JP2004363031A - Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery - Google Patents

Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004363031A
JP2004363031A JP2003162130A JP2003162130A JP2004363031A JP 2004363031 A JP2004363031 A JP 2004363031A JP 2003162130 A JP2003162130 A JP 2003162130A JP 2003162130 A JP2003162130 A JP 2003162130A JP 2004363031 A JP2004363031 A JP 2004363031A
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battery
added
carbonate
same manner
electrolytic solution
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JP2003162130A
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JP2004363031A5 (en
JP4431941B2 (en
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Tetsuya Murai
村井  哲也
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Japan Storage Battery Co Ltd
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Japan Storage Battery Co Ltd
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery which can suppress the swelling thereof and the deterioration of the capacity of the same as being left behind in a high temperature environment. <P>SOLUTION: In a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery which uses an electrolytic solution containing a chain-like carbonate system compound, the electrolytic solution is added with vinylene carbonate and fluorination chain-like ether system compound. In this structure, transesterification on the negative electrode of the chain-like carbonate system compound is suppressed by vinylene carbonate and decomposition on the positive electrode of vinylene carbonate itself is suppressed by the fluorination chain-like ether system compound. Thereby, blister and deterioration of capacity of the battery can be suppressed. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、非水電解質二次電池に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来、正極と負極との間で一方が放出したリチウムイオンを他方に吸蔵させるという可逆反応によって充放電を行う電池は、高電圧・高エネルギー密度を有するため、広く民生用電子機器の電源として用いられている。この種の電池は、電極に使用されているリチウムと水との反応性が大きいために、電解液として水を含まない非水溶媒に電解質塩を溶解させたものが使用されており、このため、非水電解質二次電池と称されている(以下、単に「電池」と称することがある)。
【0003】
ここで、非水溶媒としては、例えばエチルメチルカーボネート、メチルプロピルカーボネート、エチルプロピルカーボネート、メチルブチルカーボネート等の鎖状炭酸エステル系化合物と、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート等の環状炭酸エステルとを混合したものが好ましく用いられている。
【0004】
【特許文献1】
特許第3123749号公報
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
ところが、鎖状炭酸エステル系化合物や環状炭酸エステル化合物を非水溶媒として使用すると、負極上でエステル交換反応が起こり、電解液中に異種の炭酸エステル系化合物が生成される場合がある。特に、非対称の鎖状炭酸エステルを使用した場合には、負極表面でのエステル交換反応によって、エチルメチルカーボネートやジメチルカーボネートのような低分子量の炭酸エステル系化合物がより多く生成される場合がある。そして、一般に炭酸エステル系化合物は低分子量であるほど沸点が低く、気化し易い。また、正極上で酸化されて分解ガスを発生し易い。このため、非水電解質二次電池を高温環境下で長時間放置した場合に、電池内で生成された低分子量の炭酸エステル系化合物が気化、または分解ガスを発生することによって内圧が上昇し、電池に予期しない膨れが生じる場合があった。
【0006】
このような膨れを抑制するため、ビニレンカーボネートを電解液へ添加することによってエステル交換反応を抑制する技術が開発されてきている。電解液中にビニレンカーボネートが存在すると、負極上でのビニレンカーボネートの還元分解がエステル交換反応に優先して進行し、かつ、この反応の結果負極上に形成される保護皮膜により、鎖状炭酸エステル系化合物と負極との反応が抑制されると考えられる。しかし、ビニレンカーボネート自体は酸化電位が上記の非水溶媒よりも低いために、正極上で酸化分解を受けてガスを生成することがある。このため、電池を高温環境下で充電状態で放置した場合に、ビニレンカーボネートの分解に起因する膨れが生じるおそれがある。
【0007】
本発明は上記した事情に鑑みてなされたものであり、その目的は、高温環境下での放置時の膨れおよび容量の低下を抑制できる非水電解質二次電池を提供することにある。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者は、膨れおよび容量の低下を防止できる非水電解質二次電池を開発すべく鋭意研究してきたところ、フッ素化鎖状エーテル系化合物とビニレンカーボネートとを併用することにより、ビニレンカーボネートの分解を抑制できることを見出した。ここで、分解抑制のメカニズムは必ずしも明らかではないが、フッ素化鎖状エーテル化合物はビニレンカーボネートよりも酸化分解を受けやすいことから、正極上でビニレンカーボネートよりも先に分解して保護被膜を形成し、この保護被膜によって、ビニレンカーボネートの分解が抑制されると考えられる。本発明は、かかる新規な知見に基づいてなされたものである。
