JP2006511481A - Enantioselective alkylation of tricyclic compounds. - Google Patents

Abstract

An enantioselective process for preparing intermediates useful for the preparation of chiral tricyclic compounds of formula (I) is disclosed. The alkylation process of the present invention preferably comprises at least one treatment in which a non-nucleophilic strong base, a mixture of chiral amino alcohols, an organic amine or ether additive or mixtures thereof, and an inert solvent (preferably water). or C ₁ -C ₃ alcohol (e.g., ethanol), and most preferably carried out to use a piperidine compound of formula X in including water).
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Description

(Background of the Invention)
The present invention provides an enantioselective process for preparing intermediates useful in the preparation of chiral tricyclic compounds of the following formula:

。

.

  U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,760,232, 5,874,442, 5,719,148, 5,998,620, and 6,372,909 are compounds of formula I Disclosed is a process for the preparation of a tricyclic compound and its use as an inhibitor of a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor. US Pat. No. 6,370,048 discloses a multi-step process for the preparation of compounds of formula I. There is a need for a more concise and efficient process for chiral tricyclic compounds of formula I.

(Summary of the Invention)
The present invention also provides the following formula VI:

によって表される化合物を調製するエナンチオ選択的プロセスを提供し、
ここで、Ｒ_１は、Ｈまたは保護基であり；
このプロセスは、以下の工程：
以下の式Ｖ：

Providing an enantioselective process for preparing a compound represented by
Where R ₁ is H or a protecting group;
This process consists of the following steps:
The following formula V:

によって表される化合物を、不活性有機溶媒中で、以下の（ｉ）、（ｉｉ）、および（ｉｉｉ）の各々の少なくとも約１当量と接触させ：
（ｉ）以下の式ＸＩによって表されるキラルアミノアルコールであって、

In an inert organic solvent with at least about 1 equivalent of each of the following (i), (ii), and (iii):
(I) a chiral amino alcohol represented by the following formula XI,

ここで、Ｒは、アリール基、アルキルアリール基、アルコキシアリール基、アリールアリール基、ヘテロアリール基、または多環式アリール基、あるいは以下の式ＸＩＩ：

Here, R is an aryl group, an alkylaryl group, an alkoxyaryl group, an arylaryl group, a heteroaryl group, or a polycyclic aryl group, or the following formula XII:

であり、
ここで、式ＸＩＩにおいて、点線は任意の二重結合を表し、そしてＲ^２は、アルコキシ、アルコキシアルキオキシ、アリールオキシ、アリールアルコキシ、およびＮＲ^ＡＲ^Ｂから選択され、ここで、Ｒ^ＡおよびＲ^Ｂは、独立してアルキルまたはアリールであり、そしてＲ^２は必要に応じて１以上のアルコキシ基によって置換される、キラルアミノアルコール；
（ｉｉ）以下の式Ｘによって表される化合物であって、

And
Where in formula XII the dotted line represents any double bond and R ² is selected from alkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aryloxy, arylalkoxy and NR ^A R ^B , where R ^A and R ^A chiral amino alcohol, wherein ^B is independently alkyl or aryl, and R ² is optionally substituted by one or more alkoxy groups;
(Ii) a compound represented by the following formula X,

ここで、ＬＧは、脱離基であり、そしてＲ_１は、Ｈまたは保護基である、化合物；
（ｉｉｉ）反応混合物を形成するための有機エーテルまたはアミン添加物、あるいはそれらの混合物であって、ここで、アミンは、アルキルアミン、アリールアミン、アルキルアリールアミン、またはアリールアルキルアミンである、混合物；
次いで、有機溶媒中でこの反応混合物に少なくとも１当量の非求核性の強塩基を添加し、そして必要に応じて、１当量の水またはＣ_１〜Ｃ_３アルコールを添加して、式ＶＩによって表される化合物を生成する工程を包含する。

Where LG is a leaving group and R ₁ is H or a protecting group;
(Iii) an organic ether or amine additive to form a reaction mixture, or a mixture thereof, wherein the amine is an alkylamine, arylamine, alkylarylamine, or arylalkylamine;
Then, at least one equivalent of a non-nucleophilic strong base is added to the reaction mixture in an organic solvent, and optionally one equivalent of water or C ₁ -C ₃ alcohol is added, according to Formula VI. Producing a compound represented by:

  The present invention also provides a process for the preparation of a compound represented by the following formula V

該プロセスは、以下の工程：
（１）以下の式ＩＩＡまたはＩＩＢ：

The process comprises the following steps:
(1) The following formula IIA or IIB:

によって表される化合物、あるいはＩＩＡおよびＩＩＢの混合物を、水中の触媒量のアルカリヨウ化物もしくはアルカリヨウ素および臭化水素酸の存在下で、少なくとも約１当量の亜リン酸と接触させて、反応混合物を形成し、次いで、この反応混合物に、少なくとも約１当量の次亜リン酸を添加して、以下の式ＩＩＩＡまたはＩＩＩＢ：

Or a mixture of IIA and IIB is contacted with at least about 1 equivalent of phosphorous acid in the presence of a catalytic amount of alkali iodide or alkaline iodine and hydrobromic acid in water to form a reaction mixture. And then to the reaction mixture at least about 1 equivalent of hypophosphorous acid is added to form the following formula IIIA or IIIB:

によって表される化合物、あるいは式ＩＩＩＡおよびＩＩＩＢによって表される化合物の混合物を形成する工程；
（２）得られた式ＩＩＩＡおよびＩＩＩＢによって表される化合物、または単一の異性体を、有機酸および低級アルカノールの存在下で、少なくとも約１当量の臭素と接触させて、以下の式ＩＶＡまたはＩＶＢ：

Forming a compound represented by formula III or a mixture of compounds represented by formulas IIIA and IIIB;
(2) The resulting compounds represented by Formula IIIA and IIIB, or a single isomer, are contacted with at least about 1 equivalent of bromine in the presence of an organic acid and a lower alkanol to yield the following Formula IVA or IVB:

によって表される化合物、あるいは式ＩＶＡおよびＩＶＢによって表される化合物の混合物を形成する工程を包含する。

Or a mixture of compounds represented by formulas IVA and IVB.

  The present invention also provides a process for the preparation of a compound represented by the following Formula I:

このプロセスは、以下の式ＶＩ：

This process is represented by the following formula VI:

によって表される化合物（ここで、Ｒ_１は、Ｈである）を、有効量の水を含む水混和性の有機溶媒中の当量のシアン酸ナトリウム（ＮａＯＣＮ）と接触させて、式Ｉの化合物を形成する工程を包含する。

A compound of formula I wherein R ₁ is H is contacted with an equivalent amount of sodium cyanate (NaOCN) in a water-miscible organic solvent containing an effective amount of water. Forming the step.

(Detailed description of the invention)
As used herein, the term “alkyl” means a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

  As used herein, the term “halo” means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.

As used herein, the term “alkoxy” refers to C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, methoxy and ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentyl. , Isopentyl, sec-pentyl, and neo-pentyl; methoxy and ethoxy are preferred.

  As used herein, the term “aryl” refers to a carbocyclic group having at least one aromatic ring. Representative aryl groups include phenyl and 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl.

  As used herein, the term “aryloxy” refers to an aryl group having AR—O—, where AR is aryl and O is divalent oxygen. Representative aryloxy groups include phenoxy and 1-naphthoxy or 2-naphthoxy.

  As used herein, the term “alkylaryl” refers to an aryl group having 1 to 5 alkyl groups. Representative alkylaryl groups include 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl or 4-methylphenyl, 2-ethylphenyl, 3-ethylphenyl, or 4-ethylphenyl, 2,3-dimethylphenyl, 3,5 -Dimethylphenyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl and 3,6-dimethylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl.

  As used herein, the term “arylaryl” refers to an aryl group having at least one aryl group. Representative arylaryl groups include biphenyl, and phenyl-substituted naphthyl (eg, 3-phenyl [1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl]).

  As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” refers to an aryl group having one or more heteroatoms in the aromatic ring.

Heteroaryl refers to a 5 or 6 atom cyclic aromatic group or 11 to 12 atom bicyclic group having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, or N. The atoms interfere with the carbocyclic ring structure and have a sufficient number of delocalized π electrons to provide aromatic character. This provides that the ring does not contain adjacent oxygen and / or sulfur atoms. For a 6-membered heteroaryl ring, the carbon atom can be substituted by an R ⁹ group, an R ¹⁰ group or an R ¹¹ group. Nitrogen atoms can form N-oxides. All regioisomers are contemplated, for example, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl and 4-pyridyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups are pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, and their N-oxides. For 5-membered rings, they are furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl and isoxazolyl. Five-membered heteroaryl rings are furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl and isoxazolyl. 5-membered rings with 1 heteroatom can be linked via the 2- or 3-position; 5-membered rings with 2 heteroatoms are preferably linked via the 4-position . Bicyclic groups are typically benzofused ring systems derived from the heteroaryl groups named above (eg, quinolyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl and iodolyl).

  As used herein, the term “polycyclic aryl group” refers to an aryl group having two or more aromatic rings, such as anthracene.

As used herein, the term “ee” subtracts the amount of the S enantiomer from the amount of the R enantiomer, and the sum of the amount of the R enantiomer and the amount of the S enantiomer. Show the percentage obtained by dividing by:
e. e. % = 100 × (R enantiomer−S enantiomer) / (R enantiomer + S enantiomer). The compounds of formula I produced according to the process of the invention have an ee greater than 98%. That is, it contains less than 1% of the S enantiomer.

