JP2006123701A - Loading platform elevating device - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a loading platform elevating device which prevents a sliding cylinder from becoming an obstacle for the elevating motion even when a sufficient bridging space cannot be ensured. <P>SOLUTION: A sprocket 157 is freely rotatably attached to both ends of a cylinder tube of the sliding cylinder 151 one end of which is connected with a car body side. A first chain 152a and a second chain 152b each of which keeps one end connected with a chain connecting member 158 which is fixed to the car body side are wound around the sprockets 157, and respective other ends of the first and second chains 152a and 152b are connected with a chain connecting member 160 which is movable together with a movable side supporting member 110 in the longitudinal direction of the car body. When the cylinder tube moves by a stretching/contracting motion, the second chain 152b generates a feeding for which the moving amount is magnified on the chain connecting member 160. As a result, a stroke S which is demanded to the sliding cylinder 151 becomes one half of a required moving amount L, and the sliding cylinder 151 can be made compact, and the sliding cylinder 151 does not become an obstacle for the elevating motion. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a slidable load receiving device lifting device mounted on a truck.

  The underfloor retractable load receiving device lifting device that is stored under the floor behind the lorry is slid rearward and extended when in use, and the load receiving platform is further developed. And from the state, a load receiving stand can be raised / lowered with a raising / lowering apparatus (for example, refer patent document 1). A slide cylinder is used as a drive source for the slide operation. Further, the lifting device includes an arm that forms a parallel link and a lift cylinder that drives the arm. The load receiving platform includes a main plate and a sub plate, and the sub plate can be folded on the main plate. Further, by folding the sub-plate on the main plate and further folding the sub-plate on the arm, the sub-plate can be folded into three stages (three stages) including the arm. Thus, by the structure folded in three steps, the length (the vehicle body longitudinal direction) of the load receiving platform lifting device in the retracted state can be made compact. Such a cargo receiving platform elevating device is manufactured separately from the vehicle main body, and the entire device can be attached to the vehicle body by mounting the stationary support member of the device on the vehicle body.

Japanese Patent No. 3342840 (page 8, FIGS. 1-7)

  The conventional load receiving table lifting device as described above is structured to be folded in three stages, so that the length in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle body is compact. Therefore, the slide cylinder necessary for the movement from the retracted position to the extended position is provided. The stroke is relatively short. On the other hand, when adopting a structure in which the main plate is stored while extending backward from the tip of the arm, that is, a two-stage folding structure in which only the sub-plate is folded and folded so as to be two-tiered with the main plate is adopted. The length of the load receiving table lifting device in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle body is longer than that in the case of three-stage folding. Therefore, a slide cylinder having a longer stroke than that in the case of three-stage folding is required. However, in the case of a vehicle that cannot sufficiently secure the space for mounting the load receiving platform lifting device in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle body, when the slide cylinder is extended for the longest (extension position), the rear end of the slide cylinder is the vehicle. It protrudes greatly behind the door and hinders the lifting operation.

  In view of the conventional problems as described above, it is an object of the present invention to provide a load receiving table lifting device in which a slide cylinder does not hinder the lifting operation even if a sufficient space for the bodywork cannot be secured.

The load receiving platform lifting apparatus according to the present invention includes a stationary support member attached to a vehicle body, a movable support member slidably attached to the stationary support member, and a lifting apparatus attached to the movable support member. A load receiving base attached to the lifting device, a slide cylinder having one end connected to the vehicle body and the other end moving by an expansion / contraction operation, and a movement amount generated by the expansion / contraction operation of the slide cylinder. It has a movable part which generates a large displacement in the moving direction, and includes a moving amount increasing means connected to the movable side support member at the movable part.
In the load receiving table lifting apparatus configured as described above, the stroke required for the slide cylinder is smaller than the actual slide amount of the movable support member by providing the movement amount increasing means. Therefore, the slide cylinder can be made compact, and even in the case of a vehicle in which a sufficient installation space cannot be secured, an arrangement in which the rear end portion of the slide cylinder does not protrude is possible.