【0009】
すなわち、本発明は、正極と、負極と、非水溶媒として鎖状炭酸エステル系化合物を含む電解液とを備えた非水電解質二次電池であって、前記電解液には、ビニレンカーボネートおよびフッ素化鎖状エーテル系化合物が添加されていることを特徴とする。
【0010】
本発明の非水溶媒に使用される鎖状炭酸エステル系化合物としては、非水電解質二次電池に通常に使用されるものであれば特に制限はなく、例えばエチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、メチルプロピルカーボネート、エチルプロピルカーボネート、メチルブチルカーボネート等を使用できる。これらの鎖状炭酸エステル系化合物は、単独で使用されてもよく、2種以上の化合物が混合されていてもよい。特に、エチルメチルカーボネートが含まれていることが好ましく、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネートを組み合わせて使用することが好ましい。
また、非水溶媒には、鎖状炭酸エステル系化合物以外に他の溶媒が混合されていてもよい。他の溶媒としては、非水電解質二次電池に通常に使用されるものであれば特に制限はなく、例えばγ−ブチロラクトン、スルホラン、ジメチルスルホキシド、アセトニトリル、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルアセトアミド、1,2−ジメトキシエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、2−メチルテトラヒドロフラン、ジオキソラン、メチルアセテート等を使用できる。
【0011】
本発明のビニレンカーボネートの電解液への添加量は、使用する非水溶媒の種類等により変動し、一概に制限されないが、非水溶媒に対して0.1重量%以上2重量%以下であることが好ましい。
【0012】
本発明のフッ素化鎖状エーテル系化合物は、フッ素化モノエーテル類、フッ素化ジエーテル類の他、フッ素化ポリエーテル類であってもよく、あるいはこれらの混合物であってもよい。特に、エーテル基の数が多いほど酸化分解を受けやすく、正極上で保護被膜を形成しやすいと考えられるが、実用性の観点から、下記一般式(1)で示されるフッ素化ジエーテル類が好適である。
【0013】
【化1】
−O−R−O−R
【0014】
ここで、式中R、R、Rは直鎖状、または分岐状のアルキル基であれば特に制限はなく、飽和アルキル基、不飽和アルキル基のいずれであってもよいが、炭素数が1以上7以下であることが好ましい。分子量が大きくなると粘性が高くなり、電解液に混合した際に充放電性能に影響があるためである。
【0015】
なかでも、アルキル基の水素原子の少なくとも一部がフッ素原子により置換されたフッ素化エーテル類を使用することがより好ましい。具体的には、CFCHO−CH−OCH、CFCHO−CHCH−OCH、CFCHO−CHCHCH−OCH、CFCHO−CHCH−OCHCH等を好ましく使用することができる。
【0016】
これらのフッ素化鎖状エーテル系化合物は、単独で使用されてもよく、2種以上の化合物が混合されていてもよい。また、フッ素化鎖状エーテル系化合物の電解液への添加量は、使用する非水溶媒の種類、フッ素化鎖状エーテル系化合物の種類等により変動し、一概に制限されないが、非水溶媒に対して0.5重量%以上30重量%以下であることが好ましい。0.5%重量未満であれば、充分な膨れ防止効果を得ることができず、好ましくない。また、フッ素化鎖状エーテル系化合物は一般に誘電率が低いため、30重量%を超えて添加すると電池の高率放電性能が低下し、好ましくない。
【0017】
【発明の作用、および発明の効果】
本発明によれば、鎖状炭酸エステル系化合物を含む電解液を使用した非水電解質二次電池において、電解液には、ビニレンカーボネートおよびフッ素化鎖状エーテル系化合物が添加されている。このような構成によれば、鎖状炭酸エステル系化合物の負極上でのエステル交換反応がビニレンカーボネートにより抑制されるとともに、ビニレンカーボネート自体の正極上での分解がフッ素化鎖状エーテル系化合物によって抑制される。これにより、電池の膨れおよび容量の低下を抑制することができる。
【0018】
【実施例】
以下、実施例を挙げて本発明をさらに詳細に説明する。
【0019】
1.試験方法
<実施例1>
(1)リチウムイオン二次電池の作製
▲1▼正極の作製
リチウムコバルト複合酸化物を正極活物質とし、この正極活物質に対して結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデンと、導電剤としてのアセチレンブラックとを重量比87:8:5の割合で混合し、N−メチルピロリドンを加えて正極合剤ペーストを調製した。このペーストを、厚さ20μmのアルミニウム箔からなる集電体の両面に均一に塗布し、乾燥後、プレスを行い、正極活物質層を備えた帯状の正極シートを作製した。この正極シートの一端部に、正極リードを溶接した。
【0020】
▲2▼負極の作製
グラファイトを負極活物質とし、このグラファイトに対して結着剤としてのカルボキシメチルセルロース、およびスチレンブタジエンゴムを重量比95:2:3の割合で混合し、適度な水分を加えて負極合剤ペーストを調製した。このペーストを、厚さ15μmの銅箔からなる集電体の両面に均一に塗布し、上記正極シートと同様の方法により、帯状の負極シートを作製した。この負極シートの一端部に、負極リードを溶接した。
【0021】
▲3▼電解液の調製
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)とを、体積比3:7の割合で混合し、非水溶媒を調製した。この非水溶媒に、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)、およびフッ素化鎖状エーテル系化合物であるCFCHO−CHCH−OCH(以下、「TFEME」と略記する)を、非水溶媒の重量に対してそれぞれ0.5%の割合で添加した。次いで、この混合液に電解質としてリチウム塩であるLiPFを濃度1.0mol/lとなるように加え、電解液を調製した。
【0022】
▲4▼角型電池の作製
図1に示す構成の電池1を作製した。
上記1)のとおり作製した正極シート3、上記2)のとおり作製した負極シート4を、セパレータ5を介して積層し、長円渦状に巻回して発電要素2を作製した。なお、セパレータ5としては、厚さ20μmのポリエチレン微多孔膜を使用した。
【0023】
この発電要素2を、角型の電池ケース6に収納し、負極リード11を電池蓋7に備えられた負極端子9に接続した。また、正極リード10を電池蓋7に接続した。そして、電池蓋7を電池ケース6の開口部にレーザー溶接によって取り付けた。この電池ケース6内に、電池蓋7に備えられた注液口から、上記3)で調製した電解液12を過剰にならない程度に真空注液した。このようにして、幅30mm、高さ48mm、厚み5mmの角型電池を組み立てた。なお、電池蓋7には安全弁8が設けられている。
【0024】
(2)放置試験
上記の方法で作成した電池について、25℃の雰囲気下、600mAの定電流で充電開始後3時間まで充電を行った。その後、この電池について600mAの定電流で2.7Vまで放電を行い、初期放電容量を測定した。
