JP2006040307A - スマートカード - Google Patents
スマートカード Download PDFInfo
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- JP2006040307A JP2006040307A JP2005287214A JP2005287214A JP2006040307A JP 2006040307 A JP2006040307 A JP 2006040307A JP 2005287214 A JP2005287214 A JP 2005287214A JP 2005287214 A JP2005287214 A JP 2005287214A JP 2006040307 A JP2006040307 A JP 2006040307A
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- Prior art keywords
- party
- file
- smart card
- personal information
- information device
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
- G06Q20/34—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using cards, e.g. integrated circuit [IC] cards or magnetic cards
- G06Q20/341—Active cards, i.e. cards including their own processing means, e.g. including an IC or chip
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/30—Authentication, i.e. establishing the identity or authorisation of security principals
- G06F21/31—User authentication
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/60—Protecting data
- G06F21/62—Protecting access to data via a platform, e.g. using keys or access control rules
- G06F21/6218—Protecting access to data via a platform, e.g. using keys or access control rules to a system of files or objects, e.g. local or distributed file system or database
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
- G06Q20/34—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using cards, e.g. integrated circuit [IC] cards or magnetic cards
- G06Q20/355—Personalisation of cards for use
- G06Q20/3555—Personalisation of two or more cards
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
- G06Q20/34—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using cards, e.g. integrated circuit [IC] cards or magnetic cards
- G06Q20/357—Cards having a plurality of specified features
- G06Q20/3576—Multiple memory zones on card
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
- G06Q20/36—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes
- G06Q20/367—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes involving electronic purses or money safes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/38—Payment protocols; Details thereof
- G06Q20/388—Payment protocols; Details thereof using mutual authentication without cards, e.g. challenge-response
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/38—Payment protocols; Details thereof
- G06Q20/40—Authorisation, e.g. identification of payer or payee, verification of customer or shop credentials; Review and approval of payers, e.g. check credit lines or negative lists
- G06Q20/409—Device specific authentication in transaction processing
- G06Q20/4097—Device specific authentication in transaction processing using mutual authentication between devices and transaction partners
- G06Q20/40975—Device specific authentication in transaction processing using mutual authentication between devices and transaction partners using encryption therefor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
- G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
- G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
- G07F7/10—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means together with a coded signal, e.g. in the form of personal identification information, like personal identification number [PIN] or biometric data
- G07F7/1008—Active credit-cards provided with means to personalise their use, e.g. with PIN-introduction/comparison system
