JP2004346364A - Plated steel sheet with gold-metallic mode design and its production method - Google Patents
Plated steel sheet with gold-metallic mode design and its production method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
【０００１】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、家電製品の筐体、家電部品等に適する、意匠性に優れたゴールドメタリック調のめっき鋼板およびその製造方法に関するものである。
【０００２】
【従来の技術】
従来より、食洗機あるいは炊飯器などの家電用途にはゴールドメタリックを有する着色ステンレス等が意匠性に優れることから、広く使用されている。
【０００３】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
最近、特にこれらの着色ステンレスのようなゴールドメタリック調の外観を有しており、低コストの鋼板で、しかも疵がついても赤錆が発生しにくい犠牲防食効果のあるプレめっき鋼板が望まれていた。Ｎｉめっき鋼板はゴールドメタリック調の外観を有しており、優れた鋼板であるが、この鋼板には疵部の犠牲防食効果がなく、赤錆が発生しやすいことから不充分であった。
本発明の目的は、上記のニーズである、意匠性と犠牲防食効果のある鋼板およびその製造方法を提供することにある。
【０００４】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、上記の課題を解決するために種々検討した結果、電気Ｚｎめっき層の上層に種々の上層めっきを試みた結果、上層としてＺｎ−Ｃｏ−ＷあるいはＺｎ−Ｃｏ−Ｍｏめっきを施した後、鋼板のめっき層表面の光沢度がＧ値で１００以上、表面粗さがＲａで０．３μｍ以下である場合に意匠性と疵部の耐赤錆性に優れた犠牲防食効果のあるめっき鋼板が得られることを見出した。
また、そのめっき層の上に、クリヤーあるいはゴールドメタリック調の有機系後処理皮膜、有機塗装あるいはラミネート皮膜を処理することにより、平面部及び疵部の耐食性がさらに高まることも見出した。
【０００５】
めっき層の表面粗さの調整方法としては、クリヤーの有機系後処理皮膜、有機塗装あるいはラミネート皮膜を施す前に３ｇ／ｍ２ 以上の付着量を有するＺｎめっき層の上層として、Ｚｎ−Ｃｏ−ＷあるいはＺｎ−Ｃｏ−Ｍｏめっきを施した後、鋼板に０．５％以上のスキンパス圧延を施すことにより、また、このめっき層に有機系後処理皮膜等の皮膜を施した後、０．５％以上のスキンパス圧延することにより、本発明鋼板が得られることもわかった。
さらには、原板の表面粗度Ｒａを０．１μｍ以下にコントロールすることにより、さらに優れたゴールドメタリック調の意匠性が得られることも見出した。
本発明は、これらの新知見を基に完成した。
【０００６】
すなわち、本発明は、付着量３ｇ／ｍ２ 以上の電気Ｚｎめっき層の上層に、Ｃｏ：０．１％以上、Ｗ：１％以上含有するＺｎ−Ｃｏ−Ｗめっき層、あるいはＣｏ：０．１％以上、Ｍｏ：１％以上含有するＺｎ−Ｃｏ−Ｍｏめっき層を１ｇ／ｍ２ 以上有する２層めっき鋼板であって、その表面の光沢度がＧ値で１００以上、表面粗さがＲａで０．３μｍ以下であることを特徴とするゴールドメタリック調めっき鋼板である。
また、そのめっき鋼板がさらにクリヤーあるいはゴールドメタリック調の有機系後処理皮膜、有機塗装あるいはラミネート皮膜から選ばれた皮膜を有することを特徴とするゴールドメタリック調めっき鋼板である。
【０００７】
さらに、上記２層めっき後に０．５％以上のスキンパス圧延を施すことを特徴とするシルバーメタリック調めっき鋼板の製造方法であり、さらにはスキンパス圧延後に有機系後処理皮膜、有機塗装あるいはラミネート皮膜から選ばれた皮膜を施すことを特徴とするゴールドメタリック調めっき鋼板の製造方法である。
【０００８】
さらに、上記２層めっき後、有機系後処理皮膜、有機塗装あるいはラミネート皮膜から選ばれた皮膜を施した後、０．５％以上のスキンパス圧延することを特徴とするゴールドメタリック調めっき鋼板の製造方法であり、さらにはこれらに用いる原板の表面粗度Ｒａが０．１μｍ以下であることを特徴とするゴールドメタリック調めっき鋼板の製造方法である。
【０００９】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明者らは、Ｚｎめっき鋼板の上層に各種の電気めっきを施し、表面粗度の異なるサンプルを作成し、検討した結果、付着量３ｇ／ｍ２ 以上の電気Ｚｎめっき層の上層として、Ｃｏを０．１％以上、Ｗを１％以上含有するＺｎ−Ｃｏ−Ｗめっき層、あるいはＣｏを０．１％以上、Ｍｏを１％以上含有するＺｎ−Ｃｏ−Ｍｏめっき層を１ｇ／ｍ２ 以上有する２層めっき層において、光沢度がＧ値で１００以上、表面粗さがＲａで０．３μｍ以下である場合に、目的とするゴールドメタリック調めっき鋼板が得られることを見出した。
めっき層表面のＧ値が１００未満、表面粗さＲａが０．３超である場合には、ゴールドメタリック調の外観が不充分であるので、Ｇ値を１００以上、表面粗さＲａを０．３以下とした。Ｇ値の上限は特に限定しないが、５００以下であれば十分である。またＲａは低いほど好ましい。
【００１０】
電気Ｚｎめっき層の付着量を３ｇ／ｍ２ 以上としたのは、耐食性（平面部及び疵部の耐赤錆性）が良好となるためである。上限は特に設けないが、加工性の観点からは１００ｇ／ｍ２ 以下が望ましい。
【００１１】
本発明のポイントとして、電気Ｚｎめっき層の表層に上層めっきとして、Ｃｏを０．１％以上、Ｗを１％以上含有するＺｎ−Ｃｏ−Ｗめっき層、あるいはＣｏを０．１％以上、Ｍｏを１％以上含有するＺｎ−Ｃｏ−Ｍｏめっき層を１ｇ／ｍ２ 以上、好ましくは１０ｇ／ｍ２ 以下施し、ゴールド色調を出すことが最大のポイントである。
