JP2006125777A - Drain pan for air conditioner and production method therefor - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a drain pan allowing easy realization of low-cost molding of the drain pan, and having high corrosion resistance, and to provide a production method therefor. <P>SOLUTION: This production method is applied to the drain pan 20 having at least a dew drain pan 30 (a condensed water reception member) directly receiving condensed water generated in a heat exchanger 3 provided inside an air conditioner body, and molds the condensed water reception member by a molding method such as a blow molding method or a gas injection molding method for obtaining a hollow molding. By molding one hollow condensed water reception member formed with a gas layer inside a wall thickness by the molding method or cutting the molded hollow molding into two, two drain pan members are simultaneously molded. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a drain pan that receives condensed water generated in a heat exchanger installed in an air conditioner body, and a method for manufacturing the drain pan. More particularly, the present invention relates to a drain pan formed by mold molding and a method for manufacturing the drain pan. .

Conventionally, as shown in FIG. 7, in a ceiling-suspended or stationary air conditioner X having a heat exchanger 3 inside, a drain pan 10 that receives condensed water generated in the heat exchanger 3 is provided. . As shown in the figure, the air conditioner X has an air inlet 1 opened at the front surface and an air outlet 6 opened at the top, and the indoor air sucked from the air inlet 1 is blown by the blower 2. After being sent to the heat exchanger 3 and exchanging heat, the air is blown into the room from the air outlet 6. In the figure, reference numeral 4 denotes a vertical louver, and 5 denotes a horizontal louver.
During the cooling operation of the air conditioner X, the humidity of the room air is condensed on the heat exchanger 3 and drops downward as condensed water. The drain pan 10 is disposed below the heat exchanger 3 (that is, a position where it can receive dripping condensed water) in order to receive, collect and discharge the dripping condensed water. As shown in FIG. 7B, the drain pan 10 is substantially L-shaped so that it can receive the condensed water regardless of whether the air conditioner X is installed on a ceiling or installed. Is formed.

Here, the drain pan 10 will be described with reference to FIG. In FIG. 8, the external appearance and sectional structure of the drain pan 10 are shown.
The drain pan 10 not only receives condensed water flowing out from the heat exchanger 3 during cooling, but also serves as a heat insulating material to prevent the outer shell from condensing from the cooled heat exchanger. Therefore, as shown in the drawing, the drain pan 10 is a thin sheet sheet (thickness of about 1 mm) formed by a molding method such as a vacuum molding method on a drain pan body 12 in which foamed polystyrene beads having heat insulation properties are molded by a foam molding method. The following resin sheet 11 is laminated. The resin sheet 11 is inserted and integrated with the drain pan body 12 when the drain pan body 12 is foam-molded. Further, the drain pan 10 is provided with two drain discharge ports 14 for discharging the received condensed water, and a fixing member 13 such as a fixing bracket for attaching the vertical louver 4 to the drain pan main body 12. Patent Documents 1 and 2 propose an example of a method for manufacturing the drain pan 10 configured as described above.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 01-135624 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 07-40358

In the conventional drain pan 10 described above, the role of the resin sheet 11 is extremely important from the viewpoint of waterproofness. Therefore, when molding the resin sheet 11, it is necessary to satisfy strict dimensional tolerances and complicated shapes so as not to cause leakage of condensed water. However, since molding of such a resin sheet 11 requires a very advanced molding technique and high molding accuracy, the molding of the resin sheet 11 has not been easy.
Moreover, in the drain pan manufacturing method described in Patent Documents 1 and 2, since it is necessary to manufacture the drain pan main body 12 and the resin sheet 11 by molding, a mold corresponding to each must be prepared, There is a problem that the initial cost (mold cost) increases. In recent years, in view of the trend of shortening the product life cycle, a situation in which a large initial cost cannot be sufficiently recovered may occur.
In addition, after the resin sheet 11 is inserted and integrated when the drain pan body 12 is molded, the drain pan 10 is completely waterproofed. 14 requires a complicated operation to completely fill the gap formed between the two, and this operation is a factor of reducing the manufacturing efficiency. Further, the fact that the drain pan body 12 is molded by the foam molding method, which takes a molding time compared to other molding methods, is also a factor that causes a decrease in manufacturing efficiency.

