JP2006196464A - Solid electrolyte, electrochemical element containing the same, and forming method of solid electrolyte - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a solid electrolyte of a polymer base material having a good ion conductivity and uniformity, and solid strength capable of using as a solid electrolyte for an electrochemical element, as well as an electrochemical element and a cell including the solid electrolyte. <P>SOLUTION: Of the solid electrolyte as a viscoelastic body containing nonaqueous electrolyte solution in a high-molecular-weight polymer, the high-molecular-weight polymer is either a polymer of unsaturated carboxylic acid ester, a polymer of a mixture with polyene/polythiol, or polyurethane, with a content of the nonaqueous electrolyte solution to the high-molecular-weight polymer of 200 weight % or more, an elastic modulus of the viscoelastic body of 10<SP>2</SP>dyne/cm<SP>2</SP>or more and 10<SP>5</SP>dyne/cm<SP>2</SP>or less, and an elongation of the viscoelastic body of 20% or more. The electrochemical element and the cell include such a solid electrolyte. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a novel solid electrolyte, an electrochemical device including the same, and a method for forming a solid electrolyte.

In an electrochemical element including an electrolyte, solidification (solidification) of the electrolyte is strongly desired. Conventionally, since batteries as electrochemical devices use an electrolyte, not only the electrolyte leaks and the inside of the battery is dried due to the volatilization of the solvent. As a result, the diaphragm partially becomes dry, which causes an increase in internal impedance or an internal short circuit. Also, no solid electrolyte for display of electrochromic devices has been obtained that sufficiently satisfies the operating speed. It has been proposed to use a polymer solid electrolyte as a method for solving these drawbacks. Specific examples include a solid solution of an oxyethylene chain or a matrix polymer containing an oxypropylene chain and an inorganic salt, which is completely solid and excellent in processability, but its ionic conductivity is room temperature. 1/10 ⁵ S / cm, which is about three orders of magnitude lower than that of a normal non-aqueous electrolyte. As a method of improving this low conductivity, it has been proposed to use a polymer solid electrolyte membrane of a micron order thin film, but the thickness of such a micron order thin film is made uniform so that the electric field inside the battery becomes uniform. It is difficult to control the battery and the reliability of the battery obtained is low. In order to improve the ionic conductivity of the polymer solid electrolyte, a method of dissolving an organic electrolyte in a polymer to make it semi-solid (Patent Document 1) or a liquid monomer to which an electrolyte is added is polymerized. A method for producing a crosslinked polymer containing an electrolyte (Patent Document 2) has been proposed. However, the solid electrolyte obtained by the former method has a problem that its solid strength is not sufficient, and the solid electrolyte obtained by the latter method has a sufficient solid strength but is still unsatisfactory in terms of ionic conductivity. Including the problem of being.
JP 54-104541 A JP-A-63-94501

  The present invention solves the above-mentioned problems found in solid electrolytes based on conventional polymers, has excellent ionic conductivity and uniformity, and solid strength sufficient for use as a solid electrolyte for electrochemical devices It is an object of the present invention to provide a solid electrolyte based on a polymer having a polymer and an electrochemical element including the same, and to provide a method for forming a solid electrolyte having such a unique property.

  That is, according to the present invention, the following inventions are provided.

  (1) A viscoelastic material containing a non-aqueous electrolyte in a high-molecular weight polymer, wherein the content of the non-aqueous electrolyte is 200% by weight or more based on the high-molecular-weight polymer. Electrolytes.

(2) A viscoelastic body containing a nonaqueous electrolytic solution in a high molecular weight polymer, the content of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution being 200% by weight or more based on the high molecular weight polymer, and the viscoelastic body The solid electrolyte characterized by having an elastic modulus of 10 ² to 10 ⁵ dyne / cm ² and an elongation of 20% or more.

(3) A non-aqueous electrolyte composed of an electrolyte salt and a non-aqueous solvent is contained in a high molecular weight polymer of an acrylate having a molecular weight of less than 500 represented by the following general formula (I) or an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester having the same as the main component The non-aqueous electrolyte has a content of 200 wt% or more with respect to the high molecular weight polymer, and the electrolyte salt is 1.0 mol / l or more in the non-aqueous electrolyte. Solid electrolyte, characterized in that it is present in proportions.

CH ₂ = CHCOO (CH ₂ CHO) _n R ₂
| (I)
R ₁

(In the formula, R ₁ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R ₂ represents a hydrocarbon group or a group containing a heterocyclic ring, and n represents an integer of 1 or more.)
(4) Viscosity of a structure containing a non-aqueous electrolyte solution composed of an electrolyte salt and a non-aqueous solvent in a high molecular weight polymer of a compound represented by the following general formula (II) or an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester containing the compound as a main component. It is an elastic body, and the content of the non-aqueous electrolyte is 200% by weight or more with respect to the high molecular weight polymer, and the electrolyte salt is present at a ratio of 1.0 mol / 1 or more with respect to the non-aqueous electrolyte. A solid electrolyte characterized by that.

R ₃
| (II)
CH ₂ = CHCOOR ₄

(In the formula, R ₃ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R ₄ represents a group containing a heterocyclic ring.)
(5) An electrochemical element including the solid electrolyte.

(6) 100 parts by weight of a compound represented by the following general formula (I) or (II) or an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester containing the compound as a main component, in the presence of a polymerization initiator, an electrolyte salt concentration of 200 parts by weight or more A method for forming a solid electrolyte, comprising: dissolving in a nonaqueous electrolytic solution having a mol of 1.0 mol / l or more to perform a polymerization reaction to produce a polymer having viscoelasticity.
Formula (I):

CH ₂ = CHCOO (CH ₂ CHO) _n R ₂
｜
R ₁

(In the formula, R ₁ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R ₂ represents a hydrocarbon group or a group containing a heterocyclic ring, and n represents an integer of 1 or more.)
General formula (II):

R ₃
｜
CH ₂ = CHCOOR ₄

(In the formula, R ₃ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R ₄ represents a group containing a heterocyclic ring.)

  The battery containing the solid electrolyte of the present invention is a high molecular weight polymer viscoelastic body in which the solid electrolyte used contains a large amount of electrolyte, has high ionic conductivity, no electrolyte leakage, and the inside of the battery is There is no drying, no electrolyte solution, and the diaphragm is not partially dried, so the internal impedance does not increase. Therefore, in the present invention, a battery having excellent reliability and a high-voltage thin battery that do not cause an internal short circuit can be obtained, and the present invention can greatly contribute to the reduction in weight and size of an electric device. The solid electrolyte of the present invention can be used for capacitors other than batteries, capacitors, sensors, biological devices (electrocardiogram electrodes, ultrasonic contacts, high frequency treatment pads, etc.), electrochromic devices, etc. It can greatly contribute to downsizing.

The solid electrolyte of the present invention is composed of a viscoelastic body which is entirely composed of a high molecular weight polymer substrate and a nonaqueous electrolytic solution. The viscoelastic solid electrolyte of the present invention has high ionic conductivity, low elastic modulus, low glass transition temperature (Tg), high-temperature stability, easy processability, low creep characteristics and adhesiveness, and a large amount of electrolysis. Although it contains a liquid, it has excellent liquid retaining properties and excellent shape retaining properties. The ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte of the present invention at 25 ° C. by the alternating current impedance method and the conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte that is a constituent element of the electrolyte are greatly influenced and not exceeded. There is almost no decrease in conductivity, usually 1/10 ⁴ to 1/10 ² S / cm. The elastic modulus of the solid electrolyte of the present invention by a dynamic viscoelasticity tester (RHEOMETRIC, INC. RDS-7700) is usually 10 ⁶ dyn / cm ² or less, preferably 10 ² to 10 ⁵ dyn / cm ² . Preferably it is 10 < ³ > -10 < ⁵ > dyn / cm < ² >, Tg is -30 degrees C or less, and it does not melt | dissolve even if it sets at 100 degreeC. Elongation is 20% or more, and has a recovery force against stretching deformation without breaking up to about 400%. Moreover, even if it is bent 180 degrees, it does not break.

The solid electrolyte of the present invention was measured for changes in strain with time using a creep meter (Yamaden Co., Ltd. RE-3305, plunger cross-sectional area 2 cm ² , load 30 g). It has low creep characteristics. Even if this solid electrolyte is compressed using a creep meter at a load of 25 g / cm ² , the electrolyte contained therein does not flow out. Furthermore, this viscoelastic body shows high adhesiveness, and after the viscoelastic bodies are bonded together, even if an attempt is made to peel them off, the material is broken and does not peel off from the bonded surface. The solid electrolyte of the present invention can be formed by dissolving a polymerizable compound in a non-aqueous electrolyte and causing a polymerization reaction. In this case, the polymerizable compound exhibits polymerizability with actinic rays such as light, ultraviolet rays, electron beams, γ rays, and X rays, in addition to thermal polymerizability.