次いで、この電池について25℃の雰囲気下、600mAの定電流で4.2Vまで充電後、4.2Vの定電圧で、充電開始後3時間まで充電を行った。充電後、25℃で電池の厚さを測定した。次いで、この電池を80℃で50時間放置した後、25℃で5時間冷却し、冷却後の電池の厚さを測定した。
次に、厚み測定後の電池を、600mAの定電流で2.7Vまで放電した後、初期放電容量の測定と同じ条件で充放電試験を行い、放置試験後の放電容量を測定した。
【0025】
<実施例2>
電解液として、TFEMEの添加量を非水溶媒に対して1.0重量%としたものを用いた他は、実施例1と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0026】
<実施例3>
電解液として、TFEMEの添加量を非水溶媒に対して2.0重量%としたものを用いた他は、実施例1と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0027】
<実施例4>
電解液として、TFEMEの添加量を非水溶媒に対して3.0重量%としたものを用いた他は、実施例1と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0028】
<実施例5>
電解液として、TFEMEの添加量を非水溶媒に対して5.0重量%としたものを用いた他は、実施例1と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0029】
<実施例6>
電解液として、TFEMEの添加量を非水溶媒に対して10.0重量%としたものを用いた他は、実施例1と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0030】
<実施例7>
電解液として、TFEMEの添加量を非水溶媒に対して20.0重量%としたものを用いた他は、実施例1と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0031】
<実施例8>
電解液として、TFEMEの添加量を非水溶媒に対して30.0重量%としたものを用いた他は、実施例1と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0032】
<実施例9>
電解液として、VCの添加量を非水溶媒に対して0.1重量%とし、TFEMEの添加量を非水溶媒に対して3.0重量%としたものを用いた他は、実施例1と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0033】
<実施例10>
電解液として、VCの添加量を非水溶媒に対して1.0重量%とした他は、実施例9と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0034】
<実施例11>
電解液として、VCの添加量を非水溶媒に対して2.0重量%とした他は、実施例9と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0035】
<実施例12>
電解液として、VCの添加量を非水溶媒に対して3.0重量%とした他は、実施例9と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0036】
<実施例13>
電解液として、VCの添加量を非水溶媒に対して5.0重量%とした他は、実施例9と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0037】
<実施例14>
電解液として、実施例1のTFEMEに代えてCFCHO−CH−OCH(以下、「TFEMM」と略記する)を非水溶媒に対して3重量%添加したものを用いた他は、実施例1と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0038】
<実施例15>
電解液として、実施例1のTFEMEに代えてCFCHO−CHCHCH−OCH(以下、「TFEMP」と略記する)を非水溶媒に対して3重量%添加したものを用いた他は、実施例1と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0039】
<実施例16>
電解液として、実施例1のTFEMEに代えてCFCHO−CHCH−OCHCH(以下、「TFEEE」と略記する)を非水溶媒に対して3重量%添加したものを用いた他は、実施例1と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0040】
<実施例17>
実施例1の非水溶媒に代えて、エチレンカーボネート(EC)とエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)とジエチルカーボネート(DEC)とを、体積比3:4:3の割合で混合したものを用いた他は、実施例4と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0041】
<比較例1>
電解液として、VCを添加しなかったものを用いた他は、実施例1と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0042】
<比較例2>
電解液として、VCを添加しなかったものを用いた他は、実施例2と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0043】
<比較例3>
電解液として、VCを添加しなかったものを用いた他は、実施例3と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0044】
<比較例4>
電解液として、VCを添加しなかったものを用いた他は、実施例4と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0045】
<比較例5>
電解液として、VCを添加しなかったものを用いた他は、実施例5と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0046】
<比較例6>
電解液として、VCを添加しなかったものを用いた他は、実施例6と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0047】
<比較例7>
電解液として、VCを添加しなかったものを用いた他は、実施例7と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0048】
<比較例8>
電解液として、VCを添加しなかったものを用いた他は、実施例8と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0049】
<比較例9>
電解液として、VCを添加しなかったものを用いた他は、実施例14と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0050】
<比較例10>
電解液として、VCを添加しなかったものを用いた他は、実施例15と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0051】
<比較例11>
電解液として、VCを添加しなかったものを用いた他は、実施例16と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0052】
<比較例12>
