JP2005218171A - Method of supplying power from battery to load, power supply controller and automobile - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To miniaturize a battery and lengthen the lifetime of the battery by lowering the maximum value of a current outputted from the battery while suitably supplying power to each in-vehicle load. <P>SOLUTION: When the power is supplied to an in-vehicle load such as ECUs 112, 114 and 116 and modules 122, 124 and 126, etc. through a circuit unit made of a PDU, etc. from the battery 10 of a vehicle, priority is set up beforehand. When the power is supplied to a plurality of the in-vehicle loads having different priorities from one another, the current to the in-vehicle load having low priority is restricted so as to fall the maximum value of the current flowing from the battery 10 to the circuit unit within a tolerance. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a method for supplying power from a battery to a load and a control device thereof.

In recent years, for example, as a means for supplying power to a load from a battery mounted on an automobile or the like, a switching element such as an FET is interposed in a power distribution circuit that performs the power supply, and current control is performed by turning on and off. Are known. For example, in Patent Document 1, a plurality of bus bars that form the power distribution circuit and a control circuit board in which a control circuit is incorporated are bonded to each other, and a switching element such as an FET is mounted across the two. A device is disclosed in which energization of the power distribution circuit is switched on and off, that is, power supply to each on-vehicle load is switched on and off by driving the element.
JP 2003-164039 A

  In vehicles, it is often necessary to feed power from a battery to a plurality of in-vehicle loads at the same time. In this case, the instantaneous maximum value of the current output from the battery may be extremely large depending on the electrical component to be fed. Therefore, in the past, even if the value of the current output from the battery during normal operation is relatively low, a large battery capacity must be set in anticipation of the maximum current value, which is a major hindrance to battery miniaturization. It has become. Moreover, even if it is instantaneous, if the output current of the battery increases excessively, the battery life may be adversely affected, and countermeasures are required.

  In view of such circumstances, the present invention provides a power feeding method capable of reducing the maximum value of the current output from a battery and reducing the size and extending the life of the battery while performing appropriate power feeding to each load. An object is to provide a power supply control device.

  For example, in an electrical component mounted on a vehicle, it is necessary to always supply a full current of a predetermined magnitude from the viewpoint of safety, such as an engine injector, ABS, or airbag. Some of them do not cause any significant trouble even if the supply current is temporarily lowered below a specified value.

  The present invention has been made from such a viewpoint, and is a method for supplying power from a battery to a load. Priorities are set in advance for a plurality of loads, and a plurality of loads having different priorities are set. In order to keep the maximum value of the current flowing from the battery into the circuit body when power is supplied within an allowable range, the current for a load having a low priority is limited.

  Further, the present invention is an apparatus for supplying power from a battery of a vehicle to a load, and forms a power distribution circuit from the battery to the load and includes a circuit body including a current adjusting element that changes a current flowing through the power distribution circuit; And a detecting means for detecting the use state of the battery, and a control means for controlling the operation of each current adjusting element in the circuit body based on the use state of the battery detected by the detecting means. A storage unit for storing a preset priority for a load to which battery power is supplied through the power distribution circuit, and a current flowing from the battery to the circuit body when power is supplied to a plurality of loads having different priorities. Control the operation of the current regulation element to limit the current to a low priority load to keep the maximum value within an acceptable range It is those containing a flow operation unit.

  According to the above configuration, when power is simultaneously supplied to a plurality of loads having different priorities, the priority is given to a high priority load while giving a sufficiently large current. By suppressing the current to the low load, the maximum value of the current output from the battery can be suppressed and leveled. In addition, it is possible to respond flexibly and reliably with memory storage communication.

  In the power supply control device, a semiconductor switching element including a pair of energizing terminals interposed in the power distribution circuit as a current adjusting element, wherein a current between the energizing terminals is changed by a control voltage input from the control means. In addition, if an element that absorbs the surge of the voltage is provided at the input portion of the control voltage, the leveling effect of the battery output current is further enhanced by reducing the switching surge of the semiconductor switching element. be able to.

  The circuit body, the detection means, and the control means are combined to form a battery-mounted power distribution unit, and the battery-mounted power distribution unit is coupled to a terminal of the battery. If the connection terminal for electrically connecting the terminal and the circuit body and the external connection part for connecting the power distribution circuit and the external circuit are provided, the power distribution unit is attached to the battery. The power supply control system can be constructed only by this, and the wiring work and the in-vehicle work are facilitated.

