerns on this invention The block diagram which shows the outline of the image output part 211 The block diagram which shows the outline of the control means 200 The block diagram which shows the outline of the memory 218 Block configuration diagram when the multi-view display device of the present invention is used for car navigation mounted on a vehicle Illustration of multi-view display Illustration of LCD panel Illustration of the viewing direction switching mechanism Second mode flowchart Flow chart according to another example of the second mode Third mode flowchart Flow chart according to another example of the third mode It is explanatory drawing of the display state switching by a slide mechanism, (a) is a multi view display state (b) is a standard display state Explanatory diagram of composite editing processing by editing processing means for different video sources Explanatory diagram of composite editing processing by editing processing means for equal video sources Explanatory drawing of the display mode selection switch as a display mode selection means which shows another embodiment.

Explanation of symbols

1: first video source, 2: second video source, 3: first image data, 4: second image data, 5: display control unit, 6: display data, 7: display unit, 8: First display image, 9: Second display image, 10: Observer, 11: Observer, 12: Passenger seat, 13: Driver's seat, 14: Windshield, 15: Operation unit, 16: Speaker,
100: liquid crystal panel, 101: backlight, 102: polarizing plate, 103: polarizing plate, 104: TFT substrate, 105: liquid crystal layer, 106: color filter substrate, 107: glass substrate, 108: parallax barrier, 109: left side ( (Passenger seat side) display pixel, 110: right side (driver's seat side) display pixel, 111: display panel drive unit,
112: Scan line drive circuit, 113: Data line drive circuit, 114: TFT element, 115-118: Data line, 119-121: Scan line, 122: Pixel electrode, 123: Subpixel, 124: Touch panel, 200: Control 201: CD / MD playback unit 202: Radio reception unit 203: TV reception unit 204: DVD playback unit 205: HD (Hard Disk) playback unit 206: Navigation unit 207: Distribution circuit 208: First image adjustment circuit, 209: Second image adjustment circuit, 210: Audio adjustment circuit, 211: Image output unit, 212: VICS information reception unit, 213: GPS information reception unit, 214: Selector, 215: Operation unit 216: Remote control transmission / reception unit, 217: Remote control, 218: Memory, 219: External audio / video input unit, 220: Camera, 221: Brightness Detecting means, 222: occupant detection means, 223: rear display unit, 224: ETC onboard unit, 225: communication unit, 226: first write circuit,
227: second writing circuit, 228: VRAM (Video RAM), 229: interface, 230: CPU, 231: storage unit, 232: data storage unit, 233: first screen RAM, 234: second screen RAM 234, 235: Image quality setting information storage unit, 236: Environment adjustment value holding unit, 325: Multi-view display unit, 330: Image sensor, 340: Multi-view display device, 341: Data recording unit, 342: Image analysis unit, 343: Display control unit, 346: Viewing direction switching unit, 348: Operation unit, 3350: Video signal generation unit, 351: Source signal selection output unit, 352: Source signal compression unit, 353: Editing processing unit, 360: Viewing direction Switching mechanism

Claims (7)

  Based on video signals edited from a plurality of source signals, when the display unit capable of displaying individual videos for a plurality of viewing directions on the same screen and the source signals of the videos displayed in each viewing direction are the same, A display device comprising video signal generating means for generating the same video signal as a source signal.   Based on video signals edited from a plurality of source signals, when the display unit capable of displaying individual videos for a plurality of viewing directions on the same screen and the source signals of the videos displayed in each viewing direction are the same, A display device comprising video signal generating means for outputting a source signal as a video signal.   The display device according to claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of display elements driven by the video signal; and a parallax barrier that allows output light from the display elements to pass in a specific viewing direction. A display device comprising: a viewing direction switching means for switching a display surface direction so that a displayed image is viewed from an intermediate viewing direction of adjacent viewing directions when the source signals of the displayed images are the same.   The display device according to claim 3, wherein the viewing direction switching unit includes a posture switching unit that integrally rotates the display element and the parallax barrier.   The display device according to claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of display elements driven by the video signal; and a parallax barrier that allows output light from the display elements to pass in a specific viewing direction. A display device comprising a viewing direction switching means for switching a viewing direction so that the viewing direction is viewed from an intermediate viewing direction of adjacent viewing directions when the source signals of the displayed images are the same.   The display device according to claim 5, wherein the viewing direction switching unit includes a parallax barrier switching unit that switches a position of the parallax barrier.   The viewer detection means for detecting the presence or absence of a viewer in each viewing direction is provided, and the viewing direction switching means is configured to operate based on a detection result by the viewer detection means. The display apparatus in any one.