JP2006054194A - Battery - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an alkaline primary battery and an alkaline secondary battery in which discharge voltage hardly drops and which are of long life and low cost. <P>SOLUTION: In the primary alkaline battery in which a positive electrode current collector 397, a powder active material and an electrolyte solvent 395 of a positive electrode, an ion permeable separator 391, a powder active material and an electrolyte solvent 394 of a negative electrode, and a negative electrode current collector 396 are arranged in this order, a metal carbide or a mixture of the metal carbide and this metal is used as the negative electrode active material. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a battery, a device or apparatus having the battery as a part of the structure, a region-distributed power generation method, and a power generation apparatus thereof, and more particularly, can store large power composed of powdered active material. Three-dimensional structure battery, apparatus or device having the battery as a part of structure, long-life alkaline primary battery and alkaline secondary battery in which discharge voltage is difficult to decrease, motorcycles, motor tricycles, motor vehicles, ships The present invention relates to a region-distributed power generation method that uses the power of transportation and transportation means, and the power generation apparatus.

  Although the present invention relates to a battery, the problems to be solved by the present invention can be roughly divided into the following five problems in relation to the prior art.

That is, the first problem is to provide a battery that has improved the drawbacks of a conventional battery having a structure in which an active material occupying a certain volume such as a plate, a column, or a cylinder is immersed in an electrolyte solution, The third problem is to provide a three-dimensional battery with a large power capacity that is practically impossible with conventional batteries, and the third problem is the practical use of a three-dimensional structure battery that is a solution to the first or second problem. The fourth problem is to provide a long-life alkaline primary battery or alkaline secondary battery in which the discharge voltage is difficult to decrease, and the fifth problem is to use a battery having a three-dimensional structure. It is an object of the present invention to provide a regionally distributed power generation method and a power generation apparatus thereof. Hereinafter, the first to fifth problems will be sequentially described in comparison with the prior art.
1. Conventional Technology and First Problem Conventionally, a battery has a structure in which an active material is immersed in an electrolyte solution in the form of a plate, a column, or a cylinder. A plate-shaped electrolyte plate is sandwiched between the cathode and the anode to form a laminated structure. For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a method and apparatus for continuously generating power by thermally or chemically regenerating a discharged battery material by using the combustion heat of fossil fuel.

However, the conventional battery has the following problems.
(1) Scale-up is impossible.

The current flowing through the battery is proportional to the membrane area. For example, if there is a battery of 1 W with a membrane area of 1 m ² , an area of 1 billion m ² is required to make it 1 million kW. This is about 32 km square when square, and it is practically impossible to make a flange or the like. Also, even if the number of films is increased, it is impossible to scale up.
(2) Cannot cope with deterioration of active material and catalyst.

In conventional batteries, active materials and catalysts are also used as battery structural materials. If the batteries deteriorate, the entire battery can only be replaced, but in reality it cannot be replaced. Has been.
(3) A heat transfer body corresponding to heat generation and heat absorption associated with charge / discharge cannot be installed.

There is heat generation and heat absorption associated with charging and discharging of the battery, power conversion efficiency decreases when the temperature rises, and conversely, the reaction speed becomes slow when the temperature becomes low. It is necessary to adjust the temperature appropriately. However, since the structure of the conventional battery is complicated, no heat transfer body is installed. In addition, since the battery is small and the battery surface area is small with respect to the output, it is a system in which the battery is allowed to cool naturally or it absorbs heat. In addition, there is an example in which an upper limit temperature is set using a thermal fuse or the like, but no temperature control device is installed.
(4) The energy density is small.

In conventional batteries, the current is proportional to the membrane area. Thus, for example, the area of the membrane in the battery of 1W at 1 m ^2, when making the battery of 1000 kW, the area of the film becomes necessary film-like battery 1,000,000 width 0.1m at 1 m ^2, the 100000 ³ It becomes large and the energy density cannot be increased.

The first invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned points, and the first problem to be solved by the first invention is to constitute a battery in which the active material is powdered and the powder is placed in a container. By providing a battery that can be scaled up, can be used to regenerate or replace a deteriorated active material / catalyst, install a heat transfer element in the battery, and increase the energy density There is to do.
2. Conventional Technology and Second Problem Conventionally, a battery has a structure in which an active material is shaped into a predetermined shape such as a plate shape, a columnar shape, or a cylindrical shape and immersed in an electrolyte solution, and an electrolyte plate is interposed between a positive electrode and a negative electrode. Is sandwiched between layers. That is, the stacking of the nickel-metal hydride battery or the like is performed by closely contacting the current collector 431, the positive electrode 432, the separator 433, the negative electrode 434, and the current collector 435 as shown in FIG. This example is described in Patent Document 2, for example. The battery described in this document includes a plurality of unit cells (unit cells) each having a positive electrode mainly composed of nickel hydroxide, a negative electrode mainly composed of a hydrogen storage alloy, a separator composed of a polymer nonwoven fabric, and an electrolytic solution composed of an alkaline aqueous solution. The batteries are connected in series and housed in a metal rectangular container, and the opening is sealed with a sealing plate having a reversible vent.

The conventional battery 430 including the structure described above has a membrane structure (two-dimensional). When the capacity of the battery 430 is increased, the battery 430 is extended and wound as shown in FIG. The unit batteries 430 are connected in parallel as shown in FIG. 51, or a plurality of electrode plates 436 are interposed in a large number of unit batteries 430 as shown in FIG. 52, and wiring 437 connected to each electrode plate 436 is connected to the battery. Generally, these electrodes are extracted and connected to an electrode plate 438 having a different polarity of another unit cell to form a laminated structure. However, the conventional batteries shown in FIGS. 49 to 52 have the following disadvantages.
(1) There is a limit to scale-up.

That is, the conventional battery has a membrane structure (two-dimensional), and the current flowing through the battery is proportional to the area of the membrane. For example, if 1 W of power is generated in an area of 1 m ² , Requires an area of (100 × 100) m ² . Thus, it is conceivable to increase the number of films or to wrap the film in an enlarged manner, but in any case, the size becomes enormous and difficult to put into practical use. Therefore, as a result, the batteries must be connected in parallel, and the overall structure becomes complicated.
(2) The manufacturing cost associated with the increase in capacity is extremely high.

That is, in order to increase the capacity, it is necessary to proportionally increase the area of the film in a battery having a membrane structure, and the manufacturing cost increases proportionally as the battery capacity increases. For this reason, the merit on manufacturing cost by scaling up is lost.
(3) It cannot cope with battery deterioration.

That is, since the active material is fixed in the form of a plate or a column as a constituent member of the battery, it is necessary to replace the entire battery because only the active material cannot be replaced when it deteriorates.
(4) When the batteries are connected in series, the device cost and the loss of resistance energy at the connection are large. That is, for example, when a plurality of 1.6V to 2.0V batteries are connected to obtain a high voltage such as 100V, the batteries must be connected with an electric wire or the like, which increases the work cost. In addition, heat loss due to current passing through the connecting portion occurs, resulting in energy loss.

The second invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned points. The second problem to be solved by the second invention is that the battery structure is increased when the battery capacity is increased by making the structure of the battery three-dimensional. It is an object of the present invention to provide a stacked three-dimensional battery that can cope with an increase in volume (cell) and produces various merits associated with scale-up.
3. Prior Art and Third Problem Generally, in various devices and apparatuses, as described in detail in the following embodiments of the present invention, the space in the apparatus or device is often not effectively used.

Accordingly, a third problem to be solved by the third invention is a practical use of a three-dimensional battery in which the three-dimensional structure battery according to the first or second invention is configured as a part of various devices or apparatuses. It is to provide an effective use.
4). Prior Art and Fourth Problem A practical battery is a special battery consisting of a primary battery that cannot be repeatedly charged and discharged, a secondary battery that can be repeatedly charged and discharged, a physical battery (for example, a solar battery), and a biological battery (for example, an enzyme battery) It can be roughly divided into batteries and fuel cells.

  The fourth problem is to improve the drawbacks of the alkaline primary battery and alkaline secondary battery among these practical batteries.

  The battery is composed of three main components, a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and an electrolyte. At the time of discharging, at the negative electrode, electrons are released to the external circuit by an electrochemical reaction and are themselves oxidized. At the positive electrode, electrons are received from the external circuit by an electrochemical reaction and are themselves reduced, and the electrolyte Is ion-conductive and serves as an ion transfer medium between the negative electrode and the positive electrode during an electrochemical reaction. Thus, since an oxidation reaction occurs at the negative electrode during the discharge and a reduction reaction occurs at the positive electrode, as the negative electrode material, a reduced product (non-oxide) such as a hydrogen storage alloy, cadmium, iron, zinc, lead is used, An oxide is used as the positive electrode material.

For example, an alkaline manganese battery in an alkaline primary battery generally uses manganese dioxide and carbon as a positive electrode active material, uses zinc as a negative electrode active material, and uses potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide solution as an electrolyte. It is. According to this alkaline manganese battery, the reaction proceeds as follows.
(Negative electrode) Zn + 4OH ⁻ → Zn (OH) ₄ ²⁻ + 2e ⁻
(Positive electrode) MnO ₂ + H ₂ O + e ⁻ → MnOOH + OH ⁻
In addition, a nickel-cadmium storage battery, which is a typical alkaline secondary battery, uses nickel hydroxide and carbon as a positive electrode active material, cadmium as a negative electrode active material, and a potassium hydroxide solution as an electrolyte. It is common. According to this nickel-cadmium storage location, the reaction proceeds as follows.

In the above formula, a right arrow indicates a discharge reaction, and a left arrow indicates a charge reaction. As is apparent from the above equation, a hydroxide such as zinc hydroxide or cadmium hydroxide is generated by the discharge reaction at the negative electrode. As a function required for the electrode, it is important to have a certain mechanical strength and corrosion resistance in a use potential region, but a particularly important function is excellent conductivity.

  However, since metal oxides and metal hydroxides generally have high specific resistance and poor conductivity, conventionally, positive electrode materials using metal oxides as active materials have been made of conductive materials such as carbon, zinc, and cobalt. What mixed the material as a conductive support agent was used. However, since a single metal is used for the negative electrode active material in order to promote the oxidation reaction, the conductivity is lowered by the chemical change of the metal into a metal oxide or metal hydroxide by discharge. Therefore, in order to increase the conductivity, a pellet-like material in which a conductive material such as carbon powder, nickel powder or cobalt powder is mixed with a metal such as zinc as the negative electrode active material is used, or it is made of a metal such as zinc. It has been proposed to use a negative electrode current collector obtained by pressure-bonding the conductive material.

  However, the pressure-bonding process and the granulation process for obtaining a pellet-like product are complicated and increase the manufacturing cost.

The fourth invention has been made in view of the above points, and the fourth problem to be solved by the fourth invention is that even if the discharge proceeds, it exhibits good discharge characteristics (the discharge voltage is unlikely to decrease). Another object of the present invention is to provide a low-cost alkaline primary battery and alkaline secondary battery that have a long lifetime.
5. Conventional Technology and Fifth Problem Conventional regional distributed power generation systems generate hot and cold air, hot water, and steam using the secondary energy generated by power generation, and supply steam energy and heat energy. This is a fixed cogeneration system. Moreover, solar power generation, wind power generation, etc. are utilized for such a regional distributed cogeneration facility.

  Further, as a conventional technique, it is known to charge a battery of an electric vehicle using a solar cell installed in a house.

  Patent Document 3 discloses a technique for charging a battery of an electric vehicle by a fuel cell power generation system that is grid-connected with a commercial power source.

  In order to spread the regional decentralized cogeneration system, it is necessary to install power generation facilities in each home and office. However, power generation equipment is expensive, and when purchased for home use, it takes a long time to obtain economic effects due to the difference from the purchase price of power. As described above, installing power generation facilities for home use and office use is expensive and cannot be profitable if not used for a long time, making it difficult to spread a regional distributed cogeneration system. For example, in the case of photovoltaic power generation, an attempt was made to promote the spread with half of the equipment cost as a national burden, but it still did not hold economically, resulting in a large budget.

  The fifth invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned points, and the fifth problem to be solved by the fifth invention is to stop installing only fixed power generation facilities for home use and office use. By using the power generation system originally installed in automobiles, etc., which is originally used as a means of transportation and transportation, for home use and office use, the equipment cost can be reduced by making the transportation equipment and private power generation equipment common. An object of the present invention is to provide an area-distributed power generation method and a power generation apparatus that can greatly reduce the power generation capacity and can perform cogeneration even if there is no power generation facility in a home or office.

The technology of using fixed power generation facilities such as solar power generation for charging transportation / transportation means such as automobiles is well known, but the power generated by transportation / transportation means such as automobiles is fixed for household use. There is no technology that can be used in power generation facilities.
JP-A-7-169513 JP-A-9-298067 JP-A-6-225406

1. 1st invention The battery of 1st invention for solving a 1st subject is an electrolyte solution and an electron in one container of two containers connected through the member through which an ion passes but does not allow an electron to pass through. The collector of the active material to be discharged is loaded, the powder of the active material that absorbs the electrolyte solution and the electrons is loaded into the other container, and the current collection of the conductor that is in contact with the powder as the active material in the two containers The apparatus is provided (see FIG. 1).

  In the battery of the first invention, as will be described later, the active material in the electrolyte solution in the two containers is efficiently contacted between the active material powders and the active material powder and the conductive device. It is preferable that at least one of fluidized fluid dispersion means and stirring means by liquid or gas for fluidizing the powder is connected to or provided in the two containers (FIGS. 2 to 2). 12).

  In the battery of the first invention, the current collector in contact with the powder that is the active material can have any one of a rod shape, a plate shape, and a tubular shape (see FIGS. 1 to 4).

  In the battery according to the first aspect of the present invention, the current collector that is in contact with the powder that is the active material is connected to the fluidized fluid dispersion means and the stirring means that use the liquid or gas to fluidize the powder that is the active material in the container. It can be combined with at least one of the means (see FIGS. 5 and 6).

  In the batteries of the first invention, as described later, it is preferable to provide a heat transfer body for keeping the reaction temperature in the batteries constant in the two containers. As the heat transfer body, either a tubular current collector or a plate-shaped current collector that is in contact with the powder as the active material can be used (see FIGS. 8 and 9).

  Further, in the batteries of these first inventions, as will be described later, in each of the two containers, an extraction means for extracting the deteriorated active material powder from the container and the active material powder in the container. It is preferable to connect supply means for supplying (see FIGS. 10 and 11).

  In this case, the extraction means is connected with at least one of a regeneration means for regenerating the extracted active material powder and a makeup means for replenishing the active material powder, and is regenerated. Or the powder of the newly replaced active material can be supplied into a container from a supply means (refer FIG. 10).

  Further, the extraction means is connected to a reaction means for changing the extracted active material powder into a charged powder by a thermal reaction or a chemical reaction, and the charged active material powder is supplied from the supply means. It can be made to supply in a container (refer FIG. 11).

  In these batteries of the first invention, the negative electrode side active material powder is a hydrogen storage alloy powder, and the positive electrode side active material powder is nickel hydroxide powder. (See FIG. 7).

  In the batteries of the first invention, the negative electrode side active material powder is a hydrogen storage alloy powder, the gas introduced into the negative electrode fluidizing fluid dispersion means is hydrogen, and the positive electrode side The active material powder may be nickel hydroxide powder, and the gas introduced into the fluidizing fluid dispersion means on the positive electrode side may be oxygen or air (see FIG. 12).

According to the battery of the first invention, even if the active material powder is not fluidized or there is no facility for fluidizing the active material powder, it has charge / discharge characteristics superior to those of conventional batteries, The specific effect will be described in detail in the embodiments of the invention described later, and the points of improvement are as follows.
(1) Scale up is possible.

  The current flowing through the battery is proportional to the surface area of the reactant. Therefore, when a battery is made from powdered active material, a battery in which the powder is placed in a container is formed. That is, when a battery is made from powdered active material, the battery structure becomes three-dimensional. For example, if the battery is 1 liter and 1 W, the lm cube becomes 1 kW and the 10 m cube becomes 1000 kW and 100 m cube. If it does, it becomes a battery of 1 million kW, and scale-up is possible.

In addition, when the battery is made from the active material as powder, the merit of scale is exhibited. For example, if the conventional battery is 1 kW and 100,000 yen, 1 million kW will be required to make 1 million kW, which will be 100 billion yen. The effect of reducing the production unit price is demonstrated, and it can be made for about 100 million yen.
(2) It is possible to regenerate or replace a deteriorated active material / catalyst.

  When the powder of the active material and the catalyst is deteriorated, it is extracted and regenerated, replaced with a new active material and a catalyst, or returned to a charged state by a thermal reaction or a chemical reaction and supplied again. For example, the powder of the active material and the catalyst is extracted from the container as a slurry together with the electrolyte solution, separated from the electrolyte solution, regenerated or newly added, etc., and mixed with the electrolyte solution again to form a slurry. The slurry pump supplies the battery.

For example, a conventional battery is a small battery that can be recharged about 500 times, and a large battery that has a continuous operation time of about 8000 hours. Since the active material and the catalyst are always kept at the highest level, the life of the battery becomes the life of the battery equipment, which has the effect of extending the life of the battery from about 50 times to about 100 times.
(3) A heat transfer body can be installed in the battery.