電解液として、TFEMEを添加しなかったものを用いた他は、実施例9と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0053】
<比較例13>
電解液として、TFEMEを添加しなかったものを用いた他は、実施例4と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0054】
<比較例14>
電解液として、TFEMEを添加しなかったものを用いた他は、実施例10と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0055】
<比較例15>
電解液として、TFEMEを添加しなかったものを用いた他は、実施例11と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0056】
<比較例16>
電解液として、TFEMEを添加しなかったものを用いた他は、実施例12と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0057】
<比較例17>
電解液として、TFEMEを添加しなかったものを用いた他は、実施例13と同様に作製された電池を用いて、実施例1と同様に放置試験を行った。
【0058】
2.結果と考察
表1および表2には、各実施例および比較例における、非水溶媒の組成、フッ素化鎖状エーテル化合物およびVCの添加量を示した。
【0059】
【表1】

Figure 2004363031
【0060】
【表2】
Figure 2004363031
【0061】
表3および表4には、各実施例および比較例における、初期放電容量、放置試験前後の電池の厚さ、および容量保持率を示した。なお、容量保持率(%)は、初期放電容量に対する放置試験後の放電容量の割合で示した。
【0062】
【表3】
Figure 2004363031
【0063】
【表4】
Figure 2004363031
【0064】
[VC添加による効果の検討]
実施例1〜8は、VCを0.5wt%添加し、TFEMEの添加量を0.5〜30.0wt%としたもの、比較例1〜8は、VCを添加せずにTFEMEの添加量を0.5〜30.0wt%としたものである。
初期放電容量は、VCを添加した実施例1〜8の方が、VCを添加しない比較例1〜8よりもやや大きかった。VCを添加せず、TFEMEの添加量が5.0wt%以上の比較例5〜8では、80℃放置試験前の電池厚みがやや大きくなった。その理由は、初期充電時にフッ素化鎖状エーテルの分解が起こり、発生ガスにより初期の電池厚みが大きくなったものと考えられる。しかし、実施例5〜8では、初期の電池厚みは特に大きくはなく、VCを添加することで、初期の電池厚みの増加を抑制することができた。VCを0.5wt%添加し、TFEMEの添加量が2.0wt%以上の実施例3〜8では、80℃放置試験後の電池厚みはやや小さくなった。容量保持率は、VCを添加した実施例1〜8の方が、VCを添加しない比較例1〜8よりもかなり大きかった。
【0065】
[TFEM添加による効果の検討]
実施例4、9〜13は、TFEMEを0.5wt%添加し、VCの添加量を0.1〜5.0wt%としたもの、比較例12〜17は、TFEMEを添加せずにVCの添加量を0.1〜5.0wt%としたものである。
初期放電容量と初期放電容量は、TFEMEを添加した実施例4、9〜13と、TFEMEを添加しない比較例12〜17とで違いは見られなかった。また、実施例4、9〜13および比較例12〜17の場合とも、VCの添加量が大きくなるにしたがって、80℃放置試験後の電池厚みは増大した。この理由は、VCの添加量を増やすと、高温放置時にVCの酸化分解によりガスを発生し、その結果電池厚みが増大する傾向にあるためである。
しかし、電池厚みの増加の程度は、TFEMEを添加した実施例4、9〜13よりも、TFEMEを添加しない比較例12〜17の方が大きかった。このことは、VCの酸化分解は、TFEMEを混合することにより抑制できることを示している。さらに、容量保持率は、実施例4、9〜13の方が比較例12〜17よりもかなり大きかった。理由は明らかではないが、VCのエステル交換反応抑制効果と、TFEMEによる、正極でのVCの酸化分解抑制効果以外に、なんらかの相互作用があるものではないかと考えられる。
【0066】
[フッ素化鎖状エーテルの種類の違いによる効果の検討]
実施例4、14〜16と比較例4、9〜11との比較より、TFEMEに代えてTFEMM、TFEMP、TFEEEを使用した場合においても、同様の効果が得られることがわかった。
【0067】
[非水溶媒の組成の違いによる効果の検討]
実施例4と実施例17との比較より、非水溶媒として、EC:EMCの混合溶媒に代えてEC:EMC:DECの混合溶媒系を使用した場合においても、同様の効果が得られることがわかった。
【0068】
なお、VCとフッ素化鎖状エーテルの添加量は、非水電解質二次電池に用いる負極活物質や正極活物質の種類によっても異なるために、電池の負極活物質と正極活物質の構成次第で変更が可能である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本実施例の電池の断面図
【符号の説明】
1…電池(非水電解質二次電池)
3…正極板(正極)
4…負極板(負極)
12…電解液[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, batteries that charge and discharge by a reversible reaction in which lithium ions released from one between the positive electrode and the negative electrode are occluded by the other have a high voltage and a high energy density, so they are widely used as power sources for consumer electronic devices. Has been. This type of battery has a high reactivity between lithium used for the electrode and water, and therefore, a solution obtained by dissolving an electrolyte salt in a non-aqueous solvent containing no water as an electrolyte is used. , A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as a “battery”).
[0003]
Here, as the non-aqueous solvent, for example, a mixture of a linear carbonate compound such as ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate and methyl butyl carbonate and a cyclic carbonate such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate is used. Are preferably used.