  Non-limiting examples of leaving groups (“LG”) include sulfonates (eg, mesylate, tosylate, crosylate (parachlorotosylate), and brosylate (parabromotosylate)), phosphates (eg, diethyl phosphate). Alkyl phosphates), benzoates, and halides. Preferably, the leaving group (LG) is sulfonate, more preferably mesylate or tosylate, and most preferably mesylate.

  The protecting group can be any group suitable for protecting the nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring. Non-limiting examples of protecting groups include sulfonates and acyl groups (eg tert-butoxycarbonyl (t-Boc)

）が挙げられる。好ましくは、保護基は、アシル基であり、より好ましくは、ｔｅｒｔ−ブトキシカルボニル（ｔ−Ｂｏｃ）である。

). Preferably, the protecting group is an acyl group, more preferably tert-butoxycarbonyl (t-Boc).

  Examples of suitable non-nucleophilic strong bases include lithium bases (eg, lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), lithium N-butyl, N-phenylamide, lithium N-ethyl, N-phenylamide, lithium 2,2 , 6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine, 1-lithium 4-methylpiperazide, 1,4-dilithium piperazide, lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide), bis (trimethylsilyl) amide sodium, bis (trimethylsilyl) amide potassium, isopropyl Examples include, but are not limited to, magnesium chloride, phenyllithium, phenylmagnesium chloride, lithium diethylamide, and potassium tert-butoxide. Preferably, the non-nucleophilic strong base is lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), lithium N-butyl, N-phenylamide, lithium N-ethyl, N-phenylamide, lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide, more preferably The non-nucleophilic strong base is lithium diisopropylamide or lithium N-ethyl, N-phenylamide, lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide, and most preferably the non-nucleophilic strong base is lithium bis ( Trimethylsilyl) amide and lithium diisopropylamide.

  The term “organic amine or ether additive” as used herein means alkyl ethers, alkyl amines, or aryl amines, as well as mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable alkyl ethers include lower alkyl ethers such as diisopropyl ether, isopropyl methyl ether, isopropyl ethyl ether, isobutyl methyl ether, isobutyl ethyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, and tert-butyl ethyl ether However, it is not limited to these. Examples of suitable alkylamines include monoalkylamines, dialkylamines, and trialkylamines (eg, isopropylamine, isobutylamine, diisopropylamine, tetramethylethylenediamine (“TMEDA”), and tert-butylamine). However, it is not limited to these. Examples of suitable arylamines include aniline, 2,6-dimethylaniline, and 1-naphthylamine and 2-naphthylamine, N-alkylanilines (eg, N-ethylaniline, N-isopropylaniline, N-butylaniline, N -Aryl anilines (eg N-phenylamine, N-benzylamine, N-phenyl (1-naphthylamine) and N-phenyl (2-naphthylamine)), N, N-dialkylanilines (eg methylisopropylaniline, N , N-dimethylaniline, 2-isopropylaniline), but is not limited to the use of 2-diisopropylaniline or NN-phenyl (1-naphthylamine or 2-naphthylamine); Messenger It is more preferable.

  The term “chiral organic acid” as used herein refers to N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine, N-α- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) -L-asparagine, di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid. N- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) -L-proline, (S)-(−)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyric acid, and (1R)-(+)-camphanic acid, It is not limited to these. The use of N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine or N-α- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) -L-asparagine is preferred; the use of N-α- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) -L-asparagine is more preferred.

A chiral organic acid is used to form an acid addition salt of the compound of formula VI, wherein R ₁ is H. Crystallization of the acid addition salt thus formed in an ethanol-water solvent (see Example 6 of US Pat. No. 6,307,048) is VI (where R ₁ is H The enantiomeric excess ("ee") of the compound is further enhanced to greater than 98% ee, preferably greater than 99% ee, more preferably greater than 99.5% ee.

  The amount of chiral organic acid used to form the acid addition salt of Compound VI is about 0.0 equivalents to about 2.0 equivalents, preferably about 0.5 equivalents to about 1.4 equivalents. More preferably from about 0.5 equivalents to about 1.2 equivalents.

  Chiral amino alcohols are norephedrine-based derivatives represented by the following formula XI:

式ＸＩのキラルアミノアルコールは、米国特許第６，３０７，０４８号における調製実施例Ａの手順によって調製され得る。式ＸＩのキラルアミノアルコールの非限定的な例としては、３−メトキシベンジルノルエフェドリン、３，５−ジメトキシベンジルノルエフェドリン、３，４，５−トリメトキシベンジルノルエフェドリン、および２−メトキシ−１−ナフタレンノルエフェドリンが挙げられる。３，５−ジメトキシベンジルノルエフェドリン、３，４，５−トリメトキシベンジルノルエフェドリンが好ましい。３，４，５−トリメトキシベンジルノルエフェドリンであるＸＩが、より好ましい。

The chiral amino alcohol of formula XI can be prepared by the procedure of Preparative Example A in US Pat. No. 6,307,048. Non-limiting examples of chiral amino alcohols of formula XI include 3-methoxybenzylnorephedrine, 3,5-dimethoxybenzylnorephedrine, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylnorephedrine, and 2-methoxy-1- And naphthalene norephedrine. 3,5-dimethoxybenzylnorephedrine and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylnorephedrine are preferred. More preferred is XI which is 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylnorephedrine.

または以下の式ＸＩＩによって表される化合物：

Or a compound represented by the following formula XII:

ここで、点線は、任意の二重結合を示し、Ｒ^２は、アルコキシ、アルコキシアルキオキシ、アリールオキシ、アリールアルコキシまたはＮＲ^ＡＲ^Ｂから選択され、ここで、Ｒ^ＡおよびＲ^Ｂは、独立してアルキルまたはアリールであり、そしてＲ^２は、必要に応じて１以上のアルコキシ基で置換される。

Where the dotted line represents any double bond and R ² is selected from alkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aryloxy, arylalkoxy or NR ^A R ^B , where R ^A and R ^B are independently Alkyl or aryl, and R ² is optionally substituted with one or more alkoxy groups.

The term “alkoxy” means C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, including methoxy and ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy and tert-butoxy, n-pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl and neo-pentyl. Methoxy and ethoxy are preferred.

The term “alkoxyalkoxy” means C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxyC ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy and includes, but is not limited to, ethoxymethyloxy and methoxyethyloxy; methoxymethyloxy, and ethoxyoxyethyloxy. Methoxymethyloxy and methoxyethyloxy are preferred.

The term “arylalkoxy” means aryl C ₁ -C ₆ alkoxy, phenylmethoxy (ie 1-naphthylmethoxy or 2-naphthylmethoxy, 1-phenylethoxy or 2-phenylethoxy, 2- [1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl] ethoxy, 1- [1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl] ethoxy, 3-phenylpropoxy, 2-phenylpropoxy, or 1-phenylpropoxy, 3- [1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl] propoxy, 2- [1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl] propoxy, or 1- [1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl] propoxy, 4-phenylbutoxy, 3-phenylbutoxy, 2-phenylbutoxy, or 1-phenylbutoxy, 4- [1 -Naphthyl or 2-naphthyl Butoxy, 3- [1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl] butoxy, 2- [1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl] butoxy, or 1- [1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl] butoxy, 5- [1-naphthyl or 2 -Naphthyl] pentyl, 4- [1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl] pentyl, 3- [1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl] pentyl, 2- [1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl] pentyl, or 1- [1- Naphthyl or 2-naphthyl] pentyl, 5-1-phenylpentyl, 4-l-phenylpentyl, 3-l-phenylpentyl, 2-l-phenylpentyl, l-l-phenylpentyl). Without limitation; benzyl and 2-phenylethoxy are preferred.

  Non-limiting examples of chiral amino alcohols of formula XII include quinine and quinine derivatives:

。

.

Preferably R ² in formula XII is alkoxy. The chiral amino alcohol is most preferably selected from a compound of formula XI or quinine (XIIA), hydroquinine (XIIB)

キニーネ（ＸＩＩＡ）が、特に好ましい。

Quinine (XIIA) is particularly preferred.