By the way, as a typical molding method for molding the resin sheet 11, a vacuum molding method can be cited. These molding methods have various merits and demerits, but each molding method has a demerit that a resin sheet 11 having a sufficient thickness cannot be obtained because the thickness of the molded body is limited. is there. That is, in the vacuum molding method, the thin sheet-shaped resin sheet 11 is molded. Therefore, originally, it is desirable to use the resin sheet 11 itself as a drain pan. However, conventionally, the resin sheet 11 itself cannot be used as a drain pan due to problems in strength and rigidity. The drain pan body 12 bears the rigidity of the conventional drain pan.
In addition, since the thin sheet-like resin sheet 11 has a small thickness and the drain pan body 12 is formed of a relatively soft foam, the attached component, the wind direction changing plate such as the vertical louver 4, etc. It cannot be directly attached to the resin sheet 11 or the drain pan body 12 with screws or the like. Therefore, conventionally, a separate fixing member 13 made of metal or the like is fixed to the drain pan body 12 by insert molding, and the wind direction changing plate or the like is attached via the fixing member 13. There is a problem that the number of parts increases and the manufacturing cost increases.
In addition, chemicals including a surfactant used for cleaning the heat exchanger 3 at the time of manufacturing the heat exchanger 3 flow out with the condensed water condensed in the heat exchanger 3, and corrode and harden the resin sheet 11. In addition, there is a problem that the cured resin sheet 11 is likely to be distorted, distorted and cracked due to a temperature difference during cooling and heating. Such a problem particularly occurs in the resin sheet 11 having a small thickness.
Accordingly, the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a drain pan with high corrosion resistance and a method for manufacturing the drain pan that can easily realize an inexpensive molding of the drain pan. is there.

In order to achieve the above object, the drain pan and the method for producing the drain pan of the present invention include at least a condensed water receiving member that directly receives the condensed water generated in the heat exchanger provided in the air conditioner body. The condensate receiving member is formed by a molding method for obtaining a hollow molded body.
As a molding method to obtain the above-mentioned hollow molded body, a hollow cylindrical molten resin called barison is extruded from the gap between the die and nozzle, and sandwiched between molds from the left and right, and then high-pressure air is injected into the cylinder. A blow molding method that molds by cooling and hardening, and a gas injection molding method that forms an air layer inside the wall by simultaneously injecting a gas such as nitrogen or air during the injection molding of the molten resin into the mold. It is done. According to such a molding method, unlike the vacuum molding method, there is an advantage that a molded body having a relatively large thickness and a molded body having a stable thickness can be molded.
In the present invention, by using the above blow molding method or gas injection molding method, a condensed water receiving member having an appropriate thickness and an appropriate rigidity is formed. Thereby, since the drain pan is molded by only one mold used for molding the drain pan main body, it is possible to suppress the mold cost. In addition, the material selection range is wider than the vacuum molding method used for molding resin sheets, so use materials that are resistant to corrosiveness to surfactants and other chemicals and that cannot be deformed by temperature differences due to hot and cold air. It becomes possible to mold the drain pan.

Here, the condensate receiving member is a hollow condensate receiving member in which a gas layer is formed inside the wall by a molding method for obtaining a hollow molded body such as the blow molding method or the gas injection molding method. It is desirable that it is formed by molding. Thereby, since a gas layer is formed in the thickness of the condensed water receiving member, a sufficient heat insulating effect can be obtained with the condensed water receiving member alone. In particular, according to the gas injection molding method, a hollow molded body having a thickness greater than that of the blow molding method can be obtained, so that it is not necessary to provide the heat insulating material.
Further, if the present invention simultaneously molds the two condensate receiving members by cutting the hollow hollow molded body molded by the molding method for obtaining the hollow molded body into two parts, a drain pan is provided. The production efficiency can be dramatically improved. In this molding method, the thickness can be increased compared to the vacuum molding method. Therefore, when a heat insulating material is provided around the condensed water receiving member, the thickness of the heat insulating material is more than that of the conventional method. Can be thinned.