  The polymerizable compound used in the present invention contains a heteroatom other than carbon such as an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, or a sulfur atom in the molecule. In a solid electrolyte (viscoelastic body) obtained by dissolving a polymerizable compound containing these heteroatoms in a nonaqueous electrolytic solution and performing a polymerization reaction, heteroatoms other than carbon promote ionization of the electrolyte salt, In addition to improving the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte, it is considered that it also has the function of improving the strength of the solid electrolyte. In addition, the type of the polymerizable compound used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and includes those obtained by causing a polymerization reaction such as thermal polymerization and actinic ray polymerization. Is preferred. Examples of the thermal polymerization reaction include a urethanization reaction, a polymerization reaction with an epoxy group or an acrylate group, and the like, and a urethanization reaction is preferable. Examples of the actinic ray polymerization reaction include a polymerization reaction with an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester, a polyene / polythiol mixture and a crosslinkable macromer (organic silane, polyisothianaphthene, etc.), but preferably an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester, a polyene / Reaction with polythiol mixture. Hereinafter, the polymerization reaction of unsaturated carboxylic acid ester, the polymerization reaction of polyene / polythiol mixture, and the polyurethane reaction, which are particularly excellent as the polymerization reaction in the electrolytic solution, will be described in detail. In addition, (meth) acrylate in this specification means an acrylate or a methacrylate, and a (meth) acryloyl group means an acryloyl group or a methacryloyl group.

  The polymerization reaction in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution for obtaining the solid electrolyte of the present invention is preferably an actinic ray polymerization reaction which is a low temperature process in order to avoid thermal decomposition of the electrolyte. Examples of the actinic ray polymerizable compound include (meth) acrylate, a combination of polyene and polythiol, and the like. Examples of (meth) acrylates include monofunctional and polyfunctional (meth) acrylates. Monofunctional acrylates include alkyl (meth) acrylate [methyl (meth) acrylate, butyl (meth) acrylate, trifluoroethyl (meth) acrylate, etc.], alicyclic (meth) acrylate [tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth) acrylate, etc. ], Hydroxyalkyl (meth) acrylate [hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, etc.], hydroxypolyoxyalkylene (the oxyalkylene group preferably has 1 to 4 carbon atoms) (meth) acrylate [hydroxypolyoxyethylene (meth) acrylate , Hydroxypolyoxypropylene (meth) acrylate, etc.] and alkoxy (the alkoxy group preferably has 1 to 4 carbon atoms) (meth) acrylate [methoxyethyl acrylate, ethoxyethyl acetate] Relate, phenoxyethyl acrylate, etc.] and the like. Examples of the polyfunctional (meth) acrylate include UV, EB curing technology (published by General Technology Center Co., Ltd.), pages 142 to 152, a photo-heavy monomer and a photopolymerizable prepolymer, a tri- or higher functional monomer, Prepolymers [trimethylolpropane tri (meth) acrylate, pentaerythritol penta (meth) acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa (meth) acrylate, etc.] are preferred.

Of the acrylates, a compound having a molecular weight of less than 500 represented by (I) represented by the following general formula and a structure represented by general formula (II) are particularly preferred.

CH ₂ = CHCOO (CH ₂ CHO) _n R ₂
| (I)
R ₁

(In the formula, R ₁ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R ₂ represents a hydrocarbon group or a group containing a heterocyclic ring, and n represents an integer of 1 or more.)

R ₃
| (II)
CH ₂ = CHCOOR ₄

(In the formula, R ₃ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R ₄ represents a group containing a heterocyclic ring.)
In the general formula (I), R ₂ represents a hydrocarbon group or a group containing a heterocyclic ring. In this case, the hydrocarbon group includes aliphatic and aromatic groups. Examples of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group include those having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexyl and octyl. Examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon group include phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, naphthyl, benzyl, phenethyl and the like. Examples of the group containing a heterocyclic ring include various heterocyclic groups containing a heteroatom such as oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. Examples of such a group include furfuryl and tetrahydrofurfuryl. Specific examples of the acrylate represented by the general formula (I) include alkyl ethylene glycol acrylate [methyl ethylene glycol acrylate, ethyl ethylene glycol acrylate, propyl ethylene glycol acrylate, phenyl ethylene glycol acrylate, etc.], alkyl propylene glycol acrylate [ Ethyl propylene glycol acrylate, butyl propylene glycol acrylate, etc.), alkylene glycol acrylates having a heterocyclic ring (furfuryl ethylene glycol acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl ethylene glycol acrylate, furfuryl propylene glycol acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl propylene glycol acrylate, etc.). . The molecular weight of these acrylates represented by general formula (I) is usually less than 500, but more preferably 300 or less. In the case of an acrylate having a molecular weight of 500 or more, the nonaqueous solvent tends to exude from the obtained solid electrolyte.

  The heterocyclic ring contained in the (meth) acrylate represented by the general formula (II) is not particularly limited. In this case, examples of the group containing a heterocyclic ring include a residue of a heterocyclic ring containing a hetero atom such as oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such as a furfuryl group and a tetrahydrofurfuryl group. Examples of the (meth) acrylate represented by the general formula (II) include furfuryl (meth) acrylate and tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth) acrylate. Of these, furfuryl acrylate and tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate are preferred. The compounds represented by the general formula (I) or (II) may be used singly, but two or more kinds may be mixed and used.

  By using a polyfunctional unsaturated carboxylic acid ester in combination with the compound represented by the general formula (I) or (II), an ideal solid electrolyte can be obtained in terms of both elastic modulus and ionic conductivity. Examples of the polyfunctional unsaturated carboxylic acid ester include those having two or more (meth) acryloyl groups. Preferable specific examples of this are as follows: “UV, EB curing technology” (published by General Technology Center Co., Ltd.), pages 142 to 152, a photopolymerizable monomer and a photopolymerizable prepolymer having two or more functional monomers. Examples include polymers [diethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, butanediol di (meth) acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri (meth) acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa (meth) acrylate, etc.]. It is most preferable in terms of providing a solid electrolyte having excellent liquidity, ionic conductivity, and strength. The proportion of the compound represented by the general formulas (I) and (II) or the unsaturated carboxylic acid ester containing the compound as a main component is 50% by weight or less, preferably 5 to 40% by weight, based on the non-aqueous electrolyte. More preferably, it is 10 to 30% by weight. Outside this range, the ionic conductivity and strength of the solid electrolyte decrease. When the polyfunctional unsaturated carboxylic acid ester is used in combination with the compounds of the general formulas (I) and (II), the polyfunctional unsaturated carboxylic acid ester is preferably added in an amount of 4% by weight or less based on the non-aqueous electrolyte. 0.05 to 2% by weight, and particularly when a trifunctional unsaturated carboxylic acid ester is used in combination, the ion conductivity can be reduced by a small amount of 2% by weight or less, preferably 0.05 to 0.5% by weight. A solid electrolyte excellent in terms of degree and strength can be obtained. By using such a polyfunctional unsaturated carboxylic acid ester in combination, a solid electrolyte superior in ionic conductivity and strength can be obtained. On the other hand, when the amount of the polyfunctional unsaturated carboxylic acid ester used in combination is too large, the obtained solid electrolyte does not exhibit properties as a viscoelastic body, lacks flexibility, and is liable to be cracked particularly against external stress.

  As polymerization initiators for the compounds represented by the general formulas (I) and (II) or unsaturated carboxylic acid esters containing this as a main component, carbonyl compounds {benzoins [benzoin, benzoin methyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, benzoin propyl Ether, benzoin isobutyl ether, α-methylbenzoin, α-phenylbenzoin, etc.], anthraquinones [anthraquinone, methylanthraquinone, chloroanthraquinone, etc.], other compounds [benzyl, diacetyl, acetophenone, benzophenone, methylbenzoyl formate, etc.]} , Sulfur compounds (diphenyl sulfide, dithiocarbamate, etc.), halides of polycondensed ring hydrocarbons (α-chloromethylnaphthalene, etc.), dyes (acrylic flavin, fluorescene, etc.) , Metal salts [iron chloride, silver chloride, etc.], onium salts [P- methoxybenzene diazonium, hexafluorophosphate, diphenyl eye odometer bromide, triphenylsulfonium etc.] photoinitiators, and the like. These can be used alone or as a mixture of two or more. Preferred photopolymerization light-opening agents are carbonyl compounds, sulfur compounds and onium salts. If necessary, thermal polymerization initiators (azobisisobutyronitrile, benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, ethyl methyl ketone peroxide, etc.) can be used in combination, and dimethylaniline, cobalt naphthenate, sulfinic acid, mercaptans, etc. These polymerization initiators can also be used in combination. Furthermore, a sensitizer and a storage stabilizer can be used together if necessary. As specific examples of the sensitizer and the storage stabilizer, among the sensitizers and storage stabilizers described on pages 158 to 1569 of “UV, EB curing technology (published by General Technology Center Co., Ltd.)” Urea, nitrile compounds [N, N-disubstituted-P-aminobenzonitrile, etc.] and phosphorus compounds [tri-n-butylphosphine, etc.] are preferred, and the latter is preferably quaternary ammonium chloride, benzothiazole, hydroquinone. . The usage-amount of a polymerization initiator is 0.1-10 weight% normally with respect to all the unsaturated carboxylic acid esters, Preferably it is 0.5-7 weight%. Outside this range, moderate reactivity cannot be obtained. The usage-amount of a sensitizer and a storage stabilizer is 0.1-5 weight part normally with respect to 100 weight part of all unsaturated carboxylic acid ester.