  (Enantioselective alkylation step)

メシレートＸを有する化合物Ｖの２つのベンジル位のエナンチオ選択的アルキル化は、米国特許第６，３０７，０４８号に開示されるプロセスよりもはるかに有効なプロセスである。本発明のアルキル化プロセスは、好ましくは、少なくとも１つの処理が、非求核性の強塩基、キラルアミノアルコール（例えば、ＸＩまたはＸＩＩ）の混合物、有機アミンもしくはエーテル添加物またはそれらの混合物、および不活性溶媒（好ましくは水またはＣ_１〜Ｃ_３アルコール（例えば、エタノール）、最も好ましくは水を含む）中の式Ｘのピペリジン化合物を用いるように行われる。水またはＣ_１〜Ｃ_３アルコールの当量は、使用される場合、好ましくは０．１〜３．０当量であり、より好ましくは０．５〜１．２当量であり、最も好ましくは０．５〜１．０当量であり得る。水またはＣ_１〜Ｃ_３アルコールは、塩基、キラルアミノアルコールＸＩまたはＸＩＩ、有機アミンもしくはエーテル添加物、およびピペリジン化合物Ｘの添加の前、または添加と同時に三環系化合物Ｖに添加されても、あるいはこれらの化合物のうちのいずれかまたはすべてが三環系出発化合物Ｖと接触された後に添加されてもよい。

The enantioselective alkylation of the two benzylic positions of Compound V with mesylate X is a much more effective process than that disclosed in US Pat. No. 6,307,048. The alkylation process of the present invention preferably comprises at least one treatment comprising a non-nucleophilic strong base, a mixture of chiral amino alcohols (eg, XI or XII), an organic amine or ether additive or mixtures thereof, and inert solvent (preferably water or C ₁ -C ₃ alcohol (e.g., ethanol), most preferably water) is performed to use a piperidine compound of formula X in. Equivalents of water or _C 1 -C ₃ alcohol, when used, is preferably from 0.1 to 3.0 equivalents, more preferably 0.5 to 1.2 equivalents, most preferably 0.5 It can be -1.0 equivalent. Water or C ₁ -C ₃ alcohol, a base, the chiral amino alcohol XI or XII, the organic amine or ether additive, and prior to the addition of the piperidine compound X, or be added simultaneously tricyclic compound V and added, Alternatively, any or all of these compounds may be added after contacting the tricyclic starting compound V.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the following equivalents are used:
(A) about 1.2 to 1.4 equivalents, preferably about 1.3 equivalents of a non-nucleophilic strong base comprising the following (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) While the temperature of the reaction mixture thus formed is maintained at about 5 ° C to about 50 ° C, preferably about 10 ° C to about 45 ° C, more preferably about 15 ° C to about 25 ° C. R:
(I) 1 equivalent of a compound of formula V (ii) about 1.0 to about 2.0 equivalents, preferably about 1.0 to about 1.5 equivalents, more preferably about 1.1 to about 1.3 equivalents Most preferably 1.2 equivalents of a compound of formula X,
(Iii) about 1.0 to about 4.0 equivalents, preferably about 1.2 to about 3.5 equivalents, more preferably about 1.3 to 3.0 equivalents of chiral amino alcohol XI or XII, most preferably About 1.5 to about 2.5 equivalents of chiral amino alcohol XI or XII,
(Iv) at least about 1.0 equivalent of an organic amine or ether additive, preferably about 1.0 to about 4.0 equivalents, preferably about 1.5 to about 2.5 equivalents, most preferably about 1. 5 to about 2.0 equivalents or 2.0 equivalents of an organic amine or ether additive, or mixtures thereof;
(B) The mixture from step (a) is cooled to about 0 ° C. to about 10 ° C., preferably about 0 ° C. to about 5 ° C., and about 0.1 to 3.0 equivalents, preferably about 0. 5 to about 1.2 equivalents, most preferably about 0.5 to about 1.0 equivalents of water is added;
(C) a further non-nucleophilic of about 0.9 to about 1.1 equivalents, preferably 1.0, while maintaining the temperature at about 0 ° C. to about 10 ° C., preferably about 0 ° C. to about 8 ° C. A strong base is added to the mixture from step (b); and (d) the temperature of the mixture from step (c) is about 10 ° C to about 50 ° C, preferably about 15 to about 45 ° C, and more. Preferably while raising the temperature from about 15 ° C. to about 40 ° C. and maintaining the temperature at about 10 ° C. to about 50 ° C., preferably about 15 ° C. to about 45 ° C., more preferably about 15 ° C. to about 40 ° C. About 1.0 to about 1.5 equivalents, preferably about 1.1 to about 1.4 equivalents of a non-nucleophilic strong base is added.

  The enenethioselective alkylation process of the present invention is preferably carried out in an inert organic solvent. Suitable inert organic solvents include, but are not limited to, for example, toluene, benzene, cyclohexane, tetrahydrofuran, anisole, chlorobenzene, and mixtures thereof. Toluene and ethylbenzene or a mixture of the two are preferred solvents. In the case of a mixture, the v / v ratio of toluene to ethylbenzene is in the range of 1: 5 to 1: 1, preferably 1: 2.

  In a preferred embodiment of the enantioselective alkylation step for the preparation of the compound of formula VI, the chiral amino alcohol is quinine and the non-nucleophilic lithium base is lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) (usually a hydrocarbon solvent (For example, as LDA-mono (tetrahydrofuran) complex in cyclohexane or ethylbenzene) and the organic amine or ether additive is 2-isopropylaniline (about 2 equivalents) or N-phenyl, N-benzylamine and TMEDA 3: 1 mixture, the solvent is toluene, and water is added after the first addition of LDA; about 2.0 to about 3.0 equivalents of LDA (as LDA-THF) are two equal parts. Is added. See the table in Comparative Example 8. When a mixture of two organic amines or organic ether additives, or a mixture of organic amines and organic ether additives is used, the ratio of the additives in the mixture ranges from about 1: 4 to about 4: 1 equivalents. Preferably in the range of about 1: 3 to about 3: 1 equivalents.

  In a preferred embodiment of the enantioselective alkylation step, a mixture of 1.0 equivalent of Compound V, 1.2 equivalents of Compound X, 2.1 equivalents of quinine, and 2.0 equivalents of 2-isopropylaniline is .1 equivalent of LDA-THF (1-2 molar in ethylbenzene) 0.7 equivalent of water and 0.7 equivalent of LDA-THF are added sequentially. The temperature of the reaction mixture thus formed is adjusted between 15 ° C. and 40 ° C., and a third portion of 1.3 equivalents of LDA-THF is added over 4-10 hours. The enantioselectivity of the free base of the compound of formula VI obtained from this preferred method is 78-89% e.e. e. Range. Enantioselectivity of the free base VI is formed by contacting the free base VI with at least one equivalent of a chiral acid (eg, N-α-t-Boc-L-asparagine, or N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine). This can be further enhanced by crystallization of the acid addition salt.

  In a more preferred embodiment of the enantioselective alkylation step, 1.0 equivalent of LDA-THF in ethylbenzene is premixed with 0.5 equivalents of isopropylaniline. To a mixture of 1.0 equivalents of Compound V, 1.1 equivalents of Compound X, and 1.5 equivalents of quinine, 2.1 equivalents of LDA-THF / 2-isopropylaniline base complex, 0.7 equivalents of water, And 0.7 equivalents of LDA-THF / 2-isopropylaniline base complex are added continuously. The temperature of the mixture is adjusted to 15-40 ° C. and a third portion of 1.3 equivalents of LDA-THF / 2-isopropylaniline base complex is added over 3-10 hours. The ee% of the free base of the compound of formula VI obtained from this more preferred process ranges from 88 to 92% ee. Enantioselectivity of the free base VI is formed by contacting the free base VI with at least one equivalent of a chiral acid (eg, N-α-t-Boc-L-asparagine, or N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine). This can be further enhanced by crystallization of the acid addition salt. A more preferred method of using this LDA-THF / isopropylaniline base complex is a stronger reaction, providing better control in keeping impurities lower, and a lower amount of Compound X, and a third addition The lower amount of LDA-THF / isopropylaniline base complex in is used.

  The process of the present invention is economical because the chiral amino alcohol can be recovered and reused for further use. For example, after the reaction is judged complete by HPLC, the reaction mixture can be quenched by adding water and stirred at a temperature of about 0 ° C. to about 5 ° C. to precipitate the chiral amino alcohol. And this chiral amino alcohol can be recovered by filtration.

  (Triple reduction and bromination step):

本発明は、化合物ＩＩ（通常は、異性体ＩＩＡとＩＩＢとの混合物として）から化合物ＩＩＩ（通常は異性体ＩＩＩＡとＩＩＩＢとの混合物として）への変換のための、新規三重還元プロセスを提供する。三重還元とは、ＩＩのニトロ基の対応するアミノ基への還元、ケトン基からヒドロキシへの還元、そしてヒドロキシからメチレン基への還元をいう。ニトロ基からアミノ基への還元のための、亜リン酸（Ｈ_３ＰＯ_３）、もしくは次亜リン酸（Ｈ_３ＰＯ_２）、またはこの２つの酸の組み合わせと、ＮＡＩとの使用は、報告されていない。芳香族ケトンの還元のためのこの組み合わせは、報告された方法（Ｔｅｔｒａｈｅｄｒｏｎ Ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ、２０００、４１、７８１７；Ｊ．Ｏｒｇ．Ｃｈｅｍ．１９９３、５８、７１４９）（これらの方法では、有害な元素のリンが、試薬として使用される）よりも優れている。

The present invention provides a novel triple reduction process for the conversion of compound II (usually as a mixture of isomers IIA and IIB) to compound III (usually as a mixture of isomers IIIA and IIIB). . Triple reduction refers to the reduction of the nitro group of II to the corresponding amino group, the reduction of a ketone group to hydroxy, and the reduction of hydroxy to a methylene group. The use of phosphorous acid (H ₃ PO ₃ ) or hypophosphorous acid (H ₃ PO ₂ ), or a combination of the two acids, and NAI for the reduction of nitro groups to amino groups has been reported. It has not been. This combination for the reduction of aromatic ketones is the same as reported methods (Tetrahedron Letters, 2000, 41, 7817; J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 7149). Used as a reagent).