It has a simple structure in which the active material and the catalyst are powdered and suspended in the electrolyte solution. It is easy to install a heat transfer body in this, and the heat transferred through the heat transfer body installed in the battery The reaction temperature inside the battery can be kept constant, the power conversion efficiency decreases as the temperature increases, and conversely the temperature in the battery corresponds to the battery characteristics that the reaction rate decreases as the temperature decreases. Can be adjusted to an appropriate temperature. In addition, the heat and cold energy collected through the heat transfer body can be used for air conditioning and power generation, which results in increased energy power generation efficiency and energy utilization rate.
(4) The energy density can be increased.

The current flowing through the battery is proportional to the surface area of the reactant. Therefore, a battery is made from the active material as powder. When a battery is made from an active material powder, the surface area increases. For example, a 1 m ³ powder has a surface area of about 300,000 m ² and an energy density increases. Further, for example, if the 1W conventional batteries in area 1 m ² of the film, when making battery 3000 kW, is needed 3 million membranous cell width 0.1m in area 1 m ^2, the 300000M ³ It becomes size. In the battery of the present invention, if a battery having the same output as this battery uses a powder having a particle diameter of 1 μm, the size is about 10 m ³ , the energy density is increased 30000 times, and the energy density is greatly increased. There is.
2. 2nd invention The three-dimensional battery of 2nd invention for solving 2nd subject is one way among a pair of cells (containers) connected through the member which ion passes but does not allow the electron to pass through. A plurality of unit cells in which an electrolyte solution and an active material powder that emits electrons are loaded in one cell (container), and an electrolyte solution and an active material powder that absorbs electrons are loaded in the other cell (container). The set is connected in series with a conductive current collecting member that also serves as a partition between the cells and is in contact with the powder, and the positive electrode or the negative electrode is in contact with the powder at both ends of the cell. A stacked type three-dimensional battery is configured by providing a current collector that also functions as a battery.

According to the three-dimensional battery of the second invention having the above-described configuration, an increase in the capacity (power amount) of the battery can be handled by increasing the volume of each pair of cells. In other words, if 1 W of electric power is generated with a volume of 1 liter, 1 kW of electric power can be obtained by increasing the volume to lm ³ , and 10 kW of electric power can be obtained by increasing it to 10 m ³ . For this reason, the merit on the manufacturing cost by scale-up is exhibited. That is, if the conventional battery is 10,000 yen at 10 W, it will be 10 million yen at 10 kW. However, as the battery of the present invention is scaled up, the manufacturing unit price decreases. It will be possible to manufacture for about 10,000 yen.

  On the other hand, the voltage is determined by the type (material) of the active material powder (corresponding to a conventional general electrode) filled in a pair of cells. For example, when using metal lead powder and lead oxide powder, 2. Since the voltage is around 4V, when a voltage of 12V or more is required, it is necessary to connect 5 to 6 unit cells in series. However, according to the second invention, the unit battery located in the middle (excluding both ends) can use the same material for the current collecting member for both electrodes, and unlike the conventional battery, it is necessary to provide a positive electrode or a negative electrode. Therefore, the partition between the pair of cells (unit batteries) can be electrically and structurally connected in series by forming the partition with a conductive current collecting member. In addition, the partition wall can be made quite thin (for example, 0.5 mm), the area can be increased (for example, 127 mm × 127 mm), and the current flows in the thickness direction of the partition wall, so that a large current is almost resistant. Without any loss of power. Furthermore, since two sets of unit cells can be directly connected (directly connected) via a partition wall, a plurality of sets of unit cells are connected in series and in a stacked manner, minimizing the overall battery volume and miniaturizing. Can do.

  Furthermore, in the three-dimensional battery of the second invention, the active material powder acts as a conventional battery film (battery body) having a membrane structure, and the current flowing through the battery is proportional to the surface area of the active material. However, since these powders are mixed in the electrolyte solution and occupy most of the volume in the battery casing, the energy density becomes extremely high. In addition, since the active material powder is used by mixing it with an electrolyte solution (diluted sulfuric acid for lead batteries), if it deteriorates, it can be separated from the electrolyte solution or replaced with the electrolyte solution. Regeneration can be achieved, and the battery life is greatly extended (approximately 50 to 100 times).

  In the three-dimensional battery of the second invention, when a large output is required, it is desirable to provide each cell with a stirring means for fluidizing the powder of the active material in the electrolyte solution. As the stirring means, a rotating shaft provided with stirring blades is rotatably arranged in the cell, and mechanical stirring is performed by a driving device such as a motor, or a liquid or gas is pumped or blower into the electrolyte solution. There is a means for dispersing and fluidizing the powder in the electrolyte solution by supplying or circulating it. According to this three-dimensional battery, by stirring the powder in the electrolyte solution by the stirring means, the powder is diffused in the electrolyte solution and the contact efficiency between the active material powders is improved, and the powder and the current collecting member Alternatively, the contact with the current collector is improved, the contact resistance is lowered, the conductivity is increased, and the ion diffusion rate in the electrolyte solution is increased, so that a large current flows and a large output can be extracted. In addition, with this configuration, the distance between the cells (interval in the series direction) can be increased, and the capacity of the battery can be increased.

  In the three-dimensional battery according to the second aspect of the present invention, a conductive stud can be integrally projected from the current collecting member or the current collector into each cell. According to this three-dimensional battery, the contact area between the current collector or the current collector and the powder is greatly increased and the contact resistance is reduced, so the distance between cells (interval in the series direction) is expanded. Battery capacity can be greatly increased.

  Furthermore, in the three-dimensional battery of the second invention, it is desirable to add a function of stopping the fluidization of the powder to the stirring means in order to reduce the amount of power transmitted from the battery. Like this 3D battery, by adding a function to stop powder fluidization to the powder agitation means, powder fluidization can be stopped arbitrarily, resulting in a reduction in the amount of power transmitted from the battery. Can be made.

In the three-dimensional battery of the second invention, if the active material that emits electrons is any one of a hydrogen storage alloy, cadmium, iron, zinc, or lead, these materials are practical at low cost. preferable. Furthermore, in the three-dimensional battery of the second invention, if the active material that absorbs electrons is any of nickel oxyhydroxide, lead dioxide or manganese dioxide, these materials are practical at low cost. preferable.
3. 3rd invention The apparatus or apparatus of 3rd invention for solving a 3rd subject is an electrolyte solution and one container of two containers connected through the member which does not allow an ion to pass though an ion passes. An active material powder that emits electrons is loaded, and the other container is loaded with an electrolyte solution and an active material powder that absorbs electrons. A device or apparatus having a three-dimensional structure battery provided with an electric device as a part of the structure, and having a function as a chargeable / dischargeable power storage facility.

  Devices or devices to which the third invention can be applied include rotating devices that use power stored in a three-dimensional battery as a power source, moving objects that use power stored in a three-dimensional battery as a power source, and storage in a three-dimensional battery. Examples thereof include an electric power conveying means for supplying electric power to other equipment, and an equipment for converting electric power stored in the three-dimensional battery into thermal energy, kinetic energy, or light energy. Specific examples of these devices or apparatuses will be described in detail in the embodiments of the invention described later.

  In addition, in the device or apparatus of the third invention, at least one of fluidized fluid dispersion means and stirring means by liquid or gas for fluidizing the powder of the active material in the electrolyte solution in two containers Preferably, the means are connected to or provided in the two containers. If there is a fluidizing fluid dispersing means or stirring means, the contact efficiency between the active material powders will be improved, the contact between the active material powders and the current collector will be good, the contact resistance will be reduced, and the conductivity will be reduced. This is because the diffusion rate of ions in the electrolyte solution increases, a large current flows, and a large amount of power can be stored.

In the third invention, if the active material that emits electrons is any one of hydrogen storage alloy, cadmium, iron, zinc, and lead, these materials are preferable because they are practical at low cost. Furthermore, in the third invention, if the active material that absorbs electrons is any of nickel oxyhydroxide, lead dioxide or manganese dioxide, these materials are preferable because they are practical at low cost. In the third invention, if the electrolyte solution is a potassium hydroxide solution, a sodium hydroxide solution or dilute sulfuric acid, these solutions are preferable because they are practical at low cost.
4). Fourth invention The battery of the fourth invention for solving the fourth problem is a positive electrode current collector, a positive electrode active material and an electrolyte solution, a separator through which ions pass but electrons do not pass, a negative electrode active material, In an alkaline primary battery in which an electrolyte solution and a negative electrode current collector are arranged in this order, an alkaline primary battery using a metal carbide or a metal carbide and a mixture of the metal as a negative electrode active material, and a positive electrode current collector Body, positive electrode active material and electrolyte solution, separator through which ions pass but electrons do not pass, negative electrode active material and electrolyte solution, and negative electrode current collector in this order As an alkaline secondary battery characterized by using a metal carbide or a mixture of metal carbide and this metal.

  According to the alkaline primary battery and alkaline secondary battery of the fourth invention, since carbon is a good conductor of electricity, even if the metal of the negative electrode active material is chemically changed to oxide or hydroxide, good electrical conductivity It is a simple method of suppressing deterioration of discharge characteristics (decrease in discharge voltage) and using a metal carbide or a mixture of metal carbide and this metal as a negative electrode active material, A special treatment for imparting conductivity to the negative electrode is not required without using an expensive conductive aid such as, and the manufacturing cost can be kept low.

  If both the active material of the positive electrode and the active material of the negative electrode are powder, the battery structure becomes three-dimensional and enjoys the merit of scale (the effect that the manufacturing unit price decreases as the scale increases), and the deteriorated active material. The material can be regenerated and replaced, and a heat transfer body can be installed in the battery, so that it can be operated according to the characteristics of the battery, improving energy generation efficiency, and increasing the surface area and energy density. It is preferable because it can enjoy the effect.

Furthermore, for example, iron carbide is preferably used as the metal carbide. Iron carbide is an inexpensive material and, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-48604 filed by the present applicant, performs a part of the reduction reaction of the iron-containing raw material using a reducing gas, and then reduced. Further, it is particularly preferable to manufacture by the method of performing the remaining reduction reaction and carbonization reaction using carbonized gas because iron carbide can be manufactured quickly and economically.
5. Fifth Invention A region-distributed power generation method according to a fifth invention for solving the fifth problem comprises operating a generator using any of engines such as a gasoline engine, a diesel engine and a gas turbine to generate electric power. As a battery for storing generated power and a battery for storing generated power, an active material that discharges an electrolyte solution and electrons to one of two containers connected through a member that allows ions to pass but does not allow electrons to pass. A tertiary material in which a powder is loaded, an electrolyte solution and an active material powder that absorbs electrons are loaded in the other container, and a conductor current collector that contacts the powder that is the active material is provided in the two containers. Motorcycles, motor tricycles that use the original structure battery and run by the power of the engine and the electric motor driven by the electric power from the battery, equipped with the above-mentioned device for generating electric power and the three-dimensional structure battery, When the moving / transporting means of either an automobile or ship is stopped or stopped, connect the battery of the above three-dimensional structure mounted on the moving / transporting means to the inverter installed in the residence or office The power generated by the generator of the moving / transporting means is used at the load of the residence or office, and the moving / transporting means that is stopped or stopped is used as a fixed power generation facility for home or office use. It is configured as follows.

  In the method according to the fifth aspect of the invention, the fuel cell generates power instead of the transportation / transportation means equipped with a device for operating the generator to generate electric power using an engine and a battery for storing electric power. It is possible to use a moving / transporting means equipped with a device that performs the above and a battery for storing electric power.

  Further, in the method of the fifth invention, at least one of solar power generation and wind power generation is installed in a residence or an office, and a fixed battery for storing electric power generated by the facility is used as an ion battery. One of two containers connected through a member that passes through but does not pass electrons is loaded with an electrolyte solution and powder of an active material that emits electrons, and the other container absorbs the electrolyte solution and electrons. A battery having a three-dimensional structure, in which active material powder is loaded and a current collector for a conductor in contact with the powder as the active material is provided in two containers, is used, and the stationary battery is stopped or stopped. Connecting a battery with a three-dimensional structure mounted on the moving / transporting means, charging the fixed battery, converting the electric power from the fixed battery into alternating current with an inverter and adjusting the voltage to load the residence or office Can be used.

  In this case, it is also possible to charge the battery of the moving / transporting means that is stopped or stopped by using the electric power generated by at least one of the solar power generation and the wind power generation.

  In the method of the fifth aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that cogeneration is performed by supplying hot or / and cold generated by a moving / transporting means that is stopped or stopped to a residence or office.

  Further, in the method of the fifth invention, the generator is operated using the engine while the moving / transporting means of any one of the motorcycle, the motor tricycle, and the motor vehicle is stopped. When power is supplied to the vehicle, an external silencer may be attached to the moving / transporting means in order to reduce engine exhaust noise.

  In the method of the fifth invention, the electrolyte solution and the active material powder that emits electrons are loaded into one of the two containers connected through a member that allows ions to pass but does not allow electrons to pass. A battery having a three-dimensional structure in which the other container is loaded with an electrolyte solution and powder of an active material that absorbs electrons, and two containers are provided with a conductor current collector that contacts the powder that is the active material Is preferably used. This is because if a part or all of the deteriorated active material powder is discarded, the deteriorated powder is regenerated, and a new amount of powder corresponding to the amount of discarded powder is supplied to the container. This is because charging can be started.

  A region-distributed power generator according to a fifth invention for solving the fifth problem is a device for operating a generator and generating electric power using any of engines such as a gasoline engine, a diesel engine, and a gas turbine. As a battery for storing the generated power, an electrolyte solution and an active material powder that emits electrons are loaded into one of two containers connected through a member that allows ions to pass but does not allow electrons to pass. A battery having a three-dimensional structure in which the other container is loaded with an electrolyte solution and powder of an active material that absorbs electrons, and two containers are provided with a conductor current collector that contacts the powder that is the active material Motorcycles, automatic tricycles, and automatic four-wheeled vehicles that use the power of the engine and the electric motor driven by the electric power from the battery, equipped with the above-described device for generating electric power and the three-dimensional battery. And any means of transportation or transportation of the ship, an inverter installed in the residence or office for supplying AC voltage-regulated power to each load of the residence or office, and A connector for connecting the battery of the above three-dimensional structure mounted on a transportation means and an inverter installed in a residence or office, and the power generated by the generator of the transportation / transportation means It is characterized in that it can be used with a load.

  In the apparatus according to the fifth aspect of the present invention, as the moving / transporting means, a moving / transporting means equipped with a device that generates power using a fuel cell and a battery for storing electric power can be used.

  In the apparatus of the fifth invention, at least one of solar power generation and wind power generation is installed in a residence or office, and as a fixed battery for storing electric power generated by the equipment, ions are One container of two containers connected through a member that passes but does not allow electrons to pass through is loaded with an electrolyte solution and powder of an active material that emits electrons, and the other container absorbs an electrolyte solution and electrons. A battery having a three-dimensional structure is used, in which a powder of a substance is loaded, and a current collector for a conductor that is in contact with the powder as an active material is provided in two containers. It is designed to be used as a load through an inverter connected to the three-dimensional structure battery mounted on the moving / transporting means during stoppage or stoppage, and the fixed battery is connected by a connector. Move to fixed battery Power is generated by the generator of the vehicle can be configured so that to be supplied.

  In this case, it is also possible to supply power to the battery of the moving / forwarding means that is stopped or stopped from the fixed battery that is generated by at least one of the solar power generation and the wind power generation and stores the power. .

  In addition, in the devices of the fifth invention, the heat source of the moving / transporting means is set in the residence or office so that the heat or / and cold heat generated by the moving / transporting means stopped or stopped can be supplied to the residence or office. It is preferable to establish a cogeneration system by communicating with a place via a duct.

  In the devices of the fifth invention, the electrolyte solution and the powder of the active material that emits electrons are loaded into one of the two containers connected through a member that allows ions to pass but does not allow electrons to pass. A battery having a three-dimensional structure in which the other container is loaded with an electrolyte solution and powder of an active material that absorbs electrons, and two containers are provided with a conductor current collector that contacts the powder that is the active material Is preferably used. This is because if a part or all of the deteriorated active material powder is discarded, the deteriorated powder is regenerated, and a new amount of powder corresponding to the amount of discarded powder is supplied to the container. This is because charging can be started.