  The control means includes a signal processing unit that collectively transmits and receives signals to and from an external circuit, and the signal processing unit and the external connection unit are electrically connected via a flexible wiring material that can be bent and deformed. With the connected configuration, it is possible to further simplify the wiring and downsize the entire unit.

  As described above, according to the present invention, by giving priority to each load, it is possible to reduce the size of the battery by suppressing the maximum value of the battery output current while ensuring a current supply having a magnitude corresponding to each load. And it can contribute to a long life.

  A preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

  A power supply device BS shown in FIG. 1 includes a battery 10 mounted on a vehicle, a battery-mounted power distribution unit (hereinafter simply referred to as “power distribution unit”) 12 according to the present invention, and a cover 14 covering these. Has been.

  The battery 10 has a substantially rectangular parallelepiped shape in the illustrated example, and a positive battery terminal 16 and a negative battery terminal 18 project upward from left and right ends of a specific surface (upper surface 11 in the illustrated example).

  The power distribution unit 12 includes a main body case 20 constituting a housing of the unit main body, a heat radiating plate (heat radiating member) 22 attached to the main body case 20, and an external connection connector (external connection portion) 24. .

  The main body case 20 is mounted along a side surface (a side surface close to the battery terminals 16 and 18 in the illustrated example) adjacent to the upper surface 11 of the battery 10, and toward the side surface 77. It has a shape that opens. The heat radiating plate 22 is formed in a plate shape with a metal material having excellent heat conductivity such as aluminum, and is mounted so as to close the opening of the main body case 22. A circuit body as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B is stored in a space surrounded by the main body case 20 and the heat radiating plate 22.

  The circuit body includes a bus bar layer 26 composed of a plurality of bus bars, a main control board 28, a LAN control board 32, a PDU (Power distribution Unit) control board 34, a PDU preamplifier board 36, and a DC-DC converter board. 37 and a sub-control board 38.

  The bus bar layer 26 is bonded to the back surface of the heat radiating plate 22 via an insulating layer in a state where a large number of bus bars (metal plates made of a conductive material) are arranged on a plane substantially parallel to the battery side surface 77. A power distribution circuit (power circuit) from the battery 10 to each load is constructed together with battery terminal connection bus bars 46 and 62 described later.

  Each of the substrates 28, 32, 34, 36, 37, and 38 is a normal circuit board (for example, a printed circuit board). Of these, the main control board 28 is bonded to the surface of the bus bar 26 opposite to the surface bonded to the heat sink 22 via an insulating layer. The main control board 28 and the bus bar 26, switching elements such as an unillustrated relay switch and FET are mounted. A circuit for controlling on / off driving of the switching element is incorporated in the main control board 28.

  In addition, as a form which mounts this switching element on the said bus-bar 26 and the main control board 28, as described in the said patent document 1 (Unexamined-Japanese-Patent No. 2003-164039), it is suitable for the said main control board 28, for example. A through hole is provided and a part of the terminal of the switching element is mounted on the appropriate bus bar 26 through the through hole, and another terminal of the switching element is directly mounted on the land on the main control board 28. You can do it.

  The LAN control board 32, the PDU control board 34, the PDU preamplifier board 36, the DC-DC converter board 37, and the sub control board 38 are overlapped on the main control board 28 with an appropriate gap therebetween. The sub-control board 38 is electrically connected to the main control board 28 via a socket 40. The sub-control board 38 is disposed in a posture substantially parallel to the control board 28 and the bus bar 26.

  Note that these substrates may be supported on the main body case 20 side, or a support member may be extended from the heat radiating plate 22 side and performed on the support member.

  The bus bar layer 26 is electrically connected to the battery 10 through battery connection bus bars 46 and 62 provided at both left and right ends thereof.