In addition, if the condensed water discharge port for discharging condensed water received by the condensed water receiving member to the outside is formed by a molding method for obtaining the hollow molded body, it is possible to prevent leakage of condensed water as in the past. As a result, it is not necessary to perform complicated work for the manufacturing process, and as a result, the manufacturing efficiency can be improved.
In addition, since the condensed water receiving member having a thickness capable of processing a screw hole of a predetermined size is molded by a molding method for obtaining the hollow molded body, an accessory part, a wind direction changing plate such as a vertical louver, etc. It can be directly attached to the condensed water receiving member with a screw or the like. As a result, it is possible to eliminate a separate fixing member that has been conventionally required for mounting the vertical louver or the like. As a result, it is possible to reduce the number of parts and the manufacturing cost of the entire air conditioner. It becomes possible.
Moreover, if it is a drain pan manufactured by attaching a heat insulating material to parts other than the part which receives the said condensed water of the said condensed water receiving member, the heat radiation and heat absorption from a drain pan can be suppressed similarly to the past.

As described above, according to the present invention, by using a molding method such as the blow molding method or the gas injection molding method, a condensed water receiving member having an appropriate thickness and an appropriate rigidity can be formed. Can do. Thereby, since the drain pan is molded by only one mold used for the hollow molding, it is possible to suppress the mold cost. In addition, since the range of material selection is widened, it is possible to mold the drain pan with a material that can suppress the corrosion resistance against surfactants and other chemicals and the occurrence of deformation due to temperature differences caused by hot and cold air. .
In addition, because it is possible to secure the thickness and strength that can be attached to the condensate receiving member directly with screws etc., such as wind direction change plates such as accessory parts and vertical louvers, etc., separate parts conventionally required for installation This fixing member can be eliminated. As a result, it is possible to reduce the number of parts and the manufacturing cost in the entire air conditioner.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings so that the present invention can be understood. The following embodiment is an example embodying the present invention, and does not limit the technical scope of the present invention.
1 is an exploded view of the drain pan 20 according to the embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a molding of a dew pan 30 constituting the drain pan 20 by a blow molding method (an example of a molding method for obtaining a hollow molded body). FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the protrusion 61 formed by the blow molding method (enlarged view of the H portion in FIG. 2), FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of the drain outlet 34, and FIG. 30 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an insert-type drain discharge port 35 attached to 30, FIG. 6 is a view for explaining a method of attaching the vertical louver 4, and FIG. 7 is an external view and a cross-section of the air conditioner X in which a drain pan is installed. 8 and 8 are views showing the external appearance and cross-sectional structure of a conventional drain pan 10.

First, the schematic configuration of the drain pan 20 according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 1A is an exploded perspective view of the drain pan 20, and FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view of the dew tray 30. The drain pan 20 is applied to the above-described air conditioner X (see FIG. 7), is compatible with the conventional drain pan 10 (see FIG. 8), and has a larger external shape than the drain pan 10. There is no difference.
As shown in FIG. 1A, the drain pan 20 includes a dew tray 30 (corresponding to a condensed water receiving member) that directly receives condensed water generated in a heat exchanger provided in the air conditioner X. , And a heat insulating material 40 (40a to 40e) attached to a portion of the dew receiving tray 30 other than the receiving tray surface 31 that receives the condensed water. The dew tray 30 is provided with a drain discharge port 34 (corresponding to a condensed water discharge port) for discharging the received condensed water to the outside. The heat insulating material 40 is made of expanded polystyrene beads, expanded polyethylene, or the like, and is punched into a shape corresponding to the side surface, back surface, or bottom surface of the dew tray 30. Even if the heat insulating material 40 manufactured by such a simple method is used, since the thick dew tray 30 is molded as described later, a heat insulating effect (heat insulating effect) works on the dew pan 30 itself. There is no particular problem.