Since this invention is comprised as mentioned above, there exist the following effects.
1. According to the first invention, there are the following remarkable effects.
(1) By constructing a battery in which the active material is powdered and the powder is put in a container, the battery structure becomes three-dimensional and scale-up becomes possible. Further, by constructing the battery by using the active material as a powder, when the scale is increased, the production unit price is reduced, and the merit of scale is exhibited.
(2) The stage where the powder of the active material and the catalyst has deteriorated is extracted and regenerated, replaced with a new active material and a catalyst, or returned to a charged state by a thermal reaction or a chemical reaction and supplied again. As a result, the active material and the catalyst are always kept in the highest state, so that the battery life becomes the life of the battery equipment, and the battery life can be greatly extended.
(3) A heat transfer body can be installed in the battery, and the reaction temperature in the battery can be made constant by the heat transfer body installed in the battery. As the temperature increases, the power conversion efficiency decreases. On the other hand, the temperature in the battery can be adjusted appropriately in accordance with the battery characteristic that the reaction rate decreases as the temperature decreases. Further, the recovered heat and cold energy can be used for air conditioning and power generation, and the energy power generation efficiency and the energy utilization rate increase.
(4) By configuring the battery by using the active material as a powder, the surface area of the reactive material is increased and the energy density is dramatically increased.
(5) A liquid for fluidizing the active material powder in the electrolyte solution in the two containers so that the active material powders and the active material powder and the current collector are in efficient contact with each other. Alternatively, if at least one of the fluidized fluid dispersion means and the stirring means by gas is connected to two containers or provided in the two containers, the contact efficiency between the active material powders is improved, Since the contact between the powder and the current collector is improved and the contact resistance is lowered, the conductivity between the active material and the current collector or the active material is improved, and the ion diffusion rate in the electrolyte solution is increased. A large current flows, and a larger output can be obtained as compared with the case where the powder is not fluidized.
2. According to the second invention, there are the following remarkable effects.
(1) Since an increase in battery capacity (power consumption) can be accommodated by increasing the volume of each pair of cells, a merit in manufacturing cost due to scale-up is exhibited. The voltage is determined by the type (material) of the active material powder filled in the pair of cells. When a large voltage is required, a plurality of unit cells need to be connected in series. The material of the current collecting member can be the same for both electrodes, and unlike the conventional battery, it does not constitute a positive electrode or a negative electrode, so the partition between a pair of cells (unit batteries) is composed of a conductive current collecting member. Therefore, the battery can be connected in series electrically and structurally, and the thickness can be reduced, so that the entire battery can be finished compactly and the current can flow down in the thickness direction. It flows without resistance. Furthermore, the active material powder acts as a conventional battery membrane (battery body) with a membrane structure, and the current flowing through the battery is proportional to the surface area of the active material. Since the total surface area of all powders is thousands to tens of thousands times that of conventional membrane-structured batteries, the energy density can be thousands to tens of thousands of times. Since the body is used by mixing it in an electrolyte solution (diluted sulfuric acid for lead batteries), if it deteriorates, it can be regenerated by replacing the powder with the electrolyte solution, and the battery life Can be extended significantly.
(2) If each cell is provided with a stirring means for fluidizing the powder suspended in the electrolyte solution, the powder as the electrode is obtained by stirring the powder in the electrolyte solution by the stirring means. Sedimentation is prevented by its own weight, diffused in the electrolyte solution, and the contact efficiency between the powders is improved, and the contact between the powder and the current collector or current collector is improved and the contact resistance is reduced. Decreases and power increases. Further, the distance between the cells (interval in the series direction) can be increased, and the capacity of the battery can be increased.
(3) If conductive studs are integrally projected from the current collecting member or current collector into each cell, the contact area between the current collecting member or current collector and the powder is greatly increased. Since the contact resistance is reduced, the distance between the cells (interval in the series direction) can be increased, and the capacity of the battery can be greatly increased.
(4) If the function of stopping the fluidization of the powder is added to the stirring means in order to reduce the amount of power transmitted from the battery, the fluidization of the powder can be stopped arbitrarily, thereby reducing the amount of power transmitted from the battery. Can be reduced.
3. According to the third invention, there are the following remarkable effects.
(1) A practical and effective use of a three-dimensional battery as a part of various devices or apparatuses can be provided. That is, in addition to the original functions of the device and device, by adding a function as a chargeable / dischargeable power storage facility, a large amount of power is stored using an idle space, and the power storage efficiency is high. In addition, the heat absorption / release associated with the battery reaction can be used for cooling / heating, heating / cooling of substances, and the like.
(2) In a three-dimensional battery composed of two containers provided with a current collector for a conductor in contact with powder as an active material in the electrolyte solution, the active material in the electrolyte solution is contained in the two containers. If at least one of fluidizing fluid dispersion means and stirring means by liquid or gas for fluidizing powder is connected to or provided in two containers, active material powder As a result, the contact resistance with the current collector is improved, the contact resistance is lowered, the conductivity is improved, the ion diffusion rate in the electrolyte solution is increased, and a large current flows to store a large electric power.
(3) Further, the electric power stored in the three-dimensional battery is conveyed by the power conveying means and used as the rotational power of the rotating device, the moving power of the moving object, or the light energy, the kinetic energy, or the thermal energy. be able to.
4). According to the fourth invention, there are the following remarkable effects.
(1) A special treatment for imparting conductivity to the negative electrode is not required without adding an expensive conductive aid such as high-purity carbon to the cathode active material, and the discharge voltage is unlikely to decrease and has a long life. A certain low-cost alkaline primary battery and alkaline secondary battery can be provided.
(2) If the active material of the positive electrode and the active material of the negative electrode are both powder, the battery structure becomes three-dimensional and enjoys the merit of scale (the effect that the production unit price decreases as the scale increases), which deteriorates. The active material can be regenerated and replaced, and a heat transfer body can be installed in the battery. This makes it possible to operate in accordance with the battery characteristics, improve energy power generation efficiency, increase the surface area, and increase the energy density. It is preferable because the effect of becoming can be enjoyed.
(3) Iron carbide is inexpensive as a metal carbide and is particularly preferable as a negative electrode active material.
5. According to the fifth invention, there are the following remarkable effects.
(1) By using the power generation system originally installed in automobiles, etc., used as a means of transportation and transportation, for home use and office use, the equipment costs can be greatly reduced. Cogeneration can be performed without power generation facilities.
(2) Since the power generation equipment cost is greatly reduced and economically established, it becomes possible to spread the regional distributed cogeneration system.
(3) The spread of regional decentralized cogeneration facilities will promote the effective use of energy, resulting in economic effects and carbon dioxide emission reduction effects.
(4) In particular, if the battery mounted on the moving means and the transport means and the battery fixed to the residence or office are constituted by a battery having a three-dimensional structure in which the active material on the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side are powdered, Charging starts immediately after discarding part or all of the active material powder, regenerating the deteriorated powder, and supplying a new amount of powder equivalent to the amount of discarded powder. Has the effect of being able to

Hereinafter, although the bear of embodiment of this invention is demonstrated, this invention is not limited to the following embodiment at all, It can change and implement suitably.
1. Embodiment of the first invention (first embodiment)
Fig.1 (a) has shown the battery by 1st Embodiment of 1st invention. As shown in FIG. 1A, a negative electrode cell 2 and a positive electrode cell 3 are provided via a separator 1, and the negative electrode cell 2 is filled with a negative electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 4. The positive electrode powder active material and the electrolyte solution 5 are filled. As a combination of the powder active material of the negative electrode and the positive electrode, for example, a hydrogen storage alloy and nickel hydroxide, a combination of force dium and nickel hydroxide, or the like can be used. Specific examples of the hydrogen storage alloy include La _0.3 (Ce, Nd) _0.15 Zr _0.05 Ni _3.8 Co _0.8 Al _{0.5 and the} like. As the electrolyte solution, for example, a KOH aqueous solution or the like is used. The separator 1 is a film that allows ions to pass therethrough, and is a film that does not allow the powder to pass through.

  Further, the negative electrode cell 2 and the positive electrode cell 3 are respectively provided with a negative electrode current collector 6 and a positive electrode current collector 7 made of a conductor, and the current collectors 6 and 7 are load means (in the case of discharge) or power generation means. (In case of charging) 8 is connected. In addition, 10 is an electrolyte solution interface.

Next, details of charging and discharging of the battery of this embodiment will be described.
(charging)
When the battery is connected to the power generation means 8, the electrons emitted from the power generation means 8 reach the negative electrode current collector 6, and these electrons are directly or directly from the negative electrode current collector 6. Reacts while moving through. The anion generated when the negative electrode powder active material accepts electrons passes through the separator 1 and enters the positive electrode cell 3, where it reacts with the positive electrode powder active material and emits electrons. The electrons are supplied to the power generation means 8 through the powder active material or directly moved to the positive electrode current collector 7.
(Discharge)
When the battery is connected to the load means 8, the negative electrode current collector 6 emits electrons to the external circuit, and the emitted electrons reach the positive electrode current collector 7 via the load means 8, and these electrons are sent from the positive electrode current collector 7. The positive electrode powder active material reacts while moving directly or via the powder active material. The anion generated when the positive electrode powder active material accepts electrons passes through the separator 1, enters the negative electrode cell 2, and reacts with the negative electrode powder active material to emit electrons. The electrons are supplied to the load means 8 through the powder active material or directly to the negative electrode current collector 6.

  FIG. 1B is a diagram comparing the discharge curves of a battery according to the present invention having a nominal capacity of 5 Ah and a conventional battery. In FIG. 1 (b), a black circle (●) indicates the discharge curve of the battery according to the present invention, and a white circle (◯) indicates the discharge curve of the conventional battery. The battery according to the present invention is a three-dimensional battery (see FIG. 1A) in which a positive electrode cell is filled with nickel hydroxide powder and an electrolyte solution, and a cathode cell is filled with hydrogen storage alloy powder and an electrolyte solution. A conventional battery is a battery having a two-dimensional structure in which a nickel hydroxide plate electrode is used as a positive electrode, a hydrogen storage alloy plate electrode is used as a negative electrode, and these electrodes are immersed in an electrolyte solution. In FIG. 1B, the vertical axis represents the terminal voltage (V), and the horizontal axis represents the discharge capacity (Ah). Changes in voltage during discharge are easily affected by concentration polarization due to changes in the concentration of the electrolyte (potassium hydroxide solution in this comparative experiment), so the concentration of the electrolyte during discharge of the battery of the present invention and the conventional battery Were adjusted to be the same. In the case of discharging the battery, it is not preferable to continue the discharge to a certain voltage or less from the viewpoint of electrode deterioration and the like, so there is a discharge end voltage at which the discharge should be terminated. The lower the discharge end voltage, the longer the discharge possible. In this respect, since the battery according to the present invention has a three-dimensional structure in which the electrode active material is a powder, the conventional battery having a two-dimensional structure that is a plate-like electrode can be used without fluidizing the powder. In comparison with this, the energy density is dramatically improved, and the discharge voltage does not drop abruptly as shown by “●” in FIG.

On the other hand, in the conventional battery, as shown by “◯” in FIG. 1B, the discharge voltage rapidly decreases in about 4.5 hours. Therefore, for example, if the discharge end voltage is 1.0 V, the conventional battery must finish the discharge in about 4 hours from the viewpoint of protecting the battery equipment, but the battery of the present invention continues the discharge for about 5 hours. can do.
(Second Embodiment)
FIG. 2 shows a battery according to the second embodiment of the first invention. FIG. 2 shows fluidization of the powder in each cell 2 and 3 by fluidizing fluid dispersion means 9 by gas or liquid in order to increase the contact efficiency between the powders or between the powder and the current collectors 6 and 7. (Stirring). By fluidizing in this way, the contact efficiency between the active material powders is improved, the contact between the active material powders and the current collector is improved, the contact resistance is lowered, and the active material powders and the current collectors are reduced. Alternatively, the conductivity between the active material powders is increased, and the ion diffusion rate in the electrolyte solution is increased, so that a large amount of power flows and a larger output can be taken out than when the powder is not fluidized. .

  Instead of the fluidizing fluid dispersing means 9 or together with the fluidizing fluid dispersing means 9, it is possible to fluidize (stir) the powder by providing stirring means such as wing stirrers in the cells 2 and 3. Although the illustration is simplified in FIG. 2, as the fluidizing fluid dispersion means 9, a device such as a dispersion plate or a spray nozzle that uniformly disperses gas or liquid in the horizontal cross section in the cell can be used. Moreover, as gas (or liquid) introduce | transduced into the fluidization fluid dispersion | distribution means 9, nitrogen, argon (or electrolyte solution, such as potassium hydroxide aqueous solution) etc. are used, for example. When the powder is fluidized with gas, the gas introduced into the fluidizing fluid dispersing means 9 is extracted from the upper part of each cell 2, 3. Further, when the powder is fluidized by the liquid, the liquid introduced into the fluidizing fluid dispersing means 9 is extracted from the bottom of each cell 2, 3.

Except for the point that the fluidizing means is added, other configurations and operations are the same as in the case of the first embodiment.
(Third embodiment)
3 and 4 show a battery according to a third embodiment of the first invention. FIG. 3 shows the contact area of the negative electrode current collector and the positive electrode current collector as a plate-like negative electrode current collector 11 and a plate-like positive electrode current collector 12, respectively, in order to improve the contact efficiency between the current collector and the active material powder. It is a big one. FIG. 4 shows the contact area of the negative electrode current collector and the positive electrode current collector as a tubular negative electrode current collector 13 and a tubular positive electrode current collector 14, respectively, in order to improve the contact efficiency between the current collector and the active material powder. It is a big one. In addition, as long as the surface area of the current collector is increased, shapes other than a plate shape and a tubular shape may be employed.

Other configurations and operations are the same as those in the second embodiment.
(Fourth embodiment)
5 and 6 show a battery according to a fourth embodiment of the first invention. FIG. 5 shows a case where the negative electrode current collector and the positive electrode current collector are fluidized fluid dispersers using liquid or gas, respectively. FIG. 6 shows an agitator in which the negative electrode current collector and the positive electrode current collector are respectively driven to rotate by Moyu et al. (Not shown).

  As shown in FIG. 5, the negative electrode current collector / disperser 15 and the positive electrode current collector / disperser 16 are devices such as a dispersion plate and a spray nozzle that uniformly disperse gas or liquid in the horizontal cross section in each cell 2 and 3. is there. It is also possible to provide stirring means such as a feather stirrer in each of the cells 2 and 3.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 6, the negative electrode current collector / stirrer 17 and the positive electrode current collector / stirrer 18 have a function of stirring (fluidizing) the powder of the active material and making direct contact with the powder. . As the negative electrode current collector / stirrer 17 and the positive electrode current collector / stirrer 18, a wing-shaped stirrer that is rotationally driven by a motor or the like (not shown) is used, but the configuration of the stirring means is not limited. In FIG. 6, the fluidizing fluid distributor 19 using liquid or gas is also used, but a configuration in which the fluidizing fluid distributor 19 is not provided is also possible.

Other configurations and operations are the same as those in the second embodiment.
(Fifth embodiment)
FIG. 7 shows a battery according to the fifth embodiment of the first invention. In this embodiment, a hydrogen storage alloy is used on the negative electrode side and nickel hydroxide is used on the positive electrode side as the powder as the active material. As shown in FIG. 7, the negative electrode cell 2 is filled with hydrogen storage alloy powder and an electrolyte solution 20, and the positive electrode cell 3 is filled with nickel hydroxide powder and an electrolyte solution 21. As the hydrogen storage alloy, for example, La _0.3 (Ce, Nd) _0.15 Zr _0.05 Ni _3.8 Co _0.8 Al _0.5 or the like is used. Further, as the electrolyte solution, for example, a 6N KOH aqueous solution or the like is used.

Details of charging and discharging of the battery of this embodiment will be described.
(charging)
When the battery is connected to the power generation means 8, the electrons emitted from the power generation means 8 reach the negative electrode current collector 6, and these electrons are directly or directly absorbed by the negative electrode powdered hydrogen storage alloy from the negative electrode current collector 6. The following reaction occurs while moving through the alloy powder. M is a hydrogen storage alloy and MHx is a metal hydride.

M + xH ₂ 0 + xe ⁻ → MHx + xOH ⁻
Hydroxyl ions generated by the reaction pass through the separator 1 and enter the positive electrode cell 3, where they react with the nickel hydroxide powder to cause the following reaction and release electrons.

Ni (OH) ₂ + OH ⁻ → NiOOH + H ₂ O + e ⁻
The generated electrons are transferred to the positive electrode current collector 7 via the nickel hydroxide powder or the nickel oxyhydroxide powder, or directly supplied to the power generation means 8.
(Discharge)
When the battery is connected to the load means 8, electrons are emitted from the negative current collector 6 to the external circuit, and the emitted electrons reach the positive current collector 7 via the load means 8, and these electrons are transmitted from the positive current collector 7. It moves to nickel oxyhydroxide powder and reacts with water through nickel oxyhydroxide powder or directly to produce nickel hydroxide and a hydroxyl group. The hydroxyl group passes through the separator 1 and is led to the negative electrode cell 2 to react with the metal hydride and emit electrons. The electrons are supplied to the load means 8 through the hydrogen storage alloy powder or directly to the negative electrode current collector 6.

Other configurations and operations are the same as those in the second embodiment. Of course, the battery of this embodiment can be implemented in the configurations of the third and fourth embodiments and the sixth and seventh embodiments described later.
(Sixth embodiment)
8 and 9 show a battery according to a sixth embodiment of the first invention. In this embodiment, a heat transfer body is installed in the battery, and the heat transfer body also serves as a current collector. In addition, it is also possible to set it as the structure which provides a heat-transfer body and a collector separately. As shown in FIG. 8, a negative electrode current collector / heat transfer tube 22 is provided in the negative electrode cell 2, and a positive electrode current collector / heat transfer tube 23 is provided in the positive electrode cell 3. As shown in FIG. 9, a negative electrode current collector / heat transfer plate 24 is provided in the negative electrode cell 2, and a positive electrode current collector / heat transfer plate 25 is provided in the positive electrode cell 3.