In the load receiving table lifting device, the movement amount increasing means is rotatably attached to the first rotating body rotatably attached to one end side of the cylinder tube in the slide cylinder and to the other end side of the cylinder tube in the slide cylinder. One end is connected to the second rotating body, a fixed portion fixed to the vehicle body side, the first rotating member is wound around the other end of the first rotating body, and one end is connected to the movable portion. A second winding member connected and wound around the second rotating body and having the other end connected to the movable part may be provided.
In this case, by using, for example, a sprocket or pulley as the rotating body and a chain or wire as the winding member, the movement amount increasing means can be configured with a general-purpose member, so that an inexpensive configuration can be achieved.

Further, in the load receiving table lifting device, an overhang position adjusting device capable of adjusting the slide rear end position of the movable side support member in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle body may be provided.
In this case, if the slide rear end position is moved in the front-rear direction by the overhang position adjusting device, the height position of the load receiving table rising end can be changed. Thereby, even if the body position on the vehicle body side is constant, the rising end position of the load receiving platform can be adjusted to the height of the floor surface that differs depending on the vehicle type. Therefore, a common slide cylinder and movement amount increasing means can be used regardless of the vehicle type.

  According to the load receiving platform lifting apparatus of the present invention, the stroke required for the slide cylinder is smaller than the actual slide amount of the movable support member by providing the movement amount increasing means. Therefore, the slide cylinder can be made compact, and even in the case of a vehicle in which a sufficient installation space cannot be secured, an arrangement in which the rear end portion of the slide cylinder does not protrude is possible. That is, it is possible to provide a load receiving table lifting device in which the slide cylinder does not hinder the lifting operation.

  FIG. 1 is a side view of a cargo receiving platform lifting apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention in a state of being mounted on a vehicle body. This state represents a state in which the cargo receiving platform lifting apparatus 1 is stored under the floor of the vehicle body 2, that is, a travelable state. On the other hand, FIG. 2 shows a use state in which the load receiving platform lifting device 1 is slid backward from the state of FIG. 1 to reach a predetermined slide rear end position (extension position), and then the load receiving platform is unfolded and lifted. FIG.

  In FIG. 2, a pair of left and right fixed support members 100 provided in the vehicle width direction of the load receiving platform lifting / lowering device 1 are respectively mounted on a slide rail 101 extending horizontally in the front-rear direction and the frame 2 f of the vehicle body 2. And a plurality of (three in this example) brackets 102. FIG. 10 is a view of a vertical section of the rearmost bracket 102 in FIG. 2 as viewed from the rear side, and the slide rail 101 is an aluminum die-cast member having a cross-sectional shape as illustrated. The slide rail 101 and each bracket 102 are fastened by two bolts and nuts 103. A hollow guide portion 101a extending in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle body is formed below the inside of the slide rail 101, and a sliding member 112 that is firmly connected to the support plate 111 with a slight gap between the guide portion 101a and the inner wall surface. Is slidably mounted in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle body.

  Returning to FIG. 2, the pair of left and right support plates 111 pass through a connecting member 113 made of a square pipe extending horizontally in the vehicle width direction (note that the square pipes are stacked in three stages for reinforcement at both ends. Only one is installed in the vehicle width direction.) These are welded together. Other support plates 114 and 115 are integrally welded to the connecting member 113 outside the support plate 111 in the vehicle width direction. A pair of left and right support plates 114 and 115 are also provided. The support plate 111, the sliding member 112, the connecting member 113, and the support plates 114 and 115 constitute a movable side support member 110 that can slide in the vehicle longitudinal direction with respect to the fixed side support member 100.

  An auxiliary link 121 is rotatably attached to the support plate 114 within a certain range, and an upper arm 122 and a lift cylinder 123 are rotatably attached to the auxiliary link 121. The tip of the lift cylinder 123 is connected to a predetermined position of the upper arm 122, and applies torque to the upper arm 122 by an expansion / contraction operation. A lower arm 124 is rotatably attached to the support plate 115. The upper arm 122 and the lower arm 124 constitute a parallel link in which a quadrilateral connecting their fulcrums and action points forms a parallelogram, and the tip side thereof is moved up and down by the expansion and contraction of the lift cylinder 123. A stopper bolt 125 is attached to the upper arm 122 so that the protrusion length can be adjusted. The tip of the stopper bolt 125 abuts on the upper part of the support plate 114, and the upper end of the parallel link (upper arm 122 and lower arm 124) is used. The auxiliary link 121, the upper arm 122, the lift cylinder 123, the lower arm 124, and the stopper bolt 125 are provided in a pair on the left and right sides to constitute an arm type lifting device 120.