  The battery connection bus bar 46 is integrally connected to a specific bus bar 42 among the bus bars included in the bus bar layer 26 via a fuse portion 44. Further, a plurality of external connection parts 50 including a fuse part 48 different from the fuse part 44 are branched from the bus bar 46, and the terminals of the external connection electric wires 52 are connected to the branch connection parts 50, respectively. It is like that. The bus bar 46 is connected to an input / output portion of a circuit body sensor 58 provided on the circuit body side via an electric wire 54 and a connector 56, and the current flowing from the battery 10 into the circuit body by the battery sensor 58. In addition, the magnitude of the voltage and the temperature of the circuit body are detected.

  On the other hand, the battery connection bus bar 62 is integrally connected to a specific bus bar 60 among the bus bars included in the bus bar layer 26, and an earth connection portion 64 is formed in the bus bar 62. The ground connection portion 64 is connected to the vehicle body (ground) via the ground wire 66.

  Further, each battery connection bus bar 46, 62 has connection terminal portions 68, 70 extending in a direction passing through the upper side of the heat radiating plate 22 along a direction substantially orthogonal to the bus bar layer 26 and each substrate. .

  These connection terminal portions 68 and 70 protrude in the horizontal direction from the left and right end portions of the unit main body along the battery side surface 77. A through hole 72 is provided at the end of each connection terminal portion 68, 70. The positive battery terminal 16 and the negative battery terminal 18 of the battery 10 are inserted into the through hole 72 from below, respectively. By screwing a nut member (not shown) to 18, the connection terminal portions 68 and 70 are coupled to and electrically connected to the positive battery terminal 16 and the negative battery terminal 18, respectively. . Therefore, in this coupled state, the unit body including the circuit body is disposed along the battery side surface 77, and the bus bar layer 26 and the external connection electric wire 52 are connected to the positive battery terminal 16 via the battery connection bus bar 46. It is electrically connected, and the negative battery terminal 18 is connected to the body ground via the battery connection bus bar 62 and the ground wire 66.

  A plurality of fins 74 protrude from the front side surface of the heat radiating plate 22. As shown in FIG. 3A, each fin 74 extends in a direction inclined with respect to the heat radiating plate 22, and the connection terminal portions 68 and 70 are coupled to the battery terminals 16 and 18, respectively. Thus, the end surface of each fin 74 abuts on or is close to the battery side surface 77, and a ventilation path 76 surrounded by the battery side surface 77 and the surface of the heat sink 22 is formed between the fins 74. Yes.

  Further, a blower 80 is attached to one side surface of the heat radiating plate 22 via a bracket 78. The blower 80 includes a fan 82 that faces the heat radiating plate 22 and the battery 10 from the side, and the fan 82 is driven to rotate so that wind is directly supplied to the side surface of the battery 10. In addition to cooling, an air flow is forcibly formed in each ventilation path 76 so that heat generated from both the heat radiating plate 22 and the battery 10 is simultaneously dissipated.

  The specific shape of the fin 74 can be set as appropriate, and may be set to a curved shape as shown in FIG.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the main body case 20 has a main body portion 84 for storing the circuit body, and wiring grooves 90 for wiring the external connection electric wires 52 and the ground electric wires 66 on both left and right sides thereof, The battery connection bus bars 46 and 62 have connection terminal covers 85 and 86 that cover the connection terminal parts 68 and 70 from above, respectively. The connection terminal covers 85 and 86 are provided with the battery terminals 16 and 18, respectively. A through hole 88 that can be inserted is provided at a position that matches the through hole 72 of each of the connection terminal portions 68 and 70.

  The external connection connector 24 is provided below the substrates 28, 32,..., And the housing of the connector 24 has a power terminal directly connected to the bus bar layer 26 and an FPC (flexible printed circuit). The signal terminals connected to the LAN control board 32 via the body 92 are held, and a plurality of connector insertion holes 98 as shown in FIG. 4A are provided on the bottom surface of the housing. A signal line (not shown) branches from the external connection electric wire 52, and a connector provided at the end of the signal line is connected to the FPC 92.

  By using this FPC 92, it is possible to reduce the space and improve the reliability of transmission. The FPC 92 may be pre-allocated using another flexible wiring material (for example, a flexible flat wiring material in which a plurality of flat conductors are wired in parallel), or a normal electric wire may be used. Wiring is also possible. Further, if the metal layer of the flexible wiring material such as the FPC is multi-layered, it can be made more compact. Further, the external connection connector 24 may incorporate an optical communication element or driver (amplifier).