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/08—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities
- H04L63/083—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities using passwords
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/08—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities
- H04L63/0853—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities using an additional device, e.g. smartcard, SIM or a different communication terminal
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/08—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities
- H04L63/0869—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities for achieving mutual authentication
Abstract
【解決手段】 スマートカードは、発行者、保有者およびサービス提供者に関するメモリとプロセッサとを有し、さらに、発行者によってのみ制御される特性を有するファイルから始まるツリー状ファイル構造を有するオペレーティングシステムと、ツリー状ファイル構造の一部を形成しそれぞれ発行者によってのみ制御される特性を有する複数の実行可能ファイルを有する。オペレーティングシステムはさらに、発行者、保有者およびサービス提供者という各当事者に対応して、その当事者にのみアクセス可能であり、その当事者が実行可能ファイルにアクセス可能となる前にその当事者によってアクセスされる各当事者ごとのパスワードファイルを有する。
【選択図】 図2
Description
UNIX(登録商標)オペレーティングシステムはファイルの集合からなる。ファイルのうちのいくつかは、関連するファイルに関する情報を主に含み、ディレクトリファイルまたはディレクトリと呼ばれる。他のファイルはユーザデータを含み、「通常」ファイルという。また、UNIX(登録商標)オペレーティングシステムでは、ユーザは、ファイルの「owner(所有者)」であるか、ファイルによって認識される指定された「group(グループ)」に属するか、または、「other」に属することができる。各ファイルは、所有権、3種類のユーザに関する情報アクセス能力などのようなファイル特徴を指定するデータ部分を含む。ファイルの所有者はすべてのファイル特徴を変更することができる。
UNIX(登録商標)オペレーティングシステムでルートが有する絶対的な能力は、スマートカードには不適当である。明らかに、ビザ、マスターカード、およびアメリカン・エクスプレスのような提供者は相互にルートであることを許容しないであろうが、明白に十分なセキュリティ手段がなければ、それら以外の第三者がルートとなることも望まないと考えられる。これは、スマートカードが、受けるべき商業的成功を収めない問題点の一部である。
解決すべき次の問題はスマートカードの取引セキュリティである。この概念は、スマートカードの保有者またはサービス提供者に悪影響を及ぼすような無許可の取引が起こらないことを保証するために、スマートカードのオペレーティングシステムによって、および、通信プロトコルに同意した者によって、使用される手段を含む。これは、ルート、保有者、サービス提供者、ビジター(Visitor)ユーザ、または侵入者による活動を含む。(侵入者とは、スマートカードと他者の間の通信セションに介入し、自己のメッセージを真のメッセージと置き換える者のことである。)
暗号化の分野は新しくない。以下の説明は、単に、本発明のスマートカードに関連して使用可能な2つの暗号化方式の要約である。
1.g(f(m))=m。
2.gが既知である場合でも関数fは決定することができない。
3.f(m)からメッセージmを決定することは計算量的に実現不可能である。
暗号化が安全な通信を保証するため、スマートカードの発行者/所有者はサービスのリモートインストールを信頼することができる。もちろん、発行者/所有者(すなわち、ルート)は、最初に、スマートカードにログインしなければならない。ログインのためのプロトコルを図3に示す。また、サービスインストールプロセスのためのプロトコルを図4に示す。本発明のスマートカードとの間で可能な物理的にリモートの接続を図8に示す。
このようなスタンドアローン装置が利用可能でない場合(または、例えば所持者の家庭で「ダム」カードリーダを使用するときのように通信がリモートである場合)、提示されるPINはスマートカード内で処理されるべきであり、スマートカードからの(商人の装置への)「OK」メッセージは「タイムスタンプ」され、暗号化される。このことは、適当な暗号化キーが確立され日付および時刻の情報がSに伝えられた後まで、PがHとして確認されることは延期されなければならないことを示唆する(これは図3に示した方法ではない)。
上記のように、サービス提供者は、単に、スマートカードに割り当てられたディレクトリを有するユーザである。サービス提供者は、プロセッサがスマートカードとサービス提供者の間の通信を確立するとログインする。前のように、ログインプロトコルには3つの要素がある。
(1)SPは、PがHであることを確定したい。
(2)Sは、ログインするユーザが真のSPであることを判定したい。
(3)SPは、正当なSと通信していることを判定したい。
十分ゆとりがある場合、スマートカード保有者は、スマートカードとビジター(V)ユーザである商人とを対話させたいと思うことが予想される。上記の方式によれば、このような対話は2つの方法で可能である。1つは、スマートカードと商人との直接対話であり、もう1つは、スマートカード、商人、およびサービス提供者を含む三者間対話である。三者間対話方式のためのプロトコルは、図6に示すとおりであり、以下のようになる。
すべてのサービス提供者のアプリケーションファイルへのアクセスが許可される場合、最も簡単な方式は、ルートが、パスワードなしでビジターユーザディレクトリを設定し、ビジターユーザがオペレーティングシステムコマンドの制限されたセットのみを実行することを可能にする制限シェルを与えることである。すなわち、変数PATHを、ルートによって所有される1つのディレクトリ(いくつかのオペレーティングシステムコマンドのみを含む)と、SPがビジターユーザに実行アクセスを許可したい実行可能ファイルを含むSPサブディレクトリ(またはサービス提供者/ユーザの選択したサブディレクトリ)とを含むように設定する。
本発明の1つの特徴は、スマートカードの発行者/所有者(O)が、スマートカード上に存在する「アプリケーション」を有するサービス提供者の一般的知識を有し、そのサービス提供者を制御することである。第1に、Oはサービス提供者のディレクトリの設定を制御する。第2に、Oは、保有者の要求に応じて、または、Oがスマートカードにアクセスすることができるときには、(保有者の同意の有無に関わらず)任意のディレクトリを削除することができる。第3に、Oはスマートカードを共有するすべてのサービス提供者の識別情報と、それらのサービス提供者のさまざまな詳細を知る唯一の当事者である。第4に、オペレーティングシステムの設計を通じて、Oは、各サービス提供者がアクセスすることができるメモリの量を制御し、従って、スマートカード上に「共存」することが可能なサービス提供者の数を制御することができる。第5に、Oは特定の種類の取引に対してサービス提供者のグループ化を定義することができる。第6に、Oは、サービス提供者によって占有される空間に比例して、スマートカード上に存在する権利に対してそのような各サービス提供者に課金することができる。