The load receiving stand 130 is horizontally attached to the tips of the upper arm 122 and the lower arm 124, and includes a main plate 131 and a sub plate 132 connected to the main plate 131 so as to be foldable and unfoldable. When stored, the sub plate 132 is folded on the main plate 131. In use, the sub plate 132 is unfolded, and a continuous receiving surface from the main plate 131 to the sub plate 132 is formed.
Further, a roller mounting plate 141 is attached to each of the pair of left and right support plates 111 so as to protrude rearward, and a guide roller 142 is rotatably attached to the rear end thereof. The tip of the sub plate 132 can be placed on the guide roller 142.

  Next, a slide mechanism not shown in FIG. 2 will be described. FIG. 3 is a plan view of the slide mechanism 150. The slide mechanism 150 is located between the left and right slide rails 101 in the vehicle width direction and extends in the front-rear direction of the vehicle body. The slide rail 101 is attached at substantially the same height. Main members constituting the slide mechanism 150 are a slide cylinder 151 and a chain 152. A support shaft 153 is attached to the end of the slide cylinder 151 on the rod side so as to be T-shaped. The support shaft 153 is attached to the mounting plate 154 so as to be rotatable around the axis with the vehicle width direction as an axial direction. The mounting plate 154 is fixed to the cross member 104 installed on the pair of left and right slide rails 101.

  4 and 5 are a plan view and a side view, respectively, showing only the main part of the slide mechanism 150. In each figure, (a) shows a state in which the slide cylinder 151 is most contracted, and (b) shows a predetermined state. This shows a state in which the extension operation has been performed up to the position. In (a) of each figure, sprocket support portions 155 and 156 are provided at both front and rear ends (outside of both ends) of the cylinder tube of the slide cylinder 151, and two rows of sprockets 157 (FIG. 5) rotate. It is attached freely. A chain 152 is stretched between the front and rear sprockets 157 in two rows.

  Specifically, as shown in FIG. 5, each chain 152 includes a first chain 152a (first winding member) and a second chain 152b (second winding member), and one end of each chain 152 is a chain. The connecting member 158 is connected. Further, the first chain 152 a is wound around the front (left side) sprocket 157 (first rotating body), and the other end is fixed to the chain connecting member 160. The second chain 152b is wound around a rear (right) sprocket 157 (second rotating body), and the other end is fixed to the chain connecting member 160.

  The chain connecting member 158 is fastened to the cover 159. Further, the cover 159 is connected to the mounting plate 154 at the front end thereof. Therefore, even if the slide cylinder 151 is expanded and contracted, the chain connecting member 158 does not move back and forth and is fixed at the position shown in the figure. That is, the chain connecting member 158 is a fixed portion fixed to the vehicle body side. On the other hand, the chain connecting member 160 is fixed to the connecting member 113 of the lifting device 120 (FIG. 2). Therefore, the chain connecting member 160 is a movable part, and if the chain connecting member 160 moves back and forth, the elevating device 120 performs a sliding operation. The chain 152 configured in this manner forms a loop so as to surround the cylinder tube of the slide cylinder 151 when viewed from the side (FIG. 5).

  When the slide cylinder 151 starts the extending operation from the state of FIG. 5A, the cylinder tube tends to move backward (rightward in the drawing). As a result, the front and rear sprockets 157 rotate counterclockwise, and the lower half of the chain 152 is fed backward. Accordingly, the chain connecting member 160 is also sent backward. The amount of movement at this time is double the amount of extension of the slide cylinder 151, and feed with doubled stroke is realized. That is, the moving amount L until the movable side support member 110 finally stops at the predetermined rear end position is twice the stroke S. Similarly, when the slide cylinder 151 is contracted, the forward feed with the contraction amount doubled is realized.