  On the other hand, a plurality of electric wires 94 including a power supply line, a ground wire, and a signal line are led from a load (external circuit) (not shown). 24 are inserted into the connector insertion holes 98, so that the power lines and the ground lines included in the electric wires 94 are connected to the bus bar layer 26 via the power terminals of the external connection connector 24. The signal line included in 94 is connected to the LAN control board 32 via the signal terminal of the connector 24.

  The specific structure of the external connection connector 24 can also be set as appropriate. For example, a large number of wire connection holes 99 as shown in FIG. 4B are provided instead of the connector insertion holes 98 in FIG. Connectors provided on the external connection connector 24 and individually provided at the terminals of the power supply line, the ground line, and the signal line may be fitted into the electric wire connection holes 99.

  The cover 14 has a cap shape opened downward, and is configured to cover the battery 10 and the power distribution unit 12 from above and from the side. On the side wall of the cover 14, the notch 100 for exposing the blower 80 to the outside, and the notches 102 and 104 for leading the external connection wire 52 and the ground wire 66 to the outside of the cover 14, respectively. And an exhaust port 106 for exhausting air introduced into the cover 14 by the fan 82 of the blower 80.

  In the above configuration, when the power distribution unit 12 is attached to the battery 10, a power distribution circuit from the battery 10 to each vehicle load is constructed with a compact structure.

  Specifically, the negative battery terminal 18 is connected to the body ground via the battery connection bus bar 62 and the ground wire 66 of the power distribution unit 12, while the positive battery terminal 16 is connected to each fuse portion 48 of the battery connection bus bar 46 and While being connected to some in-vehicle loads through the external connection electric wire 52, the bus bar 46 is connected to the bus bar layer 26 through the fuse portion 44. Then, the battery power is supplied from the external connection connector 24 to an appropriate on-board load through each connector 96 and the power line of the electric wire 94 through the power circuit formed by the bus bar layer 26 and a switching element (not shown) incorporated in the power circuit. Distributed.

  On the other hand, each board included in the circuit body can perform transmission and reception with in-vehicle electrical components through the LAN control board 32, the FPC 92, the connector 96, and the signal lines of the electric wires 94.

  Next, an example of a vehicle power supply system constructed using a power supply device BS including the power distribution unit 12 will be described with reference to FIG.

  In addition to the power supply device BS, this system includes a driver's seat ECU (electronic control unit) 112, a passenger seat ECU 114, a rear seat ECU 116, and the power supply device BS and an engine room 120 together with the power supply device BS. Includes an engine control module 122, an EPS module 124, a lamp control module 126, and the like.

  Each of the ECUs 112, 114, and 116 is for controlling electrical components around the driver's seat, electrical components around the passenger seat, and electrical components around the rear seat, but in this embodiment, The operation signal output from the operated switch or the like is generally input to the driver's seat ECU 112.

  On the other hand, in the power supply device BS, the battery sensor 130, the fuse module 132 that distributes the output current of the battery 10 to the ECUs 112, 114, 116 and the PDU 134 in the vehicle compartment 110, the power management unit 136, and the LAN control. Part 138.

  The battery sensor 130 detects the temperature, the output current, and the output voltage of the battery 10, and can be formed, for example, by wrapping it on the surface of the battery connection bus bar 68 shown in FIG. Is possible. In this case, the temperature of the bus bar 68 is detected as a battery temperature in a pseudo manner.

  The fuse module 132 is formed by integrating the fuse portions 44 and 48 described above, but the integration is not necessarily required.

  The PDU 134 includes a power circuit formed by the bus bar layer 26, a switching element incorporated in the circuit, and a control circuit for controlling on / off of the switching element, and the circuit body shown in FIG. A sensor 58 is included.

  The power management unit 136 controls the on / off driving of each switching element so as to suppress the instantaneous maximum value of the battery output current based on the detection signals of the sensors 130 and 58, and the battery temperature becomes equal to or higher than a certain level. The fan 82 of the blower 80 is sometimes operated to cool the battery, and is mainly incorporated in the PDU control board 34 and the sub control board 38. Specifically, the power management unit 136 feeds power to a storage unit that stores preset priorities for in-vehicle loads to which battery power is supplied through the power distribution circuit, and a plurality of in-vehicle loads having different priorities. A current operation unit for controlling the operation of the current adjusting element so as to limit a current to a vehicle load having a low priority so as to keep the maximum value of the current flowing from the battery into the circuit body within an allowable range. Yes.