Details of charging and discharging of the battery of this embodiment will be described with reference to FIG.
(charging)
When the battery is connected to the power generation means 8, the electrons emitted from the power generation means 8 reach the negative electrode current collector 22, and the electrons are directly or directly from the negative electrode current collector 22 with the powder active material of the negative electrode. It reacts while moving through. The anion generated when the negative electrode powder active material accepts electrons passes through the separator 1 and enters the positive electrode cell 3, where it reacts with the positive electrode powder active material and emits electrons. The electrons are supplied to the power generation means 8 through the powder active material or directly moved to the positive electrode current collector 23.

As described above, the current collector is also used as a heat transfer tube for both the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and simultaneously transfers electrons and heat by contact with the powder. A heat medium such as water or air is passed through the negative electrode current collector / heat transfer tube 22 and the positive electrode current collector / heat transfer tube 23 to perform heat recovery and heat supply.
(Discharge)
When the battery is connected to the load means 8, the negative current collector 22 emits electrons to the external circuit, and the emitted electrons reach the positive current collector 23 via the load means 8, and these electrons are from the positive current collector 23. The positive electrode powder active material reacts while moving directly or via the powder active material. The anion generated when the positive electrode powder active material accepts electrons passes through the separator 1, enters the negative electrode cell 2, and reacts with the negative electrode powder active material to emit electrons. The electrons are supplied to the load means 8 through the powder active material or directly moved to the negative electrode current collector 22.

  In the case of FIG. 9, the current collector is also used as a heat transfer plate in which both the negative electrode and the positive electrode are hollow, and transmits electrons and heat simultaneously by contact with the powder. A heat medium such as water or air is flowed through the negative electrode current collector / heat transfer plate 24 and the positive electrode current collector / heat transfer plate 25 to perform heat recovery and heat supply. The details of charging and discharging are the same as in FIG. The shape of the heat transfer body is not limited to a tubular shape and a plate shape, and other shapes may be adopted.

Other configurations and operations are the same as those in the second embodiment. In addition, it is also possible to combine the structure of this embodiment with the structure of 3rd, 4th embodiment and 7th Embodiment mentioned later.
(Seventh embodiment)
10 and 11 show a battery according to a seventh embodiment of the first invention. The present embodiment is provided with an extraction device for extracting powder as an active material from a container, a supply device for supplying powder as an active material to the container, an apparatus for regenerating the extracted powder, and a makeup of the powder. A device for performing up (replenishment), a device for changing the extracted powder into a charged powder by a thermal reaction or a chemical reaction, and the like are provided.

First, details of charging and discharging of the battery of this embodiment will be described.
(charging)
When the battery is connected to the power generation means 8, the electrons emitted from the power generation means 8 reach the negative electrode current collector 6, and these electrons are directly or directly from the negative electrode current collector 6. Reacts while moving through. The anion generated when the negative electrode powder active material accepts electrons passes through the separator 1 and enters the positive electrode cell 3, where it reacts with the positive electrode powder active material and emits electrons. The electrons are supplied to the power generation means 8 through the powder active material or directly moved to the positive electrode current collector 7.
(Discharge)
When the battery is connected to the load means 8, the negative electrode current collector 6 emits electrons to the external circuit, and the emitted electrons reach the positive electrode current collector 7 via the load means 8, and these electrons are sent from the positive electrode current collector 7. The positive electrode powder active material reacts while moving directly or via the powder active material. The anion generated when the positive electrode powder active material accepts electrons passes through the separator 1, enters the negative electrode cell 2, and reacts with the negative electrode powder active material to emit electrons. The electrons are supplied to the load means 8 through the powder active material or directly to the negative electrode current collector 6.

Other configurations and operations are the same as those in the second embodiment.
(Regeneration and make-up of active materials)
Next, details of regeneration and make-up of the active material (catalyst) of the battery of this embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. In FIG. 10, only the configuration on the negative electrode side is shown, but a similar device or the like is also installed on the positive electrode side.

  As shown in FIG. 10, the powder, which is an active material deteriorated by charging / discharging, is extracted from the negative electrode cell 2 as a slurry together with the electrolyte solution (electrolytic solution), and is partly or entirely if necessary at the separator 26. Is discarded. The electrolytic solution is separated and the powder supplied from the separator 26 to the regenerator 27 is subjected to an acid treatment such as washing with hydrochloric acid in the regenerator 27. The powder regenerated by the regenerator 27 is supplied to the mixer 28, where a new amount of powder corresponding to the amount of powder discarded from the separator 26 is supplied from the makeup powder hopper 29. Is done. The regenerated / make-up powder is mixed with the electrolytic solution again by the mixer 28 and supplied to the negative electrode cell 2 as a slurry from a slurry pump (not shown). In addition, the structure which isolate | separates and mixes electrolyte solution is abbreviate | omitting illustration.

  In addition, with reference to FIG. 11, details of regeneration and make-up by reaction for the battery of this embodiment will be described. In FIG. 11, only the configuration on the negative electrode side is shown, but a similar device or the like is also installed on the positive electrode side.

  As shown in FIG. 11, the powder generated by charging / discharging is extracted from the negative electrode cell 2 as a slurry together with the electrolytic solution, and a part or all of the powder is discarded by the separator 26 if necessary. The powder separated from the electrolytic solution and supplied from the separator 26 to the reactor 30 reacts with the fuel supplied from the fuel supply pipe 31 in the reactor 30 to become an active material that can be discharged again. The powder charged in the reactor 30 is supplied to the mixer 28, where a new amount of powder corresponding to the amount of powder discarded from the separator 26 is supplied from the makeup powder hopper 29. Is done. The regenerated / make-up powder is mixed with the electrolytic solution again by the mixer 28 and supplied to the negative electrode cell 2 as a slurry from a slurry pump (not shown). In addition, the structure which isolate | separates and mixes electrolyte solution is abbreviate | omitting illustration.

  In the reactor 30, for example, in the case of a nickel metal hydride battery, the following reaction is performed.

M + (x / 2) H 2 → MHx
As a result, the same active material as MH _X produced by the following reaction performed during charging is produced.

M + xH ₂ O + xe ⁻ → MHx + xOH ⁻
In the positive electrode reactor, in the case of a nickel metal hydride battery, the following reaction is performed by oxygen or air.

Ni (OH) ₂ + (1/4) O ₂ → NiOOH + 1 / 2H ₂ O
This produces the same active material as NiOOH produced by the following reaction performed during charging.

Ni (OH) ₂ + OH ⁻ → NiOOH + H ₂ O + e ⁻
It should be noted that the configuration of this embodiment can be appropriately combined with the configurations of the third, fourth, and sixth embodiments.
(Eighth embodiment)
FIG. 12 shows a battery according to the eighth embodiment of the first invention. In this embodiment, the negative electrode active material powder is a hydrogen storage alloy, the negative electrode agitation (fluidization) gas is hydrogen and a hydrogen-containing gas, hydrocarbon gas, alcohol or ether, and the positive electrode active material The powder is nickel hydroxide, and the positive electrode agitation (fluidization) gas is oxygen or air. As shown in FIG. 12, the negative electrode cell 2 is filled with hydrogen storage alloy powder and the electrolyte solution 20, and the positive electrode cell 3 is filled with nickel hydroxide powder and the electrolyte solution 21. Further, hydrogen is supplied to the negative electrode cell 2 and oxygen or air is supplied to the positive electrode cell 3 by the fluidizing fluid dispersing means 9. As the hydrogen storage alloy, for _{example, La 0.8 (Ce, Nd)} 0.15 Zr 0.05 Ni 3.8 Co 0.8 Al 0.5 and the like are used. As the electrolyte solution, for example, a KOH aqueous solution or the like is used.

  In the negative electrode cell 2, hydrogen is supplied into the hydrogen storage alloy powder and the electrolyte solution 20 to cause the following reaction.

M + (x / 2) H 2 → MHx
When the load means 8 and the battery are connected, the hydrogen occluded in the hydrogen occlusion alloy reacts with the hydroxyl group in the electrolyte solution as in the following formula to release electrons and water.

MHx + xOH ⁻ → M + xH ₂ O + xe ⁻
The emitted electrons move to the negative electrode current collector 6 directly or through the hydrogen storage alloy powder. The electrons move from the negative electrode current collector 6 through the load means 8 to the positive electrode current collector 7. Electrons move from the positive electrode current collector 7 to the nickel oxyhydroxide powder, and move through the nickel oxyhydroxide powder or directly and react as shown in the following formula to generate nickel hydroxide and a hydroxyl group. The hydroxyl group passes through the separator 1 and is led to the negative electrode cell 2 to react with the metal hydride.

NiOOH + H ₂ O + e ⁻ → Ni (OH) ₂ + OH ⁻
In the positive electrode cell 3, in the case of a nickel metal hydride battery, the following reaction is performed by oxygen or air.

Ni (OH) ₂ + (1/4) O ₂ → NiOOH + (1/2) H ₂ O
This produces the same active material as NiOOH produced by the following reaction performed during charging.

Ni (OH) ₂ + OH ⁻ → NiOOH + H ₂ O + e ⁻
Other configurations and operations are the same as those in the second embodiment. Of course, the battery of the present embodiment can be implemented by the configurations of the third, fourth, sixth, and seventh embodiments.
2. Embodiment of the second invention (first embodiment)
FIG. 13 is a perspective view and a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a verification test device for a stacked three-dimensional battery according to the first embodiment of the second invention, and FIG. 14 is one of main parts before assembly (disassembled state). It is a perspective view which shows a part. As shown in FIG. 13, the stacked three-dimensional battery 41 of this example is a meta-high battery (nickel metal hydride battery), and a cell (as shown in FIG. 14) provided with a square central opening 42 a penetrating in the thickness direction ( Two container members 42 are configured as a pair, and in the example of FIG. 13, two pairs (four in total) of cell members 42 are provided. As shown in FIG. 14, a shallow concave portion 42 b (in this example, a depth of 0.5 mm) is formed in an annular shape around the opening 42 a of each cell member 42, and is approximately between the cell members 42 and 42. A square alkali-resistant ion-permeable separator (Teflon (registered trademark) separator in this example) 43 is fitted in the concave portion 42b. The separator 43 is a film-like body that allows only ions to pass but does not allow the electrode powders n and h and electricity to pass. In addition to the above, an unglazed plate, an ion exchange resin film, glass, or the like is used. In addition, on the upper surface of each cell member 42, two liquid injection rods 42c are formed at intervals in the width direction so as to pass through the opening portion 42a and vertically, and each liquid injection rod 42c has a rubber plug. 44 is detachably mounted.

  A substantially square, alkali-resistant and conductive plate-like current collecting member (in this example, a nickel plate) 45 is fitted into the concave portion 42b between the cell members 42, 42 of each set. In addition, alkali resistant and conductive current collectors (nickel plates in this example) 46 and 47 are provided at both ends of the entire set of the two cell members 42. A rubber packing 48 having an opening 48a having the same shape as the opening 42a in the center and having the same outer shape as the cell member 42 is provided between the cell members 42 and 42 and between the cell member 42 and the current collectors 46 and 47. Is intervened. A plurality of insertion holes 42d, 48d, 46d, 47d penetrating in the thickness direction are arranged in the cell member 42, the packing 48, and the current collectors 46 and 47 in the circumferential direction around the open portions 42a and 48a. Has been drilled. A plurality of non-conductive bolts 49 are successively inserted into the plurality of insertion holes 42d, 48d, 46d, and 47d, and nuts (not shown) are screwed into the tip screw portions 49a of the bolts 49 and tightened. In addition, small holes 46e and 47e are formed in the upper ends of the current collectors 46 and 47 at the left end (positive electrode) and the right end (negative electrode) with a gap in the width direction. In this example, the current collectors at the left end and the right end are formed. A positive terminal 50 and a negative terminal 51 are attached to small holes 46e and 47e at both ends of the bodies 46 and 47, and one ends of the wirings 52 and 53 are connected.

  A potassium hydroxide aqueous solution k as an electrolyte solution is injected into each cell member 42 from an injection port 42c, and nickel hydroxide as a positive electrode powder active material in order from the left end side cell member 42 in FIG. 13 (b). Powder n, hydrogen storage alloy powder h as negative electrode active material, nickel hydroxide powder n as positive electrode active material, hydrogen storage alloy powder h as negative electrode active material are potassium hydroxide aqueous solution k And suspended. As a result, the positive electrode cell 54, the negative electrode cell 55, the positive electrode cell 54, and the negative electrode cell 55 are formed in this order from the left end to the right end in FIG.

The stacked three-dimensional battery 41 is configured as described above. The battery 41 of this example has a structure in which two nickel-metal hydride unit batteries (secondary batteries) 56 are connected in series. It consists of a battery with a voltage of 4v. Therefore, a load means 57 such as a 2.4 V bulb is connected between the positive terminal 50 and the negative terminal 51 of the battery 41 by wirings 52 and 53. At the time of discharging in a charged state, the nickel oxyhydroxide powder n in the positive electrode cell 54 in contact with the positive electrode current collector 46 of the left first unit battery 56 provided with the positive electrode terminal 50 becomes the positive electrode current collector 46. The electrons (e ⁻ ) are received from the nickel oxyhydroxide powder n in contact with the electrons (e ⁻ ) and supplied together with hydrogen ions to become nickel hydroxide. In the negative electrode cell 55, the hydrogen storage alloy powder h releases electrons (e ⁻ ) and hydrogen ions (H ⁺ ), and the hydrogen ions pass through the ion permeable separator 43 to the positive electrode cell. That is, in the positive electrode cell 54,
NiOOH + H ⁺ + e ⁻ → Ni (OH) ₂ is reacted,
On the other hand, in the negative electrode cell 55,
The reaction of MHx → M + xH ⁺ + xe ⁻ is performed (M: hydrogen storage alloy (powder)).

Subsequently, the electrons (e ⁻ ) emitted from the hydrogen storage alloy powder h in the negative electrode cell 55 form a partition wall with the positive electrode cell 54 of the right second unit battery 56 while moving through the hydrogen storage alloy powder h. The nickel oxyhydroxide powder n in the positive electrode cell 54 of the second unit battery receives electrons (e ⁻ ) from the current collecting member 45 and is in contact with a series. Electrons (e ⁻ ) are supplied to the nickel oxyhydroxide powder n together with hydrogen ions to become nickel hydroxide. In the negative electrode cell 55 of the second unit battery 56 on the right side, the hydrogen storage alloy powder h releases electrons (e ⁻ ) and hydrogen ions (H ⁺ ), and the hydrogen ions pass through the ion permeable separator 43 and are positive. Go to cell 54. Then, the electrons (e ⁻ ) emitted into the negative electrode cell 55 are collected by the negative electrode current collector 47, move from the negative electrode terminal 51 through the wiring 53 to the load means 57, and from the wiring 52 to the positive electrode current collector 46. Move to. As a result, a current flows from the positive electrode terminal 50 of the positive electrode current collector 46 to the negative electrode terminal 51 of the negative electrode current collector 47 through the load means 57. In this way, a voltage of 1.2 V × 2 (2.4 V) is generated (discharge is performed).

On the other hand, charging of the three-dimensional battery 41 is performed in the following manner. A predetermined voltage is applied to the battery 41 by the charger 58 to supply electrons (e ⁻ ) from the negative electrode terminal 51 of the negative electrode current collector 47 to the negative electrode cell 55 of the second unit battery 56 on the right side. While the electrons (e ⁻ ) move in the hydrogen storage alloy powder h, the following reaction occurs thereby generating hydroxyl ions.

M + xH ₂ O + xe ⁻ → MHx + xOH ⁻ M: hydrogen storage alloy (powder)
Hydroxyl ions (OH ⁻ ) generated in the negative electrode cell 55 pass through the ion-permeable separator 43 and move into the left positive electrode cell 54, react with the nickel hydroxide powder n as shown in the following formula, and generate electrons (e ^-Release ).

Ni (OH) ₂ + OH ⁻ → NiOOH + H ₂ O + e ⁻
Electrons (e ⁻ ) emitted into the positive electrode cell 54 are collected by the current collecting member 45 and move to the hydrogen storage alloy powder h in the negative electrode cell 55 adjacent to the left, thereby causing the reaction shown in the above equation. , Hydroxyl ions are generated. Hydroxyl ions (OH ⁻ ) generated in the negative electrode cell 55 pass through the ion permeable separator 43 and move into the positive electrode cell 54 of the first unit battery 56 on the left side, and the nickel hydroxide powder n and the above formula It reacts to release electrons (e ⁻ ). Electrons (e ⁻ ) are collected at the positive electrode terminal 50 of the positive electrode current collector 46 and sent to the charger 58.
(Second Embodiment)
FIG. 15 is a central longitudinal sectional view conceptually showing the stacked three-dimensional battery according to the second embodiment of the second invention.