  As described above, the chain 152 wound around the sprocket 157 via the two chain connecting members 158 and 160 has the chain connecting member 158 as a fixed portion and the chain connecting member 160 as a movable portion. The moving amount increasing means M is configured to generate a displacement larger than the moving amount in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle body based on the moving amount generated by the telescopic operation. Thereby, the stroke required for the slide cylinder 151 becomes smaller than the actual slide amount of the movable support member 110 and the like. Therefore, the slide cylinder 151 can be made compact, and the rear end of the slide cylinder 151 does not protrude rearward even in the case of a vehicle in which a sufficient installation space in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle body cannot be secured. That is, it is possible to provide a load receiving table lifting device in which the slide cylinder 151 does not hinder the lifting operation. In the structure of this embodiment, the amount of movement is twice the stroke, but the magnification is not limited to 2, and basically only needs to be larger than 1.

  Next, the operation of the load receiving table lifting apparatus configured as described above will be briefly described. First, the stowage lifting / lowering device 1 in the retracted state shown in FIG. 1 is slid rearward by the slide mechanism 150 and retracted to a predetermined retracted end. When the lift cylinder 123 is contracted from here, the upper arm 122 and the lower arm 124 descend and land as shown by the solid line in FIG. At this time, the main plate 131 is horizontal, and the tip of the sub plate 132 is on the guide roller 142. Next, the sub-plate 132 is raised by hand and laid down horizontally. In this way, the cargo receiving platform 130 is deployed horizontally. In this state, when the lift cylinder 123 is extended, the load receiving base 130 can be raised to the rising end position shown in the drawing while keeping the load receiving stand 130 horizontal. At this time, the stopper bolt 125 is in contact with the support plate 114.

  Further, if the lift cylinder 123 is contracted from the ascending end position, the load receiving table 130 can be lowered to the original position. When the lift cylinder 123 is further contracted after the lower arm 124 has landed, the load receiving base 130 is tilted by the action of the auxiliary link 121 so as to lower its tip, and it is easy to load and unload the load along the ground. become able to. In order to store the load receiving table 130, the sub-plate 132 is erected from the state where the lower arm 124 is landed and the load receiving table 130 is horizontal, and is further put on the guide roller 142. Next, the upper arm 122 and the lower arm 124 are raised, and the sub plate 132 is folded on the main plate 131. Then, the slide mechanism 150 is operated, and the movable side support member 110, the elevating device 120, and the load receiving table 130 are drawn to the storage position, and the state shown in FIG. 1 is obtained.

  Next, the structure of the overhang position adjusting device 50 that defines the slide retreat position in the slide operation will be described. FIG. 6 is an enlarged side view of the vicinity of the slide rail 101 with the lifting device 120 and the load receiving table 130 omitted from FIG. FIG. 9B is an enlarged view of the IX portion of this figure, and FIG. 9A is a plan view thereof. 9 and 10, a rectangular parallelepiped adjusting member 51 is attached to a predetermined position behind the slide rail 101 by a pair of bolts and nuts 52 penetrating therethrough. The bolt head 52a of the bolt / nut 52 is inserted into a groove 101b (FIG. 10) formed through the side surface of the slide rail 101 in the front-rear direction. When the nut 52b is tightened, the adjustment member 51 is moved to the slide rail 101. The nut 52b can be loosened and moved back and forth. Thus, the slide rail 101 that slidably supports the movable support member 110 via the support plate 111 is also used to support the adjustment member 51. Therefore, it is not necessary to provide a dedicated member separately for supporting the adjusting member 51, and the cost is reduced accordingly.

  In FIG. 9, the front side surface of the adjustment member 51 is provided with a stopper bolt 53 and a bolt 55 that is a detection dog of the proximity sensor 54 (hatched for convenience of identification with 53). It is attached to the front side with adjustable protrusion length. On the other hand, a stopper member 57 is attached to the support plate 114 with bolts and nuts 56. The stopper member 57 is integrally formed with a contact portion 57a with the stopper bolt 53 (see also FIG. 10).