[0004]
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent No. 3123747 [0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, when a chain carbonate compound or a cyclic carbonate compound is used as a non-aqueous solvent, a transesterification reaction occurs on the negative electrode, and a different carbonate compound may be generated in the electrolytic solution. In particular, when an asymmetric chain carbonate ester is used, a transesterification reaction on the negative electrode surface may generate more low-molecular-weight carbonate compound compounds such as ethyl methyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. In general, the lower the molecular weight of a carbonate compound, the lower the boiling point and the easier it is to vaporize. Further, it is easily oxidized on the positive electrode to generate a decomposition gas. Therefore, when the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is left for a long time in a high-temperature environment, the internal pressure increases due to the vaporization of the low-molecular-weight carbonate-based compound generated in the battery, or generation of a decomposition gas, In some cases, unexpected swelling of the battery occurred.
[0006]
In order to suppress such swelling, a technique for suppressing transesterification by adding vinylene carbonate to an electrolytic solution has been developed. If vinylene carbonate is present in the electrolytic solution, the reductive decomposition of vinylene carbonate on the negative electrode proceeds in preference to the transesterification reaction, and the protective film formed on the negative electrode as a result of this reaction causes the formation of chain carbonate. It is considered that the reaction between the system compound and the negative electrode is suppressed. However, since the oxidation potential of vinylene carbonate itself is lower than that of the above non-aqueous solvent, the vinylene carbonate may undergo oxidative decomposition on the positive electrode to generate gas. For this reason, when the battery is left in a charged state in a high-temperature environment, swelling due to decomposition of vinylene carbonate may occur.
[0007]
The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that can suppress swelling and a decrease in capacity when left in a high-temperature environment.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventor has been diligently researching to develop a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery capable of preventing swelling and a decrease in capacity.By using a fluorinated chain ether compound and vinylene carbonate in combination, the decomposition of vinylene carbonate can be achieved. Can be suppressed. Here, the mechanism of decomposition suppression is not necessarily clear, but since the fluorinated chain ether compound is more susceptible to oxidative decomposition than vinylene carbonate, it decomposes on the positive electrode before vinylene carbonate to form a protective film. It is considered that decomposition of vinylene carbonate is suppressed by this protective film. The present invention has been made based on such new findings.
[0009]
That is, the present invention is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution containing a chain carbonate compound as a non-aqueous solvent, wherein the electrolytic solution includes vinylene carbonate and fluorine. It is characterized in that a chain ether compound is added.
[0010]
The chain carbonate compound used in the non-aqueous solvent of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is normally used in a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.For example, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, Diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, methyl butyl carbonate and the like can be used. These chain carbonate compounds may be used alone, or two or more compounds may be mixed. In particular, it is preferable to contain ethyl methyl carbonate, and it is preferable to use a combination of dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate.
In addition, other solvents may be mixed with the non-aqueous solvent in addition to the chain carbonate compound. Other solvents are not particularly limited as long as they are commonly used for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.For example, γ-butyrolactone, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, 1,2-dimethoxy Ethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dioxolan, methyl acetate and the like can be used.
[0011]
The amount of vinylene carbonate to be added to the electrolytic solution of the present invention varies depending on the type of the non-aqueous solvent used and is not particularly limited, but is 0.1% by weight or more and 2% by weight or less based on the non-aqueous solvent. Is preferred.
[0012]
The fluorinated chain ether compound of the present invention may be a fluorinated monoether, a fluorinated diether, a fluorinated polyether, or a mixture thereof. In particular, it is considered that the larger the number of ether groups, the more susceptible to oxidative decomposition and the easier the formation of a protective film on the positive electrode. From the viewpoint of practicality, fluorinated diethers represented by the following general formula (1) are preferable. It is.
[0013]
Embedded image
R 1 -OR 2 -OR 3
[0014]
Here, in the formula, R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are not particularly limited as long as they are linear or branched alkyl groups, and may be any of a saturated alkyl group and an unsaturated alkyl group. It is preferable that the number is 1 or more and 7 or less. This is because as the molecular weight increases, the viscosity increases, and when mixed with the electrolytic solution, the charge / discharge performance is affected.
[0015]
Among them, it is more preferable to use fluorinated ethers in which at least a part of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group is substituted by fluorine atoms. More specifically, CF 3 CH 2 O—CH 2 —OCH 3 , CF 3 CH 2 O—CH 2 CH 2 —OCH 3 , CF 3 CH 2 O—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —OCH 3 , CF 3 CH 2 O—CH 2 CH 2 —OCH 2 CH 3 and the like can be preferably used.
[0016]
These fluorinated chain ether compounds may be used alone, or two or more compounds may be mixed. The amount of the fluorinated chain ether compound added to the electrolytic solution varies depending on the type of the non-aqueous solvent used, the type of the fluorinated chain ether compound, and the like, and is not necessarily limited. On the other hand, the content is preferably 0.5% by weight or more and 30% by weight or less. If the amount is less than 0.5% by weight, a sufficient swelling prevention effect cannot be obtained, which is not preferable. In addition, since the fluorinated chain ether compound generally has a low dielectric constant, if it is added in excess of 30% by weight, the high-rate discharge performance of the battery is undesirably reduced.