  As shown in FIG. 15, the three-dimensional battery 41-1 of this example is a lead battery, and has a structure in which six sets of unit lead batteries 56 are connected in series. The unit lead battery 56 includes a positive electrode cell 54 and a negative electrode cell 55 in which an intermediate portion is partitioned by an acid-resistant ion-permeable separator 43. The left end wall of the positive electrode cell 54 of the left end (first set) unit cell 56 and the right end wall of the negative end cell 55 of the right end (sixth set) unit battery 56 are acid resistant conductors as current collectors 46 and 47, respectively. The right side wall of the negative electrode cell 55 of the first set of unit batteries 56 and the left side wall of the positive electrode cell 54 of the sixth set of unit cells 56 are acid resistant as the current collecting member 45. It consists of a conductor side wall (platinum plate or lead plate). The four sets of unit batteries 56 located in the middle are connected in series via acid-resistant conductors (platinum plates or lead plates) as current collecting members 45 that also serve as partition walls between the sets of unit cells 56. In addition, the left end (first set) and right end (sixth set) unit cells 56 are also connected in series via the side wall (platinum plate or lead plate) of an acid-resistant conductor as the current collecting member 45.

Each cell 54, 55 is filled with a dilute sulfuric acid solution (sulfuric acid aqueous solution) r as a common electrolyte solution in this example. The dilute sulfuric acid solution in the positive electrode cell 54 is charged with a powder A of lead dioxide (PbO ₂ ) and suspended therein. On the other hand, the powder B of metallic lead (Pb) is charged and suspended in the dilute sulfuric acid solution in the negative electrode cell 55.

The three-dimensional battery 41-1 according to the second embodiment configured as described above is discharged as follows. That is, the positive electrode cell 54 that is in contact with the leftmost positive electrode current collector 46 receives electrons from the current collector 46, the electrons (e ⁻ ) are supplied to the lead dioxide powder A, and react as shown in the following formula. , Lead sulfate (PbSO ₄ ) and ions are generated.

PbO ₂ + 4H ⁺ + SO ₄ ²⁻ + 2e ⁻ → PbSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O
Next, the anion in the positive electrode cell 54 moves from the ion permeable separator 43 into the negative electrode cell 55, reacts with the metal lead powder B as shown below, releases electrons (e ⁻ ), and is oxidized. Lead sulfate powder is produced.

Pb + SO ₄ ²⁻ → PbSO ₄ + 2e ⁻
Electrons in the negative electrode cell 55 are collected by the current collecting member 45, and electrons are supplied from the current collecting member 45 to the lead dioxide powder A in the positive electrode cell 54 adjacent to the right, and react as shown in the above formula to lead sulfate ( PbSO ₄ ) and ions are generated. Then, the anion in the positive electrode cell 54 moves from the ion permeable separator 43 into the negative electrode cell 55, reacts with the metal lead powder B as in the above formula, releases electrons, and lead sulfate powder is generated. The electrons are collected by the current collecting member 45. This reaction is sequentially repeated in each unit cell 56, and electrons move from the rightmost negative electrode current collector 47 to the leftmost positive electrode current collector 46 via a load means (not shown), and conversely, the positive electrode current collector 46. Current flows through the load means (not shown) to the rightmost negative electrode current collector 47. In the case of this example, a voltage of about 13.6V is generated. As the current collector and electrode, any acid-resistant conductor can be used. For example, carbon or a conductive polymer may be used.
(Third embodiment)
FIG. 16 is a central longitudinal sectional view conceptually showing the stacked three-dimensional battery according to the third embodiment of the second invention.

  As shown in FIG. 16, the three-dimensional battery 41-2 of this example is a lead battery as in the second embodiment of FIG. 15, but a rotating shaft 59 that penetrates the battery 41-2 in the axial direction is rotatable. Arranged and rotated manually or by a rotational drive (not shown). A plurality of agitating blades 59a are projected in a direction perpendicular to the rotation shaft 59 at positions corresponding to the inside of each cell 54, 55 on the rotation shaft 59, and each cell 54, The configuration is such that the dilute sulfuric acid solution r in 55 can be stirred together with the suspended lead dioxide powder A or the metallic lead powder B, which is different from the battery 41-1 of the second embodiment.

Therefore, according to the three-dimensional battery 41-2 of this example, by stirring the lead dioxide powder A and the metal lead powder B as the electrode powder, the electrode powders A and B and the current collectors 46 and 47 or Since the contact with the current collecting member 45 becomes good, the capacity of each cell 54, 55 (cell member 42: see FIG. 13) can be increased, and the amount of electric power can be increased. Further, by stirring the lead dioxide powder A and the metal lead powder B as the electrode powder, it is possible to prevent the lead sulfate particles from adhering to the current collector and the current collector, so that the current collectors 46 and 47 and the current collector A lead plate can be used for the member 45. Since the battery 41-1 according to the second embodiment is the same except for the point provided with the stirring means 59, the members common to the second embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals and the description thereof is omitted.
(Fourth embodiment)
FIG. 17 is a central longitudinal sectional view conceptually showing the stacked three-dimensional battery according to the fourth embodiment of the second invention.

  As shown in FIG. 17, the three-dimensional battery 41-3 of the present example is a lead battery provided with stirring means as in the third embodiment of FIG. 16, but the stirring means is the battery 41- of the third embodiment. 2 is different. That is, the stirring means of this example comprises a stirring means 60 for the positive electrode cell 54 and a stirring means 61 for the negative electrode cell 55. Each of the stirring means 60, 61 is provided with circulation pumps 62, 63, and a sulfuric acid aqueous solution r. Dispersion nozzles 66 and 67 are attached to the inlets of the circulation pipes 64 and 65, and filtration filters 68 and 69 of electrode powders A and B are attached to the suction ports to circulate the sulfuric acid aqueous solution r. In the battery 41-3 of this example, the sulfuric acid aqueous solution r is sprayed from the dispersion nozzles 66 and 67 to the positive electrode cell 54 or the negative electrode cell 55, respectively, and the electrode powders A and B are stirred. The pump and the electrolyte solution are insulated by a trap or the like.

The three-dimensional battery 41-3 of this example also stirs the lead dioxide powder A and the metal lead powder B as the electrode powder, thereby allowing each of the electrode powders A and B and the current collectors 46 and 47 or the current collecting member 45 to Therefore, the capacity of each of the cells 54 and 55 (cell member 42: see FIG. 13) can be increased, the amount of electric power can be increased, and the current collector and current collector of lead sulfate particles Since adhesion to the member can be prevented, lead plates can be used for the current collectors 46 and 47 and the current collecting member 45. In addition, since only the stirring means is different and the other points are common to the battery 41-2 according to the third embodiment, the same members as those in the third embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted. .
(Fifth embodiment)
FIG. 18 is a central longitudinal sectional view conceptually showing the stacked three-dimensional battery according to the fifth embodiment of the second invention.

  As shown in FIG. 18, the three-dimensional battery 41-4 of this example is a lead battery provided with stirring means having the same structure as that of the fourth embodiment of FIG. 17, but the stirring means is the battery 41-of the fourth embodiment. 3 is different. That is, the stirring means of this example supplies an inert gas such as nitrogen and argon to the positive electrode cell 54 and the negative electrode cell 55, and the dispersion nozzles 75, 76 from the inert gas source 70 through the pipes 73, 74 through the blowers 71, 72. Further, the solution is supplied into an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution k, and the electrode powders n and h are stirred and fluidized. On the other hand, an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon supplied to the positive electrode cell 54 and the negative electrode cell 55 is released into the atmosphere via the filtration filters 79 and 80 through another piping 77 and 78.

By the way, in the three-dimensional battery 41-4 of this example, nickel hydroxide powder n is charged into the positive electrode cell 54, and hydrogen storage alloy powder h is charged into the negative electrode cell 55, respectively. The nickel hydride type three-dimensional secondary battery is formed by turbidity. Then, oxygen or air is used as the stirring fluidizing gas in the positive electrode cell 54, and hydrogen is used as the stirring fluidizing gas in the negative electrode cell 55. Therefore, the following reaction occurs. That is, in the negative electrode cell 55, hydrogen reacts with the hydrogen storage alloy powder h,
A reaction of M + (x / 2) H ₂ → MHx occurs.

  Here, when the load means 57 (see FIG. 13) is connected to the battery, the hydrogen occluded in the hydrogen occlusion alloy powder h reacts with the hydroxyl ions in the electrolyte solution k to give electrons and water as shown in the following equation. Release.

MHx + xOH ⁻ → M + xH ₂ O + xe ⁻
The emitted electrons are collected by the negative electrode current collector 47, move to the positive electrode current collector 46 through the load means 57 (see FIG. 13), and move to the nickel oxyhydroxide powder n in the positive electrode cell 46. Then, as shown in the following formula, it reacts with water to produce nickel hydroxide and hydroxyl ions.

NiOOH + H ₂ O + e ⁻ → Ni (OH) ₂ + OH ⁻
The hydroxyl ions permeate the separator 43 and move to the negative electrode cell 55, react with the metal hydride, and release electrons and water.

  On the other hand, in the positive electrode cell 54, the following reaction occurs by supplying oxygen or air.

Ni (OH) ₂ + (1/4) O ₂ → NiOOH + 1 / 2H ₂ O
As a result, NiOOH generated by the reaction shown in the following formula performed at the time of charging is generated and power is generated.

Ni (OH) ₂ + OH ⁻ → NiOOH + H ₂ O + e ⁻
(Sixth embodiment)
FIG. 19 is a central longitudinal sectional view conceptually showing the stacked three-dimensional battery according to the sixth embodiment of the second invention.

As shown in FIG. 19, the three-dimensional battery 41-5 of this example is formed of a nickel-hydrogen secondary battery as in the first embodiment of FIG. ing. Instead, a large number of studs 81, 82, 83 project from the current collectors 46, 47 and the current collecting member 45 into the positive electrode cell 54 or the negative electrode cell 55, respectively, with an interval therebetween. In this example, since nickel plates are used for the current collectors 46 and 47 and the current collecting member 45, the studs 81, 82 and 83 are also integrally formed of nickel plates. In the battery 41-5 of this example, the volume of each of the cells 54 and 55 is greatly increased. However, since the electrode powders n and h reliably contact the current collectors 46 and 47 and the current collector 45. , Can sufficiently transmit electricity (electrons and current). The battery 41-5 of this example can be used in combination with the stirring means 59 or 60 and 61 of the third embodiment or the fourth embodiment.
(Another embodiment)
As mentioned above, although the embodiment of the three-dimensional battery of the second invention has been described, it can also be carried out as follows.
1) As the positive electrode and negative electrode active material powders, for example, nickel hydroxide and cadmium, or nickel hydroxide and iron hydroxide can be used in addition to the above.
2) In the above embodiment, a structure in which two to six unit secondary batteries 56 are connected in series via conductive (acid-resistant or alkali-resistant) conductive members 45 is shown. Any number can be connected in series.
3) The capacity of the battery can also be dealt with by increasing the volume of the cell member 42 in accordance with the required power capacity and providing stirring means and studs as necessary.
3. Embodiment of the Third Invention Next, regarding the embodiment of the third invention, the battery has a three-dimensional structure (three-dimensional battery) as a part of the structure and functions as a chargeable / dischargeable power storage facility. Equipment or devices equipped with, a rotating device powered by the power stored in the 3D battery, a moving object powered by the power stored in the 3D battery, the power stored in the 3D battery, etc. Specific examples of the power transfer means for supplying the equipment and the equipment for converting the power stored in the three-dimensional battery into light energy, kinetic energy, or heat energy will be described in detail below.
[Equipment or apparatus having a three-dimensional battery as part of its structure and functioning as a chargeable / dischargeable power storage facility]
(door)
Doors such as building doors and automobile doors have a double structure for the purpose of heat insulation and strength improvement, but the internal space is not effectively used. Therefore, the internal space of the door is used as a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery cell. That is, the three-dimensional battery is charged by the mechanism as described above, and the internal space of the door is used as a power storage.

  As a result, when this embodiment is applied to a building door, the power stored in the three-dimensional battery in the door should be used as an emergency power supply even if the supply of power is stopped due to a power failure caused by a commercial power supply. In addition, when applied to an automobile door, there is no need to install a separate storage battery. In addition, the battery active material is mainly composed of metal particles, and is characterized by being strong against impact at the time of a car accident, and further having sound absorbing action and excellent soundproofing properties.

FIG. 20 is a longitudinal sectional view of a door having a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery in the internal space. In FIG. 20, 91 is a door housing, 92 is a positive terminal using a hinge, 93 is a negative terminal using a hinge, 94 is a conductive current collecting member, and a current collecting member 94 and a non-conductive separator A plurality of cells are formed by being partitioned by 95, each cell is divided into two by an ion permeable separator 96, and the divided one side cell is filled with the positive electrode powder active material and the electrolyte solution 97, The other divided cell is filled with the negative electrode powder active material and the electrolyte solution 98. 99 is a key device, and 100 is a knob.
(Pier)
The pier is generally made of steel or concrete, and the steel pier is often hollow. However, the hollow internal space is not effectively used.

  Therefore, the inside of the hollow steel pier is used as a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery cell.

  That is, the three-dimensional battery is charged by the mechanism as described above, and the internal space of the pier is used as a power storage.

  As a result, by filling the pier cavity with iron powder as an active material, it is strong against buckling failure.For example, if there is an ocean near the pier, the power generated using the ocean temperature difference or The power generated using the tidal current can be stored, and the power of wind power generation can also be stored.

  FIG. 21 is a longitudinal sectional view of a bridge pier having a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery in the internal space. In FIG. 21, 101 is a pier block, 102 is a branch flange, 103 is a conductive current collecting member, and each cell partitioned by the current collecting member 103 is divided into two by an ion permeable separator 104. The cell on one side is filled with the positive electrode powder active material and the electrolyte solution 105, and the divided cell on the other side is filled with the negative electrode powder active material and the electrolyte solution 106.

For example, a bridge girder is formed by four piers that are 80 meters of 20m square and 5m high blocks, the pier block 101 is made of an iron alloy, nickel plating is applied to the inside, and the separator 104 is made of a sintered metal oxide or the like. A material with high strength as a conductor is used, an active material in which nickel hydroxide powder is mixed with metallic nickel powder is used as the positive electrode powder active material, and iron hydroxide powder and metallic nickel powder are used as the negative electrode powder active material. When a mixed active material is used and a 6N potassium hydroxide solution is used as an electrolyte solution, 70 billion kWhr of electric power can be stored. This power is about one month of commercial power used throughout Japan.
(dam)
Although the dam is generally a huge structure with a concrete filling structure, its huge volume is used only as a means for converting the potential energy of water into electric power.

  Therefore, the outer shell is used as a steel dam, and the inner space is used as a giant cell of a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery.

  That is, the dam is not only used as a facility for converting the potential energy of water into electric power, but also the three-dimensional battery is charged by the mechanism as described above, and the internal space of the dam is used as an electric power storage.

  As a result, the power storage efficiency is as high as 95% compared to the pumped-storage power generation efficiency of 60%.

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of a dam having a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery in the internal space. In FIG. 22, 111 is a positive current collector, 112 is a negative current collector, 113 is a conductive current collecting member, and each cell partitioned by the current collecting member 113 is divided into two by an ion permeable separator 114. The cell portion close to the positive electrode current collector in the divided cells is filled with the positive electrode powder active material and the electrolyte solution 115, and the cell portion close to the negative electrode current collector in the divided cells is filled. Is filled with the powder active material of the negative electrode and the electrolyte solution 116.
(radiator)
In a liquid-cooled radiator, water or oil is used as a cooling medium. However, this cooling medium is difficult to divert to fuel or the like, and is used only as a coolant.

  Therefore, the radiator is composed of a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery, and the electrolytic solution is used as a cooling medium.

  That is, heat necessary for charging and discharging the battery is received through the electrolytic solution, and the radiator is used as a power storage.

  As a result, for example, it is not necessary to mount a power storage location on an automobile, and the power storage efficiency of the battery is improved. In particular, the reaction rate of the battery when the outside air temperature is low can be accelerated by heating the electrolyte.

FIG. 23 is a schematic configuration diagram of a radiator as a power storage. In FIG. 23, 121 is a radiator main body, 122 is a fin, and the radiator main body 121 is divided into two parts by an ion-permeable separator 123. On one side of the divided parts, a positive electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 124 are provided. The other divided side is filled with the negative electrode powder active material and the electrolyte solution 125. 126 is a positive electrode current collector, and 127 is a negative electrode current collector. Reference numerals 128a and 128b denote active material separation filters for regenerating the active material, and the active material separation filter 128b communicates with a heat source. The heat from the heat source is also transmitted to the radiator body 121.
(roof)
Roofs of ordinary houses use tiles, fences, ceramics, etc. with excellent heat insulation and water repellency, but the roof itself has no energy conversion function, and a large space between the roof and the ceiling is wasted. It can also be said.

  Therefore, a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is formed using the space between the roof and the ceiling. That is, instead of the soil enclosed in the attic as a heat insulating material and weight, the powder active material of the three-dimensional battery is encapsulated and the attic is used as a power storage.

  As a result, for example, if the solar cell installed on the roof or the electric power obtained by wind power generation is stored in a three-dimensional battery, and if the three-dimensional battery has a heat exchange function, the indoor temperature can be increased in summer. If the wind is sucked and used for the battery reaction of the three-dimensional battery and the heat generated as a result of the battery reaction of the three-dimensional battery is released indoors in the winter, the room is cool in the summer and in the winter The room becomes warm and the 3D battery can be used not only as a power storage device but also as an air conditioner. Moreover, even if a three-dimensional battery having a heat exchange function is installed on the ceiling of the automobile, the same air conditioning effect can be obtained.