In the overhang position adjusting device 50 described above, the movable side support member 110 (FIG. 2) slides rearward and the contact portion 57 a of the stopper member 57 attached to the support plate 114 contacts the stopper bolt 53. Will stop the slide. Therefore, the slide rear end position can be variably defined by adjusting the position of the adjustment member 51 back and forth. Further, since the rear end position of the slide can be adjusted simply by moving and fixing the adjusting member 51 to a desired position in this way, the positioning operation of the overhanging position of the load receiving platform lifting / lowering device 1 is easy.
1 is slid rearward from the retracted state of FIG. 1, and when the contact portion 57a contacts the stopper bolt 53, the proximity sensor 54 detects the bolt 55. Based on this detection signal, the extension operation of the slide cylinder 151 is stopped, and the contraction operation of the lift cylinder 123, which is the next operation, is performed. That is, the proximity sensor 54 detects the timing when the operation of the lift cylinder 123 starts from the slide operation.

  In order to mount the load receiving table elevating device 1 having the overhang position adjusting device 50 as described above on the vehicle body, the position of the frame 102f to which the bracket 102 is fixed (welded or bolted) is adjusted each time. There is no need to do so, and the bracket 102 may be fixed at a fixed position for all vehicle types. Therefore, as the position adjustment becomes unnecessary, the bodywork is facilitated. The overhang position adjusting device 50 is adjusted in advance to a predetermined position according to the vehicle type.

After the bracket 102 is fixed, the support device (lift or the like) is removed, and the movable support member 110 is slid to the rear end position defined by the overhang position adjusting device 50 as shown in FIG. At this rear end position, the position of the overhang position adjusting device 50 is adjusted such that the target position P1 for position adjustment exists on the trajectory T of the front end portion of the ascending load receiving base 130. This target position is a position where the load receiving surface of the load receiving stand 130 is at the same height as the floor surface of the vehicle body 2 and both are close to a predetermined gap. Then, when the load receiving table 130 is raised by the lifting device 120 and the stopper bolt 125 comes into contact with the support plate 114, the protruding length of the stopper bolt 125 is adjusted so that the front end portion of the load receiving table 130 is at the point P1.
Here, if it is not possible to accurately adjust to the desired position only by adjusting the protrusion length of the stopper bolt 125, the overhanging position adjusting device 50 is finely adjusted in the front-rear direction, and the slide rear end position of the movable support member 110 is adjusted. Can be adjusted to the desired rising end position.

  FIG. 8 is a side view showing a state in which the same load receiving platform lifting / lowering device 1 is mounted on a vehicle type at a position where the floor surface of the vehicle body is higher than the vehicle type shown in FIG. Also in this case, the fixing position of the bodywork bracket 102 with respect to the frame 2f is the same. Therefore, as the position adjustment becomes unnecessary, the bodywork is facilitated. On the other hand, the overhang position adjusting device 50 is adjusted in advance to a predetermined position behind the vehicle type in FIG.

After the bracket 102 is fixed, similarly, as shown in FIG. 8, the movable side support member 110 is slid to the rear end position defined by the overhang position adjusting device 50. At the rear end position, the position of the overhang position adjusting device 50 is adjusted so that the position adjustment target position P2 exists on the trajectory T of the front end portion of the rising load receiving table 130. Then, the load receiving table 130 is raised by the lifting device 120, and when the stopper bolt 125 contacts the support plate 114, the protruding length of the stopper bolt 125 is adjusted so that the front end portion of the load receiving table 130 is at the point P2.
If the adjustment of the protrusion length of the stopper bolt 125 cannot be adjusted accurately to the desired position, the overhang position adjusting device 50 is finely adjusted in the front-rear direction to adjust the slide rear end position of the movable support member 110. If the adjustment is made, the load receiving table 130 can be adjusted to a desired rising end position.
Note that the range of movement in the front-rear direction of the overhang position adjusting device 50 depending on the vehicle model reaches, for example, about 170 mm at the maximum, but according to the overhang position adjusting device 50 as described above, such a large range can be easily adjusted. Can be realized.

  As described above, in the load receiving table elevating device 1 provided with the overhang position adjusting device 50, if the slide rear end position is moved in the front-rear direction by the overhang position adjusting device 50, the height position of the load receiving table rising end is set. Can be changed. Thereby, even if the mounting position on the vehicle body side is constant, the rising end position of the load receiving platform 130 can be adjusted to the height of the floor surface that varies depending on the vehicle type. Therefore, the common slide cylinder 151 and movement amount increasing means M can be used regardless of the vehicle type.