  Two alternative processes for the conversion of compound II to compound IV have been developed. The first process is referred to as a two-pot process, where the triple reduction product, compound III, is isolated as a mixture of isomers IIIA and IIIB, and the bromination reaction is performed in separate steps. To give compound IV isolated as a mixture of isomers (9-amino-isomer IVA and 7-amino isomer IVB). The second process combines the two steps into a one-pot reaction to directly isolate compound IV (isomer IVA) from II without isolating III (as a mixture of isomers IIIA and IIIB). And as a mixture of IVB). Compound II was prepared by nitration of compound XIII prepared as described in US Pat. No. 6,307,048.

  In the triple reduction step, the equivalent amount of phosphorous acid used was in the range of about 2 to about 8 equivalents, and preferably in the range of 3.5 to about 4.5 equivalents.

  The catalytic amount of alkaline iodide (eg, NaI or KI, preferably NaI), or iodine is in the range of about 0.01 to about 4 equivalents, preferably in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.15 equivalents. there were. The use of alkali iodides is preferred; the use of sodium iodide (NaI) is more preferred.

  The equivalent of hydrobromic acid was in the range of about 6 to about 32 equivalents, and preferably in the range of about 13 to about 19 equivalents.

  The equivalent of hypophosphorous acid was in the range of about 1 to about 5 equivalents, and preferably in the range of about 2 to about 3 equivalents.

  The triple reduction is performed in a temperature range of about 50 ° C. to 120 ° C., preferably in a temperature range of about 10 ° C. to about 110 ° C.

  Triple reduction is performed under an inert atmosphere, preferably under nitrogen in a mixed aqueous solvent of reagents.

In the bromination _step, the solvent is a mixture of C 1 -C ₃ alcohol and _C 1 -C ₆ alkanoic acid (alkananoic acid), preferably a mixture of methanol and acetic acid, or a mixture of ethanol and acetic acid.

  In the two-pot process, the bromine equivalent weight was about 1 to about 5 equivalents, preferably about 1.5 to about 2.5 equivalents, and most preferably about 1.0 to about 1.05 equivalents. .

  In the one pot process, the bromine equivalent weight was about 1 to about 5 equivalents, preferably about 1.5 to about 2.0 equivalents, and most preferably about 1.8 to about 2.5 equivalents.

  Bromination was performed in a temperature range of about 0 ° C. to about 40 ° C., preferably in a temperature range of about 10 ° C. to about 40 ° C.

  (Nitration process):

ＸＩＩＩのニトロ化は、主異性体である９−ニトロ異性体ＩＩＡと、副異性体である７−ニトロ異性体ＩＩＢとの混合物を提供する。このＩＩＡとＩＩＢとの混合物は、三重還元工程で使用された。

Nitration of XIII provides a mixture of the major isomer 9-nitro isomer IIA and the minor isomer 7-nitro isomer IIB. This mixture of IIA and IIB was used in the triple reduction step.

  (Deamination process)

化合物ＩＶ（異性体ＩＶＡとＩＶＢとの混合物として）中のアミノ基は、亜硝酸ナトリウムの作用によって形成される亜硝酸と、硫酸とによって除去されて、ジアゾニウム塩を形成し、そしてそのジアゾニウム塩を次亜リン酸（Ｈ_３ＰＯ_２）によって処理して、化合物Ｖが形成される。

The amino group in compound IV (as a mixture of isomers IVA and IVB) is removed by nitrous acid formed by the action of sodium nitrite and sulfuric acid to form a diazonium salt, and the diazonium salt is Treatment with hypophosphorous acid (H ₃ PO ₂ ) forms compound V.

  (Urea formation process)

イソシアン酸ナトリウムは、一般的に使用される尿素試薬よりも、化合物ＶＩの尿素化のためにより良い試薬であることが見出された。この試薬は、より低い反応温度を必要とし、そして以前の工程において使用される尿素よりも良い不純物プロフィールを与える。尿素形成工程は、水混和性の有機溶媒（例えば、アセトニトリルまたはテトラヒドロフラン、好ましくは、約４０〜６０容積％の水を含むテトラヒドロフラン）の存在下で、約１０℃〜約６０℃の温度範囲にて行われた。

Sodium isocyanate has been found to be a better reagent for the ureation of compound VI than the commonly used urea reagent. This reagent requires a lower reaction temperature and gives a better impurity profile than the urea used in the previous step. The urea formation step is performed in a temperature range of about 10 ° C. to about 60 ° C. in the presence of a water-miscible organic solvent (eg, acetonitrile or tetrahydrofuran, preferably tetrahydrofuran containing about 40-60% by volume of water). It was conducted.

  The equivalent weight of sodium cyanide (NaOCN) was about 1 to about 6 equivalents, preferably about 2.2 to about 2.4 equivalents.

Equivalents of sodium carbonate _(Na 2 CO ₃₎ is from about 0 to about 1 equivalents, preferably is about 0.1 to about 0.3 equivalents.

  Crude product I is added to a mixture of tetrahydrofuran: water (ratio of about 6: 1 (v / v)) to form a suspension, which is formed into a volume A solution. Purified by heating to a temperature in the range of about 60 ° C to about 65 ° C. The solution thus formed was filtered and about 1 equivalent of ethyl acetate was added. The solution thus formed was concentrated by distillation at atmospheric pressure. About 1 equivalent of ethyl acetate was added to the warm organic solution, and the solution thus formed was concentrated to about volume A by distillation at atmospheric pressure. The resulting solution was cooled to a temperature of about 20 ° C. to about 25 ° C. over about 1 hour, and the cooled solution was stirred at a temperature of about 20 ° C. to 25 ° C. for an additional hour. The resulting solid is recovered by filtration and dried (preferably in a vacuum oven at about 55 ° C. to 65 ° C.) to provide a substantially chemically pure form (ie, less than 3% impurities, Compound I, preferably containing less than 1% impurities).

  Scheme 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention. Compounds I, II, III, and IV are usually present as a mixture of the 7-isomer and 9-isomer of each compound.

  (Scheme 1)

Example 1
(Preparation of compound III (mixture of isomers IIIA and IIIB))

機械的攪拌器、温度計およびコンデンサを備える１Ｌの三口フラスコに、窒素下で、５０．０ｇ（０．１４ｍｏｌ）の化合物ＩＩ（米国特許第６，３０７，０４８号の１２列２０行〜３列４９行に記載される手順に従って調製した）、２．０ｇのヨウ化ナトリウム（１３．３ｍｏｌ）、４５．０ｇの亜リン酸（Ｈ_３ＰＯ_３）（０．５５ｍｏｌ）を充填した。この混合物に、２５０ｍＬの臭化水素酸（４８％）および５０ｍＬの水を添加した。得られた懸濁液を、１０７〜１１０℃まで加熱し、そしてこの温度で４時間の間攪拌した。次いで、この反応混合物を、６０℃まで冷却し、そして４０ｍＬ（０．３０ｍｏｌ）の次亜リン酸（Ｈ_３ＰＯ_２）（５０％）を添加した。この反応混合物を、１００〜１１０℃まで加熱し、そしてこの温度で６時間の間攪拌した。この反応混合物を、２０℃まで冷却し、そして２００ｍＬの水酸化アンモニウムと１００ｍＬのメタノールとの溶液に、温度を３０℃以下に保ちながら移した。水酸化アンモニウムを用いてｐＨを５．０に調節し、そしてこの懸濁液を室温で１時間攪拌した。固体を濾過し、そして５０ｍＬの水で洗浄した。固体を真空オーブン中で６０℃にて２０時間乾燥させて、４６．９ｇのＩＩＩを、約７０：３０比のＩＩＡ：ＩＩＢ比（９異性体：７異性体）で、一対の異性体の混合物として、９４％ＨＰＬＣ純度および９９％収率で得た。
９−アミノ異性体、ＩＩＩＡ（主生成物）：

In a 1 L three-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermometer and condenser, under nitrogen, 50.0 g (0.14 mol) of compound II (US Pat. No. 6,307,048, column 12, row 20 to column 3). Prepared according to the procedure described in line 49), 2.0 g sodium iodide (13.3 mol), 45.0 g phosphorous acid (H ₃ PO ₃ ) (0.55 mol) were charged. To this mixture was added 250 mL hydrobromic acid (48%) and 50 mL water. The resulting suspension was heated to 107-110 ° C. and stirred at this temperature for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 60 ° C. and 40 mL (0.30 mol) hypophosphorous acid (H ₃ PO ₂ ) (50%) was added. The reaction mixture was heated to 100-110 ° C. and stirred at this temperature for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20 ° C. and transferred to a solution of 200 mL ammonium hydroxide and 100 mL methanol keeping the temperature below 30 ° C. The pH was adjusted to 5.0 using ammonium hydroxide and the suspension was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The solid was filtered and washed with 50 mL water. The solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 60 ° C. for 20 hours to give 46.9 g of III in an IIA: IIB ratio (9 isomers: 7 isomers) of about 70:30 ratio to a mixture of a pair of isomers. As 94% HPLC purity and 99% yield.
9-Amino isomer, IIIA (main product):

７−アミノ異性体、ＩＩＩＢ：

7-amino isomer, IIIB:

。

.

