JP2005033805A - 円形スーパーディレクティブ受信アンテナ・アレイ - Google Patents
円形スーパーディレクティブ受信アンテナ・アレイ Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/20—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a curvilinear path
- H01Q21/205—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a curvilinear path providing an omnidirectional coverage
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
- G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
- G01S13/0218—Very long range radars, e.g. surface wave radar, over-the-horizon or ionospheric propagation systems
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
- H01Q3/2605—Array of radiating elements provided with a feedback control over the element weights, e.g. adaptive arrays
Abstract
【解決手段】円形スーパーディレクティブ受信アンテナ・アレイ用のシステムおよび方法について開示する。本方法は、スーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイの最小アレイ効率を算出する段階と、スーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイの最大スーパーディレクティブ・ゲインを算出する段階と、最小アレイ効率および最大スーパーディレクティブ・ゲインに基づいてスーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイ内のアレイ素子の振幅重みまたは位相重みを求める段階と、スーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイ内のアレイ素子の数およびスーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイの半径を求める段階とを含む。
【選択図】図1
Description
スーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイの最小アレイ効率を算出する段階;
スーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイの最大スーパーディレクティブ・ゲインを算出する段階;
最小アレイ効率および最大スーパーディレクティブ・ゲインに基づいてスーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイ内のアレイ素子の振幅重みまたは位相重みを求める段階;ならびに
スーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイ内のアレイ素子の数およびスーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイの半径を求める段階。
[Nm,n][wn] = G0[Dm,n][wn]
式中、
Nm,nは、Nm,n(υ0,ψ0) = [gm(υ0,ψ0)]T[gn(υ0,ψ0)]に従って求められ、
G0はスーパーディレクティブ・ゲインであり、
[wn]は振幅重みまたは位相重みであり、
Dm,nは、
信号V1、V2、およびV3を受信する段階;ならびに
下記式に従って合成パターンを算出する段階
複数のアナログ信号を受信するように検出された波長よりも短い半径の円形構成として配置された、奇数個のダイポールである複数のダイポール素子、
複数のアナログ信号を複数のデジタル信号に変換するアナログ-デジタル変換器、
最小アレイ効率および最大スーパーディレクティブ・ゲインに基づいて振幅補正値および位相補正値を算出するように構成された第1のプロセッサ、ならびに
算出された位相重みおよび振幅重みならびに振幅補正値および位相補正値を複数のデジタル信号に適用する第2のプロセッサ
を含む装置であることを特徴とする。
[Nm,n][wn] = G0[Dm,n][wn]
式中、
Nm,nは、Nm,n(υ0,ψ0) = [gm(υ0,ψ0)]T[gn(υ0,ψ0)]に従って求められ、
G0はスーパーディレクティブ・ゲインであり、
[wn]は振幅重みまたは位相重みであり、
Dm,nは、
複数の信号を受信する手段;
振幅および位相の補正値ならびに振幅および位相の重みを算出する手段;ならびに
振幅および位相の補正値ならびに振幅および位相の重みを複数の信号に適用する手段。
一態様では、第1の段階は、円形に配置された選択された奇数のアンテナ素子の最適な重みを求める段階である。「重み」は、所望のビーム・パターンを生成するように、加算の前に各素子の信号に設定すべき振幅および位相を意味する。たとえば、従来の線形HFフェーズド・アレイでは、位相はビーム方向を決定し、振幅はサイドローブ・レベルを制御する。Harringtonは、この目的に適した一般的な手順を概略的に説明している。(Harrington, R. F. (1968)「モーメント法による現場計算(Field Computation by Moment Methods)」、MacMillan Co.: New York, Chapter 10を参照されたい)この文献では、円上の互いに等しい角度刻みに配置された素子に対して他の手順が利用され適用されている。以下に、各アレイ素子の完全なアンテナ・パターンについて一例を与える。
は、任意の指向性利得関数が最大化されるように選択すべきである。この任意の利得関数は下記式によって表すことができる。
を任意の各重み
に対して微分し、結果として得られる数式を零に設定する。導関数によって表される勾配は、関数最大値において零であり、したがって、これによって結果として得られる重みが最適化され、最大指向性利得が得られる。行列形式で解くべき数式の系は下記式のようになる。
が任意の重みを指す前の数式ではなく)上記の数式の解に基づく「最適な」重みを表す。さらに、G0は、アンテナ・アレイ出力上に重みwnを設定した後の方向υ0,ψ0における所望の最適な指向性利得である。重みは、ビームを三次元空間における任意の所望の方向に向けるように適用される。
によって与えられる。この式でλは波長である。