The solidification of the electrolytic solution according to the present invention is performed by injecting a nonaqueous electrolytic solution containing the compound represented by the general formula (I) or (II) or an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester containing the compound as a main component into a sealed container. Alternatively, it can be achieved by coating on a support (for example, film, metal, glass) and then polymerizing with heat or active light. As actinic rays, light, ultraviolet rays, electron beams, and X-rays can usually be used. Of these, actinic rays having a dominant wavelength of 100 to 800 nm are preferable. The solidified electrolyte solution (solid electrolyte) can be made into a product in the form of a film, a sheet, or a composite in advance with some of the components of the electrochemical element. The electrolytic solution may basically be either aqueous or non-aqueous, but the use of a non-aqueous electrolytic solution is particularly preferable. The solid electrolyte of the present invention exhibits excellent performance as an electrolyte when used in place of the non-aqueous electrolyte in a battery containing a non-aqueous electrolyte such as a lithium battery. Examples of the non-aqueous electrolyte to be solidified include those obtained by dissolving an electrolyte salt in a non-aqueous solvent. The electrolyte salt is not particularly limited as long as it is used for a normal non-aqueous electrolyte. As such, for example, LiClO ₄ , LiBF ₄ , LiAsF ₆ , LiPF ₆ , LiCF ₃ SO ₃ , LiCF ₃ COO, NaClO ₃ , NaBF ₄ , NaSCN, KBF ₄ , Mg (ClO ₄ ) ₂ , Mg ( BF ₄ ) _{2 and the} like can be mentioned, but when used in a battery, those having a small molecular weight are preferred in terms of weight energy density. Nonaqueous solvents include propylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, ethylene carbonate, sulfolane, dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-ethoxymethoxyethane, methyl diglyme And glymes such as methyltriglyme, methyltetraglyme, ethylglyme, ethyldiglyme, and butyldiglyme. Among these, a combination of glymes and propylene carbonate and / or γ-butyrolactone is particularly preferable in terms of ionic conductivity and solubility of the electrolyte salt. The concentration of the electrolyte salt in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is usually 1.0 to 7.0 mol / l, preferably 2.0 to 5.0 mol / l in the nonaqueous solvent. If it is less than 1.0 mol / l, a solid electrolyte having sufficient solid strength cannot be obtained. Moreover, when it exceeds 7.0 mol / l, it will become difficult to melt | dissolve electrolyte salt. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution is usually 200% by weight or more, preferably 400 to 900% by weight, particularly preferably 500 to 800% by weight, based on the high molecular weight polymer forming the matrix. If it is less than 200% by weight, a sufficiently high ionic conductivity cannot be obtained, and if it exceeds 900% by weight, it is difficult to solidify the non-aqueous electrolyte. In order to obtain the solid electrolyte of the present invention, it is necessary to define the electrolyte salt concentration and the unsaturated carboxylic acid ester concentration in an appropriate range in the non-aqueous electrolyte, and there is a close relationship between the two. . When the electrolyte salt concentration is near the lower limit of 1.0 mol / 1, the concentration of the total unsaturated carboxylic acid ester for solidification of the electrolyte solution needs to be about 20 to 50% by weight, and the electrolyte salt concentration is 3 mol / At a high concentration of 1 or more, an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester concentration of about 10 to 20% by weight can produce a solid electrolyte having sufficient characteristics.

  FIG. 1 shows a composition range of a solvent, an electrolyte salt, and an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester constituting a solid electrolyte obtained by using an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester containing a compound represented by the general formula (I). In FIG. 1, a region surrounded by A, B, C, D, E, and A indicates a preferable composition, a region surrounded by F, G, H, I, J, and F indicates a more preferable region, and K, L , M, I, J, K indicates a more preferable region, and a region surrounded by P, Q, M, I, J, P indicates a more preferable region, and particularly preferably R, M, I, In the region surrounded by J, an optimum solid electrolyte is given in both elasticity and ion conductivity. The composition of unsaturated carboxylic acid ester, electrolyte salt, and solvent at each point in FIG. 1 is as follows.

A: (0,100,0)
B: (33,67,0)
C: (33, 0, 67)
D: (30, 0, 70)
E: (0, 30, 70)
F: (10, 52, 38)
G: (33, 38, 29)
H: (33, 5, 62)
I: (24, 6, 70)
J: (10, 20, 70)
K: (10, 32, 58)
L: (24, 28, 48)
M: (28, 5, 67)
P: (10, 28, 62)
Q: (27, 11, 62)
R: (10, 23, 67)
The polymerization reaction of the polyene / polythiol mixture is basically as follows:

RSH → RS ・ + H ・
RS · + CH 2 = CH—CH 2 R ′ → RS—CH 2 —CH—CH 2 R ′ RSH → RS—CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 R ′ + RS ·
(In the above formula, R and R ′ are organic groups such as alkyl groups)
Examples of the polyene include a polyallyl ether compound and a polyallyl ester compound. Examples of the polyallyl ether compound include compounds obtained by adding an epoxy compound [ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, styrene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, epihalohydrin, allyl glycidyl ether, etc.] to substituted or unsubstituted allyl alcohol. Among these, preferred are compounds in which ethylene oxide or propylene oxide is added to substituted or unsubstituted allyl alcohol. As a polyallyl ester compound, the reaction product of allyl alcohol or said polyallyl ether compound and carboxylic acid is mentioned. Examples of carboxylic acids include aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic mono and polycarboxylic acids [acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, octanoic acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, benzoic acid and other monocarboxylic acids (C1-C20); dicarboxylic acids such as adipic acid and phthalic acid]. Of these, preferred is a reaction product of a polyallyl ether compound and a polycarboxylic acid. Examples of the polythiol include liquid polysulfide; aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic polythiol compounds; mercaptocarboxylic acid esters. Examples of the liquid polysulfide include Thiocol LP series (Toray Thiocol Corp.). Of these, preferred are those having an average molecular weight of 400 or less. Examples of the aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic polythiol compounds include methane (di) thiol and ethane (di) thiol. Examples of the mercaptocarboxylic acid ester include compounds obtained by esterification reaction of mercaptocarboxylic acid and polyhydric alcohol or transesterification reaction of mercaptocarboxylic acid alkyl ester and polyhydric alcohol. Examples of mercaptocarboxylic acids include 2-mercaptoacetic acid and 3-mercaptopropionic acid. Examples of the polyhydric alcohol include ethylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, glycerin, pentaerythritol, sucrose, and alkylene oxide adducts thereof (ethylene oxide, propylene oxide adduct, butylene oxide adduct, etc.). A preferable polyhydric alcohol is a trihydric or higher polyhydric alcohol that does not contain an alkylene oxide adduct. Examples of mercaptocarboxylic acid alkyl esters include 2-mercaptoacetic acid ethyl ester, 3-mercaptopropionic acid methyl ester, and the like. Among the polythiols, liquid polysulfide and mercaptocarboxylic acid ester are preferable. As the polymerization initiator for the reaction mixture of polyethylene / polythiol, the same initiators as those shown for the polymerization of unsaturated carboxylic acid esters are used.

  Examples of the polymerizable compound that causes a thermal polymerization reaction include a combination of a polyisocyanate forming a polyurethane, a polyol and / or a crosslinking agent, and a prepolymerized product thereof. Examples of the polyol include polyols described in “Polyurethane Resin Handbook” (published by Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun), pages 99 to 117, and among them, a melting point formed by polymerizing alkylene oxide [ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, etc.]. Is preferably a polyoxyalkylene polyol having a temperature of 10 ° C. or lower. In this case, the oxyalkylene group may be used alone or in combination of two or more. In particular, a polyoxyalkylene polyol formed by copolymerizing ethylene oxide and propylene oxide is preferable. The polyoxyalkylene polyol may be a mixture of two or more. The melting point of the polyoxyalkylene polyol is usually 10 ° C. or lower, preferably 0 ° C. to −60 ° C. When the melting point exceeds 10 ° C., the ionic conductivity decreases due to its crystallinity. The hydroxyl value of the polyoxyalkylene polyol is usually 84 or less, preferably 60 or less. When the hydroxyl value exceeds 84, the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte is lowered. As the polyisocyanate, tolylene diisocyanate, 4,4'-metaphenylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate and prepolymers thereof are preferable among the polyisocyanates described in the above-mentioned books, pages 90 to 98. The content ratio of NCO groups is usually 48% (% by weight) or less, preferably 40% or less. When the NCO group content exceeds 48%, the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte is lowered. As the crosslinking agent, among the crosslinking agents described in the above-mentioned books, pages 122 to 123, water can be used in addition to polyhydric alcohols and polyvalent amines. Of these, polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol are preferred. A polyol and / or a crosslinking agent and a polyisocyanate undergo a polyaddition reaction in the presence of a catalyst as necessary to give a polyurethane. In this case, examples of the catalyst include those conventionally used for the synthesis of polyurethane, and specific examples thereof include triethylenediamine and stannous octoate. The electrolyte used for forming the solid electrolyte using the reaction of the polyene / polythiol mixture and the urethanization reaction is the same as the electrolyte shown in the case of forming the solid electrolyte by the polymerization reaction of unsaturated carboxylic acid ester. Things are used.