(Example 2)
(Preparation of compound V (mixture of isomers IVA and IVB))

９０ｍＬのメタノールおよび３０ｍＬの酢酸中の、実施例１に由来する３０．０ｇの化合物ＩＩＩ（ＩＩＩＡとＩＩＩＢとの混合物として）の懸濁液に、１５ｍＬの臭化水素酸（４８％）を、温度を１０〜２０℃に保ちながら添加した。得られた溶液に、４．５ｍＬの臭素（８７．１ｍｍｏｌ）を１５℃と２０℃との間の温度で徐々に添加した。この反応混合物を、室温で１時間攪拌し、次いで、１５０ｍＬの水および６０ｍＬの水酸化アンモニウム中の６．０ｇのチオ硫酸ナトリウム五水和物の溶液に、１０℃と２０℃との間の温度で注いだ。得られた懸濁液を、４０℃まで加熱し、そして温度を２０℃まで戻しながら１時間攪拌した。固体を濾過し、３０ｍＬの水で洗浄し、真空オーブン中で６０℃にて乾燥させて、３３．３ｇの化合物ＩＶ（異性体ＩＶＡとＩＶＢとの混合物として）を、９４％のＨＰＬＣ純度、および８９．０％収率で得た。ＮＭＲについては、実施例３を参照のこと。

To a suspension of 30.0 g of compound III from Example 1 (as a mixture of IIIA and IIIB) in 90 mL of methanol and 30 mL of acetic acid, 15 mL of hydrobromic acid (48%) was added at a temperature of Was added while maintaining the temperature at 10 to 20 ° C. To the resulting solution, 4.5 mL of bromine (87.1 mmol) was slowly added at a temperature between 15 ° C and 20 ° C. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and then added to a solution of 6.0 g sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate in 150 mL water and 60 mL ammonium hydroxide at a temperature between 10 ° C. and 20 ° C. Poured in. The resulting suspension was heated to 40 ° C. and stirred for 1 hour while returning the temperature to 20 ° C. The solid was filtered, washed with 30 mL of water and dried in a vacuum oven at 60 ° C. to give 33.3 g of compound IV (as a mixture of isomers IVA and IVB) with an HPLC purity of 94%, and Obtained in 89.0% yield. See Example 3 for NMR.

(Example 3)
(One-pot process for the preparation of compound IV (as a mixture of isomers))

化合物ＩＩ（実施例Ｉに由来する異性体ＩＩＡとＩＩＢとの混合物として）の混合物（１０ｇ、２７．２ｍｍｏｌ）、亜リン酸（Ｈ_３ＰＯ_３）（９ｇ、１０９．８ｍｍｏｌ）、ヨウ化ナトリウム（０．４ｇ、２．７ｍｍｏｌ）、臭化水素酸（４８％）（５０ｍＬ）および水（１０ｍＬ）を攪拌し、そして１０５℃で６時間過熱し、そして約１００℃まで冷却した。次亜リン酸（Ｈ_３ＰＯ_２）（５０％）（８ｍＬ、６０．６ｍｍｏｌ）を、この溶液に添加し、次いでこれを、反応がＨＰＬＣによって完了したと判断されるまで１１０℃で６時間過熱した。この溶液を、９０℃まで冷却し、そして酢酸（２０ｍＬ）およびエタノーエウ（５０ｍＬ）を添加し、そしてこの溶液を、１５℃まで冷却し続けた。臭素（３．３ｍＬ、６３．９ｍｍｏｌ）を、１５℃と２０℃との間の温度にて、この混合物に滴下し、そしてこの混合物を、さらに１時間攪拌した。水酸化アンモニウム（２５％）（６０ｍＬ）を、温度が５０℃以下に保たれる速度で、この混合物にゆっくりと添加した。水酸化アンモニウムを添加した後、この混合物を、５０℃で１時間静置した。２５℃まで冷却したのち、この混合物を濾過した。固体を回収し、５０℃で水（１５０ｍＬ）中のスラリーとして処理し、再び濾過によって回収した。ＩＶの収量は、１０．３ｇ（９３％収率）である。
^１Ｈ−ＮＭＲ（ＤＭＳＯ−ｄ_６）：主生成物（９−アミノ異性体ＩＶＡ）

A mixture of compounds II (as a mixture of isomers IIA and IIB from Example I) (10 g, 27.2 mmol), phosphorous acid (H ₃ PO ₃ ) (9 g, 109.8 mmol), sodium iodide ( 0.4 g, 2.7 mmol), hydrobromic acid (48%) (50 mL) and water (10 mL) were stirred and heated at 105 ° C. for 6 hours and cooled to about 100 ° C. Hypophosphorous acid (H ₃ PO ₂ ) (50%) (8 mL, 60.6 mmol) was added to this solution, which was then heated at 110 ° C. for 6 hours until the reaction was judged complete by HPLC. did. The solution was cooled to 90 ° C. and acetic acid (20 mL) and ethanol (50 mL) were added and the solution continued to cool to 15 ° C. Bromine (3.3 mL, 63.9 mmol) was added dropwise to the mixture at a temperature between 15 ° C. and 20 ° C., and the mixture was stirred for an additional hour. Ammonium hydroxide (25%) (60 mL) was added slowly to the mixture at a rate that kept the temperature below 50 ° C. After adding ammonium hydroxide, the mixture was allowed to stand at 50 ° C. for 1 hour. After cooling to 25 ° C., the mixture was filtered. The solid was collected and treated as a slurry in water (150 mL) at 50 ° C. and again collected by filtration. The yield of IV is 10.3 g (93% yield).
¹ H-NMR (DMSO-d ₆ ): main product (9-amino isomer IVA)

副生成物（７−アミノ異性体ＩＶＢ）

By-product (7-amino isomer IVB)

。

.

Example 4
(Deamination process)
(Preparation of Compound V)

２００ｍＬの水中の化合物ＩＶ（実施例３に由来する異性体ＩＶＡとＩＶＢとの混合物として）の１００．０ｇ混合物の、窒素流下で５℃と１０℃との間の温度にて激しく攪拌した懸濁液に、内部温度を６０℃と６５℃との間に上昇させながら、３００ｍＬの９８％硫酸溶液を添加した。得られた濃い茶色の溶液を、５℃と１０℃との間まで冷却した。次亜リン酸（４００ｍＬ、水中の５０％Ｈ_３ＰＯ_２、３．８５ｍｏｌ）を添加し、その後、温度を１０℃と２０℃との間に保ちながら、１００ｍＬの水中の亜硝酸ナトリウム（２０．３ｇ、０．２８６ｍｏｌ）の溶液を添加した。亜硝酸ナトリウムの添加後、１．２５ｍＬのＡｎｔｉｆｏａｍ Ｂシリコン乳濁液（Ｊ．Ｔ．Ｂａｋｅｒ）を添加した。この反応混合物を、２０℃と３０℃との間に温め、２時間静置し、４０℃と４５℃との間まで２時間の間さらに加熱、そして４時間静置した。反応完了の際に、得られたスラリーを、−５℃と５℃との間まで冷却し、６時間静置して濾過した。固体を２００ｍＬの３０％硫酸水溶液で洗浄し、そして１％の水、１％の硫酸、および１．３％の次亜リン酸を含む１．５Ｌの脱酸素メタノール溶液中に溶解させた。得られた茶色の溶液に、１０ｇの活性炭（Ｎｕｃｈａｒ ＳＮ）を添加した。３０分後、この混合物を、５０と６０℃との間で、０．５インチのセライトパッッドを通して濾過した。濾液を、５０℃と６０℃との間まで加熱し、そしてトリエチルアミン（１．４２ｍｏｌ）とメタノールとの２：１溶液（３００ｍＬ）で、この溶液のｐＨ値が（水湿式ｐＨ紙において）９より高くなるまでゆっくりと中和した。得られたスラリーを、１時間で０℃と５℃との間まで冷却し、２時間静置し、そして濾過した。この固体を、メタノールで洗浄し、真空下で６０℃および６５℃にて乾燥させ、そして７３ｇの化合物Ｖ（８−クロロ−３，１０−ジブロモ−５，６−ジヒドロ−１１Ｈ−ベンゾ［５，６］シクロヘプタル−［１，２−ｂ］ピリジン）を、薄黄色固体として８２％収率で得た；融点１６３〜１６４℃。

A suspension of 100.0 g of compound IV (as a mixture of isomers IVA and IVB from Example 3) in 200 mL of water, vigorously stirred at a temperature between 5 ° C. and 10 ° C. under a stream of nitrogen. 300 mL of 98% sulfuric acid solution was added to the solution while raising the internal temperature between 60 ° C. and 65 ° C. The resulting dark brown solution was cooled to between 5 and 10 ° C. Hypophosphorous acid (400 mL, 50% H ₃ PO _{2 in} water, 3.85 mol) is added and then sodium nitrite (20.20 in 100 mL water) while keeping the temperature between 10 ° C. and 20 ° C. 3 g, 0.286 mol) of solution was added. After the addition of sodium nitrite, 1.25 mL of Antifoam B silicone emulsion (JT Baker) was added. The reaction mixture was warmed between 20 ° C. and 30 ° C., allowed to stand for 2 hours, further heated to between 40 ° C. and 45 ° C. for 2 hours, and allowed to stand for 4 hours. Upon completion of the reaction, the resulting slurry was cooled to between −5 ° C. and 5 ° C., left to stand for 6 hours and filtered. The solid was washed with 200 mL of 30% aqueous sulfuric acid and dissolved in 1.5 L of deoxygenated methanol solution containing 1% water, 1% sulfuric acid, and 1.3% hypophosphorous acid. To the resulting brown solution was added 10 g activated carbon (Nuchar SN). After 30 minutes, the mixture was filtered through 0.5 inch Celite pad between 50 and 60 ° C. The filtrate is heated to between 50 ° C. and 60 ° C. and a 2: 1 solution (300 mL) of triethylamine (1.42 mol) and methanol, the pH value of this solution from 9 (in water-wet pH paper) Slowly neutralized until high. The resulting slurry was cooled to between 0 ° C. and 5 ° C. in 1 hour, allowed to stand for 2 hours, and filtered. This solid was washed with methanol, dried at 60 ° C. and 65 ° C. under vacuum, and 73 g of compound V (8-chloro-3,10-dibromo-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo [5, 6] cycloheptal- [1,2-b] pyridine) as a pale yellow solid in 82% yield; mp 163-164 ° C.