[0017]
Effects of the Invention and Effects of the Invention
According to the present invention, in a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using an electrolyte containing a chain carbonate compound, vinylene carbonate and a fluorinated chain ether compound are added to the electrolyte. According to such a configuration, the transesterification reaction of the chain carbonate compound on the negative electrode is suppressed by vinylene carbonate, and the decomposition of vinylene carbonate itself on the positive electrode is suppressed by the fluorinated chain ether compound. Is done. Thereby, the swelling of the battery and the decrease in capacity can be suppressed.
[0018]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples.
[0019]
1. Test method <Example 1>
(1) Preparation of lithium ion secondary battery (1) Preparation of positive electrode A lithium cobalt composite oxide is used as a positive electrode active material, and polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder and acetylene black as a conductive agent are used for the positive electrode active material. Were mixed at a weight ratio of 87: 8: 5, and N-methylpyrrolidone was added to prepare a positive electrode mixture paste. This paste was uniformly applied to both surfaces of a current collector made of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 μm, dried, and pressed to prepare a belt-shaped positive electrode sheet provided with a positive electrode active material layer. A positive electrode lead was welded to one end of the positive electrode sheet.
[0020]
{Circle around (2)} Preparation of negative electrode Graphite was used as a negative electrode active material, and carboxymethylcellulose as a binder and styrene butadiene rubber were mixed at a weight ratio of 95: 2: 3 with this graphite, and an appropriate amount of water was added. A negative electrode mixture paste was prepared. This paste was uniformly applied to both surfaces of a current collector made of a copper foil having a thickness of 15 μm, and a strip-shaped negative electrode sheet was produced in the same manner as the above-mentioned positive electrode sheet. A negative electrode lead was welded to one end of the negative electrode sheet.
[0021]
{Circle around (3)} Preparation of electrolytic solution Ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) were mixed at a volume ratio of 3: 7 to prepare a non-aqueous solvent. Vinylene carbonate (VC) and CF 3 CH 2 O—CH 2 CH 2 —OCH 3 (hereinafter abbreviated as “TFME”), which is a fluorinated chain ether compound, are added to the non-aqueous solvent. Was added at a ratio of 0.5% with respect to the weight of each. Next, LiPF 6 which is a lithium salt as an electrolyte was added to the mixture so as to have a concentration of 1.0 mol / l to prepare an electrolyte.
[0022]
{Circle around (4)} Fabrication of prismatic battery Battery 1 having the configuration shown in FIG. 1 was fabricated.
The positive electrode sheet 3 prepared as described in the above 1) and the negative electrode sheet 4 prepared as described in the above 2) were laminated with a separator 5 interposed therebetween, and wound into an elliptical spiral to produce a power generating element 2. In addition, as the separator 5, a 20-micrometer-thick microporous polyethylene membrane was used.
[0023]
The power generating element 2 was housed in a rectangular battery case 6, and the negative electrode lead 11 was connected to the negative electrode terminal 9 provided on the battery cover 7. Further, the positive electrode lead 10 was connected to the battery cover 7. Then, the battery cover 7 was attached to the opening of the battery case 6 by laser welding. The electrolyte solution 12 prepared in the above 3) was vacuum-injected into the battery case 6 from the injection port provided in the battery cover 7 so as not to be excessive. Thus, a rectangular battery having a width of 30 mm, a height of 48 mm, and a thickness of 5 mm was assembled. The battery cover 7 is provided with a safety valve 8.
[0024]
(2) Leaving test The battery prepared by the above method was charged at a constant current of 600 mA in an atmosphere at 25 ° C for up to 3 hours after the start of charging. Thereafter, the battery was discharged at a constant current of 600 mA to 2.7 V, and the initial discharge capacity was measured.
Next, the battery was charged at a constant current of 600 mA to 4.2 V in an atmosphere of 25 ° C., and then charged at a constant voltage of 4.2 V for 3 hours after the start of charging. After charging, the thickness of the battery was measured at 25 ° C. Next, after leaving this battery at 80 ° C. for 50 hours, it was cooled at 25 ° C. for 5 hours, and the thickness of the battery after cooling was measured.
Next, the battery after the thickness measurement was discharged to 2.7 V at a constant current of 600 mA, a charge / discharge test was performed under the same conditions as the measurement of the initial discharge capacity, and the discharge capacity after the standing test was measured.
[0025]
<Example 2>
A battery prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 was used except that the amount of TFEME added was 1.0% by weight with respect to the nonaqueous solvent, and the electrolyte was left as in Example 1. The test was performed.
[0026]
<Example 3>
A battery prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 was used except that the amount of TFEME added was 2.0% by weight based on the non-aqueous solvent, and the electrolyte was left as in Example 1. The test was performed.
[0027]
<Example 4>
A battery prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 was used except that the amount of TFEME added to the non-aqueous solvent was 3.0% by weight, and the electrolyte was left as in Example 1. The test was performed.
[0028]
<Example 5>
A battery prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 was used except that the amount of TFEME added was 5.0% by weight based on the nonaqueous solvent, and the electrolyte was left in the same manner as in Example 1. The test was performed.