Ｃｏを０．１％以上、ＷあるいはＭｏを１％以上としたのは、この場合にゴールド色が最も良好となるためである。上限は特に設けないが、耐食性の面及び経済性を考慮するとＣｏ：５％以内、Ｍｏ：１０％以内程度が望ましい。
【００１２】
また、もう一つの技術ポイントとして、めっき層表面の有する光沢、表面粗度を活かしてメタリック調の外観を得ることが最大の特徴であり、めっき層の上にクリヤーの有機系後処理皮膜、有機塗装あるいはラミネート皮膜を有することとしたのは、めっき層表面のメタリック調はそのまま活かしつつ、耐食性（平面部及び疵部の耐赤錆性）がさらに向上するためである。
【００１３】
また、本めっき層鋼板にさらにゴールドメタリック調の有機系後処理皮膜、有機塗装あるいはラミネート皮膜を有することとしたのは、めっき層のメタリック調を活かしつつメタリック調をこれらの皮膜で補うことにより意匠性がさらに向上し、耐食性（平面部及び疵部の耐赤錆性）もさらに向上するためである。
【００１４】
さらに、２層めっき後、０．５％以上のスキンパス圧延を施すことを特徴とするゴールドメタリック調めっき鋼板の製造方法としたのは、スキンパス率０．５％以上でめっき層表面光沢が良好となりさらに優れたゴールドメタリック調を有するようになるからである。
【００１５】
さらに、２層めっき後にクリヤーあるいはゴールドメタリック調の有機系後処理皮膜、有機皮膜あるいはラミネート皮膜を施した後、０．５％以上のスキンパス圧延することとしたのは、スキンパス圧下率０．５％以上で、やはりめっき層表面光沢が良好となりゴールドメタリック調を有するようになるからである。
スキンパス圧延の圧下率の上限は特に限定しないが、１０％以内であることが好ましい。
【００１６】
さらにこれらの製造方法において、原板の表面粗度Ｒａが０．１μｍ以下であることとしたのは、本鋼板粗度範囲でゴールドメタリック調がさらに優れためっき鋼板が得られるためである。Ｒａの下限は特に限定しないが、低いほど好ましい。
【００１７】
有機後処理皮膜、有機皮膜の種類は特に限定しないが、通常のアクリル、エポキシ、ウレタン系樹脂、シリカなどを主成分としたクリヤーの有機系クロメートフリー皮膜、有機皮膜等が使用できる。有機皮膜の厚みも特に限定しないが、耐食性及びコストを考慮すると１〜５μｍ程度が望ましい。ラミネート皮膜としては、ＰＥＴ（ポリエチレンテレフタレート）、ＰＰ（ポリプロピレン）樹脂系などを使用できるが、コストの面から１００μｍ以下とするのが好ましい。本発明はこれらから選んだ皮膜を形成する。
【００１８】
製造設備には特にとらわれないが、電気亜鉛めっきラインで２層めっきを製造後、後処理ラインで有機系の後処理皮膜を施すのが望ましい。下層の電気亜鉛めっき浴としては、通常の硫酸亜鉛を含んだ酸性浴が使用できる。また、デキストリンなどの光沢材添加材を入れた浴を使用すると、光沢度が増加し、そのメタリック意匠性への効果が助長される。
上層のめっき浴としては特に制限しないが、硫酸亜鉛、硫酸コバルト、タングステン酸アンモニウム、モリブデン酸アンモニウムなどを含んだ硫酸酸性浴が使用できる。
【００１９】
めっき原板は鋼種の制約もなく、例えばＡｌキルド鋼、Ｔｉ等の炭窒化物形成形成元素を添加した極低炭素鋼板、およびこれに強化元素（Ｐ，Ｓｉ，Ｍｎ等）を添加した高強度鋼など種々の鋼板が使用できる。
【００２０】
【実施例】
以下、実施例によって本発明をさらに詳細に説明する。
表１に示すようなめっき層、およびスキンパス、有機後処理などの条件下で、本発明に示すめっき鋼板を作成し、意匠性（目視）、光沢度（Ｇ値）、表面粗度（平均粗度Ｒａ）及び耐食性を調査した。評価基準は次の通りである。結果を併せて表１に示す。
【００２１】
表１に示す通り、本発明の製造方法で作成した本発明鋼板（ Ｎｏ．１〜９）は、ゴールドメタリック意匠性が良好で、かつ耐食性（平面部及び疵つき部の耐赤錆性）が良好である。それに比較して、本発明範囲を逸脱する場合（ Ｎｏ ．１０〜１３）は、外観あるいは耐食性が不良である。
【００２４】
【表１】
【発明の効果】
本発明によるめっき鋼板は、表面外観がゴールドメタリック調で耐食性にも優れ、家電用途等に有効である。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a gold-metallic plated steel sheet excellent in design and suitable for a housing of a home electric appliance, a home electric appliance part, and the like, and a method for producing the same.
[0002]
[Prior art]
2. Description of the Related Art Colored stainless steel having a gold metallic property has been widely used for home appliances such as dishwashers and rice cookers because of its excellent design.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Recently, there has been a demand for a pre-plated steel sheet which has a gold-metallic appearance like these colored stainless steels, is a low-cost steel sheet, and has a sacrificial anti-corrosion effect that hardly causes red rust even if it is scratched. . The Ni-plated steel sheet has a gold metallic appearance and is an excellent steel sheet, but this steel sheet has no sacrificial anticorrosion effect of flaws and is insufficient because red rust easily occurs.