  It is preferable to add an immersion aid that lowers the surface tension of the non-aqueous electrolyte and improves the penetration into the diaphragm or the active material to the non-aqueous electrolyte used for obtaining the solid electrolyte of the present invention. Examples of such immersion aids include silicon derivatives such as silicon oil and silicon-alkylene oxide adducts; polypropylene oxide derivatives; perfluoroalkyl sulfonates; perfluoroalkyl quaternary ammonium iodides, perfluoroalkyl polyoxyethylenes. Examples include fluorine derivatives such as ethanol and fluorinated alkyl esters. Of these, preferred are silicon derivatives and fluorine derivatives. This immersion aid is usually 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 5% by weight in the solid electrolyte. Outside this range, an economical soaking effect cannot be obtained. The formation of the solid electrolyte of the present invention is preferably performed in an inert gas atmosphere. In this case, a solid electrolyte excellent in ion conductivity and strength can be obtained as compared with the case of producing in the air.

  The solid electrolyte of the present invention can be used as a solid electrolyte layer in electrochemical elements such as batteries, capacitors, sensors, electrochromic devices, and semiconductor devices. Next, the case where the solid electrolyte of the present invention is used as a battery electrolyte will be described in detail. Generally, a battery is composed of a positive electrode made of a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode made of a negative electrode active material, a diaphragm, and an electrolyte. By using the solid electrolyte of the present invention as the electrolyte in this battery, an advantageous battery that has not been available in the past can be obtained. When the solid electrolyte of the present invention is applied to a battery, the solid electrolyte of the present invention itself can also function as a diaphragm. However, in order to improve the reliability of the battery obtained by making the electric field between the electrodes uniform. In addition, it is preferable to integrate with the diaphragm, and such consideration is necessary particularly in a secondary battery. In the case of the present invention, the integration of the diaphragm and the solid electrolyte is easy, and the polymerization reaction is performed by directly forming the solid electrolyte in the battery container having the diaphragm or by impregnating the diaphragm with the composition for forming the solid electrolyte. Can be achieved. In this case, it is preferable to add an immersion aid to the solid electrolyte forming composition.

As the positive electrode active material in the battery, a chalcogenite compound [TiS ₂ , Nb ₃ S ₄ , MoS ₂ , CoS ₂ , FeS ₂ , V ₂ O ₅ , Cr ₂ O ₅ , MnO ₂ , CoO _2, etc.], positive electrode electroactivity high Examples thereof include molecules [conductive polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, poly-3-methylthiophene, polydiphenylbenzidine, polyazulene, and metallocene polymers]. Among these, a positive electrode electroactive polymer is preferable, and a conductive polymer is more preferable. Examples of the negative electrode active material include metals [Li, Na, K, Ag, Cu, Zn, etc.], alloys [alloys of Li and Al, Mg, Pb, Si, Mn, Ga, In, etc.], conductive polymers [Polyacetylene, polythiophene, polyparaphenylene, polypyridine, polyacene, etc.], graphite and the like. Of these, lithium, lithium alloy, and conductive polymer are preferable. When a conductive polymer is used for the positive electrode and / or negative electrode active material, it is necessary to dissolve the electrolyte salt in the electrolytic solution as long as it corresponds to the doping amount. Therefore, the electrolyte salt has a high concentration and contains the electrolytic solution. It is desired that the amount of the solid electrolyte is high. As the diaphragm, one having a low resistance to ion movement and excellent in solution retention is used. For example, a glass fiber filter; a polymer pore filter or nonwoven fabric based on polyester, Teflon (registered trademark), polyethylene, polypropylene or the like; a mixed paper made of glass fiber and polymer fiber, or the like can be used. Among these, a composite of a polypropylene nonwoven fabric having a micropore diameter of 0.1 to 0.01 μm and a solid electrolyte is particularly useful in terms of performance.

  The battery of the present invention can be produced by using a viscoelastic body comprising a high molecular weight polymer and a non-aqueous electrolyte instead of the solid electrolyte in the conventional battery. The solid electrolyte of the present invention is formed by polymerizing a polymerizable compound dissolved in a non-aqueous electrolyte and converting the reaction solution into a flexible viscoelastic body. It is preferable to form by direct polymerization in the tank. That is, it is preferable that a battery element such as an electrode or a diaphragm is impregnated with a composition for forming a solid electrolyte and is made into a viscoelastic body by polymerization means such as heating or irradiation with actinic light, and the solid electrolyte and the battery element are integrated. The integration of each battery element and the solid electrolyte may be integrated for each battery element, but the combination of the positive electrode and the diaphragm, the combination of the negative electrode and the diaphragm, or the combination of the positive electrode, the diaphragm and the negative electrode is solid. It may be integrated with the electrolyte. Thus, if the battery element and the solid electrolyte are integrated, the electrode reaction and ion movement at the positive electrode and the negative electrode can proceed smoothly, and the internal resistance of the battery can be greatly reduced.

  The solid electrolyte of the present invention has favorable characteristics when combined with a conductive polymer material. This is because the monomer solution before polymerization penetrates into the polymer material, swells the polymer material, penetrates sufficiently into the polymer material, and then solidifies by the polymerization reaction. This is because the interfacial resistance between the two can be reduced. In a solid electrolyte represented by a solid solution of a conventional polymer matrix containing an ion dissociation group and an inorganic salt, polarization is likely to occur at the interface between the solid electrolyte and the active material, and has a large interface resistance. On the other hand, since the solid electrolyte of the present invention is solid while having the properties of a solution as described above, both anions and cations are easy to move as in the case of ordinary electrolytes. In the battery to be used, it can be said that it is a more preferable combination in which polarization or the like hardly occurs. In general, the conductive polymer material is combined with the solid electrolyte of the present invention by impregnating the conductive polymer material with the composition for forming the solid electrolyte, and then the composite material is made into a viscoelastic body by the polymerization means as described above. To do. In the present invention, the conductive polymer material includes, for example, a hetero five-membered ring compound polymer having pyrrole, thiophene or the like as a monomer, and an aromatic hydrocarbon compound polymer having benzene, azulene or the like as a monomer. In addition to amine compound polymers using aniline, diphenylbenzidine, etc. as monomers, polyarylene vinylenes useful as negative electrode coatings, and halogen substituted products of unsaturated hydrocarbons such as ethylene, butadiene, hexatriene and the like as monomers An unsaturated aliphatic compound polymer can be used. As a method for polymerizing these monomers, a chemical polymerization method using an oxidizing agent and an electrolytic polymerization method using electric energy can be used.

  Chemical polymerization is carried out by adding an oxidizing agent to a solution containing the monomer to oxidize the monomer. Oxidizing agents include: halogens such as iodine, sulfur, and iodine; metal halides such as arsenic pentafluoride, antimony pentafluoride, silicon fluoride, and phosphorus pentachloride; sulfuric acid, nitric acid, fluorosulfuric acid, and chlorosulfuric acid. Protic acids such as: sulfur trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate and other oxygen-containing compounds; sodium sulfate, potassium persulfate, persulfates such as ammonium persulfate; hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, An oxidizing agent such as a peroxide such as difluorosulfonyl peroxide is used. The polymer having a high degree of polymerization obtained by the chemical polymerization method is insoluble and synthesized in a powder form. In the case of a powdery active material (whether an inorganic material or an organic material), there are two major methods of combining the active material and the electrolytic solution. The first method is a method of solidifying an electrolytic solution in an active material as a molded body, and the second method is a method of producing a solid molded body of an active material and an electrolytic solution and solidifying it. In the conductive polymer material synthesized in the form of powder in the chemical polymerization, according to the first method, an electrode having a desired shape (pellet shape, sheet shape, etc.) is prepared in advance and then used for forming a solid electrolyte. The composition is impregnated, and the conductive polymer material and the solid electrolyte can be combined by heating or polymerization means such as actinic rays. According to the second method, an appropriate amount of a composition for forming a solid electrolyte is added to a powdered conductive polymer material, the composition is sufficiently impregnated into the conductive polymer material, and then mixed to obtain a paste. Then, it can be made into a desired form and then combined by heating or polymerization means such as actinic rays. Of course, regardless of the first and second methods, other additives, for example, conductive materials such as acetylene black, ketjen black, and graphite can be added as necessary. In the case of the present invention, since the solid electrolyte has a function as a binder, the use of a binder such as Teflon (registered trademark) is not particularly required. In the production of the electrode in the case of using the paste-like material, it is possible to produce an arbitrary shape. For example, in the case of a pellet shape, the paste is formed into a pellet shape as it is, or a porous carbon body, foam It can be made into a pellet by kneading into a metal or the like. In the case of production of a sheet-like electrode, the paste may be applied to a sheet-like material such as a blasted metal foil, metal mesh, expanded metal, or carbon fiber, or applied to form a sheet-like electrode. it can.