In the conventional drain pan 10 described above, the drain pan main body 12 which is a foamed molded body is responsible for its rigidity and heat insulating action, and the waterproof property of the condensed water is responsible for the thin sheet resin sheet 11. The dew tray 30 is responsible for the rigidity and waterproofness, and has a heat insulating function in combination with the heat insulating material 40. Therefore, the dew pan 30 is completely different from the conventionally used molding methods (vacuum molding method, foam molding method) so that the dew pan 30 alone has a sufficient thickness to function as a drain pan. Molded by law.
Here, as described above, the blow molding method is a known molding method in which high pressure air is injected into a ballison sandwiched between split molds. This blow molding method is known to be capable of molding a molded body having a thickness greater than that of the vacuum molding method described above, but is generally used exclusively for the production of hollow containers such as PET bottles and tanks. It has not been used in the manufacture of plate-like molded bodies such as drain pans. The present invention is characterized in that the dew tray 30 is molded using a blow molding method that has not been conventionally used. In the present embodiment, a method for molding the dew tray 30 by the blow molding method will be described. However, the blow molding method is merely an example of a molding method for obtaining a hollow molded body, The dew tray 30 may be formed by a gas injection molding method as another example.

Next, a method of molding the dew tray 30 constituting the drain pan 20 by a blow molding method will be described with reference to FIGS.
As the mold for the dew tray 30, as shown in FIG. 2, a two-part mold (left and right split mold) is used. Here, for convenience of explanation, the left mold in FIG. 2 is referred to as a left mold 50b, and the right mold is referred to as a right mold 50a.
The right mold 50a and the left mold 50b are configured as a single body and a male, and as shown in FIG. 2 (a), the shape of the dew receiving tray 30 is brought into close contact with each other by fitting the surfaces of the molds. Engaged. When the right mold 50 a and the left mold 50 b are engaged, an injection port 51 for injecting high-pressure air is formed on the upper surface of the mold 50. By injecting high-pressure air from the injection port 51, the internal cylindrical balison is pushed out to the molding surfaces of the right mold 50a and the left mold 50b, and a hollow molded body is molded. Any material can be used as the material of the barison as long as it is a thermoplastic resin. From the viewpoint of rigidity and waterproofness, PP (polypropylene) resin, ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) resin, etc. Is preferred. Further, since these resins are general-purpose products, they are preferable in terms of manufacturing cost. Further, it may be a resin containing an inorganic additive such as talc.

In the present embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 2 (a) and 2 (b), in the engaged state of the right mold 50a and the left mold 50b, the two dew trays 30 are turned upside down and each A hollow molded body 60 is molded by using a molding die 50 that is shaped so that the tray surface 31 faces each other. Then, the two dew trays 30 are simultaneously molded by cutting the molded body 60 into two parts.
Even if the molded body 60 is cut into two parts, the cutting operation is not easy. In this embodiment, one dew tray 30 is formed in each of the right mold 50a and the left mold 50b. A molding die 50 designed so that the molded body 60 can be divided at the engagement surfaces of the right die 50a and the left die 50b is used. Specifically, the mold as in the P portion in FIG. 2B is formed so that each of the right mold 50a and the left mold 50b is engaged to form a protrusion 61 on the engagement surface. The removed molding die 50 is used. By molding the molded body 60 using such a molding die 50, a protrusion 61 formed in a hollow U shape on the engagement surface between the right die 50a and the left die 50b is molded. Is done. Thus, by forming the protrusion 61, the two dew trays 30 can be obtained from the molded body 60 only by performing an easy operation of cutting the protrusion 61. If the protrusion 61 is formed in a thin plate shape having a thickness of about 1 mm, the operation is further facilitated. In this case, for example, the protrusion 61 can be removed together with the burr in a deburring process performed using an existing deburring machine.