アレイ円の半径を小さくすることによって各素子を互いに近づけると、アレイの効率が低下し、一方、パターンおよび指向性利得は変わらない。効率の低下は、以下のように理解される。最適な重みを得るための上記の数式の解は、重み付け後のアレイ信号和がすべての方向から着信する信号をほぼ打ち消す傾向があることを示している。アレイ素子上の信号間の差は、アレイ・サイズが小さくなるにつれて零に近づく傾向がある。というのは、着信正弦無線波形の、各アレイ素子がサンプリングする部分がより小さくなるからである。合成されたアレイ・パターンのローブにおいて着信する信号の和は、他の方向からの信号の和よりも強いにもかかわらず、重み付けおよび加算の前に個々の素子に着信する信号よりもずっと弱い。
奇数の素子を有するスーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイの依存性および特性を示すために、10MHzにおける様々なアンテナ・アレイの特性の例を与える。この例では、-35dBのアレイ効率が実現されると仮定する。上記の数式を用いて、この指定された効率を満たすいくつかの円形アレイの物理的寸法およびパターン特性を調べる。以下の表1はこれらの特性を強調するものである。
図2を参照すると、この例では図示の円形アレイが検討されている。7素子円形アレイの特性は、表1の中央の列に表されているとおりである。円形アレイは、接地面の上方の柱上に取り付けられるように示されており、本発明の一態様では、取り付けられたアレイ高さは、測定中の信号の四分の一波長よりもわずかに大きくてよい。7つの素子は、円の周りに3600÷7=51.430おきに位置しており、素子#1はx軸上に位置し、この場合は図の左側に回転させられる。重みは、x軸に沿って向けられたビームを形成するように前述の数式によって算出されており、結果として得られるパターンは、アンテナの図の上方に示されている。パターンは、遠視野強度の絶対振幅を表している。
ここで、既存の交差ループ/モノポール受信アンテナ・ベース沿岸レーダと一緒に使用される手順を示す。SeaSonde(登録商標)(CODAR Ocean Sensors; Loa Altos, CA)と呼ばれるシステムでは、沿岸の海流が、この3素子受信アンテナの信号に適用されるMUSIC方位測定原則(参照として本明細書に組み入れられる米国特許第5,990,834号)を用いて図表化される。この場合、2つの交差ループは、着信垂直偏向信号に対する余弦パターン応答を有し、そのローブは互いに直角である。同じ位置に位置するループを通過するモノポールは、全方向応答を有する。すべての3つの素子は同じ位相中心を共用するが、幾何学的および電気的に直交する。この構成は、デカメートル長波からのブラッグ散乱に基づく海面流の図表化に非常に有効であることが分かっている。
以下の参考文献は、それぞれがその全体において参照として本明細書に組み入れられる。
Barrick, D. E.およびM. E. Evans (1979)「CODAR:リアルタイム海流マッピング用沿岸HFレーダ(CODAR: A coastal HF radar for real-time current mapping)」、米国特許第4,172,255号;
Barrick, D. E.、B. J. Lipa、P. M. Lilleboa、およびJ. Isaacson (1994)「レンジ/ドップラー/角度測定のためのゲート付きFMCW DFレーダおよび信号処理(Gated FMCW DF radar and signal processing for range/Doppler/angle determination)」、米国特許第5,361,072号;
Barrick, D. E.、B. J. Lipa (1999)「MUSIC方位測定を含むレーダ角度測定(Radar Angle Determination with MUSIC Direction Finding )」、米国特許第5,990,834号;
Harrington, R. F. (1968)「モーメント法による現場計算(Field Computation by Moment Methods)」、MacMillan Co.: New York, Chapter 10。
Claims (22)
- 以下の段階を含む、奇数個の素子を有するスーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイを製造する方法:
スーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイの最小アレイ効率を算出する段階;
スーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイの最大スーパーディレクティブ・ゲインを算出する段階;
最小アレイ効率および最大スーパーディレクティブ・ゲインに基づいてスーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイ内のアレイ素子の振幅重みまたは位相重みを求める段階;ならびに
スーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイ内のアレイ素子の数およびスーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイの半径を求める段階。 - スーパーディレクティブ円形受信アレイの素子同士の間の角度間隔が等しい、請求項1記載の方法。
- 受信信号用の較正調整補正定数を算出する段階をさらに含む、請求項7記載の方法。
- アンテナ・システムの装置であって、
複数のアナログ信号を受信するように検出された波長よりも短い半径の円形構成として配置された、奇数個のダイポールである複数のダイポール素子、
複数のアナログ信号を複数のデジタル信号に変換するアナログ-デジタル変換器、
最小アレイ効率および最大スーパーディレクティブ・ゲインに基づいて振幅補正値および位相補正値を算出するように構成された第1のプロセッサ、ならびに
算出された位相重みおよび振幅重みならびに振幅補正値および位相補正値を複数のデジタル信号に適用する第2のプロセッサ
を含む装置。 - 算出された振幅重みおよび位相重みを記憶するメモリをさらに含む、請求項9記載の装置。
- 複数の短いダイポールが3つのダイポールである、請求項9記載の装置。
- 複数のダイポール素子の各々に結合された高インピーダンス前置増幅器をさらに含む、請求項11記載の装置。
- 第1のプロセッサが振幅重みおよび位相重みを算出する、請求項9記載の装置。
- 第1のプロセッサが、アンテナ・システムの受信信号の合成パターンにおけるオーバヘッド・ヌルも算出する、請求項9記載の装置。
- 第1および第2のプロセッサが同じプロセッサである、請求項9記載の装置。
- 第1および第2のプロセッサならびにメモリがコンピューティング装置の一部である、請求項10記載の装置。
- 以下の手段を含む、アンテナ・システムの装置:
複数の信号を受信する手段;
振幅および位相の補正値ならびに振幅および位相の重みを算出する手段;ならびに
振幅および位相の補正値ならびに振幅および位相の重みを複数の信号に適用する手段。
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