上記のように、ルートはログファイルを保持し、その中に各取引の記録を格納する。その後、このファイルは、保有者またはサービス提供者が課したいさまざまなしきい値を追跡するために使用することができる。
サービス提供者が協力的提携をすることも全く可能である。このような提携は、スマートカードがアクセスされるときはいつでも、または、スマートカードが特定のユーザによってアクセスされるときに、スマートカードで実行されるさまざまな活動を指定することができる。このような可能性の数は無制限であり、以下の例は単なる例示のためのものである。
Claims (8)
- 第1当事者により発行されたスマートカードに関し、第2当事者が実行可能ファイルのうちの少なくとも1つにアクセスするのに適した第2当事者対話手段を前記スマートカードに導入する方法であって、前記スマートカードは、前記第1当事者によってのみ制御される属性を有するディレクトリファイルから始まるツリー状ファイル構造を有するオペレーティングシステムと、前記ツリー状ファイル構造の一部を形成し、それぞれが前記第1当事者によってのみ制御されるファイル属性を有する複数のファイルとを有し、前記複数のファイルは、参照されたときに、前記メモリ内のファイルのデータにアクセスするもしくはアクセスと変更とをするという意味での実行可能ファイルであり、さらに前記スマートカードは、前記第1当事者のみがアクセス可能であり、第1当事者の識別を確認するのに用いられ、その際に前記第1当事者へのアクセスを実行ファイルに許可するパスワードファイルとを有するものであり、前記方法は、
前記スマートカードと前記第1当事者との間で通信を確立するステップと、
前記スマートカードとパスワードファイル内に含まれるデータを用いる前記第1当事者との間でログインプロトコルを実行するステップと、
前記スマートカードの前記第2当事者対話手段の導入の要求を前記第1当事者に伝達するステップと、
前記第1当事者が、ツリー状構成の一部を形成するよう配置された前記ユーザパスワードファイルを用いて、前記第1当事者が前記スマートカード内のユーザパスワードファイルを確立させるステップと、
前記第1当事者が、前記ユーザパスワードファイルにデータを挿入させるステップと、
前記第1当事者が、前記第2当事者へのアクセス可能とするよう、前記ユーザパスワードファイルのファイル属性を変更させるステップとを有することを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法はさらに、前記ユーザパスワードファイルに記憶された前記データを前記第2当事者に通知するステップを含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法はさらに、前記伝達するステップの後に、前記第1当事者により実行される、前記第2当事者対話手段の導入の要求が実行されるべきかを前記第2当事者に確認するステップを含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項2に記載の方法において、前記通信が通信ネットワークを使用することで実現されることを特徴とする方法。
- 当事者が個人情報装置と通信する方法であって、
前記当事者と前記個人情報装置との間で通信を確立するステップと、
前記個人情報装置が、第1チャレンジ応答通信を介して前記第1当事者を認証するステップと、
前記当事者が、第2チャレンジ応答通信を介して前記個人情報装置を認証するステップと、
前記個人情報装置の保有者が、第3チャレンジ・応答通信を介して前記個人情報装置に認証されるステップとを有することを特徴とする方法。 - 当事者が個人情報装置と通信する方法であって、
前記個人情報装置が、第1チャレンジ応答通信を介して前記当事者を認証する認証ステップと、
前記当事者が、第2チャレンジ応答通信を介して前記個人情報装置を認証する認証ステップとを含み、
前記個人情報装置が前記当事者を認証するステップは、
前記個人情報装置が、識別情報と第1データストリングとを含むチャレンジ・シーケンスを送信するステップと、
前記当事者が、前記第1データストリングを暗号化し、暗号化した前記第1データストリングを前記個人情報装置に送信するステップとを有し、前記第1データストリングを暗号化するのに用いる第1の暗号化キーは前記個人情報装置により送信された前記識別情報に基づいており、
前記当事者が個人情報装置を認証するステップは、
前記当事者が、第2データストリングを有するチャレンジ・シーケンスを送信するステップと、
前記個人情報装置が、前記第2データストリングを暗号化し、暗号化した前記第2データストリングを前記当事者に送信するステップとを含み、前記第2のデータストリングを暗号化するのに用いる第2の暗号化キーは前記個人情報装置に事前に格納されており、さらに、
前記当事者が、前記第2データストリングを暗号化するのに用いる暗号化キーの真正により、前記個人情報装置の認証を確認するステップとを含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項6に記載の方法において、前記第1データストリング及び前記第2データストリングはランダムシーケンスを有することを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項6に記載の方法において、前記第1の暗号化キーおよび第2暗号化キーは同一であることを特徴とする方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/122,631 US5544246A (en) | 1993-09-17 | 1993-09-17 | Smartcard adapted for a plurality of service providers and for remote installation of same |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2003050808A Division JP2003296685A (ja) | 1993-09-17 | 2003-02-27 | スマートカード |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2006040307A true JP2006040307A (ja) | 2006-02-09 |
Family
ID=22403851
Family Applications (4)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP24491994A Pending JPH07152837A (ja) | 1993-09-17 | 1994-09-14 | スマートカード |
JP2000199723A Pending JP2001084345A (ja) | 1993-09-17 | 2000-06-30 | スマートカード |
JP2003050808A Pending JP2003296685A (ja) | 1993-09-17 | 2003-02-27 | スマートカード |
JP2005287214A Pending JP2006040307A (ja) | 1993-09-17 | 2005-09-30 | スマートカード |
Family Applications Before (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP24491994A Pending JPH07152837A (ja) | 1993-09-17 | 1994-09-14 | スマートカード |
JP2000199723A Pending JP2001084345A (ja) | 1993-09-17 | 2000-06-30 | スマートカード |