An object of the present invention is to provide a steel plate having the above-mentioned needs, that is, a design property and a sacrificial anticorrosion effect, and a method for producing the same.
[0004]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventors have conducted various studies in order to solve the above-mentioned problems, and as a result of attempting various upper platings on the upper layer of the electric Zn plating layer, Zn-Co-W or Zn-Co-Mo plating was performed as the upper layer. After the application, when the glossiness of the plating layer surface of the steel sheet is 100 or more in G value and the surface roughness is 0.3 μm or less in Ra, there is a sacrificial anticorrosion effect excellent in design and red rust resistance of flaws. It has been found that a plated steel sheet can be obtained.
It has also been found that by treating a clear or gold metallic tone organic post-treatment film, an organic coating or a laminate film on the plating layer, the corrosion resistance of the flat part and the flaw part is further enhanced.
[0005]
As a method for adjusting the surface roughness of the plating layer, a Zn-Co- as an upper layer of a Zn plating layer having an adhesion amount of 3 g / m 2 or more before applying a clear organic post-treatment film, an organic coating or a laminate film. After applying W or Zn—Co—Mo plating, the steel sheet is subjected to skin pass rolling of 0.5% or more, and after applying a coating such as an organic post-treatment coating to the plating layer, 0.5% or more is applied. It was also found that the steel sheet of the present invention can be obtained by performing skin pass rolling of at least%.
Furthermore, it has been found that by controlling the surface roughness Ra of the original plate to 0.1 μm or less, it is possible to obtain a more excellent gold metallic tone design.
The present invention has been completed based on these new findings.
[0006]
That is, the upper layer of the present invention, the adhesion amount 3 g / m 2 or more electrical Zn plating layer, Co: 0.1% or more, W: Zn-Co-W plating layer containing more than 1%, or Co: 0. A two-layer plated steel sheet having a Zn—Co—Mo plating layer containing 1% or more and Mo: 1% or more and having a Zn-Co—Mo plating layer of 1 g / m 2 or more, the surface having a G value of 100 or more and a surface roughness of Ra. Is a gold-metallic-tone-plated steel sheet having a thickness of 0.3 μm or less.