The synthesis of a conductive polymer by an electrolytic polymerization method is generally described in, for example, J. Org. Electrochem. Soc. , Vol. 130. No. 7.1506-1509 (1983), Electrochem. Acta. , Vol. 27. No. 61-85 (1982), J. MoI. Chem. Soc. , Chem. Commun. , 1199- (1984), etc., a solution in which a monomer and an electrolyte are dissolved in a solvent is placed in a predetermined electrolytic cell, and the electrode is immersed to cause an electropolymerization reaction by anodization or cathodic reduction. Can be done. Examples of the electrolyte include BF ₄ , AsF ₆ , SbF ₆ , PF ₆ , ClO ₄ , HSO ₄ , SO ₄ and an aromatic sulfonate anion as anions, and hydrogen ions, quaternary ammonium cations, lithium ions as cations. Examples thereof include sodium, potassium, and the like, but are not particularly limited thereto. Examples of the solvent include water, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, propylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, dichloromethane, dioxane, dimethylformamide, or nitro solvents such as nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, and nitrobenzene. However, it is not particularly limited to these. Electrolytic polymerization can be any of constant voltage electrolysis, constant current electrolysis, or constant potential electrolysis. In the electropolymerization method, a sheet-like electrode can be formed in substantially one step by using a sheet-like conductor as a reaction electrode, and thus this method is essentially suitable for producing a sheet-like electrode. . In the composite of the polymer material formed by the electropolymerization method and the solid electrolyte of the present invention, when the conductive polymer material is recovered in a powder form and used, the above-described first and second methods are used. However, when using an electrode to which a conductive polymer material obtained by electropolymerization is attached as it is, after fully impregnating the conductive polymer material on the electrode with the solid electrolyte composition, the polymerization reaction is performed. It is possible to perform compounding by carrying out.

Further, in order to improve the energy capacity of an electrode made of such a conductive polymer material, an inorganic active material can be further combined with the electrode. Examples of active materials that can be used include chalcogenite compounds such as TiS ₂ , Nb ₃ S ₄ , MoS ₂ , CoS ₂ , FeS ₂ , V ₂ O ₅ , Cr ₂ O ₅ , MnO ₂ , CoO ₂ , and WO _3. Can be mentioned. As a composite method, these chalcogenite-based compound powders are added to the above-mentioned composite system of the powdered conductive polymer and the solid electrolyte, or these powders are used during the electrolytic polymerization as described above. It is possible to use a method of dispersing in a system and incorporating it into a conductive polymer to form a composite. As mentioned above, the formation of an active material mainly composed of a conductive polymer material and a solid electrolyte and the method of forming an electrode in which the solid electrolyte is combined have been described. Alkali metals, particularly lithium and lithium alloys, which can be used as a negative electrode active material For the formation of an electrode in which a solid electrolyte and a solid electrolyte are combined, a powdered (granular) active material (LiAl, LiMg, LiPb, LiAlMg, LiAlMn, etc.) and a solid electrolyte are combined. A technique similar to that in the case of compounding a powdered conductive polymer material and a solid electrolyte is possible. In the compounding of the solid electrolyte with the sheet-like metal active material, the solid electrolyte forming composition is uniformly applied to the surface, and then the solid electrolyte is formed on the surface by heating or a polymerization method such as actinic rays. Is done. Such compounding is of course important for lowering the interfacial resistance, but the solid electrolyte is reliably compounded at the interface of the metal active material such as Li or LiAl based alloy as the negative electrode active material. This is very important because it can prevent the generation of moss lithium and dendrite, and can also suppress the collapse of the LiAl alloy, leading to an improvement in the charge / discharge efficiency of the negative electrode and, in turn, an improvement in the battery cycle life. That is. In view of improving the charge / discharge efficiency of the negative electrode, various additives that contribute to improving the charge / discharge efficiency can be added to the electrolyte solution to be solidified for solidification. Examples of such additives include benzene, crown ether (12 crown-4,15-crown 5, etc.), and 5-membered ring compounds containing a hetero atom (2-methylfuran, 2,5- Dimethylfuran, 2-methylthiophene, 2,5-dimethylthiophene, 4-methylthiazole, etc.). Examples of the inorganic material include compositions composed of metal ions such as Mg (II) and Fe (III) [Mg (Cl ₄ ) ₂ , MgCl ₂ , Fe (ClO ₄ ) ₂ , FeCl _3, etc.]. The amount of such an additive added varies depending on the type of the additive, but is generally about 1 mol / l from the ppm order. According to the present invention, a laminate in which each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is integrated with a solid electrolyte and laminated via a diaphragm is wound as it is or spirally, and a coin shape, a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a gum shape, The battery can be manufactured by mounting in various battery containers such as a sheet type.

[Example]
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example demonstrates this invention further in detail, this invention is not limited to these. In the following, parts and% indicate parts by weight and% by weight, respectively. Moreover, the composition for solid electrolysis used in Examples and Comparative Examples is as shown below. The non-aqueous solvent and the electrolyte salt were sufficiently purified to have a water content of 20 ppm or less and further deoxygenated and denitrogenated, and a battery grade one was used. All experimental operations were performed in an argon gas atmosphere. . Moreover, the measurement temperature of ion conductivity is 25 degreeC. In addition, the measurement of the ionic conductivity of a solid electrolyte was performed by two types of methods. That is, in the first method, a solid electrolyte is filled into a SUS cylindrical container (inner diameter 20 mm) constituting the counter electrode, and the outer surface of the solid electrolyte is coated with Teflon (registered trademark) as a working electrode. It was performed by pressing a small diameter SUS cylinder (diameter 5 mm). In the following, the value of ionic conductivity obtained by this method is indicated by the symbol *. In the second method, as a counter electrode, a SUS cylindrical container (inner diameter 20 mm) in which the inner peripheral surface excluding the bottom surface is covered with an insulating tape is used, and the solid electrolyte is filled in the container, As the working electrode, a SUS cylinder having a diameter of 18 mm was pressed. In the following, the value of ionic conductivity obtained by this method is indicated by the symbol **.

Composition for forming solid electrolyte (I)
79.2% of an electrolyte obtained by dissolving LiBF ₄ at a ratio of 3 mol / l in a non-aqueous solvent in which propylene carbonate and 1,2-dimethoxyethane were mixed at a weight ratio of 6: 4, respectively, ethoxydiethylene glycol 19.5% of acrylate, 0.8% of methylbenzoyl formate, and 0.5% of silicon-alkylene oxide adduct.

Composition for forming solid electrolyte (II)
Electrolyte obtained by dissolving LiBF ₄ at a ratio of 3 mol / l in a non-aqueous solvent in which propylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone and 1,2-diethoxyethane are mixed at a weight ratio of 7: 1: 2, respectively. 68.8%, ethoxydiethylene glycol acrylate 29%, benzoin isopropyl ether 1.2%, and silicon-alkyl oxide adduct 1.0%.

Solid electrolyte forming composition (III)
85.8% of an electrolytic solution obtained by dissolving 3 mol / l of LiBF ₄ in a non-aqueous solvent in which propylene carbonate and 1,2-dimethoxyethane were mixed at a weight ratio of 7: 3, respectively, and ethoxydiethylene glycol acrylate were added. 12.8%, trimethylolpropane triacrylate 0.2%, methylbenzoyl formate 0.5%, silicon-alkylene oxide adduct 0.7% mixed.

Solid electrolyte forming composition (IV)
79.2% of an electrolytic solution obtained by dissolving LiBF ₄ in a non-aqueous solvent in which propylene carbonate and 1,2-dimethoxyethane were mixed at a weight ratio of 6: 4 to 3 mol / l, 19.5% of furfuryl acrylate, 0.8% of methylbenzoyl formate, and 0.5% of silicon-alkylene oxide adduct.

Solid electrolyte forming composition (V)
Electrolysis obtained by dissolving LiBF ₄ in a non-aqueous solvent in which propylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone and 1,2-diethoxyethane were mixed at a weight ratio of 7: 1: 2, respectively, to a concentration of 3 mol / l. 68.8% liquid, 30% tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate and 1.2% benzoin isopropyl ether.

Example 1
0.02 C / cm at a constant potential of 0.8 V vs. SCE on a nesa glass (1 cm × 2 cm) having a surface resistance of 4Ω / □ in which 0.5 mol of aniline was dissolved in 1000 parts of a 5.5 N H ₂ SO ₄ aqueous solution. ^A polyaniline thin film was formed with a charge amount of ² . After making this into a completely reduced form by a predetermined reduction treatment, it was sufficiently dried to produce a polyaniline electrode. Together with this electrode, a beaker-type cell was fabricated using lithium as a counter electrode and a reference electrode. The solid electrolyte forming composition (II) was placed in this cell, and irradiated with actinic rays for 8 hours with a fluorescent lamp. This composition was completely solidified into a viscoelastic body, had no fluidity, had considerable adhesive strength, and was integrated with the electrode. When a cyclic voltammetry was measured using a polyaniline electrode as a working electrode at a potential sweep rate of 25 mV / sec, the voltammogram shown in FIG. 2 was obtained. From this voltammogram, it was confirmed that good doping characteristics were exhibited as in the electrolytic solution. The ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte was 1.5 / 10 ³ S / cm * and 1.0 / 10 ³ S / cm **.