。

.

(Example 5)
(Chiral alkylation process)

エチルベンゼン（６００ｍＬ）とトルエン（４００ｍＬ）との混合物中の、キニーネ（１７５．０ｇ、５３９．４ｍｍｏｌ、２．１モル当量）、８−クロロ−３，１０−ジブロモ−６，１１−ジヒドロ−５Ｈ−ベンゾ［５，６］シクロヘプタ［１，２−ｂ］ピリジン−１１−イル（化合物Ｖ、１００．０ｇ、２５８．１ｍｍｏｌ、実施例４から得られた１．０モル当量）、および実施例４に由来する１−（Ｎ−［（ｔｅｒｔ−ブチルオキシ）カルボニル］−４−ピペリジニル）アセチル−４−メシルオキシ−ピペリジン（Ｘ、１２５．０ｇ、３０９．０ｍｍｏｌ、１．２モル当量）の混合物に、２−イソプロピルアニリン（７３．１ｍＬ、７０．８ｇ、５２３．９ｍｍｏｌ、２．０モル当量）を添加する。得られる懸濁液を脱脂し、そして窒素で３回パージ（ｐｕｒｇｅ）して溶解したいかなる酸素も除去する。この混合物の温度を１５℃と２５℃との間に保ちながら、エチルベンゼン、シクロヘキサン、またはトルエンのいずれか中のリチウムジイソプロピルアミドモノ（テトラヒドロフラン）錯体を、１．０〜２，２モル濃度の濃度で、反応混合物が深赤色に変わるまで（代表的には、５３９．４ｍｍｏｌ、２．１モル当量）ゆっくりと添加する。次いで、水（３．３４ｍＬ、３．３ｇ、１８５．８ｍｍｏｌ、０．７モル当量）を添加し、そしてこの反応混合物を深赤色から黄橙色に変える。再び、反応混合物の温度を１５℃と２５℃との間で保ちながら、第２の部分のエチルベンゼン、シクロヘキサン、またはトルエンのいずれか中のリチウムジイソプロピルアミドモノ（テトラヒドロフラン）錯体の溶液を、１．０〜２，２モル濃度の濃度で、反応混合物が深赤色に戻るまで（代表的には、１８５．８ｍｍｏｌ、０．７モル当量）ゆっくりと添加する。次いで、この混合物の温度を１５℃と４０℃との間に調節し、そして４〜１０時間にわたって、第３の部分のエチルベンゼン、シクロヘキサン、またはトルエンのいずれか中のリチウムジイソプロピルアミドモノ（テトラヒドロフラン）錯体の溶液を、１．０〜２．５モル濃度の濃度で添加する（３３５．５ｍｍｏｌ、１．３モル当量）。１５℃と４０℃との間でさらに１時間攪拌した後、この混合物を０℃と１０℃との間まで冷却し、水（３００ｍＬ）の添加によってクエンチし、そしてさらに４〜６時間攪拌して、キニーネを沈殿させる。濾過後、層を分離し、そして有機層をｐＨが２以下になるまで２Ｎ ＨＣｌの一部で洗浄する。

Quinine (175.0 g, 539.4 mmol, 2.1 molar equivalents), 8-chloro-3,10-dibromo-6,11-dihydro-5H- in a mixture of ethylbenzene (600 mL) and toluene (400 mL) Benzo [5,6] cyclohepta [1,2-b] pyridin-11-yl (Compound V, 100.0 g, 258.1 mmol, 1.0 molar equivalent obtained from Example 4), and Example 4 To a mixture of derived 1- (N-[(tert-butyloxy) carbonyl] -4-piperidinyl) acetyl-4-mesyloxy-piperidine (X, 125.0 g, 309.0 mmol, 1.2 molar equivalents) Isopropylaniline (73.1 mL, 70.8 g, 523.9 mmol, 2.0 molar equivalent) is added. The resulting suspension is defatted and purged with nitrogen three times to remove any dissolved oxygen. While maintaining the temperature of this mixture between 15 ° C. and 25 ° C., lithium diisopropylamide mono (tetrahydrofuran) complex in either ethylbenzene, cyclohexane or toluene at a concentration of 1.0-2,2 molar. Slowly add until the reaction mixture turns deep red (typically 539.4 mmol, 2.1 molar equivalents). Then water (3.34 mL, 3.3 g, 185.8 mmol, 0.7 molar equivalent) is added and the reaction mixture turns from deep red to yellow-orange. Again, while maintaining the temperature of the reaction mixture between 15 ° C. and 25 ° C., a solution of the lithium diisopropylamide mono (tetrahydrofuran) complex in either the second portion of ethylbenzene, cyclohexane, or toluene is added to the solution. Slowly add at ~ 2,2 molar concentration until the reaction mixture returns to deep red (typically 185.8 mmol, 0.7 molar equivalent). The temperature of the mixture is then adjusted to between 15 ° C. and 40 ° C. and a third portion of lithium diisopropylamide mono (tetrahydrofuran) complex in either ethylbenzene, cyclohexane, or toluene over 4-10 hours. Is added at a concentration of 1.0-2.5 molar (335.5 mmol, 1.3 molar equivalent). After stirring for an additional hour between 15 ° C. and 40 ° C., the mixture was cooled to between 0 ° C. and 10 ° C., quenched by the addition of water (300 mL), and stirred for an additional 4-6 hours. Precipitate quinine. After filtration, the layers are separated and the organic layer is washed with a portion of 2N HCl until the pH is below 2.

  6N HCl (400 mL) is added to the resulting organic layer while maintaining the temperature between 15 ° C. and 25 ° C. After stirring for 1-2 hours, the mixture is diluted with water (300 mL) and cooled to between 0 ° C and 10 ° C. The layers are separated and the acidic aqueous layer containing the product is allowed to stand between 0 ° C and 10 ° C. Unnecessary organic layer is neutralized with aqueous sodium bicarbonate and discarded.

  In a separate reaction vessel, mix fresh toluene (100 mL) and aqueous sodium hydroxide (450 mL of 25% w / v, or 270 mL of 40% w / v). The acidic aqueous product layer is then added slowly, keeping the mixture temperature between 0 ° C and 30 ° C. After confirming that the pH of the final mixture is indeed 13 or higher, the mixture is kept between 20 ° C. and 25 ° C. for an additional hour. The layers are separated and the organic phase containing the product is washed with dilute potassium carbonate solution (500 mL of 5% w / v) and separated. The organic phase is concentrated under vacuum to about 500 mL. In a separate reaction vessel, N-α-t-Boc-L-asparagine (56.0 g, 241.2 mmol, 0.9 molar equivalent) was suspended in a mixture of toluene (582 mL) and methyl alcohol (48 mL). Make it cloudy. The slurry is heated between 55 ° C and 65 ° C. A portion of the concentrated product (VI) solution (7-20%) is transferred to the warm N-α-t-Boc-L-asparagine slurry over 30 minutes. In a separate reaction vessel, slurry of the above product sample (VI, N-α-t-Boc-L-asparagine) (1.8 g, 2.17 mmol, 0.008 molar equivalent) in toluene (20 mL). Prepare and then transfer to a warm N-α-t-Boc-L-asparagine slurry. The remainder of the concentrated product (VI) solution (80-93%) is crystallized while maintaining the temperature between 55 ° C. and 65 ° C. for 2 hours during the time the product crystallizes from the mixture. Add to mixture. The concentrated product (VI) solution is then rinsed with toluene (50 mL). The mixture is allowed to stand for an additional 30 minutes at 55 ° C. to 65 ° C. and then cooled to between 20 ° C. and 25 ° C. for 1 hour. The product (VI, N-α-t-Boc-L-asparagine) is isolated by filtration and washed with toluene (600 mL). After drying, typical yields are 75-82% with 98.0-98.5% ee.

。

.