[0029]
<Example 6>
A battery prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 was used except that the amount of TFEME added was 10.0% by weight with respect to the non-aqueous solvent, and the electrolyte was left as in Example 1. The test was performed.
[0030]
<Example 7>
A battery prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 was used, except that the amount of TFEME added was 20.0% by weight based on the non-aqueous solvent, and the electrolyte was left as in Example 1. The test was performed.
[0031]
Example 8
A battery prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 was used, except that the amount of TFEME added was 30.0% by weight with respect to the nonaqueous solvent, and the electrolyte was left as in Example 1. The test was performed.
[0032]
<Example 9>
Example 1 was repeated except that the amount of VC was 0.1% by weight with respect to the non-aqueous solvent and the amount of TFEME was 3.0% by weight with respect to the non-aqueous solvent. A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 using the battery manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1.
[0033]
<Example 10>
A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 using a battery manufactured in the same manner as in Example 9 except that the amount of VC added was 1.0% by weight with respect to the nonaqueous solvent as the electrolytic solution. .
[0034]
<Example 11>
A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 using a battery manufactured in the same manner as in Example 9 except that the amount of VC added was 2.0% by weight based on the non-aqueous solvent as the electrolytic solution. .
[0035]
<Example 12>
A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 using a battery manufactured in the same manner as in Example 9 except that the amount of VC added was 3.0% by weight with respect to the nonaqueous solvent as the electrolytic solution. .
[0036]
<Example 13>
A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 using a battery manufactured in the same manner as in Example 9 except that the amount of VC added was 5.0% by weight with respect to the nonaqueous solvent as the electrolytic solution. .
[0037]
<Example 14>
As an electrolytic solution, CF 3 CH 2 O—CH 2 —OCH 3 (hereinafter abbreviated as “TFEMM”) added in an amount of 3% by weight to a non-aqueous solvent instead of TFEME of Example 1 was used. Was subjected to a standing test in the same manner as in Example 1 using a battery manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1.
[0038]
<Example 15>
An electrolyte in which CF 3 CH 2 O—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —OCH 3 (hereinafter, abbreviated as “TFEMP”) is added in an amount of 3% by weight to a nonaqueous solvent instead of TFEME of Example 1. A storage test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1.
[0039]
<Example 16>
An electrolyte in which CF 3 CH 2 O—CH 2 CH 2 —OCH 2 CH 3 (hereinafter abbreviated as “TFEEE”) is added in an amount of 3% by weight to the nonaqueous solvent instead of TFEME of Example 1. A storage test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1.
[0040]
<Example 17>
A non-aqueous solvent of Example 1 was replaced with a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC) at a volume ratio of 3: 4: 3. A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 using the battery manufactured in the same manner as in Example 4.
[0041]
<Comparative Example 1>
A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a battery to which no VC was added was used as the electrolytic solution.
[0042]
<Comparative Example 2>
A leaving test was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a battery to which no VC was added was used as the electrolytic solution.
[0043]
<Comparative Example 3>
A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a battery to which no VC was added was used as the electrolytic solution.
[0044]
<Comparative Example 4>
A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a battery to which no VC was added was used as the electrolytic solution, except that a battery produced in the same manner as in Example 4 was used.
[0045]
<Comparative Example 5>
A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a battery to which no VC was added was used as the electrolytic solution.
[0046]
<Comparative Example 6>
A leaving test was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a battery to which no VC was added was used as the electrolytic solution.
[0047]
<Comparative Example 7>
A leaving test was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a battery to which no VC was added was used as the electrolytic solution.
[0048]
<Comparative Example 8>
A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a battery to which no VC was added was used as the electrolytic solution.
[0049]
<Comparative Example 9>
A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a battery to which no VC was added was used as the electrolytic solution.
[0050]
<Comparative Example 10>
A leaving test was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a battery to which no VC was added was used as the electrolytic solution.
[0051]
<Comparative Example 11>
A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a battery to which no VC was added was used as the electrolytic solution.
[0052]
<Comparative Example 12>
A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a battery to which no TFEME was added was used as the electrolytic solution.
[0053]
<Comparative Example 13>
A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a battery to which no TFEME was added was used as the electrolytic solution.
[0054]
<Comparative Example 14>
A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a battery to which no TFEME was added was used as the electrolytic solution.
[0055]
<Comparative Example 15>
A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a battery to which no TFEME was added was used as the electrolytic solution.
[0056]
<Comparative Example 16>
A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a battery prepared in the same manner as in Example 12 was used except that the electrolyte solution to which TFEME was not added was used.
[0057]
<Comparative Example 17>
A leaving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a battery to which TFEME was not added was used as the electrolytic solution.
[0058]
2. Results and Discussion Tables 1 and 2 show the composition of the non-aqueous solvent and the amounts of the fluorinated chain ether compound and VC added in each of the examples and comparative examples.
[0059]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004363031
[0060]
[Table 2]
Figure 2004363031
[0061]
Tables 3 and 4 show the initial discharge capacity, the thickness of the battery before and after the storage test, and the capacity retention in each of the examples and comparative examples. The capacity retention (%) was shown as a ratio of the discharge capacity after the standing test to the initial discharge capacity.