Example 2
0.5 mol of aniline was dissolved in 1000 parts of a 1.5N aqueous solution of H ₂ SO ₄ . A polyaniline thin film was formed on a nesa glass (1 cm × 2 cm) having a surface resistance of 4Ω / □ at a constant potential of 0.8 V vs SCE and a charge of 0.04 C / cm ² . After making this into a completely reduced form by a predetermined reduction treatment, it was sufficiently dried to produce a polyaniline electrode. Along with this electrode, a beaker-type cell was fabricated using lithium as a counter electrode and a reference electrode. The solid electrolyte forming composition (III) was placed in this cell and irradiated with actinic rays for 1.5 hours with a high-pressure mercury lamp. This composition was completely solidified into a viscoelastic body, had no fluidity, and had considerable adhesiveness and integrated with the electrode. When the amount of polyaniline doped was measured using a polyaniline electrode as the working electrode, 118 mAh / g was obtained at 25 ° C., 108 mAh / g at 0 ° C., and 103 mAh / g at −20 ° C., indicating good doping characteristics even at low temperatures. Was confirmed. The ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte was 4/10 ³ S / cm *, 2.7 / 10 ³ S / cm **.

Example 3
From ammonium persulfate and hydrochloric acid G. MacDiamid et al. , Conducting Polymers. , 105 (1987) to synthesize polyaniline. After sufficient reduction treatment, a polyaniline white powder was obtained. 75 parts of this polyaniline white powder and 25 parts of acetylene black were kneaded and pressed into a disk shape having a diameter of 14.5 mm and a thickness of 0.6 mm to obtain a positive electrode. The positive electrode was sufficiently impregnated with the composition (I) for forming a solid electrolyte, and the impregnated composition was solidified by irradiation with actinic rays with a high-pressure mercury lamp sandwiched between glass substrates. Next, in the same manner, the composition (Juraguard 2502 manufactured by Polyscience) was sufficiently impregnated with the composition (I), and the impregnated composition was solidified by sandwiching the composition (I) between glass substrates and irradiating with actinic rays with a high-pressure mercury lamp. . Lithium with a thickness of 0.1 mm was used for the negative electrode. The positive electrode, the diaphragm and the negative electrode were laminated to produce a CR2016 type coin type battery.

Example 4
A 0.02 mm thick roughened SUS punching metal having a thickness of 0.02 mm by a constant current electropolymerization method of 3 mA / cm ² using an aqueous solution containing 3 mol / l HBF ₄ containing 1 mol / l aniline. A 1 mm polyaniline film was deposited. This film was subjected to a reduction treatment and sufficiently dried in a vacuum, and then attached to a packaging material of a PET / aluminum / polypropylene laminate. A polyaniline film is sufficiently impregnated with the composition [I] for forming a solid electrolyte, squeezed into a glass substrate, pressurized with 1 kg, irradiated with active light from a high-pressure mercury lamp, and a sheet-like positive electrode comprising a composite of the positive electrode and the solid electrolyte. Got. Next, a diaphragm (Tonentapyrus P010SW-000) is placed on this sheet-like positive electrode, and the solid electrolyte-forming composition (I) is sufficiently impregnated into the diaphragm, soaked in a glass substrate and irradiated with actinic rays using a high-pressure mercury lamp. The composition was solidified by irradiation. Separately, a negative electrode in which lithium having a thickness of 0.1 mm is bonded to a SUS substrate having a thickness of 0.02 mm is attached to the outer packaging material of the PET / aluminum / polypropylene laminate, and the composition for forming a solid electrolyte (I ), And the composition was solidified by irradiating actinic rays with a high-pressure mercury lamp in a glass substrate, and a negative electrode and a solid electrolyte were combined. The positive electrode, the diaphragm and the negative electrode were laminated, and the periphery of the laminated body was heat sealed to produce a 4 cm × 5 cm sheet type battery.

Example 5
5 mg of polyaniline film is formed by a constant current electropolymerization method of 3 mA / cm ² using an aqueous solution containing 3 mol / l HBF ₄ containing 1 mol / l aniline on one side of a roughened SUS punching metal having a thickness of 0.02 mm. / Cm ^{2 was} deposited. This film was subjected to a reduction treatment and sufficiently dried in a vacuum, and then attached to a packaging material of a PET / aluminum / polypropylene laminate. A solid electrolyte-forming composition (III) is sufficiently impregnated into a polyaniline film, and a glass substrate is squeezed, pressurized with 1 kg, irradiated with active light from a high-pressure mercury lamp, and formed into a sheet made of a composite of a positive electrode and a solid electrolyte. A positive electrode was obtained. Next, a diaphragm (Celgard 4501) was placed on this sheet-like positive electrode and impregnated with the solid electrolyte forming composition (III), and then the composition was solidified by irradiation with actinic rays. On the other hand, a negative electrode in which 0.08 mm thick lithium is bonded to a 0.02 mm thick SUS substrate is pasted on a PET / aluminum / polypropylene laminate, and the solid electrolyte forming composition (III) Was applied to the glass substrate, and the composition was solidified by irradiating actinic rays with a high-pressure mercury lamp in a glass substrate, and a negative electrode and a solid electrolyte were combined. The positive electrode, the diaphragm and the negative electrode were laminated, and the periphery of the laminated body was heat-sealed to produce a sheet type battery of 5 cm × 7 cm. FIG. 3 shows a charge / discharge curve when the battery was discharged at each current value after charging to 3.7 V with a constant current of 2.2 mA.

Example 6
A lithium / aluminum alloy laminate was produced by laminating aluminum having a thickness of 0.3 mm and lithium having a thickness of 0.1 mm and heating to form a negative electrode. The surface of the lithium / aluminum alloy of the negative electrode was also solidified by impregnating the solid electrolyte forming composition (I). A CR2016 type coin-type battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 3 except that this negative electrode was used.

(Battery performance test)
The batteries produced in Examples 3, 4, and 6 were charged and discharged at a constant current of 0.5 mA to evaluate the battery performance. The results are shown in Table 1.

実施例７
前記固体電解質形成用組成物（Ｉ）中の電解液を６９．１％にし、そしてエトキシジエチレングリコールアクリレートを２９．６％にし、さらに電解質塩濃度を変化させた以外は同様の組成物［Ｉ’］を使用した。これをビーカに入れ、８時間蛍光灯からの活性光線を照射し、得られる重合反応物の性状を調べた。その結果を表２に示す。

Example 7
The same composition [I ′] except that the electrolytic solution in the solid electrolyte forming composition (I) was 69.1%, ethoxydiethylene glycol acrylate was 29.6%, and the electrolyte salt concentration was changed. It was used. This was put into a beaker and irradiated with an actinic ray from a fluorescent lamp for 8 hours, and the properties of the resulting polymerization reaction product were examined. The results are shown in Table 2.

実施例８
前記固体電解質形成用組成物［ＩＩ］において、電解液中の電解質塩濃度を変化させて各種の組成物を作り、これをビーカに入れ、８時間蛍光灯からの活性光線を照射し、得られる重合反応物の性状を調べた。その結果を表３に示す。

Example 8
In the solid electrolyte forming composition [II], various compositions are prepared by changing the electrolyte salt concentration in the electrolytic solution, which is put in a beaker and irradiated with actinic rays from a fluorescent lamp for 8 hours. The properties of the polymerization reaction product were examined. The results are shown in Table 3.

実施例９
５．５ＮのＨ_２ＳＯ_４水溶液１０００部中に０．５モルのアニリンを溶解した。表面抵抗４オームのネサガラス（１ｃｍ×２ｃｍ）上に０．８Ｖ ｖｓ ＳＣＥの定電位で０．０２Ｃ／ｃｍ^２の電荷量でポリアニリン薄膜を形成した。これを所定の還元処理により完全還元体とした後、充分に乾燥してポリアニリン電極を作製した。この電極とともに、対極及び参照極にリチウムを使用してビーカー型のセルを作製した。このセルに固体電解質形成用組成物（Ｖ）を入れ、蛍光灯で８時間活性光線を照射した。この組成物は完全に粘弾性体状に固化して流動性が無く、相当の粘着力を持ち電極と一体化した。ポリアニリン電極を作用極として、電位掃引速度５０ｍＶ／ｓｅｃ及び２０ｍＶ／ｓｅｃでサイクリックボルタモメトリーを測定したところ、そのボルタモグラムから、電解液中と同様に良好なドーピング特性を示すことが確認された。固体電解質のイオン伝導度は１．７／１０^３Ｓ／ｃｍ＊、１．２／１０^３Ｓ／ｃｍ＊＊あった。

Example 9
0.5 mol of aniline was dissolved in 1000 parts of a 5.5 N aqueous solution of H ₂ SO ₄ . A polyaniline thin film was formed on a nesa glass (1 cm × 2 cm) having a surface resistance of 4 ohms and a charge of 0.02 C / cm ² at a constant potential of 0.8 V vs SCE. After making this into a completely reduced form by a predetermined reduction treatment, it was sufficiently dried to produce a polyaniline electrode. Along with this electrode, a beaker-type cell was fabricated using lithium as a counter electrode and a reference electrode. The solid electrolyte-forming composition (V) was placed in this cell, and actinic rays were irradiated with a fluorescent lamp for 8 hours. This composition was completely solidified into a viscoelastic body, had no fluidity, had considerable adhesive strength, and was integrated with the electrode. When cyclic voltammetry was measured using a polyaniline electrode as a working electrode at potential sweep rates of 50 mV / sec and 20 mV / sec, it was confirmed from the voltammogram that good doping characteristics were exhibited as in the electrolytic solution. The ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte was 1.7 / 10 ³ S / cm * and 1.2 / 10 ³ S / cm **.