(Example 6)
(Preparation of I (crude product))

実施例５に由来するＶＩ（Ｎ−α−ｔ−Ｂｏｃ−Ｌ−アスパラギン塩）（１０ｇ、１２．２ｍｍｏｌ）、ＮａＯＣＮ（１．８ｇ、２７．７ｍｍｏｌ）、Ｎａ_２ＣＯ_３（０．３ｇ、２．４ｍｍｏｌ）、およびテトラヒドロフラン（ＴＨＦ）（４０ｍＬ）の混合物に、２０〜２５℃で水（２０ｍＬ）を加えた。得られた懸濁液を、４０〜５０℃で、反応が完了するまで４時間攪拌した。ｎ−ブタノール（ｎ−ＢｕＯＨ）（５０ｍＬ）および水（５０ｍＬ）を、この溶液に添加し、この混合物を、２０℃〜２５℃まで冷却した。この混合物を、１０分間攪拌した。水層を分離し、そしてｎ−ＢｕＯＨ（３０ｍＬ）で再抽出した。合わせた有機層を水で２回洗浄した。この有機層をＤａｒｃｏｆｒ４０℃で処理した。濾過後、この有機層を真空下で濃縮して３０ｍＬにし、そしてメチルｔ−ブチルエーテル（７０ｍＬ）を添加し、そしてこの混合物を結晶化のために０℃〜５℃まで冷却した。固体を、濾過を通して回収し、そして乾燥させて、７．３ｇの粗生成物Ｉ（９５％収率）得た。融点２２２〜２２２３℃。

VI (N-α-t-Boc-L-asparagine salt) (10 g, 12.2 mmol) derived from Example 5, NaOCN (1.8 g, 27.7 mmol), Na ₂ CO ₃ (0.3 g, 2 0.4 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) (40 mL) was added water (20 mL) at 20-25 ° C. The resulting suspension was stirred at 40-50 ° C. for 4 hours until the reaction was complete. n-Butanol (n-BuOH) (50 mL) and water (50 mL) were added to the solution and the mixture was cooled to 20 ° C to 25 ° C. The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes. The aqueous layer was separated and re-extracted with n-BuOH (30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed twice with water. The organic layer was treated at Darcofr 40 ° C. After filtration, the organic layer was concentrated under vacuum to 30 mL and methyl t-butyl ether (70 mL) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0-5 ° C. for crystallization. The solid was collected through filtration and dried to give 7.3 g of crude product I (95% yield). Mp 222-2223 ° C.

(Example 7)
(Crystallization of crude product I)

機械的攪拌器、およびコンデンサを備える２Ｌのフラスコに、実施例６に由来する５０．０ｇの粗生成物Ｉおよび２５０ｍＬのテトラヒドロフランを充填する。攪拌しながら４０ｍＬの水を添加した。この懸濁液を、完全な溶液が得られるまで６０℃〜６５℃まで加熱した。この溶液を、５０℃〜６０℃で濾過し、そして２５ｍＬのテトラヒドロフランでリンスした。２５０ｍＬの酢酸エチルを添加し、そしてこの溶液を常圧蒸留下で、２５０ｍＬの容積まで濃縮した。２００ｍＬの酢酸エチルを添加し、この混合物を大気圧下で２５０ｍＬの容積まで濃縮した。この混合物を、１時間にわたって２０℃〜２５℃まで冷却し、次いで、２０℃〜２５℃で１時間攪拌した。得られた固体を濾過し、２５ｍＬの酢酸エチルで乾燥させ、真空オーブン中で５５℃〜６５℃にて乾燥させて、４８．０ｇ（９６％収率、９９％以上の化学的純度、および９８％ｅｅ以上）の化合物Ｉを得た。

A 2 L flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer and condenser is charged with 50.0 g of crude product I from Example 6 and 250 mL of tetrahydrofuran. 40 mL of water was added with stirring. This suspension was heated to 60-65 ° C. until a complete solution was obtained. The solution was filtered at 50-60 ° C. and rinsed with 25 mL of tetrahydrofuran. 250 mL of ethyl acetate was added and the solution was concentrated to a volume of 250 mL under atmospheric distillation. 200 mL of ethyl acetate was added and the mixture was concentrated to a volume of 250 mL under atmospheric pressure. The mixture was cooled to 20-25 ° C. over 1 hour and then stirred at 20-25 ° C. for 1 hour. The resulting solid was filtered, dried with 25 mL of ethyl acetate and dried in a vacuum oven at 55-65 ° C. to give 48.0 g (96% yield,> 99% chemical purity, and 98 % Ee or higher) was obtained.

（比較実施例８）
米国特許第６，３０７，０４８号の実施例６の手順は、塩基が異なり、かつ以下の表に列挙される有機アミノまたはエーテル付加物がエナンチオ選択的アルキル化工程の間に添加されたことを除いて、以下である。１．０当量のＶ、１．２当量のＸ、２．１当量のキニーネおよび比較実施例８についての表に列挙された有機アミンもしくはエーテル付加物の混合物に、２．１当量のＬＤＡ−ＴＨＦ（エチルベンゼン中の１〜２モル濃度）、０．７当量の水、および０．７当量のＬＤＡ−ＴＨＦ（エチルベンゼン中の１〜２モル濃度）を連続的に添加した。温度を、１５℃と４０℃との間に調節した。式ＶＩのｔ−Ｂｏｃ化合物を単離し、そして％ｅｅ値を測定した。酸付加物の量を１〜３当量まで変化させた。ｔ−Ｂｏｃ保護基は、例えば、米国特許第６，３０７，０４８号の実施例６に記載されるようなＨ_２ＳＯ_４による酸加水分解によって除去されて、遊離塩基（すなわち、式ＶＩの化合物であって、Ｒ_１は水素である）を形成し得た。遊離塩基のエナンチオ選択性（以下の表で報告される）は、式ＶＩの化合物の遊離塩基を少なくとも１当量のキラル有機酸（例えば、Ｎ−α−ｔ−Ｂｏｃ−アルパラギン、またはＮ−アセチル−Ｌ−フェニルアラニン）と接触させることによって形成される酸付加物塩の結晶化によって、さらに高められ得る。

(Comparative Example 8)
The procedure of Example 6 of US Pat. No. 6,307,048 shows that the base was different and the organic amino or ether adduct listed in the table below was added during the enantioselective alkylation step. Except as follows. To a mixture of 1.0 eq V, 1.2 eq X, 2.1 eq quinine and the organic amine or ether adduct listed in the table for Comparative Example 8, 2.1 eq LDA-THF (1-2 molar concentration in ethylbenzene), 0.7 equivalent water, and 0.7 equivalent LDA-THF (1-2 molar concentration in ethylbenzene) were added sequentially. The temperature was adjusted between 15 ° C and 40 ° C. The t-Boc compound of formula VI was isolated and the% ee value was determined. The amount of acid adduct was varied from 1 to 3 equivalents. The t-Boc protecting group is removed by acid hydrolysis with H ₂ SO ₄ as described, for example, in Example 6 of US Pat. No. 6,307,048 to give the free base (ie, compound of formula VI And R ₁ is hydrogen). The enantioselectivity of the free base (reported in the table below) indicates that the free base of the compound of formula VI is converted to at least one equivalent of a chiral organic acid (eg, N-α-t-Boc-alparagine, or N-acetyl- It can be further enhanced by crystallization of the acid adduct salt formed by contact with (L-phenylalanine).

（比較実施例８についての表）

(Table for Comparative Example 8)

注釈：１．ＬＤＡ＝リチウムジイソプロピルアミド
２．ＴＭＥＤＡ＝テトラメチルエチレンジアミン
３．式ＶＩ（ここで、Ｒ-_１はＨである）の遊離塩基において測定されたｅｅ％
（実施例９）
（ＬＤＡモノ（テトラヒドロフラン）−２−イソプロピルアニリン塩基錯体を用いるエナンチオ選択的アルキル化）

Comments: 1. LDA = lithium diisopropylamide TMEDA = tetramethylethylenediamine3. Ee% measured in the free base of formula VI (where R- ₁ is H)
Example 9
(Enantioselective alkylation using LDA mono (tetrahydrofuran) -2-isopropylaniline base complex)

（ＬＤＡモノ（テトラヒドロフラン）−２−イソプロピルアニリン塩基錯体の調製）
ＬＤＡ（トルエンもしくはシクロヘキサンまたはエチルベンゼン中の、１．０〜２．２ｍｏｌのリチウムジイソプロピルアミドモノ（テトラヒドロフラン）錯体）（２Ｍ濃度で１６９ｍｌ）の溶液に、０℃〜１０℃で、２−イソプロピルアニリン（２３．４ｍｌ、１８０ｍｍｏｌ）を滴下した。添加の間、温度を、２０〜２５℃以下に制御した。この混合物を１０分間攪拌した後、以下のアルキル化工程の準備を整える。

(Preparation of LDA mono (tetrahydrofuran) -2-isopropylaniline base complex)
To a solution of LDA (1.0-2.2 mol lithium diisopropylamide mono (tetrahydrofuran) complex in toluene or cyclohexane or ethylbenzene) (169 ml at 2M concentration) at 0 ° C. to 10 ° C., 2-isopropylaniline (23 4 ml, 180 mmol) was added dropwise. During the addition, the temperature was controlled below 20-25 ° C. After the mixture is stirred for 10 minutes, it is ready for the following alkylation step.