[0062]
[Table 3]
Figure 2004363031
[0063]
[Table 4]
Figure 2004363031
[0064]
[Examination of the effect of VC addition]
In Examples 1 to 8, VC was added in an amount of 0.5 wt%, and the amount of TFEME was adjusted to 0.5 to 30.0 wt%. In Comparative Examples 1 to 8, the amount of TFEME was added without adding VC. Is set to 0.5 to 30.0 wt%.
The initial discharge capacity of Examples 1 to 8 to which VC was added was slightly larger than Comparative Examples 1 to 8 to which VC was not added. In Comparative Examples 5 to 8 in which VC was not added and the amount of TFEME added was 5.0 wt% or more, the battery thickness before the 80 ° C. standing test was slightly larger. It is considered that the reason is that the fluorinated chain ether was decomposed during the initial charging, and the initial gas thickness was increased by the generated gas. However, in Examples 5 to 8, the initial battery thickness was not particularly large, and the increase in the initial battery thickness could be suppressed by adding VC. In Examples 3 to 8 in which VC was added at 0.5 wt% and the amount of TFEME added was 2.0 wt% or more, the battery thickness after the 80 ° C. standing test was slightly smaller. The capacity retention was much higher in Examples 1 to 8 to which VC was added than in Comparative Examples 1 to 8 to which no VC was added.
[0065]
[Examination of the effect of adding TFEM]
In Examples 4 and 9 to 13, TFEME was added in an amount of 0.5 wt% and the amount of VC was adjusted to 0.1 to 5.0 wt%. In Comparative Examples 12 to 17, VC was added without adding TFEME. The amount added is 0.1 to 5.0 wt%.
The initial discharge capacity and the initial discharge capacity were not different between Examples 4 and 9 to 13 in which TFEME was added and Comparative Examples 12 to 17 in which TFEME was not added. Also, in Examples 4 and 9 to 13 and Comparative Examples 12 to 17, the battery thickness after the 80 ° C. standing test increased as the amount of VC added increased. The reason for this is that, when the added amount of VC is increased, gas is generated by oxidative decomposition of VC when left at a high temperature, and as a result, the battery thickness tends to increase.
However, the degree of increase in the battery thickness was greater in Comparative Examples 12 to 17 in which TFEME was not added than in Examples 4 and 9 to 13 in which TFEME was added. This indicates that the oxidative decomposition of VC can be suppressed by mixing TFEME. Furthermore, the capacity retention was much higher in Examples 4 and 9 to 13 than in Comparative Examples 12 to 17. Although the reason is not clear, it is considered that there is some interaction other than the effect of suppressing the transesterification reaction of VC and the effect of suppressing the oxidative decomposition of VC at the positive electrode by TFEME.
[0066]
[Examination of the effects of different types of fluorinated chain ethers]
A comparison between Examples 4, 14 to 16 and Comparative Examples 4, 9 to 11 shows that the same effect can be obtained when TFEMM, TFEMP, or TFEEE is used instead of TFEME.
[0067]
[Examination of effects due to differences in composition of non-aqueous solvent]
Comparison between Example 4 and Example 17 indicates that the same effect can be obtained even when a mixed solvent system of EC: EMC: DEC is used as the non-aqueous solvent instead of the mixed solvent of EC: EMC. all right.
[0068]
Since the amount of VC and the fluorinated chain ether varies depending on the type of the negative electrode active material and the positive electrode active material used in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, it depends on the configuration of the negative electrode active material and the positive electrode active material of the battery. Changes are possible.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a battery according to the present embodiment.
1. Battery (non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery)
3: Positive electrode plate (positive electrode)
4: Negative electrode plate (negative electrode)
12 ... Electrolyte

Claims (3)

正極と、負極と、非水溶媒として鎖状炭酸エステル系化合物を含む電解液とを備えた非水電解質二次電池であって、
前記電解液には、ビニレンカーボネートおよびフッ素化鎖状エーテル系化合物が添加されていることを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池。
A positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including an electrolytic solution containing a chain carbonate compound as a non-aqueous solvent,
A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, wherein vinylene carbonate and a fluorinated chain ether compound are added to the electrolyte.
前記フッ素化鎖状エーテル系化合物がフッ素化ジエーテル類であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池。The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the fluorinated chain ether compound is a fluorinated diether. 前記フッ素化ジエーテル類が、CFCHO−CH−OCH、CFCHO−CHCH−OCH、CFCHO−CHCHCH−OCH、CFCHO−CHCH−OCHCHより選ばれる少なくとも1種を含むことを特徴とする請求項2に記載の非水電解質二次電池。The fluorinated diethers may be CF 3 CH 2 O—CH 2 —OCH 3 , CF 3 CH 2 O—CH 2 CH 2 —OCH 3 , CF 3 CH 2 O—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —OCH 3 , CF 3. The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 2, comprising at least one selected from 3 CH 2 O—CH 2 CH 2 —OCH 2 CH 3. 4 .
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US10374259B2 (en) 2015-03-25 2019-08-06 Nec Corporation Hydrofluoroether compound, nonaqueous electrolyte solution and lithium ion secondary battery
US10224571B2 (en) * 2016-09-01 2019-03-05 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Fluorinated ether as electrolyte co-solvent for lithium metal based anode
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