FIG. 24 is a longitudinal sectional view of a house having a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery on the ceiling. In FIG. 24, 131 is a roof, 132a and 132b are walls, and a plurality of current collecting members 134 are placed from one wall 132a to the other wall on the ceiling portion surrounded by the roof 131, the walls 132a and 132b, and the beam 133. Each of the cells arranged toward 132b and partitioned by the current collecting member 134 is divided into two by an ion permeable separator 135, and a portion of the divided cells close to the positive electrode current collector 136 has a positive electrode. The powder active material and the electrolyte solution 137 are filled, and the cell portion close to the negative electrode current collector 138 in the divided cells is filled with the negative electrode powder active material and the electrolyte solution 139.
(Automobile hood and trunk cover)
The hood and trunk cover of an automobile are used as a cover and strength member for an engine and other contents, but the inner surface portion is not used.

  Therefore, the hood or trunk cover is used as a casing of the three-dimensional battery, and a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is formed on the inner surface side of the hood or trunk cover.

  That is, the bonnet or the trunk cover has a battery function.

  As a result, the storage battery previously mounted in the bonnet is no longer necessary, and the three-dimensional battery functions as a strength member, increasing the strength of the hood or trunk cover.

FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view showing a part of a bonnet having a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery on the inner surface side. In FIG. 25, 141 is a bonnet, 142 is a conductive current collecting member, and each cell partitioned by the current collecting member 142 is divided into two by an ion-permeable separator 143, and one side of the divided side is divided. The cell is filled with a positive electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 144, and the other divided cell is filled with a negative electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 145.
(road)
In general, roads are constructed with lower roadbed material, upper roadbed material is constructed on the lower roadbed material, and the surface layer is asphalt paved. It has not been.

  Therefore, a powdered active material is used instead of the roadbed material that is generally used at present, and a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is formed near the ground surface.

  That is, the three-dimensional battery is charged by the mechanism as described above, and a large amount of power is stored on the road.

  As a result, it is possible to prevent the road from freezing due to the heat generated by the battery reaction, and it is possible to recycle the roadbed material by regenerating the powder active material.

FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view of the vicinity of the ground surface forming a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery. In FIG. 26, 151 is an asphalt pavement, 152 is a positive current collector, 153 is a negative current collector, 154 is a conductive current collecting member, and a cell partitioned by the current collecting member 154 is an ion-permeable separator 155. The cell portion close to the positive electrode current collector in the divided cells is filled with the powder active material of the positive electrode and the electrolyte solution 156, and the negative electrode current collector is divided into the divided cells. A cell portion close to is filled with a negative electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 157.
(Tableware)
In general, in order to improve heat insulation, tableware is often used that has a high heat insulating property or a metal double structure. However, since the heat insulation is high and the heat capacity is large, it is necessary to heat or cool the container in advance according to the temperature of the food before the food is put into the tableware to ensure good heat retention.

  Therefore, the bottom or side of the tableware has a double structure, a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is formed using the internal space in the double structure, and a heating element or cooling element is placed in the internal space. Buried.

  That is, using the electric power stored in the three-dimensional battery as a power source, the heating element or the cooling element is actuated to heat and hold the hot food and to cool and hold the cold food.

  As a result, it is not necessary to heat the dishes before putting the warm food into the dishes, and the food will not be abandoned. In addition, it is not necessary to cool the dishes before pouring the cold food into the dishes, and the food does not get warm.

FIG. 27 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a tableware having a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery on the side. In FIG. 27, 161 is a tableware handle, and the tableware main body 162 has a double structure having an internal space. The internal space of the side part of the tableware main body 162 is divided into two by an ion-permeable separator 163, and one of the divided spaces is filled with the positive electrode powder active material and the electrolyte solution 164, and the other divided space is filled. The space is filled with a negative electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 165. A heating element (or cooling element) 166 is embedded in the bottom of the tableware. Reference numeral 167 denotes a power switch, and 168 denotes a charging jack. Then, the table-side three-dimensional battery having the above-described configuration is charged from the charging jack 168, and the power switch 167 is turned on when the food is put into the tableware, and the heating element ( (Or a cooling element) 166 is operated to hold the food in the tableware heated or cooled.
(Balance weight)
In general, lifting machines such as excavators, forklifts, cranes, etc. have a balance weight as an essential accessory to balance the heavy objects they handle. However, this balance weight is a lump of metal and balances the weight. It is not used for purposes other than taking.

  Therefore, a positive electrode current collector and a negative electrode current collector are provided inside the balance weight, and an ion permeable separator is interposed between the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector, so that the positive electrode current collector and the ion permeable material are disposed. Chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional structure in which the positive electrode powder active material and electrolyte solution are filled between the separators, and the negative electrode powder active material and electrolyte solution are filled between the negative electrode current collector and the ion-permeable separator. Form a battery.

  That is, the balance weight is used not only as a weight but also as a power storage.

As a result, the power of the built-in three-dimensional battery can be used as an operating power source for a lifting machine such as a power shovel, a forklift, or a crane.
(floor)
Some houses may be used as an indoor heating source by passing hot combustion exhaust gas under the floor or installing an electric heater. However, it is difficult to use such heat for cooling, and it cannot be said that the space under the floor is fully utilized.

  Therefore, a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is formed under the floor.

  In other words, the under floor serves as a power storage, and one electrode radiates heat and the other electrode absorbs heat during charging and discharging, so that it can be used for indoor air conditioning.

  As described above, since the heat absorption / dissipation of the battery is directly used as an electric power source for cooling / heating, a general air-conditioning apparatus that performs cooling / heating by using the heat of vaporization and dissipated heat accompanying expansion and compression of the compressible heat transfer medium Compared with, energy conversion efficiency is improved.

FIG. 28 is a sectional view of a floor of a house having a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery. In FIG. 28, 171 is a floor, 172 is a positive electrode, 173 is a negative electrode, 174 is a conductive current collecting member, and each cell partitioned by a current collecting member 174 arranged from the positive electrode to the negative electrode is ion permeable. The cell portion near the positive electrode in the divided cells is filled with the powder active material and the electrolyte solution 176 of the positive electrode, and the cell portion close to the negative electrode in the divided cells. Is filled with a negative electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 177. Reference numeral 178 denotes a heat medium supply cooling / heating switch, and 179 is a heat medium recovery cooling / heating switch. The heat medium that has passed through the heat medium distribution space 180 under the floor from the heat medium supply / cooling switch 178 is recovered by the heat medium recovery cool / warm switch 179 and is transferred from the positive heat exchanger heat medium supply pipe 181 to each positive cell internal heat exchanger. 182 is supplied to the heat medium supply cooling / heating switch 178 via the positive electrode heat exchanger heat medium discharge pipe 183. The heat medium recovered by the heat medium recovery cooling / heating switch 179 is supplied from the negative electrode heat exchanger heat medium supply pipe 184 to each negative cell internal heat exchanger 185 and passes through the negative electrode heat exchanger heat medium discharge pipe 186. The heat medium supply cooling / heating switch 178 is reached. Accordingly, by switching the heating medium supply cooling / heating switch 178 and the heating medium recovery cooling / heating switch 179 to cooling or heating, the chemical reaction heat due to the battery reaction at the time of charging / discharging can be used as a cooling source or a heating source. Can be used.
(bed)
Beds are generally well insulated and warm in winter but hot in summer.

  Therefore, a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is formed in the bed using a portion where elastic means such as a spring body below the bed surface is interposed.

  That is, the bed serves as a power storage, and one electrode radiates heat during charge / discharge, and the other electrode absorbs heat. Therefore, the heat release reaction is used for heating and the endothermic reaction is used for cooling.

  As described above, since the heat absorption / dissipation of the battery is directly used as an electric power source for cooling / heating, a general air-conditioning apparatus that performs cooling / heating by using the heat of vaporization and dissipated heat accompanying expansion and compression of the compressible heat transfer medium Compared with, energy conversion efficiency is improved.

A specific example of illustration is the same as that shown in FIG. 28, and will be omitted (the floor 171 may be replaced with the bed surface).
(Power supply for construction)
As a power source for various constructions, an engine generator is used in a place where a commercial power source is generally not available, but pollution such as noise and exhaust gas occurs.

  Therefore, a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is mounted on the vehicle and installed at the construction site. Then, when necessary in the construction, power is supplied from the three-dimensional battery.

  Thus, a low noise and low exhaust gas power supply means can be provided. The effect is particularly great when a construction power source is required in a closed space such as a densely populated house or a tunnel.

FIG. 29 is a side view of a trailer equipped with a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery. In FIG. 29, 191 is a power vehicle, and 192 is a trailer equipped with a three-dimensional battery.
[Rotating equipment that uses power stored in a three-dimensional battery as a power source]
(Electric motor)
Generally, an electric motor has a disadvantage that it does not operate unless power is supplied from an external power source, and a current exceeding the rated value flows at the time of startup.

  Therefore, a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is formed using the casing or pedestal of the electric motor as a battery housing.

  That is, by having the power storage device inside the motor, the motor can be operated without supplying power from an external power source.

  Thus, the volume of the whole apparatus reduces by combining an electric motor and a battery. By supplying power from a three-dimensional battery in addition to an external power source at the time of startup, an excessive power supply facility becomes unnecessary, and the amount of external power used can be suppressed. During normal operation of the motor, power is supplied only from the three-dimensional battery, so that no external power is required, and the motor operates even during a power failure.

  FIG. 30A is a longitudinal sectional view of an electric motor in which a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is incorporated in a casing. In FIG. 30A, 201 is a rotating shaft, 202 is a rotor, 203 is a field coil, 204 is a positive current collector, 205 is an ion permeable separator, and 206 is a negative current collector. A positive electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 207 are filled between the positive electrode current collector 204 and the ion permeable separator 205, and a negative electrode powder is interposed between the negative electrode current collector 206 and the ion permeable separator 205. The active material and the electrolyte solution 208 are filled. In FIG. 30A, although there is one battery, a high voltage can be obtained by stacking along the circumferential direction or stacking in the axial longitudinal direction. Further, although the negative electrode current collector 206 is shown as a circular one, the volumetric efficiency of the electric motor can be improved by stacking the negative electrode current collector 206 in the longitudinal direction as a rectangle.

  FIG. 30B is a longitudinal sectional view of an electric motor in which a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is incorporated in a pedestal. In FIG. 30B, 209 is a base of the electric motor 215, 210 is a positive electrode current collector, 211 is an ion permeable separator, and 212 is a negative electrode current collector. A positive electrode powder active material and electrolyte solution 213 are filled between the positive electrode current collector 210 and the separator 211, and a negative electrode powder active material and electrolyte solution 214 are interposed between the negative electrode current collector 212 and the separator 211. Is filled.

If the three-dimensional battery of the present invention is used in an article that operates with a small electric motor, such as a portable tape recorder, the space of the battery currently used can be omitted, and the electric motor only needs to be slightly enlarged. The entire recorder can be downsized. In addition, if the 3D battery of the present invention is used in a large motor, a large current required at the time of starting the motor can be supplied from the 3D battery, so that an excessive power supply device that is required only at the time of startup is not required. The amount of power used can also be greatly reduced.
(engine)
In general, a casing of an engine such as a reciprocating engine or a turbo engine is provided with a jacket for circulating a cooling medium, and an electric motor is required to start the engine, and an external power source is required to operate the electric motor. It is said that power must be supplied from.

  Therefore, a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is formed using the casing of the engine as a battery housing.

  That is, the casing that has become a battery absorbs the heat of the engine and efficiently converts it into electric power, and stores the electric power outside the engine casing.

  Thus, since the engine has a power storage function, no external power source is required. Further, by storing electricity using the heat of the engine, heat energy that has been discarded to the outside can be converted into electrical energy and stored, so that the overall energy efficiency can be improved.

  FIG. 31 is a longitudinal sectional view of a turbo engine in which a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is incorporated in a casing. In FIG. 31, 221 is a rotating shaft, 222 is a turbine, 223 is a casing, 224 is a positive electrode current collector, 225 is an ion permeable separator, and 226 is a negative electrode current collector. A positive electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 227 are filled between the positive electrode current collector 224 and the separator 225, and a negative electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 228 are filled between the negative electrode current collector 226 and the separator 225. Is filled.

The structure of the battery shown in FIG. 31 is a battery that operates at a relatively high temperature in accordance with the operating temperature of the engine (for example, a melt that operates at a high temperature of about 650 ° C. using a carbonate such as lithium carbonate or potassium carbonate as an electrolyte). It is preferable that the structure of the carbonate type fuel cell) is adopted, and the electrode that absorbs heat by charging is shared with the casing 223. FIG. 31 shows the case of a turbo engine, but in the case of a reciprocating engine, a cooling double jacket around the cylinder can be used as a battery casing.
[Moving object powered by electricity stored in 3D battery]
(Dual structure ship)
Ships that carry liquids that contaminate seawater when leaked, such as tankers, often adopt a double structure so that the liquid does not flow into the sea due to accidents, etc., but the double structure part is effective. It is not used for.

  Therefore, a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery using seawater or alkali as an electrolyte is formed in the double structure portion.

  That is, the double structure part of the ship is used as a power storage.

  As a result, the stored electric power can be used as a power source during ship navigation.

FIG. 32 is a perspective view showing a part of a dual structure ship incorporating a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery. In FIG. 32, reference numeral 231 denotes a tank wall as a positive electrode current collector, 232 denotes an ion permeable separator, and 233 denotes an outboard wall as a negative electrode current collector. A positive electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 234 are filled between the positive electrode current collector 231 and the separator 232, and a negative electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 235 are filled between the negative electrode current collector 233 and the separator 232. Is filled. In this embodiment, seawater can be used as the electrolyte. In this way, by effectively using the double structure part of the double structure ship as a three-dimensional battery, for example, when 5% of the weight of a million ton tanker is used as a battery, the output of 100,000 horsepower can be obtained. It is possible to sail for about 60 hours.
(ship)
Oil, natural gas, nuclear fuel, coal, etc., which are energy, are transported in large quantities by large ships with a large amount of drainage in order to reduce transportation costs, but there is no means for directly transporting electric power.

  Therefore, a part or all of the hold is used as a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery cell.

  In other words, the hold is used as a power storage.

  As a result, the stored electric power can be used as a power source during ship navigation.

  FIG. 33 is a longitudinal sectional view of a part of the ship in the longitudinal direction incorporating a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery. In FIG. 33, reference numeral 241 denotes a ship bulkhead as a positive electrode current collector, and 242 denotes a ship outer wall as a negative electrode current collector. Between the positive electrode current collector 241 and the negative electrode current collector 242, a plurality of conductive current collecting members 243 also serving as partition walls are interposed, and each cell partitioned by the current collecting member 243 is separated by an ion permeable separator 244. In the divided cell, the cell portion close to the positive electrode current collector is filled with the positive electrode powder active material and the electrolyte solution 245, and the negative electrode current collector is divided into the divided cells. The near cell portion is filled with the negative electrode powder active material and the electrolyte solution 246.

If a three-dimensional battery is made with a ship with a displacement of 1 million tons, it can store 100 million kWhr of electric power. If 1 kWhr is a unit price of 10 yen, electric power equivalent to 1 billion yen can be transported, and transport efficiency is improved compared to transporting natural gas or coal.
(airplane)
The fuselage of the airplane has a double structure due to pressure resistance, and the wing has a double structure due to strength, and fuel is contained in a part of the inner space of the wing, but the remaining internal space is not effectively used .

  Therefore, a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery cell is formed using the internal space of the wing.

  That is, the electric power stored in the three-dimensional battery in the wing is used as the electric power at the time of starting the aircraft engine and the in-flight power source during navigation.

  As a result, a power gas turbine and a dedicated battery are not required, and the overall weight of the aircraft is reduced.

FIG. 34 is a cross-sectional view of an airplane wing incorporating a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery. In FIG. 34, reference numeral 251 denotes a blade inner partition as a positive electrode current collector, and reference numeral 252 denotes a blade outer wall as a negative electrode current collector. Between the positive electrode current collector 251 and the negative electrode current collector 252, a plurality of conductive current collecting members 253 that also serve as partition walls are interposed, and each cell partitioned by the current collecting member 253 is separated by an ion permeable separator 254. The cell portion that is divided into two and is close to the positive electrode current collector in the divided cells is filled with the powder active material of the positive electrode and the electrolyte solution 255, and is close to the negative electrode current collector in the divided cells. The cell portion is filled with a negative electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 256.
(Road roller)
The road roller generally makes the tire large and heavy, and the tire acts as a weight, so the inside of the tire is filled with a lump of iron as a heavy object, and the filler is effectively used. Absent.

  Therefore, a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is formed by replacing the iron block inside the tire of the road roller with the powder of the active material.

  That is, a road roller tire is used as a power source for movement.

  As a result, the tire can be effectively used as a power source for movement other than the weight.