JP2003050808A Pending JP2003296685A (ja) | 1993-09-17 | 2003-02-27 | スマートカード |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5544246A (ja) |
EP (2) | EP1816616A3 (ja) |
JP (4) | JPH07152837A (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100336259B1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2131510C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69435079T2 (ja) |
NO (1) | NO943457L (ja) |
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EP0440158B1 (en) * | 1990-01-30 | 1997-09-10 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Mutual authentication system |
US5036461A (en) * | 1990-05-16 | 1991-07-30 | Elliott John C | Two-way authentication system between user's smart card and issuer-specific plug-in application modules in multi-issued transaction device |
JPH04143881A (ja) * | 1990-10-05 | 1992-05-18 | Toshiba Corp | 相互認証方式 |
FR2667714A1 (fr) * | 1990-10-09 | 1992-04-10 | Gemplus Card Int | Procede pour repartir la memoire d'un circuit integre entre plusieurs applications. |
FR2673476B1 (fr) * | 1991-01-18 | 1996-04-12 | Gemplus Card Int | Procede securise de chargement de plusieurs applications dans une carte a memoire a microprocesseur. |
US5148479A (en) * | 1991-03-20 | 1992-09-15 | International Business Machines Corp. | Authentication protocols in communication networks |
DE4142964C2 (de) * | 1991-12-24 | 2003-05-08 | Gao Ges Automation Org | Datenaustauschsystem mit Überprüfung der Vorrichtung auf Authentisierungsstatus |
EP0552392B1 (de) * | 1992-01-22 | 1996-03-27 | Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur gegenseitigen Authentifikation einer Chipkarte und eines Terminals |
EP0583006B2 (en) * | 1992-08-13 | 2006-11-29 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | IC card with hierarchical file structure |
US5649118A (en) * | 1993-08-27 | 1997-07-15 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Smart card with multiple charge accounts and product item tables designating the account to debit |
-
1993
- 1993-09-17 US US08/122,631 patent/US5544246A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1994
- 1994-09-06 CA CA002131510A patent/CA2131510C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-07 EP EP07007777A patent/EP1816616A3/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-09-07 DE DE69435079T patent/DE69435079T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-07 EP EP94306564A patent/EP0644513B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-14 JP JP24491994A patent/JPH07152837A/ja active Pending
- 1994-09-15 KR KR1019940023295A patent/KR100336259B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-09-16 NO NO943457A patent/NO943457L/no unknown
-
2000
- 2000-06-30 JP JP2000199723A patent/JP2001084345A/ja active Pending
-
2003
- 2003-02-27 JP JP2003050808A patent/JP2003296685A/ja active Pending
-
2005
- 2005-09-30 JP JP2005287214A patent/JP2006040307A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69435079T2 (de) | 2009-03-12 |
DE69435079D1 (de) | 2008-04-17 |
EP1816616A2 (en) | 2007-08-08 |
EP1816616A3 (en) | 2007-08-15 |
EP0644513A3 (en) | 2000-04-26 |
KR950009480A (ko) | 1995-04-24 |
JP2003296685A (ja) | 2003-10-17 |
EP0644513B1 (en) | 2008-03-05 |
NO943457D0 (no) | 1994-09-16 |
JP2001084345A (ja) | 2001-03-30 |
EP0644513A2 (en) | 1995-03-22 |
CA2131510A1 (en) | 1995-03-18 |
JPH07152837A (ja) | 1995-06-16 |
CA2131510C (en) | 1999-06-29 |
US5544246A (en) | 1996-08-06 |
KR100336259B1 (ko) | 2002-11-27 |
NO943457L (no) | 1995-03-20 |
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