In addition, although the movement amount increase means M in the said embodiment is comprised using the sprocket 157 and the chain 152, it may replace with these and may use a pulley and a wire, or a pulley and a leaf chain.
Moreover, in the said embodiment, although the sprocket support parts 155 and 156 were provided in the outer side of the both ends of the cylinder tube in the slide cylinder 151, these can also be provided in the side part near the both ends of a cylinder tube. However, since the movable range of the chain connecting member 160, which is a movable part, is restricted by the sprocket 157, the sprocket support portions 155, 156 are provided outside the both ends of the cylinder tube in order to make the most of the stroke of the slide cylinder 151. Is preferably provided.

  In addition, the configuration of the movable side support member 110 in the load receiving platform elevating device 1 of the above embodiment is an example, and there may be other various configurations (for example, a configuration in which the slide rail 101 and the support plate 111 are not used). Regardless of the configuration of the support member 110, the slide mechanism 150 including the slide cylinder 151 and the movement amount increasing means M can be applied.

  Moreover, although the load receiving platform lifting / lowering device 1 according to the above embodiment uses the two-folded (two-layered) load receiving stand 130 of the main plate 131 and the sub plate 132, the load receiving stand has a three-stage folded structure. It may be.

It is a side view of the load receiving table raising / lowering device by one Embodiment of this invention of the state mounted by the vehicle main body. It is a side view which shows the use state which expands and raises / lowers a load receiving stand, after sliding the whole load receiving stand raising / lowering apparatus back from the state of FIG. 1 and making it reach | attain a predetermined slide rear end position (extension position). It is a top view of the slide mechanism in the said load receiving table raising / lowering apparatus. It is a top view which shows only the principal part of the said slide mechanism, (a) shows the state which the slide cylinder contracted most, (b) has shown the state which extended | stretched to the predetermined position. It is a side view which shows only the principal part of the said slide mechanism, (a) shows the state which the slide cylinder contracted most, (b) has shown the state which extended | stretched to the predetermined position. It is the side view which abbreviate | omitted the raising / lowering device and the receiving stand from FIG. 2, and expanded the slide rail vicinity. It is a side view of the state which mounts a load receiving stand raising / lowering device and adjusts the rising end position of a load receiving stand. FIG. 8 is a side view of a state in which the load receiving table lifting device is mounted on the vehicle type at a position where the floor surface is higher than the vehicle body shown in FIG. 7 to adjust the rising end position of the load receiving table. (B) is the figure which expanded the IX part of FIG. 6, (a) is the top view. It is the figure which looked at the perpendicular cross section of the last bracket in FIG. 2 from the back side.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Cargo stand raising / lowering device 2 Car body 50 Overhang position adjusting device 51 Adjustment member 100 Fixed side support member 110 Movable side support member 120 Lifting device 130 Load receiving stand 151 Slide cylinder 152 Chain 152a First chain (first winding member)
152b Second chain (second winding member)
157 Sprocket (first rotating body, second rotating body)
158 Chain connecting member (fixed part)
160 Chain connecting member (movable part)
M Movement amount increasing means

Claims (3)

A fixed-side support member attached to the vehicle body;
A movable support member slidably attached to the fixed support member;
A lifting device attached to the movable support member;
A receiving platform attached to the lifting device;
A slide cylinder in which one end is connected to the vehicle body and the other end is moved by an expansion / contraction operation;
A moving amount increasing means connected to the movable side support member at the movable portion, the movable portion having a movable portion that generates a displacement larger than the moving amount in the moving direction based on the moving amount generated by the expansion and contraction operation of the slide cylinder. A cargo receiving platform lifting device characterized by that. The moving amount increasing means is
A first rotating body rotatably attached to one end side of a cylinder tube in the slide cylinder;
A second rotating body rotatably attached to the other end side of the cylinder tube in the slide cylinder;
A first winding member having one end connected to a fixed part fixed to the vehicle body side, winding the first rotating body, and the other end connected to the movable part;
The load receiving table lifting device according to claim 1, further comprising: a second winding member having one end connected to the fixed part, winding the second rotating body, and the other end connected to the movable part.   The load receiving table elevating device according to claim 1, further comprising an overhang position adjusting device capable of adjusting a slide rear end position of the movable side support member in a longitudinal direction of the vehicle body.

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