FIG. 35 is a cross-sectional view of a road roller tire incorporating a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery. In FIG. 35, 261 is a rotating shaft as a positive electrode current collector, and 262 is an outer wall as a negative electrode current collector. A conductive current collecting member 263 also serving as a partition is interposed between the positive electrode current collector 261 and the negative electrode current collector 262, and each cell partitioned by the current collecting member 263 is divided into two by an ion permeable separator 264. The cell portion close to the positive electrode current collector in the divided cells is filled with the positive electrode powder active material and the electrolyte solution 265, and the cell portion close to the negative electrode current collector in the divided cells. Are filled with a negative electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 266.
(Electric train)
Electric trains are generally supplied with power from a transmission line via a pantograph, but the overhead line is expensive and time consuming, and friction between the pantograph and the transmission line causes noise.

  Thus, the bottom of the train body is a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery cell.

  That is, the electric power of the three-dimensional battery is stored at the bottom of the vehicle body and used as electric power for traveling.

  As a result, no overhead wire is required.

  FIG. 36 is a schematic configuration diagram of a cross section of a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery installed at the bottom of a train body. In FIG. 36, reference numeral 271 denotes a positive electrode current collector, 272 denotes a negative electrode current collector, and a plurality of conductive current collecting members 273 also serving as partition walls are provided between the positive electrode current collector 271 and the negative electrode current collector 272. Each cell interposed and partitioned by the current collecting member 273 is divided into two by an ion permeable separator 274, and in the divided cell, the cell portion close to the positive electrode current collector has a positive electrode powder active material. In the divided cells, the cell portion close to the negative electrode current collector is filled with the negative electrode powder active material and the electrolyte solution 276.

For example, if you make a one-ton 3D battery, you can store 100 kWhr of electric power, and trains that run around the city with this stored electric power can run for several tens of minutes. ) Can also be charged. However, in order to run 16 Shinkansen vehicles, the maximum power of 15000 kW is required, and it is impossible to run for about 2 hours unless a 4 ton 3D battery is installed in each vehicle. It is preferable that both the engine generator and the fuel cell are mounted so as to be as small as tons.
(Electric locomotive)
The electric locomotive generates electricity with an engine generator and drives the electric motor with the electric power. However, since the electric locomotive has poor followability with respect to load fluctuations, a flywheel is mounted. However, the energy storage amount of the engine generator is small, and there is an adverse effect on running performance due to fluctuations in angular momentum.

  Therefore, a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is installed between the generator and the electric motor.

  That is, the electric motor is driven by the electric power stored in the three-dimensional battery and used as electric power for traveling.

  As a result, there is an advantage that the followability to the load fluctuation is improved and the efficiency of the engine is improved, so that the maximum output is increased and the emission amount of the pollutant is also reduced at the same time.

FIG. 37A is a cross-sectional view of an electric locomotive having a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery. In FIG. 37A, 281 is a driver's seat, 282 is an engine generator, 283 is a three-dimensional battery, 284 is an electric motor, 285 is a control device, and 286 is a drive wheel. FIG. 37 (b) is a schematic configuration diagram of an embodiment of a mechanism for driving an electric motor through a three-dimensional battery that can be charged and discharged from a generator when applied to a turbo engine. Reference numeral 288 denotes a fuel tank, and 289 denotes a combustor. The air 290 introduced from the outside is compressed by a compressor 287, and the high-pressure air and the fuel in the fuel tank 288 are burned by the combustor 289 to generate high-temperature and high-pressure gas. The generated kinetic energy of the high-temperature and high-pressure gas is supplied to the three-dimensional battery 293 via the expander 291 and the power generator 292, converted into electric power and stored, and this electric power is supplied to the electric motor 295 via the controller 294.
(Power car)
Since electric locomotives and trains are generally supplied with electric power from a power transmission line via a pantograph, they cannot travel on routes that are not electrified, and cannot travel even during power outages. Therefore, a power supply vehicle consisting of a generator and a vehicle equipped with only a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery or a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is pulled.

  That is, the electric motor is driven by the electric power of the power source car, and is used as electric power for running an electric locomotive or train.

  As a result, electric locomotives and trains can run on non-electrified routes.

FIG. 38A is a cross-sectional view of an electric locomotive that pulls a power supply vehicle, and FIG. 38B is a power storage system that extends from a generator to a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery when applied to a turbo engine. It is a schematic block diagram of one Example. In FIG. 38A, 301 is an electric locomotive, 302 is a power supply wheel, and the same reference numerals are given to the same components as those in FIG. FIG. 38B is different from FIG. 37B in that the control device 294 and the electric motor 295 in FIG. 37B are not included.
(Low noise train)
Since electric power is generally supplied from a transmission line via a pantograph, noise is generated by friction between the pantograph and the transmission line. For this reason, when traveling in densely populated houses, the vehicle may travel at a low speed in order to reduce the noise. However, if the train, which is a high-speed transportation means, slows down, it will result in a large loss of time and it will not be possible to arrive at the destination at the desired time.

  Therefore, a power supply vehicle composed of a generator and a vehicle equipped with only a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery or a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is pulled as a power source, and each vehicle is equipped with a three-dimensional battery.

  That is, the pantograph is stored at the time of high-speed traveling, and the vehicle travels with the electric power stored in the three-dimensional battery.

  As a result, noise during high speed traveling can be reduced.

FIG. 39 is a cross-sectional view of a low-noise train having a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery, which is different from FIG. 38A in that a pantograph 311 is added to the electric locomotive 301 of FIG.
[Power transport means for supplying the power stored in the 3D battery to other equipment]
(Electrical wire)
Conventionally, coaxial cables are used for high-frequency power transportation, and parallel cables are used for low-frequency power transportation. However, if an instantaneous power outage or short-term power outage occurs from the power source, the power supply stops, Equipment that cannot be shut down can cause serious accidents.

  Therefore, the power transmission line is used as a current collector, and a powder active material is filled around the power transmission line, so that the power transmission line has a function of a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery.

  That is, a three-dimensional battery is formed by adapting to the voltage of a device that requires electric power, and the electric power stored in the three-dimensional battery is supplied for a short time.

  As a result, in a device that operates with a relatively low power direct current, it is possible to supply the necessary power from the three-dimensional battery at the momentary power outage for a short time. Even during replacement, the operation of electrical equipment does not stop. In particular, it is possible to sufficiently cope with electrical troubles of devices that operate with low power, such as personal computers and electric watches.

  40A is a cross-sectional view of a current transmission line, FIG. 40B is a cross-sectional view of a transmission line incorporating a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery, and FIG. 40C is a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional figure. It is a schematic flowchart of one Example which supplies electric power to a terminal device from the power transmission line incorporating the battery.

  In FIG. 40A, reference numerals 321 and 322 are power transmission lines. In FIG. 40B, reference numeral 323 denotes an electric wire as a positive electrode current collector, and reference numeral 324 denotes an electric wire as a negative electrode current collector. Between the positive electrode current collector 323 and the negative electrode current collector 324, a plurality of cells are formed with a plurality of conductive current collecting members 325 interposed, and each cell is divided into two by an ion-permeable separator 326. In the divided cells, the cell portion close to the positive electrode current collector is filled with the positive electrode powder active material and the electrolyte solution 327, and the divided cells are close to the negative electrode current collector. The portion is filled with a negative electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 328.

In FIG. 40C, 329 is an AC 100 volt power source, 330 is an AC 100 volt power transmission line, 331 is a rectifier, 332 is a power transmission line incorporating a three-dimensional battery, and 333 is a personal computer. For example, if a powder active material of 10 gr is enclosed in the power transmission line 332, in the case of a nickel metal hydride battery, a direct current of 1 A at 7.2 V can be supplied for 400 seconds.
(Electric pole)
In order to transport electric power, cables are arranged at the height of the power pole, but the structure of the power pole itself is not effectively used.

  Therefore, the power pole is made to be a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery structure.

  That is, power is supplied from a commercial power source during normal times, and power is supplied from a three-dimensional battery of a utility pole during a power failure.

  As a result, power can be supplied without interruption even when a commercial power supply fails.

FIG. 41 is a cross-sectional view of a utility pole incorporating a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery. In FIG. 41, 341 is the ground surface, 342 is a positive electrode, 343 is a negative electrode, and a plurality of current collecting members 344 are interposed between these positive and negative electrodes, and each cell partitioned by the current collecting member 344 Is divided into two by an ion-permeable separator 345, and the cell portion close to the positive electrode in the divided cells is filled with the powder active material of the positive electrode and the electrolyte solution 346. A cell portion close to the negative electrode is filled with a powder active material and an electrolyte solution 347 of the negative electrode.
[Equipment that converts electric power stored in a three-dimensional battery into light energy, kinetic energy, or thermal energy]
(light bulb)
Generally, a light bulb is connected to a glass container with a glass container, a filament is arranged in the glass container, and electric power is supplied to the filament through the metal container to light it. Thus, an external power supply is required to light the bulb.

  Therefore, a powder container is filled with a powdered active material to form a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery.

  That is, lighting is performed by short-circuiting the terminal of the three-dimensional battery and the filament terminal of the bulb.

  As a result, the light bulb can be turned on without using an external power source.

FIG. 42 is a cross-sectional view of a light bulb incorporating a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery. In FIG. 42, 351 is a positive electrode current collector, 352 is a negative electrode current collector, 353 is an ion-permeable separator, and a positive electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 354 are disposed between the positive electrode current collector 351 and the separator 353. The negative electrode current collector 352 and the separator 353 are filled with a negative electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 355. 356 is a filament, 357 is a filament terminal, 358 is a battery positive terminal, and 359 is a charging jack. Since one end of the filament 356 is connected to the negative electrode current collector 352 of the battery, the light bulb can be turned on by short-circuiting the filament terminal 357 and the battery positive electrode terminal 358.
(flashlight)
A flashlight is generally a double container structure in which a battery is put into a cylindrical container with a power switch and a light bulb is lit, but a battery container is further inserted into the flashlight container. It is big and heavy.

  Therefore, a flashlight container is used as a current collector, and a powder active material and an electrolytic solution are placed in the container to form a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery.

  That is, a flashlight container is used as a housing for a three-dimensional battery.

  As a result, the battery that has been put in the conventional flashlight becomes unnecessary, and thus the flashlight can be reduced in weight and size.

FIG. 43 is a cross-sectional view of a flashlight incorporating a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery. In FIG. 43, reference numeral 361 denotes a light bulb, 362 denotes a switch, 363 denotes a positive electrode current collector, 364 denotes a negative electrode current collector, 365 denotes an ion-permeable separator, and the positive electrode current collector 363 and the separator 365 have a positive electrode A powder active material and an electrolyte solution 366 are filled, and a negative electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 367 are filled between the negative electrode current collector 364 and the separator 365.
(Giant meteorite orbit changing device)
As a device to change the orbit of the huge meteorite, a method of changing the orbit of the meteorite by firing a metal bullet placed on two rails using the power of the lead battery as energy and driving the metal bullet into the huge meteorite Has been proposed, but there is not enough energy to drive the meteorite.

  Therefore, a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is formed near the ground surface with a large current.

  That is, the large current stored in the three-dimensional battery is converted into kinetic energy, which greatly increases the meteorite driving energy of the metal bullets fired from the rail gun.

  FIG. 44A is a longitudinal sectional view of a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery formed near the ground surface. In FIG. 44A, 371 is the ground surface, 372 is the positive electrode, 373 is the negative electrode, and a plurality of conductive current collecting members 374 are interposed between the positive electrode 371 and the negative electrode 372. Each partitioned cell is divided into two by an ion permeable separator 375, and the cell portion close to the positive electrode in the divided cells is filled with the positive electrode powder active material and the electrolyte solution 376, and is divided. The cell portion close to the negative electrode in the formed cells is filled with the negative electrode powder active material and the electrolyte solution 377.

FIG. 44B is a schematic configuration diagram of an embodiment of a metal bullet firing device using a railgun. In FIG. 44B, 378 is a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery, 379 is a metal bullet, 380 is an H-shaped steel brush as a positive electrode, and 381 is an H-shaped steel brush as a negative electrode. For example, when a three-dimensional battery having the configuration shown in FIG. 44A is formed over 10 km square, it is possible to store electric power of 10 ⁵ volts × 10 ¹³ amperes. With this electric power, a magnetic field of 0.5 × 10 ¹⁸ watts is formed from the sky toward the ground surface, and the electromagnetic force is applied to the metal bullet. That is, a 10 m-wide rail composed of the brushes 380 and 381 is applied with a force of 10 ³⁵ N, and a nickel bullet having a diameter of 50 m and a length of 100 m can be accelerated to about 1 / 10,000 of the speed of light and fired. , Most meteorites can be shot down.
(Melting device)
A melting furnace for melting various substances is provided with a large power supply facility, and the facility cost of the power supply facility is high.

  Therefore, a high-output, low-capacity chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is attached to the melting furnace.

  That is, the three-dimensional battery is charged by an appropriate power generation means, the high-output and low-capacity electric power stored in the three-dimensional battery is supplied to the melting furnace when the substance is melted, and the electric energy is converted into thermal energy to convert the substance into Melt.

In this way, the material can be melted with a relatively small power supply facility.
4). Embodiment of the fourth invention (first embodiment)
FIG. 45 is a schematic configuration diagram of an alkaline primary battery according to the first embodiment of the fourth invention. As shown in FIG. 45, a negative electrode cell 392 and a positive electrode cell 393 are provided via an ion permeable separator 391. The negative electrode cell 392 is filled with a negative electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 394. Is filled with a positive electrode powder active material and an electrolyte solution 395. As the powder active material of the negative electrode, iron carbide powder is used, but a powder mixture of iron carbide and iron can also be used. The iron carbide means that at least a part of the iron carbide product has a chemical composition of Fe ₃ C. For example, as described above, this iron carbide can be produced by the method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-48604 filed by the present applicant, but iron-containing raw materials are reduced and carbonized to produce iron carbide. In the case of obtaining, it is not always necessary to use one in which all parts of the iron-containing raw material are converted to iron carbide. This is because the more the carbonized portion in the iron carbide, the better the conductivity, while the production cost of the high conversion iron carbide product with many carbonized portions increases. In this respect, if the Fe ₃ C composition of the iron carbide product is 5 atomic% or more of the iron content, the necessary conductivity as the powder active material of the negative electrode can be ensured, and the manufacturing costs are compared. Can be kept low.

  As the positive electrode powder active material, a powder mixture of manganese dioxide and carbon is used. As the electrolyte solution, a potassium hydroxide aqueous solution is used for both the negative electrode cell 392 and the positive electrode cell 393.

  The separator 391 is a film that allows ions to pass but does not allow powder to pass through. For example, unglazed, ion exchange resin films, metal fibers, and nonwoven fabrics can be used. Each of the negative electrode cell 392 and the positive electrode cell 393 is provided with a negative electrode current collector 396 and a positive electrode current collector 397 made of a conductor, and these current collectors 396 and 397 are connected to the load means 398. The current collectors 396 and 397 are preferably made of a metal that does not corrode in an alkaline solution. For example, a plate in which carbon steel is plated with nickel can be used.

  Next, details of the discharge of the alkaline primary battery according to the first embodiment of the fourth invention will be described.

  When the battery is connected to the load means 398, the negative electrode current collector 396 emits electrons to the external circuit, and the emitted electrons pass from the negative electrode current collector 396 through the load means 398 and reach the positive electrode current collector 397. Electrons react with the positive electrode powder active material while moving directly or via the powder active material from the positive electrode current collector 397. The anion generated when the positive electrode powder active material accepts electrons passes through the separator 391 and enters the negative electrode cell 392, where it reacts with the negative electrode powder active material to emit electrons. The electrons are supplied to the load means 398 through the powder or directly moved to the negative electrode current collector 396. The above cycle is repeated.

  When the above discharge reaction is divided into the negative electrode side and the positive electrode side and expressed in chemical formula, it is expressed as follows.

(Negative electrode) Fe + 2OH ⁻ → Fe (OH) ₂ + 2e ⁻
(Positive electrode) MnO ₂ + H ₂ O + e ⁻ → MnOOH + OH ⁻
FIG. 45 is only for illustrating a schematic configuration of the alkaline primary battery, and various structures such as a cylindrical shape and a stacked shape can be adopted.
(Second Embodiment)
FIG. 46 is a schematic configuration diagram of an alkaline secondary battery according to the second embodiment of the fourth invention. The same components as those in FIG. 45 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof is omitted. 45 differs from FIG. 45 in that a powder mixture of nickel hydroxide and carbon is used as the powder active material of the positive electrode and that fluidized fluid dispersion means 399 and 400 are provided. is there. In place of the load means 398, a load means (in the case of discharging) or a power generation means (in the case of charging) 401 is installed.

  In order to increase the contact efficiency between the powders in the negative electrode cell 392 and the positive electrode cell 393 or between the powder and the current collectors 396 and 397, gas or liquid is introduced into the cells 392 and 393 from the fluidizing fluid dispersing means 399 and 400. Supplied. Instead of the fluidizing fluid dispersing means 399, 400, or together with the fluidizing fluid dispersing means 399, 400, stirring means such as a feather stirrer can be provided in each cell 392, 393 to fluidize the powder. .

  Next, in the charging and discharging of the alkaline secondary battery according to the second embodiment of the fourth invention, the discharge reaction is the same as that described in the case of the alkaline primary battery. The reaction will be described below.