Example 10
From ammonium persulfate and hydrochloric acid G. MacDiamid et al. , Conducting Polymers. , 105 (1987) to synthesize polyaniline. After the polyaniline was sufficiently reduced, polyaniline white powder was obtained. 75 parts of this polyaniline white powder and 25 parts of acetylene black were kneaded and pressed into a disk shape having a diameter of 14.5 mm and a thickness of 0.6 mm to obtain a positive electrode. The positive electrode was sufficiently impregnated with the composition (IV) for forming a solid electrolyte, and the impregnated composition was solidified by irradiation with actinic rays with a high-pressure mercury lamp sandwiched between glass substrates. On the other hand, in the same manner, the composition (Juraguard 2502 manufactured by Polyscience) was sufficiently impregnated with the composition (IV), and the impregnated composition was solidified by sandwiching the composition (IV) between glass substrates and irradiating with actinic rays with a high-pressure mercury lamp. . Lithium with a thickness of 0.1 mm was used for the negative electrode. The positive electrode, the diaphragm and the negative electrode were laminated to produce a CR2016 type coin type battery.

Example 11
A constant current electropolymerization method of 3 mA / cm ² using a 3 mol / l HBF ₄ aqueous solution containing 1 mol / l aniline on one side of a roughened SUS punching metal having a thickness of 0.02 mm was used. A polyaniline film was formed. After the polyaniline film was sufficiently reduced, it was affixed to a PET / aluminum / polypropylene laminate. This polyaniline film is sufficiently impregnated with the solid electrolyte forming composition [IV], sandwiched between glass substrates, pressurized with 1 kg, irradiated with actinic rays with a high-pressure mercury lamp, and made of a composite of a positive electrode and a solid electrolyte. A positive electrode was obtained. Next, a diaphragm (Tonentapyrus PO10SW-OOO) is placed on this sheet-like positive electrode, the solid electrolyte forming composition (IV) is sufficiently impregnated into the diaphragm, and actinic rays are irradiated with a high-pressure mercury lamp sandwiched between glass substrates. As a result, the composition was solidified. On the other hand, a negative electrode in which lithium having a thickness of 0.1 mm is bonded to a SUS substrate having a thickness of 0.02 mm is attached to the exterior material of the PET / aluminum / polypropylene laminate, and the solid electrolyte forming composition (IV ), And the composition was solidified by irradiating actinic rays with a high-pressure mercury lamp in a glass substrate, and a negative electrode and a solid electrolyte were combined. The positive electrode, the diaphragm and the negative electrode were laminated, and the periphery of the laminated body was heat sealed to produce a 4 cm × 5 cm sheet type battery.

Example 12
A lithium / aluminum alloy laminate was produced by laminating aluminum having a thickness of 0.3 mm and lithium having a thickness of 0.1 mm and heating them to obtain a negative electrode. The surface of the lithium / aluminum alloy of the negative electrode was also solidified by impregnating the solid electrolyte forming composition (IV). A CR2016 type coin-type battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that this negative electrode was used.

Battery performance test The batteries produced in Examples 10 to 12 were charged and discharged at a constant current of 0.5 mA to evaluate the battery performance. The results are shown in Table 4.

実施例１３
前記固体電解質形成用組成物［ＩＶ］中の電解液を６９．１％にし、フリフリルアクリレートを２９．６％にした以外は同様の組成物［ＩＶ’］を使用した。これをビーカに入れ、８時間蛍光灯からの活性光線を照射し、得られる重合反応物の性状を調べた。その結果を表５に示す。

Example 13
The same composition [IV ′] was used except that the electrolytic solution in the solid electrolyte forming composition [IV] was 69.1% and the furfuryl acrylate was 29.6%. This was put into a beaker and irradiated with an actinic ray from a fluorescent lamp for 8 hours, and the properties of the resulting polymerization reaction product were examined. The results are shown in Table 5.

実施例１４
前記固体電解質形成用組成物［Ｖ］において、電解液中の電解質塩濃度を変化させて各種の組成物を作り、これをビーカに入れ、８時間蛍光灯からの活性光線を照射し、得られる重合反応物の性状を調べた。その結果を表６に示す。

Example 14
In the solid electrolyte forming composition [V], various compositions are prepared by changing the electrolyte salt concentration in the electrolytic solution, which is put into a beaker and irradiated with actinic rays from a fluorescent lamp for 8 hours. The properties of the polymerization reaction product were examined. The results are shown in Table 6.

実施例１５
プロピレンカーボネート、γ−ブチロラクトンを各々重量比８：２の割合で混合した非水溶媒１０００部に１モルのＬｉＢＦ_４を溶解せしめ電解液とし、この電解液８９．１％に、ポリエン（分子量４００のポリオキシエチレングリコール４００部にアリルグリシジルエーテル３４２部を反応させたもの）６．４％、ペンタエリスリトールテトラキスチオグリコレート３．６％、メチルベンゾイルフォーメート０．４％及びシリコン−アルキレンオキサイド付加物０．５％の割合で混合して、固体電解質形成用組成物（ＶＩ）を得た。β層を有する電解二酸化マンガン（ＥＭＤ）とアセチンブラック（電化ブラック）及びＰＴＦＥディスパージョン（三井フロロケミカル製ＰＪ−３０）を７．５：２．０：０．５の重量比で混練し、直径１４．５ｍｍ、厚さ０．６ｍｍの円盤状に加圧成形した。この成形体を充分に加熱乾燥してこれに固体電解質形成用組成物（ＶＩ）を含浸させてガラス基板に挟み、活性光線によりその組成物を固化せしめて正極を得た。この正極、実施例２の隔膜及び負極を用いてＣＲ２０１６タイプのコイン型電池を作製した。

Example 15
1 mol of LiBF ₄ was dissolved in 1000 parts of a non-aqueous solvent in which propylene carbonate and γ-butyrolactone were mixed at a weight ratio of 8: 2, respectively, to obtain an electrolytic solution. Polyelectron (with a molecular weight of 400) was dissolved in 89.1% of the electrolytic solution. 6.4% of allyl glycidyl ether reacted with 400 parts of polyoxyethylene glycol), 3.6% of pentaerythritol tetrakisthioglycolate, 0.4% of methylbenzoyl formate and silicon-alkylene oxide adduct 0 By mixing at a ratio of 5%, a solid electrolyte forming composition (VI) was obtained. Electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) having β layer, acetin black (electric black) and PTFE dispersion (PJ-30 manufactured by Mitsui Fluorochemicals) were kneaded at a weight ratio of 7.5: 2.0: 0.5, It was press-molded into a disk shape having a diameter of 14.5 mm and a thickness of 0.6 mm. The molded body was sufficiently heated and dried, impregnated with the solid electrolyte forming composition (VI), sandwiched between glass substrates, and solidified with actinic rays to obtain a positive electrode. Using this positive electrode, the diaphragm of Example 2, and the negative electrode, a CR2016 type coin-type battery was produced.

Example 16
In the above-mentioned composition for forming a solid electrolyte [VI], various compositions are prepared by changing the electrolyte salt concentration in the electrolytic solution, which is put in a beaker and irradiated with actinic rays from a fluorescent lamp for 8 hours. The properties of the polymerization reaction product were examined. The results are shown in Table 7.

実施例１７
下記成分組成の熱重合性の固体電解質形成用組成物を調製した。

Example 17
A thermopolymerizable composition for forming a solid electrolyte having the following component composition was prepared.

Tolylene diisocyanate 2.4 parts Polyoxyalkylene polyol 27.6 parts Electrolyte 70 parts Catalyst (dibutyltin laurate) 0.1 part As the polyoxyalkylene polyol, ethylene oxide / propylene oxide = 8/2 (glycerin) (Weight ratio) having a molecular weight of 3000 (melting point: 0 ° C. or less) obtained by addition polymerization. Moreover, as electrolyte solution, what melt | dissolved 3 mol / l LiBF4 in (gamma) -butyrolactone was used. The composition was put into a beaker and heated at a temperature of 50 ° C. for 1 hour, and the properties of the resulting polymerization reaction product were examined. The results are shown in Table 8.