Further, the dew receiving tray 30 is provided with a drain discharge port 34 for discharging condensed water to the outside as described above. This drain discharge port 34 is also integrated with the molded body 60 by the blow molding described above. Molded. However, since the molded body 60 is molded in a substantially sealed shape having an opening only at the injection port 51, the drain discharge port 34 is molded without being opened as shown in FIG. In this embodiment, in such a case, a notch 34a that facilitates cutting is formed in a predetermined cutting portion Q of the drain discharge port 34 so that the drain discharge port 34 can be easily opened. A molding die 50 that is molded in such a manner is used. As a result, the drain discharge port 34 can be easily opened.
In this way, since the dew tray 30 having an appropriate thickness and sufficient rigidity is molded by the blow molding method, since it has a certain degree of heat insulation effect, it is only necessary to affix the heat insulating material 40 auxiliary. There is no need to use a heat insulating material (for example, the drain pan main body 12 in FIG. 8) molded by a foam molding method or the like. Thereby, since the drain pan 20 is molded only with one mold, it is possible to suppress the mold cost. Furthermore, as described above, since the two dew trays 30 are molded simultaneously from one mold, production costs (running costs) can be suppressed.
In the present embodiment, the drain pan 20 including the dew tray 30 and the heat insulating material 40 has been described. For example, the wall thickness of the dew tray 30 is sufficiently secured (large), and the dew tray 30 alone is used. If the necessary heat insulating effect can be obtained, the drain pan may be constituted by the dew tray 30 alone without using the heat insulating material 40.
Further, in the present embodiment, the method of molding the dew tray 30 by the blow molding method has been described, but it has already been described that the dew tray 30 may be molded by a gas injection molding method. The same effect as described above can be expected even when the dew tray 30 is molded by the gas injection molding method. However, the cost of a normal injection mold is higher than that of a blow mold (generally, about twice that of a normal blow mold). More expensive than the mold for injection molding. For this reason, when two dew trays 30 are simultaneously molded from one mold, the blow molding method, which is cheaper than the gas injection molding method, is preferable. Although it is conceivable to mold the dew tray 30 by the normal injection molding method, in this case, only one dew tray 30 can be molded with one mold, and as shown in FIG. As described above, the dew pan 30 is substantially L-shaped and has a large undercut portion, so that the mold structure is complicated, and the conventional injection molding method is used in terms of not only cost but also durability and life. Then there is anxiety in practical use.
Further, in the present embodiment, an example has been described in which the molded body 60 molded using the two-divided mold 50 is divided into two and the two dew trays 30 are molded by one molding. One hollow dew tray 30 in which a gas layer is formed inside the wall thickness may be molded by a molding method for obtaining a hollow molded body. As a result, an air layer is formed in the wall thickness of the dew receiving tray 30, so that not only can the condensed water receiving member alone be expected to obtain a sufficient heat insulating effect, but also has high dimensional accuracy. A shape such as a boss 32b (see FIG. 6) described in Example 2 can be easily formed. In this case as well, the gas injection molding method is more expensive than the blow molding method as described above, but the mold cost can be increased, but the thickness can be increased, so that the auxiliary bonding is performed. Since the heat insulating material 40 can be dispensed with, it is preferable in that the component cost can be reduced.

Next, Example 1 of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. The drain outlet 34 of the dew receiving tray 30 in the above-described embodiment needs to be connected to a drain drain pipe (not shown) that guides condensed water to the outside. As this drain drain pipe, a flexible rubber hose or the like may be used, but a metal pipe or a resin pipe having no flexibility may be used. In such a case, the outer diameter of the drain outlet 34 is required to have a dimensional accuracy (fitting accuracy) of a certain level or more, but the above-described embodiment in which the molded body 60 is integrally molded by the blow molding method. In examples, sufficient dimensional accuracy may not be obtained.
For this reason, in the first embodiment, an insert type drain outlet 35 (see FIG. 5) is separately molded by a molding method different from the blow molding method and having a high dimensional accuracy such as an injection molding method. The drain discharge port 35 and the dew receiving tray 30 can be integrated with each other by mounting (inserting) this on the drain discharge location 35a of the dew receiving tray 30 molded by the blow molding method. The drain discharge port 35 is preferably made of the same material as the dew tray 30 in order to improve the adhesion to the dew tray 30 and to improve the effect of preventing the drain discharge port 35 from falling off. The drain discharge portion 35a is integrally molded in the same manner as the drain discharge port 34, and then the discharge port is opened by the same method as shown in FIG.