  When the battery is connected to the power generation means 401, the electrons emitted from the power generation means 401 reach the negative electrode current collector 396, and the electrons are directly connected to the negative electrode powder active material from the negative electrode current collector 396 or inside the powder active material. It reacts while moving. The anion generated when the negative electrode powder active material accepts electrons passes through the separator 391, enters the positive electrode cell 393, and reacts with the positive electrode powder active material to emit electrons. The electrons are supplied to the power generation means 401 via the powder or directly moved to the positive electrode current collector 397. The above cycle is repeated.

  The above discharge reaction and charge reaction are divided into the negative electrode side, the positive electrode side, and the whole battery, and are expressed by chemical formulas as follows.

In the above formula, the right arrow indicates the discharge reaction, and the left arrow indicates the charge reaction.

FIG. 46 is only for illustrating a schematic configuration of the alkaline secondary battery, and various structures such as a cylindrical shape and a stacked shape can be employed.
(Discharge curve)
Next, FIG. 47 shows an example of the discharge curve of the alkaline secondary battery of the fourth invention (having a nominal capacity of 3 Ah). The vertical axis in FIG. 47 indicates the terminal voltage (V), and the horizontal axis indicates the discharge capacity (Ah). This alkaline secondary battery uses a powder of iron carbide (having an iron content of about 30 atomic%) as a negative electrode active material, and a powder of a mixture of nickel hydroxide and carbon as a positive electrode active material. It was. In this case, nitrogen was introduced into the cell by the fluidizing fluid dispersing means 399 and 400. As apparent from FIG. 47, the discharge voltage does not show a drastic decrease and shows good discharge characteristics.
5. Embodiment of Fifth Invention FIG. 48 shows a schematic configuration of an apparatus for carrying out a regional distributed power generation method according to the first embodiment of the fifth invention. In FIG. 48, an automobile 411 includes an engine 412 such as a gasoline engine, a diesel engine, or a gas turbine, a generator 413, a moving source battery (battery) 414 for storing electric power, and an electric motor (motor) 415. The automobile 411 uses the engine 412 to operate the generator 413 to generate electric power, and stores this electric power in the moving source battery 414. The automobile 411 is moved by the electric motor 415 driven by the electric power from the engine 412 and the battery 414 during traveling, which is the original purpose, and only by the electric motor 415 when the traveling load is small.

  The method and apparatus according to the fifth aspect of the present invention is to divert the automobile or the like configured as described above as a stationary power generation system for home use or office use when the vehicle is stopped. Instead of a device that uses an engine to operate a generator and generate electric power, an automobile or the like equipped with a device that generates power using a fuel cell can be used. In addition to an automobile, a motorcycle, an automobile tricycle, a ship, or the like can be used as long as it has a similar function.

  As shown in FIG. 48, when the automobile 411 is stopped in a garage or the like of a residence 416, a fixed battery (battery) 418 installed in the residence 416 and a mobile source battery 414 installed in the automobile 411 are connected by a connector 417. , The electric power generated by turning the generator 413 with the engine 412 can be supplied to the fixed battery 418 and charged. The electric power from the fixed battery 418 can be converted into an alternating current by the inverter 419, adjusted in voltage, and used at the load 420. Although not shown, the commercial power source is connected between the inverter 419 and each load 420. Further, the fixed battery 418 can be directly connected to a DC load for use.

  When the battery capacity of the movement source battery 414 decreases, the engine 412 is operated and the generator 413 is turned to charge. At this time, an external silencer may be attached to the exhaust pipe of the automobile 411 in order to reduce engine exhaust noise.

  As shown in FIG. 48, when a wind power generation facility or a solar power generation facility is installed in the residence 416, that is, when power generated by the wind power generator 421 or the solar cell 422 is supplied to the fixed battery 418. Can be used in the load 420 together with the electric power from the mobile source battery 414. When installing wind power generation facilities and solar power generation facilities alone or in combination, a large-capacity battery (battery) is required, which increases the equipment cost. By supplying power from the battery), the battery (fixed battery 418) to be installed in the house can be small, and the equipment cost can be greatly reduced.

  Further, when the battery capacity of the mobile source battery 414 is small and the power generation amount by the wind power generator 421 or the solar battery 422 is larger than the power consumption amount by the load 420, the mobile source battery is powered by the power stored in the fixed battery 418. 414 can be charged.

  In this embodiment, the case where the wind power generation facility or the solar power generation facility is installed in the residence 416 has been described. However, the use of wind power or solar power is an option, and the wind power generator 421, the solar cell 422, and the fixed battery 418 are installed. Of course, it is also possible to adopt a configuration that does not provide it. That is, at least an inverter 419 may be installed. By connecting the inverter 419 and the movement source battery 414 with the connector 417, the power of the automobile can be used for home use.

  Moreover, although only the electric power system is described in this embodiment, cogeneration can be performed using heat energy generated by an air conditioner, a radiator, or the like of an automobile for home use. For example, hot air or cold air from an air conditioner such as an automobile or a radiator can be supplied to a residence via a duct and used for home air conditioning. Although it is not cogeneration, it is also possible to use heat energy generated by an air conditioner or a radiator of an automobile or the like on the go such as a tent or a villa.

  As mentioned above, conventional home cogeneration equipment is expensive and can not be profitable if it is not used for a long time. In solar power generation, we decided to compensate half of the equipment cost as a national burden. As a result, it was not economically established, resulting in a large budget. Therefore, by stopping the installation of conventional cogeneration equipment alone and using the power energy generated from automobiles, which were originally established as a means of transportation and transportation, for household use, the cost of household equipment is greatly increased. Can be reduced and distributed power generation can be promoted.

  In an automobile or the like equipped with a battery for storing power together with a device that operates an electric generator using an engine to generate electric power, or a device that generates power using a fuel cell, the amount of electric power in the battery is several tens of kWhr. It can cover the power consumed in just one house. In addition, a car is often used for going out, and it is possible to distinguish between moving and stationary use, that is, power supply during movement and stopping.

  For example, purchasing a 3 million yen private power generation facility is not economically established due to the difference from the purchase price of electricity, but if it is a 3 million yen automobile, it is not only a power generation facility but also for its original purpose. Since it can be used as a certain means of transportation and transportation, it is economically established.

  The moving source battery 414 and the fixed battery 418 can be, for example, a battery having a three-dimensional structure in which an active material on the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side is powder as shown in FIGS. Thus, in the case of a battery having a three-dimensional structure, a part or all of the deteriorated active material powder is discarded and deteriorated by, for example, the regenerator 27 of FIG. 10 according to the seventh embodiment of the first invention. It is preferable to regenerate the powder and supply new powder in an amount corresponding to the discarded powder to the container because charging can be started immediately.

  Although this embodiment has been described for home use, the same applies to office use.

  Since the present invention is configured as described above, a battery having a three-dimensional structure capable of storing a large amount of power composed of powdered active material, a device or apparatus having the battery as a part of the structure, and a discharge Suitable for long-life alkaline primary batteries and alkaline secondary batteries that are less likely to reduce voltage, and as a regional distributed power generator that uses the power of transportation and transportation means such as motorcycles, motor tricycles, motor vehicles, and ships. .

FIG. 1A is a schematic cross-sectional configuration diagram showing a battery according to the first embodiment of the first invention, and FIG. 1B is a diagram showing an example of a discharge curve of the battery of the first invention. It is a schematic sectional block diagram which shows the battery by 2nd Embodiment of 1st invention. It is a schematic sectional block diagram which shows an example of the battery by 3rd Embodiment of 1st invention. FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional configuration diagram showing another example of the battery according to the third embodiment of the first invention.

It is a schematic sectional block diagram which shows an example of the battery by 4th Embodiment of 1st invention. It is a general | schematic cross-section block diagram which shows the other example of the battery by 4th Embodiment of 1st invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional configuration diagram showing a battery according to a fifth embodiment of the first invention. It is a general | schematic cross-section block diagram which shows an example of the battery by 6th Embodiment of 1st invention. It is a general | schematic cross-section block diagram which shows the other example of the battery by 6th Embodiment of 1st invention.

It is a general | schematic cross-section block diagram which shows an example of the battery by 7th Embodiment of 1st invention. It is a general | schematic cross-section block diagram which shows the other example of the battery by 7th Embodiment of 1st invention. It is a general | schematic cross-section block diagram which shows the battery by 8th Embodiment of 1st invention. FIG. 13A is a perspective view showing an example of a verification tester for a stacked three-dimensional battery of the second invention, and FIG. 13B is a central longitudinal sectional view conceptually showing the battery. FIG. 14 is a perspective view showing a part of main components before assembly (disassembled state) of the verification tester of the stacked three-dimensional battery of FIG. 13. It is a center longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows notionally the laminated | stacked three-dimensional battery which concerns on 2nd Embodiment of 2nd invention. It is a center longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows notionally the laminated | stacked three-dimensional battery which concerns on 3rd Embodiment of 2nd invention. It is a center longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows notionally the laminated | stacked three-dimensional battery which concerns on 4th Embodiment of 2nd invention. It is a center longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows notionally the laminated | stacked three-dimensional battery which concerns on 5th Embodiment of 2nd invention. It is a center longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows notionally the laminated | stacked three-dimensional battery which concerns on 6th Embodiment of 2nd invention. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the door which has a three-dimensional battery which can be charged / discharged in internal space. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the pier which has a three-dimensional battery which can be charged / discharged in internal space. It is a perspective view of the dam which has a three-dimensional battery which can be charged / discharged in internal space. It is a schematic block diagram of the radiator as an electric power store. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the house which has the three-dimensional battery which can be charged / discharged in a ceiling part. It is sectional drawing which shows a part of bonnet which has a three-dimensional battery which can be charged / discharged on the inner surface side. It is sectional drawing of the ground surface vicinity which forms the three-dimensional battery which can be charged / discharged. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the tableware which has a three-dimensional battery which can be charged / discharged in a side part. It is sectional drawing of the floor of the house which has a three-dimensional battery which can be charged / discharged. It is a side view of the trailer carrying the chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery. FIG. 30A is a longitudinal sectional view of an electric motor in which a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is incorporated in a casing, and FIG. 30B is a longitudinal sectional view of an electric motor in which a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery is incorporated in a base. FIG. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the turbo engine incorporating the chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery in the casing. It is a perspective view which shows a part of dual structure ship incorporating the three-dimensional battery which can be charged / discharged. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a part in the longitudinal direction of a ship incorporating a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery. It is sectional drawing of the wing | blade of the airplane incorporating the three-dimensional battery which can be charged / discharged. It is sectional drawing of the tire of the road roller incorporating the three-dimensional battery which can be charged / discharged. It is a schematic block diagram of the chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery installed in the vehicle body bottom part of a train. FIG. 37 (a) is a cross-sectional view of an electric locomotive having a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery, and FIG. 37 (b) is a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery from a generator when applied to a turbo engine. It is a schematic block diagram of one Example of the mechanism which drives an electric motor via. FIG. 38 (a) is a cross-sectional view of an electric locomotive that pulls a power supply vehicle, and FIG. 38 (b) is a power storage system from a generator to a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery when applied to a turbo engine. It is a schematic block diagram of one Example. It is sectional drawing of the low noise train which has a three-dimensional battery which can be charged / discharged. 40A is a cross-sectional view of a current transmission line, FIG. 40B is a cross-sectional view of a transmission line incorporating a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery, and FIG. 40C is a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional figure. It is a schematic flowchart of one Example which supplies electric power to a terminal device from the power transmission line incorporating the battery. It is sectional drawing of the utility pole incorporating the three-dimensional battery which can be charged / discharged. It is sectional drawing of the battery incorporating the three-dimensional battery which can be charged / discharged. It is sectional drawing of the flashlight incorporating the three-dimensional battery which can be charged / discharged. 44 (a) is a longitudinal sectional view of a chargeable / dischargeable three-dimensional battery formed near the ground surface, and FIG. 44 (b) is a schematic configuration diagram of an embodiment of a metal bullet firing device using a railgun. It is a schematic block diagram of the alkaline primary battery which concerns on 1st Embodiment of 4th invention. It is a schematic block diagram of the alkaline secondary battery which concerns on 2nd Embodiment of 4th invention. It is a figure which shows an example of the discharge curve of the alkaline secondary battery of 4th invention. It is systematic schematic structure explanatory drawing which shows the apparatus which implements the regional distribution type electric power generation method by 1st Embodiment of 5th invention. It is a center longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows notionally the battery of the conventional general film | membrane structure. It is a center longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows notionally the long type battery of the conventional general film | membrane structure. It is a center longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows notionally the state which connected the battery of the conventional general film | membrane structure in parallel. It is a center longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows notionally the state which connected the battery of the conventional general film | membrane structure in series.

Explanation of symbols

1, 43, 96, 104, 114, 123, 135, 143, 155, 163, 175, 205, 211, 225, 232, 244, 254, 264, 274, 326, 345, 353, 365, 375, 391 ions Transparent separator 2, 55, 392 Negative electrode cell 3, 54, 393 Positive electrode cell 4, 98, 106, 116, 125, 139, 145, 157, 165, 177, 208, 214, 228, 235, 246, 256, 266 276, 328, 347, 355, 367, 377, 394 Negative electrode powder active material and electrolyte solution 5, 97, 105, 115, 124, 137, 144, 156, 164, 176, 207, 213, 227, 234 245, 255, 265, 275, 327, 346, 354, 366, 376, 39 Positive electrode powder active material and electrolyte solution 6, 396 Negative electrode current collector 7, 397 Positive electrode current collector 8 Load means or power generation means 9, 399, 400 Fluidizing fluid dispersion means 10 Electrolyte interface 11 Plate-like negative electrode current collector 12 Plate-like Positive Current Collector 13 Tubular Negative Current Collector 14 Tubular Positive Current Collector 15 Negative Current Collector / Disperser 16 Positive Current Collector / Disperser 17 Negative Current Collector / Agitator 18 Positive Current Collector / Agitator 19 Fluidizing Fluid Disperser 20 Hydrogen Storage Alloy powder and electrolyte solution 21 Nickel hydroxide powder and electrolyte solution 22 Negative electrode current collector / heat transfer tube 23 Positive electrode current collector / heat transfer tube 24 Negative electrode current collector / heat transfer plate 25 Positive electrode current collector / heat transfer plate 26 Separator 27 Regenerator 28 Mixer 29 Powder hopper for make-up 30 Reactor 31 Fuel supply pipe 41, 41-1 to 41-5 Stacked three-dimensional battery 42 Cell members 45, 94, 03, 113, 134, 142, 154, 156, 174, 243, 253, 263, 273, 325, 344, 374 Current collecting member 46, 111, 126, 136, 152, 204, 210, 224, 231, 241, 251, 261, 271, 323, 351, 363 Positive current collector 47, 112, 127, 138, 153, 206, 212, 226, 233, 242, 252, 262, 272, 324, 352, 364 Negative current collector 48 Packing 49 Volt 56 Unit battery 57, 398 Load means 58 Charger 59, 60, 61 Agitation means n, h, A, B Powder (active material)
k, r Electrolyte solution 71, 72 Blower 81, 82, 83 Stud 91 Door housing 92 Positive terminal 93 Negative terminal 101 Bridge pier block 121 Radiator body 131 Roof 141 Bonnet 151 Asphalt pavement 162 Tableware body 166 Heating element (or cooling element)
171 Floor 172, 342, 372, 380 Positive electrode 173, 343, 373, 381 Negative electrode 182 Positive electrode heat exchanger 185 Negative cell heat exchanger 192 Trailer 282 Engine generator 283, 293, 378 Three-dimensional battery 284, 295 Electric motor 292 Generator 301 Electric locomotive 302 Power supply car 311 Pantograph 321 and 322 Transmission line 332 Transmission line incorporating a three-dimensional battery 341 Ground surface 356 Filament 357 Filament terminal 358 Battery positive terminal 361 Light bulb 379 Metal bullet 398 Load means 401 Power generation means 411 Automobile 412 Engine 413 Generator 414 Moving source battery 415 Electric motor 416 Housing 417 Connector 418 Fixed battery 419 Inverter 420 Load 421 Wind generator 422 Solar battery

Claims (6)

  In an alkaline primary battery in which a positive electrode current collector, a positive electrode active material and an electrolyte solution, a separator that allows ions to pass but does not allow electrons to pass through, a negative electrode active material and an electrolyte solution, and a negative electrode current collector are arranged in this order. An alkaline primary battery using a metal carbide or a metal carbide and a mixture of the metal as an active material.   In the alkaline secondary battery in which the positive electrode current collector, the positive electrode active material and the electrolyte solution, the separator through which ions pass but the electron does not pass, the negative electrode active material and the electrolyte solution, and the negative electrode current collector are arranged in this order, An alkaline secondary battery using a metal carbide or a metal carbide and a mixture of the metal as the negative electrode active material.   2. The alkaline primary battery according to claim 1, wherein both of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material are powders.   The alkaline secondary battery according to claim 2, wherein the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material are both powders.   The alkaline primary battery according to claim 1 or 3, wherein the metal is iron and the metal carbide is iron carbide.   The alkaline secondary battery according to claim 2 or 4, wherein the metal is iron and the metal carbide is iron carbide.

Images