  FIG. 6 shows a specific configuration of the power circuit and a control circuit that controls the power circuit.

  As shown in the drawing, a plurality of output circuits are branched downstream of the battery + B terminal (positive battery terminal) and the fuse portion 44, and each output circuit has a drain and a source (a pair of energizing terminals) of the FET 140 as a current adjusting element. ).

  The current adjustment element used in the present invention is not limited to the FET, and other CMOS, bipolar transistors, and IGBTs can be applied.

  On the other hand, a bias voltage is supplied from the power management unit 136 to the gate of each FET 140 through the D / A converter 141 and the preamplifier circuit 142. The bias voltage supply is turned on / off and the magnitude of the bias voltage is increased. By the adjustment, on / off switching of energization between the drain and source in each FET 140 and adjustment of the current magnitude during energization are performed (details of the control will be described later).

  Also, a Zener diode 144 is provided between the gate and the ground, and the Zener diode 144 absorbs a surge of the gate voltage during the switching operation of the FET 40. In addition to the Zener diode 144, for example, an IGBT or an LC circuit or an RC circuit can be used as the surge absorbing element.

  The LAN control unit 138 collectively performs transmission and reception with the external circuits (ECUs 112, 114, 116 and modules 122, 124, 126), and is incorporated in the LAN control board 34. .

  A transmission circuit constructed between the power management 136 and the external connection connector 24 through the LAN controller 138 is shown in FIG. Signals output from the CPU 144 incorporated in the illustrated power management unit 136 through the bus line 137 are integrated in the LAN control unit 138 by the MUX 146 including a shift register and a memory. The output amplifier 148 and the FPC 92 are used for external connection. The data is transmitted to the connector 24 and output to an external circuit. On the other hand, a signal input to the external connector 24 is input to a DE-MUX 152 including a shift register and a memory through the FPC 92 and the input amplifier 150 in the LAN control unit 138, and is branched into a plurality of signals. In addition to being input to the CPU 144 of the power management unit 136 through the bus line 137, a clock signal is also input to the CPU 144 from the DE-MUX 152.

  Next, the control content performed in this power feeding system will be described based on the flowchart of FIG.

  During traveling, the power management unit 136 calculates a battery resistance value based on the battery output current and voltage detected from time to time by the battery sensor 130 to calculate the remaining storage amount of the battery. Then, the current maximum allowable current value is determined based on the battery power storage amount and the power generation amount of the alternator (step S1).

  Then, when a power supply command is input for a plurality of vehicle loads from an external circuit (YES in step S2), the power management unit 136 supplies the required power simultaneously and fully to each vehicle load that is the power supply target. Current total amount is calculated (step S3). If this predicted current total amount is less than the maximum allowable current value (NO in step S4), or if there is a single in-vehicle load to be supplied (NO in step S2), the in-vehicle load to which a power supply command is input In order to perform full power supply corresponding to the required power, an appropriate FET 140 is turned on to conduct power (step S5). On the other hand, when the predicted current total amount exceeds the maximum allowable current value (YES in step S4), supply to an in-vehicle load with a low priority in order to keep the total current amount below the maximum allowable current value. The current to be adjusted is limited to a current lower than the current corresponding to the required power (step S6).

  That is, the power management unit 136 stores a priority set in advance for each in-vehicle load fed through the power distribution circuit, and distributes a current to each in-vehicle load based on the priority. Specifically, high priority is set for those that must always supply a predetermined amount of current from the viewpoint of safety, such as engine injectors, ABS, and airbags. On the other hand, low priority is set for air conditioners, AV equipment, etc. that can ensure normal running even if the supply current is limited, and the power management unit 136 assigns the priority to each onboard load. Are stored in a state of being associated with each other.

  When a power supply command is input simultaneously for a high-priority vehicle load and a low-priority vehicle load, the power management unit 136 keeps the current corresponding to the required power as it is for the high-priority vehicle load. The gate voltage of the FET 140 corresponding to the in-vehicle load is adjusted so that it can be supplied, and the remaining amount obtained by subtracting the current to be supplied to the in-vehicle load having a high priority from the maximum allowable current value is in the in-vehicle A current lower than a current commensurate with the required power is temporarily supplied to the in-vehicle load by being distributed to the load.