(Alkylation reaction)
Quinine (42.0 g, 129.5 mmol, 2.1 molar equivalents), 8-chloro-3,10-dibromo-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo [5,6] cyclohepta [1,2-b] pyridine -11-yl (V, 24.0 g, 61.9 mmol, 1.0 molar equivalent) (Compound V), and 1- (N-[(tert-butyloxy) carbonyl] -4-piperidinyl) acetyl-4-mesyloxy -To a mixture of piperidine (X, 30.0 g, 74.2 mmol, 1.2 molar equivalents), ethylbenzene (144 mL) and toluene (96 mL) are added. The resulting suspension is degassed and purged with nitrogen three times to remove any dissolved oxygen. While maintaining the temperature of the mixture between 15 ° C. and 25 ° C., the solution of the LDA solution prepared above is slowly added until the reaction mixture turns deep red (74 ml, 2.1 molar equivalents). Then water (0.8 mL, 44.4 mmol, 0.7 molar equivalent) is added and the reaction mixture turns from deep red to yellow orange. Again, while maintaining the temperature of the reaction mixture between 15 ° C. and 25 ° C., the solution of the second portion of LDA prepared above was added until the reaction mixture returned to a deep red color (24 ml, 0.7 molar equivalents). Added. The temperature of the mixture is then adjusted to between 25 ° C. and 40 ° C. and over a period of 2-10 hours, the solution of the third portion of LDA prepared above is added (46 ml, 1.3 mol). Equivalent). After stirring for an additional hour between 15 ° C. and 40 ° C., the mixture was cooled to between 0 ° C. and 10 ° C., quenched by the addition of water (75 mL), and stirred for an additional 4-6 hours. Precipitate quinine. After filtration, the layers are separated and the organic layer is washed with a portion of 2N HCl until the pH is below 2.

  6N HCl (96 mL) is added to the resulting organic layer, keeping the temperature between 15 ° C. and 25 ° C. After stirring for 1-2 hours, the mixture is diluted with water (72 mL) and cooled to between 0 ° C and 10 ° C. The layers are separated and the acidic aqueous layer containing the product is allowed to stand between 0 ° C and 10 ° C. The unwanted organic layer is neutralized with aqueous sodium bicarbonate and discarded.

  In a separate reaction vessel, mix fresh toluene (240 mL) and aqueous sodium hydroxide (108 mL of 25% w / v, or 65 mL of 40% w / v). The acidic aqueous product layer is then added slowly, keeping the mixture temperature between 0 ° C and 30 ° C. After confirming that the pH of the final mixture is indeed 13 or higher, the mixture is kept between 20 ° C. and 25 ° C. for an additional hour. The layers are separated and the organic phase containing the product is washed with dilute potassium carbonate solution (120 mL of 5% w / v) and separated. The organic phase is concentrated under vacuum to about 120 mL of concentrated product (VI) solution. A sample of free base (VI) is isolated from the concentrated product solution and dried. The selectivity of the free base (VI) prior to salt formation ranges from 84 to 87% ee. In a separate reaction vessel, N-α-t-Boc-L-asparagine (13.2 g, 57.9 mmol, 0.9 molar equivalent) was added to a mixture of toluene (155 mL) and methyl alcohol (8.7 mL). Suspend in The slurry is heated between 55 ° C and 65 ° C. A portion of the concentrated product (VI) solution (7-20%) is transferred to the warm N-α-t-Boc-L-asparagine slurry over 30 minutes. In a separate reaction vessel, slurry of the above product sample (VI, N-α-t-Boc-L-asparagine) (0.4 g, 0.5 mmol, 0.008 molar equivalent) in toluene (5 mL). Prepare and then transfer to a warm N-α-t-Boc-L-asparagine slurry. The remainder of the concentrated product (VI) solution (80-93%) is crystallized while maintaining the temperature between 55 ° C. and 65 ° C. for 2 hours during the time the product crystallizes from the mixture. Add to mixture. The concentrated product (VI) solution is then rinsed with toluene (12 mL). The mixture is allowed to stand for an additional 30 minutes at 55 ° C. to 65 ° C. and then cooled to between 20 ° C. and 25 ° C. for 1 hour. The product (VI, N-α-t-Boc-L-asparagine) is isolated by filtration and washed with toluene (144 mL). After drying, typical yields are 75-82% with 8.0-99.5% ee.

。

.

Claims (19)

The following formula VI:

An enantioselective process for preparing a compound represented by
Where R ₁ is H or a protecting group;
The process comprises the following steps:
The following formula V:

In an inert organic solvent, the following (i), (ii), and (iii):
(I) a chiral amino alcohol represented by the following formula XI,

Here, R is an aryl group, an alkylaryl group, an alkoxyaryl group, an arylaryl group, a heteroaryl group, or a polycyclic aryl group, or the following formula XII:

And
Where in formula VII the dotted line represents any double bond and R ² is selected from alkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, and NR ^A R ^B , where R ^A and R ^A chiral amino alcohol, wherein ^B is independently alkyl or aryl, and R ² is optionally substituted by one or more alkoxy groups;
(Ii) a compound represented by the following formula X,

Where LG is a leaving group and R ₁ is H or a protecting group;
(Iii) an organic ether or amine additive, or a mixture thereof, to form a reaction mixture;
Then at least about 1 equivalent of a non-nucleophilic strong base is added to the reaction mixture in an organic solvent, and optionally 1 equivalent of water or C ₁ -C Adding ₃ alcohols to produce the compound represented by Formula VI;
Including the process. The non-nucleophilic strong base is a lithium base selected from lithium diisopropylamide, lithium N-butyl-N-phenylamide, lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide, and lithium N-ethyl, N-phenylamide; The process of claim 1. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic ether or amine additive is an alkyl ether, an alkylamine, an arylamine, or a mixture thereof. The organic ether or amine additive is 2-isopropylamine, tetramethylethylenediamine (“TMEDA”) or N-ethylaniline, N-phenyl, N-benzylamine or N-phenyl, 1-naphthylamine or N-phenyl, 2 The process of claim 1, which is naphthylamine, or a mixture thereof. The process of claim 1, wherein the reaction is performed under an inert atmosphere. The process of claim 1 wherein water is added to the reaction mixture comprising Compound V, the chiral amino alcohol, Compound X, the organic additive, and the non-nucleophilic strong base. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the process comprises about 0.7 to about 1.2 equivalents of each compound V, about 1.0 to about 2.5 equivalents of the chiral amino alcohol, compound X, About 0.5 to about 1 to about 1.0 to about 3.0 equivalents of the organic additive and about 0.9 to about 1.1 equivalents of the non-nucleophilic strong base A process further comprising adding 2 equivalents of water. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the process is further formed by adding about 1.8 to about 2.4 equivalents of the non-nucleophilic to the resulting reaction mixture formed by adding the water. The process further comprising adding two strong bases in approximately equal portions. The process of claim 1, wherein the chiral amino alcohol is quinine or a quinine derivative of formula XII. The process of claim 1, wherein the process comprises the following steps:
Treating a compound of formula VI where R ₁ is a protecting group with an aqueous acidic solution sufficient to produce a reaction mixture comprising a compound of formula VI wherein R ₁ is H; And at least about 1 equivalent of a chiral organic acid is added to the reaction mixture to form an acid addition salt, then the acid addition salt is isolated, and the resulting isolated acid addition salt is dissolved in a solvent. Contacting with sufficient base to form a compound of formula VI, wherein R ₁ is H;
Further encompassing the process. The chiral organic acid is N-α- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) -L-asparagine, di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid, N- (tert-butoxy-carbonyl) -L-proline, (S)-( 11. Process according to claim 10, which is-)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyric acid, N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine or (1R)-(+)-camphanic acid. The process of claim 1, wherein the chiral amino alcohol is quinine. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein in compound X, LG is mesylate and R < ₁ > is t-butoxycarbonyl. A process for the preparation of a compound represented by Formula V below:

The process comprises the following steps:
(1) The following formula IIA:

Is contacted with at least about 1 equivalent of phosphorous acid in the presence of a catalytic amount of alkaline iodide or iodine and hydrobromic acid in water to form a reaction mixture and then the reaction To the mixture is added at least about 1 equivalent of hypophosphorous acid to form the following formula IIIA:

Forming a compound represented by:
(2) contacting the resulting compound represented by Formula IIIA with at least about 1 equivalent of bromine in the presence of an organic acid and a lower alkanol to form Formula IVA:

Forming a compound represented by:
Including the process. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the process contacts the compound represented by Formula IVA with at least about an equivalent amount of hypophosphorous acid in the presence of sodium nitrite in an acidic aqueous medium. The following formula V:

Forming a compound represented by:
Further encompassing the process. A compound of IIA and the following formula IIB:

A mixture with a compound represented by is present in said contacting step (1) and has the following formula IVB:

The process of claim 14, wherein the compound represented by is also formed in step (2). A process for the preparation of a compound represented by formula I below:

The process is represented by the following formula VI:

Is contacted with an effective amount of sodium cyanate (NaOCN), and an effective amount of sodium carbonate (Na ₂ CO ₃ ) in a water-miscible organic solvent containing an effective amount of water to form the formula Forming the compound represented by I,
Including the process. 18. A process according to claim 17, wherein the process is represented by the formula I in a solvent mixture comprising tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate and water. Further comprising the step of contacting said compound for a time sufficient to produce said compound in substantially chemical form:

. A process for preparing compounds represented by the following formulas IVA and IVB comprising:

The process comprises the following steps:
The following formulas IIA and IIB:

Is contacted with at least about 1 equivalent of phosphorous acid in the presence of at least a catalytic amount of sodium iodide, hydrobromic acid in water to form a reaction mixture, and as such At least about 1 equivalent of hypophosphorous acid is added to the reaction mixture formed and the contacting is continued for a time sufficient to form a reaction mixture comprising the compound represented by Formulas IIIA and IIIB; And the resulting reaction mixture is contacted with at least about 1 equivalent of bromine in the presence of an organic acid and a lower alkanol, and a compound represented by a formula mixture comprising said compound represented by formulas IVA and IVB Forming a process,
Including the process.