Next, Embodiment 2 of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. As described above, in the conventional drain pan 10 shown in FIG. 8, the drain pan main body 12 is molded from a foam, and the resin sheet 11 is molded into a thin sheet. Therefore, an accessory such as the vertical louver 4 is attached to the drain pan 10. The fixing member 13 was separately required for attaching to the head. This fixing member 13 needs to be embedded in the resin sheet 11 or the drain pan body 12 in order to firmly fix the vertical louver 4, and this work is very complicated.
Therefore, in the above-described embodiment, paying attention to the fact that the thick dew tray 30 is molded, a boss 32b for screwing the vertical louver 4 onto the dew tray 30 with a screw or the like by blow molding in advance. Is integrally molded with the molded body 60, and the screw holes are formed in the bosses 32b in a subsequent process, whereby the vertical louver 4 can be firmly attached directly with the screws 32a. In this case, the dew tray 30 needs to have a thickness that allows the boss 32b to be molded. However, since the dew plate 30 is molded by a blow molding method, the boss 32b can be molded. Can be secured sufficiently. As described above, it is an example in which the vertical louver 4 is directly screwed to the outer dew receiving tray 30 with the screw 32a if the boss 32b is not molded and the dew receiving tray 30 has a thickness that allows threading. May be.
Thus, since the dew tray 30 having a sufficient thickness for threading is formed by blow molding, the fixing member that has been conventionally required as a separate part can be eliminated. As a result, in the entire air conditioner It is possible to reduce the number of parts and the manufacturing cost.

The exploded view of the drain pan 20 which concerns on embodiment of this invention. The figure explaining the method of shape | molding the dew pan 30 which comprises the drain pan 20 by a blow molding method. The enlarged view of the projection part 61 shape | molded by the blow molding method (H part enlarged view of FIG. 2). The enlarged view of the drain outlet 34. FIG. The schematic cross section of the insert type drain discharge port 35 with which the said dew pan 30 was mounted | worn. The figure explaining the attachment method of the vertical louver. The figure which shows the external appearance and cross section of the air conditioner X in which the drain pan was installed. The figure which shows the external appearance and sectional structure of the conventional drain pan.

Explanation of symbols

X ... Air conditioner 1 ... Air inlet 2 ... Blower 3 ... Heat exchanger 4 ... Vertical louver 5 ... Horizontal louver 6 ... Air outlet 10 ... Drain pan 11 ... Resin sheet 12 ... Drain pan body 13 ... Fixing member 14 ... Drain discharge Outlet 20 ... Drain pan 30 ... Dew tray (an example of a condensed water receiving member)
31 ... Dish surface 34 ... Drain outlet (an example of condensed water outlet)
35 ... Insert type drain outlet (other examples of condensed water outlet)
40 ... Insulating material 50 ... Mold 51 ... Injection port 60 ... Molded body 61 ... Projection

Claims (8)

A drain pan comprising at least a condensed water receiving member for receiving condensed water generated in a heat exchanger provided inside the air conditioner body,
A drain pan for an air conditioner, wherein the condensed water receiving member is molded by a molding method for obtaining a hollow molded body. A method for producing a drain pan comprising at least a condensed water receiving member for directly receiving condensed water generated in a heat exchanger provided in an air conditioner body,
A method for producing a drain pan of an air conditioner, wherein the condensed water receiving member is molded by a molding method for obtaining a hollow molded body.   The method for producing a drain pan of an air conditioner according to claim 2, wherein one hollow condensate receiving member having a gas layer formed inside the thickness is molded by the molding method.   The method for producing a drain pan of an air conditioner according to claim 2, wherein the two condensate receiving members are simultaneously molded by cutting the hollow hollow molded body molded by the molding method into two parts.   The method for producing a drain pan of an air conditioner according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein a condensed water discharge port for discharging the condensed water to the outside is formed on the condensed water receiving member.   The method for producing a drain pan of an air conditioner according to any one of claims 2 to 5, wherein the condensed water receiving member having a thickness capable of processing a screw hole of a predetermined size by the molding method is molded.   The air according to any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein the drain pan is manufactured by attaching a heat insulating material to at least a portion other than the portion that receives the condensed water of the condensed water receiving member molded by the molding method. A method for producing a drain pan of a harmony machine.   The hollow molding method is a blow molding method in which a gas is blown into a molten cylindrical thermoplastic resin to mold the hollow molded body, or a gas is injected at the time of injection molding of the molten resin into a mold. The method for producing a drain pan of an air conditioner according to any one of claims 2 to 7, wherein the method is a gas injection molding method for molding a gas.

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