  After that, when the power supply to the on-vehicle load having a high priority is completed and a supply current has a margin, the supply current to the on-vehicle load having a low priority at that time is raised to a full value.

  Note that the priority set in the present invention may be, for example, a simple two-stage type, or a priority ratio is set for each in-vehicle load, and the total current value is supplied to each in-vehicle load based on the priority ratio. The power current may be calculated.

  According to the power supply system described above, appropriate power distribution can be performed collectively on the battery 10 side, battery load can be reduced by leveling the battery output current, and the battery 10 using the fan 82 can be reduced. By cooling, it is possible to reduce the required capacity of the battery 10 to reduce its size and extend its life.

  In the present invention, it is not always necessary to provide a plurality of circuit boards. Depending on the specifications, all the necessary circuits may be concentrated on a single circuit board.

It is a disassembled perspective view which shows an example of the power supply device containing the power distribution unit which concerns on embodiment of this invention. (A) is the side view of the said power distribution unit, (b) is the front view which permeate | transmitted the case through the case from the back surface side of the heat sink. (A) is the rear view which looked at the said power distribution unit from the surface side of the heat sink, (b) is a rear view which shows the modification of the shape of the fin formed in the surface side of the said heat sink. (A) is the bottom view of the said power distribution unit, (b) is a bottom view which shows the modification of the connector for external connection provided in the power distribution unit. It is a block diagram which shows the example of the electric power feeding system of the vehicle constructed | assembled using the said power distribution unit. It is a circuit diagram which shows the power distribution circuit integrated in the said power distribution unit. It is a block diagram which shows the transmission circuit integrated in the said power distribution unit. It is a flowchart which shows the power supply control content performed in the said power distribution unit.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 ... Battery 12 ... Power distribution unit 16, 18 ... Battery terminal 24 ... Connector for external connection 130 ... Battery sensor (detection means)
134... PDU (configures power distribution circuit and control means)
136 ... Power management section (constitutes control means)
140 ... FET (switching element)
144 ... Zener diode (surge absorption element)

Claims (6)

  A method of supplying power from a battery to a load, wherein priorities are set in advance for a plurality of loads, and current flowing from the battery to the circuit body when supplying power to a plurality of loads having different priorities. A method for supplying power from a battery to a load, wherein a current for a low priority load is limited so that the maximum value is within an allowable range.   An apparatus for supplying power from a battery to a load, forming a power distribution circuit from the battery to the load, and including a circuit body including a current adjusting element that changes a current flowing through the power distribution circuit, and a usage state of the battery Detection means for detecting, and control means for controlling the operation of each current adjusting element in the circuit body based on the use state of the battery detected by the detection means, the control means being configured to supply battery power through the power distribution circuit. And a storage unit that stores a preset priority for a load supplied with the battery, and a maximum value of a current flowing from the battery to the circuit body when power is supplied to a plurality of loads having different priorities. A current operation unit for controlling the operation of the current adjustment element so as to limit a current to a load having a low priority in order to accommodate Power supply control device according to claim Rukoto.   3. The power feeding control device according to claim 2, wherein the current adjusting element includes a pair of energization terminals interposed in the power distribution circuit, and a current between the energization terminals is changed by a control voltage input from the control means. A power supply control device comprising a semiconductor switching element and an element for absorbing a surge of the voltage at an input portion of the control voltage.   4. The power supply control device according to claim 2, wherein the circuit body, the detection unit, and the control unit are combined to form a battery-mounted power distribution unit, and the battery-mounted power distribution unit includes a terminal of the battery. And a connection terminal for electrically connecting the battery terminal and the circuit body in the coupled state, and an external connection portion for connecting the power distribution circuit and an external circuit. A power supply control device.   5. The power supply control device according to claim 4, wherein the control unit includes a signal processing unit that collectively transmits and receives signals to and from an external circuit, and the signal processing unit and the external connection unit are flexibly deformable. A power supply control device, wherein the power supply control device is electrically connected via a wiring member.   An automobile comprising the power supply control device according to any one of claims 2 to 5.

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