実施例１８
プロピレンカーボネート及び１，２−ジメトキシエタンを各々重量比６：４の割合で混合した非水溶媒１０００部に３モルのＬｉＢＦ_４を溶解せしめた電解液を７９．２％、ヒドロキシエチルアクリレートを１９．５％、メチルベンゾイルフォーメートを０．８％及びシリコン−アルキレンオキサイド付加物を０．５％の割合で混合して固体電解質形成用組成物（ＶＩＩ）を得た。前記固体電解質形成用組成物（ＶＩＩ）において、電解液中の電解質塩濃度を変化させて各種の組成物を作り、これをビーカに入れ、８時間蛍光灯からの活性光線を照射し、得られる重合反応物の性状を調べた。その結果を表９に示す。

Example 18
79.2% of an electrolytic solution in which 3 mol of LiBF ₄ was dissolved in 1000 parts of a non-aqueous solvent in which propylene carbonate and 1,2-dimethoxyethane were mixed at a weight ratio of 6: 4, and hydroxyethyl acrylate was 19. A solid electrolyte forming composition (VII) was obtained by mixing 5%, methylbenzoyl formate 0.8%, and silicon-alkylene oxide adduct 0.5%. In the solid electrolyte forming composition (VII), various compositions are prepared by changing the electrolyte salt concentration in the electrolytic solution, which is put into a beaker and irradiated with actinic rays from a fluorescent lamp for 8 hours. The properties of the polymerization reaction product were examined. The results are shown in Table 9.

実施例１９
エトキシジエチレングリコールアクリレート６４部にトリメチロールプロパントリアクリレートの１部を混合して得た不飽和カルボン酸エステル混合物Ａに、プロピレンカーボネート及び１，２−ジメトキシエタンを各々重量比８：２の割合で混合して得た非水溶媒ＢとＬｉＢＦ_４（電解質塩）を混合して下記成分組成の組成物を作り、これをビーカーに入れ、高圧水銀灯にて１時間活性光線を照射した。次に、得られた重合反応物の弾性率、伸びを測定した。その結果を表１０に示す。なお、重合開始剤にはメチルベンゾイルフォーメートを用いた。固体電解質の伸びの測定は、１ｃｍ×１ｃｍ×０．３ｃｍの固体電解質について行なった。

Example 19
Propylene carbonate and 1,2-dimethoxyethane were mixed at a weight ratio of 8: 2, respectively, to an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester mixture A obtained by mixing 64 parts of ethoxydiethylene glycol acrylate with 1 part of trimethylolpropane triacrylate. The non-aqueous solvent B obtained and LiBF ₄ (electrolyte salt) were mixed to prepare a composition having the following component composition, put in a beaker, and irradiated with actinic rays for 1 hour with a high-pressure mercury lamp. Next, the elastic modulus and elongation of the obtained polymerization reaction product were measured. The results are shown in Table 10. In addition, methyl benzoyl formate was used as the polymerization initiator. The elongation of the solid electrolyte was measured for a solid electrolyte of 1 cm × 1 cm × 0.3 cm.

＊ 比較例を示す
比較例１
分子量３０００のポリエチレンオキシドトリオール１００部、ジブチル錫ジラウレート０．０６部、トリレン−２，４−ジイソシアネート８．５部、ＬｉＢＦ_４５．４部をメチルエチルケトン１００部に溶解して組成物（ａ）を得た。実施例１０において、固体電解質形成用組成物（Ｉ）の代わりに組成物（ａ）を使用し、８０℃、３日間加熱して固体電解質を形成する以外は同様にして電池を作製した。

* Comparative example 1
A composition (a) is obtained by dissolving 100 parts of polyethylene oxide triol having a molecular weight of 3000, 0.06 part of dibutyltin dilaurate, 8.5 parts of tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate, and 5.4 parts of LiBF _{4 in} 100 parts of methyl ethyl ketone. It was. A battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the composition (a) was used instead of the solid electrolyte forming composition (I), and the solid electrolyte was formed by heating at 80 ° C. for 3 days.

Comparative Example 2
A battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the composition (a) was used instead of the solid electrolyte forming composition (I), and the solid electrolyte was formed by heating at 80 ° C. for 3 days. Next, the batteries obtained in Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were charged and discharged at a constant current of 0.5 mA, and the battery performance was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 11.

比較例３
メトキシポリエチレングリコールモノアクリレート（分子量４９６）を０．２５部、ポリエチレングリコールジメタクリレート（分子量５５０）を０．７５部、過塩素酸リチウムを０．０８部及び２，２−ジメトキシ−２−フェニルアセトフェノン０．００４部を混合し、均一溶液とした。この液状組成物を、アルミシャーレに薄く流延し、窒素雰囲気で超高圧水銀灯を照射して無溶媒の固体電解質フィルムを得た。このフィルムのイオン伝導度は３．７／１０^７Ｓ／ｃｍ＊であった。このフィルムにプロピレンカーボネイトと１，２−ジメトキシエタンの混合溶媒（６：４重量比）を含有させ、固体電解質とした（電解液の含有量１０８％）。この固体電解質のイオン伝導度は２．０／１０^４Ｓ／ｃｍ＊であり、固体電解質の表面から電解液の滲出が生じた。また、この固体電解質を電池の固体電解質として用いるために、電極間にはさみ圧力をかけたところ固体電解質の破断が起こり、電池は機能しなかった。

Comparative Example 3
0.25 parts of methoxypolyethylene glycol monoacrylate (molecular weight 496), 0.75 parts of polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (molecular weight 550), 0.08 parts of lithium perchlorate and 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone 0 0.004 part was mixed to obtain a homogeneous solution. This liquid composition was thinly cast on an aluminum petri dish and irradiated with an ultrahigh pressure mercury lamp in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a solvent-free solid electrolyte film. The ionic conductivity of this film was 3.7 / 10 ⁷ S / cm *. This film was mixed with propylene carbonate and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (6: 4 weight ratio) to give a solid electrolyte (electrolytic solution content 108%). The ionic conductivity of this solid electrolyte was 2.0 / 10 ⁴ S / cm *, and the electrolyte solution exuded from the surface of the solid electrolyte. Further, in order to use this solid electrolyte as the solid electrolyte of the battery, when the sandwiching pressure was applied between the electrodes, the solid electrolyte broke and the battery did not function.

It is a diagram which shows the preferable composition range of the solvent, electrolyte salt, and unsaturated carboxylic acid ester which comprise a solid electrolyte. The voltammogram about the battery obtained in Example 1 is shown. The charging / discharging curve of the battery obtained in Example 5 is shown.

Claims (8)

A solid electrolyte which is a viscoelastic body containing a non-aqueous electrolyte in a high molecular weight polymer,
The high molecular weight polymer is a polymer of an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester, a polymer of a polyene / polythiol mixture or a polyurethane,
The content of the non-aqueous electrolyte with respect to the high molecular weight polymer is 200% by weight or more,
The elastic modulus of the viscoelastic body is 10 ² dyne / cm ² or more and 10 ⁵ dyne / cm ² or less,
A solid electrolyte, wherein the elongation of the viscoelastic body is 20% or more. Wherein the high molecular weight polymer is a polymer of an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester,
The polymer of the unsaturated carboxylic acid ester has the general formula (I)
CH ₂ = CHCOO (CH ₂ CHO) _n R ₂
| (I)
R ₁
An acrylate having a molecular weight of less than 500, or an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester high molecular weight polymer based on the acrylate,
R ₁ is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group,
R ₂ is a group containing a hydrocarbon group or a heterocyclic ring,
n is an integer of 1 or more,
The non-aqueous electrolyte consists of an electrolyte salt and a non-aqueous solvent,
2. The solid electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte salt is present in the non-aqueous electrolyte at a ratio of 1.0 mol / l or more. Wherein the high molecular weight polymer is a polymer of an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester,
The polymer of the unsaturated carboxylic acid ester has the general formula (II)
R ₃
| (II)
CH ₂ = CHCOOR ₄
Or a high molecular weight polymer of an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester containing the compound as a main component,
R ₃ is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group,
R ₄ is a group containing a heterocyclic ring,
The non-aqueous electrolyte consists of an electrolyte salt and a non-aqueous solvent,
2. The solid electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte salt is present in the non-aqueous electrolyte at a ratio of 1.0 mol / l or more. 4. The solid electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the unsaturated carboxylic acid ester includes a polyfunctional unsaturated carboxylic acid ester having two or more (meth) acryloyl groups. 5. An electrochemical element including a solid electrolyte,
5. The electrochemical device according to claim 1, wherein the solid electrolyte is a solid electrolyte according to claim 1. 6. The electrochemical device according to claim 5, wherein the solid electrolyte is combined with at least a part of components of the electrochemical device.   A battery comprising the solid electrolyte according to claim 1. In a battery having an electrode, a diaphragm and a solid electrolyte,
The solid electrolyte is the solid electrolyte according to any one of claims 1 to 4,
The electrode, the diaphragm and the solid electrolyte are integrated.

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