Further, the plated steel sheet further has a film selected from an organic post-treatment film having a clear or gold metallic tone, an organic coating, and a laminate film.
[0007]
Further, the present invention is a method for producing a silver metallic tone plated steel sheet, characterized in that skin pass rolling of 0.5% or more is performed after the two-layer plating, and further selected from an organic post-treatment film, an organic coating or a laminated film after the skin pass rolling. A method for producing a gold-metallic plated steel sheet, characterized in that a coated film is provided.
[0008]
Further, after the above-mentioned two-layer plating, a coating selected from an organic post-treatment coating, an organic coating or a laminate coating is applied, and then a skin pass rolling of 0.5% or more is performed. And a method for producing a gold-metallic plated steel sheet, wherein the surface roughness Ra of the original sheet used for these is 0.1 μm or less.
[0009]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The present inventors have applied a top layer on various electroplating Zn-plated steel sheet, to create samples with different surface roughness, the results of investigation, as the upper layer of the coating weight 3 g / m 2 or more electrical Zn plating layer, Co A Zn-Co-W plating layer containing 0.1% or more of W and 1% or more of W, or a Zn-Co-Mo plating layer containing 0.1% or more of Co and 1% or more of Mo is 1 g / m 2. It has been found that in the two-layer plating layer having the above, when the glossiness is 100 or more in G value and the surface roughness is 0.3 μm or less in Ra, the intended gold metallic tone plated steel sheet can be obtained.
When the G value of the surface of the plating layer is less than 100 and the surface roughness Ra is more than 0.3, the appearance of the gold metallic tone is insufficient, so the G value is 100 or more and the surface roughness Ra is 0.1 or more. 3 or less. The upper limit of the G value is not particularly limited, but 500 or less is sufficient. The lower the Ra, the better.
[0010]
The reason why the adhesion amount of the electro-Zn plating layer is set to 3 g / m 2 or more is that the corrosion resistance (the red rust resistance of the flat part and the flaw part) is improved. Although there is no particular upper limit, 100 g / m 2 or less is desirable from the viewpoint of workability.
[0011]
As a point of the present invention, a Zn—Co—W plating layer containing 0.1% or more of Co and 1% or more of W, or 0.1% or more of Co, The most important point is to apply a Zn—Co—Mo plating layer containing 1% or more of the Zn—Co—Mo plating layer in an amount of 1 g / m 2 or more, preferably 10 g / m 2 or less to obtain a gold color tone.
The reason why Co is set to 0.1% or more and W or Mo is set to 1% or more is that the gold color is the best in this case. Although there is no particular upper limit, it is desirable that Co: within 5% and Mo: within 10% in consideration of corrosion resistance and economy.
[0012]
Another feature of the technology is that it has the greatest feature of obtaining a metallic appearance by making use of the luster and surface roughness of the plating layer surface. The reason for having a coating or a laminate film is to further improve the corrosion resistance (red rust resistance of the flat part and the flaw part) while keeping the metallic tone of the plating layer surface as it is.
[0013]
In addition, this plated layer steel sheet is further provided with a gold metallic tone organic post-treatment film, organic paint or laminate film, because the metallic tone is complemented with these films while utilizing the metallic tone of the plating layer. This is because the corrosion resistance (corrosion resistance (red rust resistance of the flat portion and the flaw portion)) is further improved.
[0014]
Furthermore, the method of manufacturing a gold metallic tone plated steel sheet characterized by performing skin pass rolling of 0.5% or more after the two-layer plating is performed, because the skin pass rate is 0.5% or more and the surface gloss of the plating layer becomes good. This is because it has a more excellent gold metallic tone.
[0015]
Further, after applying a clear or gold metallic tone organic post-treatment film, an organic film or a laminate film after the two-layer plating, skin pass rolling of 0.5% or more is performed because the skin pass reduction rate is 0.5%. This is because, as described above, the surface gloss of the plating layer becomes good and the metal layer has a gold metallic tone.
The upper limit of the rolling reduction in skin pass rolling is not particularly limited, but is preferably within 10%.
[0016]
Furthermore, in these production methods, the reason why the surface roughness Ra of the original sheet is 0.1 μm or less is to obtain a plated steel sheet having a more excellent gold metallic tone in the present steel sheet roughness range. The lower limit of Ra is not particularly limited, but the lower the better.
[0017]
The type of the organic post-treatment film and the organic film is not particularly limited, but a clear organic chromate-free film mainly composed of acrylic, epoxy, urethane-based resin, silica or the like, an organic film, or the like can be used. The thickness of the organic film is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 1 to 5 μm in consideration of corrosion resistance and cost. As the laminate film, PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PP (polypropylene) resin or the like can be used, but it is preferably 100 μm or less from the viewpoint of cost. The present invention forms a film selected from these.
[0018]
Although there is no particular restriction on the production equipment, it is desirable to apply an organic post-treatment film on the post-treatment line after producing two-layer plating on the electrogalvanizing line. As the lower electrogalvanizing bath, an ordinary acidic bath containing zinc sulfate can be used. In addition, when a bath containing a gloss additive such as dextrin is used, the glossiness is increased, and the effect on the metallic design is promoted.
The upper plating bath is not particularly limited, but a sulfuric acid bath containing zinc sulfate, cobalt sulfate, ammonium tungstate, ammonium molybdate and the like can be used.
[0019]
The plating base sheet is not limited by the type of steel, and is, for example, an Al-killed steel, an ultra-low carbon steel sheet to which a carbonitride forming element such as Ti is added, and a high-strength steel to which a reinforcing element (P, Si, Mn, etc.) is added Various steel plates can be used.
[0020]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples.
Under the conditions of the plating layer, skin pass, and organic post-treatment as shown in Table 1, a plated steel sheet according to the present invention was prepared, and the design (visual), gloss (G value), surface roughness (average roughness) were obtained. The degree Ra) and the corrosion resistance were investigated. The evaluation criteria are as follows. Table 1 also shows the results.
[0021]
As shown in Table 1, the steel sheets of the present invention (Nos. 1 to 9) produced by the production method of the present invention have good gold metallic design properties and good corrosion resistance (red rust resistance of flat portions and scratched portions). It is. On the other hand, when it deviates from the range of the present invention (Nos. 10 to 13), the appearance or the corrosion resistance is poor.
[0024]
[Table 1]
【The invention's effect】
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The plated steel sheet according to the present invention has a gold metallic surface appearance and excellent corrosion resistance, and is effective for home appliances and the like.
Claims (8)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003143687A JP3917951B2 (en) | 2003-05-21 | 2003-05-21 | Gold metallic design-plated steel sheet and method for producing the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003143687A JP3917951B2 (en) | 2003-05-21 | 2003-05-21 | Gold metallic design-plated steel sheet and method for producing the same |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2004346364A true JP2004346364A (en) | 2004-12-09 |
| JP3917951B2 JP3917951B2 (en) | 2007-05-23 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003143687A Expired - Fee Related JP3917951B2 (en) | 2003-05-21 | 2003-05-21 | Gold metallic design-plated steel sheet and method for producing the same |
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2006336089A (en) * | 2005-06-03 | 2006-12-14 | Nippon Steel Corp | Highly corrosion resistant surface-treated steel, and coated steel |
| WO2011033775A1 (en) * | 2009-09-18 | 2011-03-24 | 東洋鋼鈑株式会社 | Surface-treated steel sheet used to manufacture pipe and having corrosion-resistant properties against fuel vapors, and pipe and fuel supply pipe that use same |
| JP2011063864A (en) * | 2009-09-18 | 2011-03-31 | Toyo Kohan Co Ltd | Plated steel sheet for producing pipe having corrosion resistance to vapor of fuel, and pipe and oil feed pipe using the steel sheet |
| JP2011063862A (en) * | 2009-09-18 | 2011-03-31 | Toyo Kohan Co Ltd | Plated steel sheet for producing pipe having corrosion resistance to vapor of fuel, and pipe and oil feed pipe using the plated steel sheet |
| WO2015125887A1 (en) * | 2014-02-20 | 2015-08-27 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | Plated steel |
| WO2018143267A1 (en) * | 2017-01-31 | 2018-08-09 | アベル株式会社 | Colored stainless steel plate, colored stainless steel coil and manufacturing method thereof |
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Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2006336089A (en) * | 2005-06-03 | 2006-12-14 | Nippon Steel Corp | Highly corrosion resistant surface-treated steel, and coated steel |
| WO2011033775A1 (en) * | 2009-09-18 | 2011-03-24 | 東洋鋼鈑株式会社 | Surface-treated steel sheet used to manufacture pipe and having corrosion-resistant properties against fuel vapors, and pipe and fuel supply pipe that use same |
| JP2011063864A (en) * | 2009-09-18 | 2011-03-31 | Toyo Kohan Co Ltd | Plated steel sheet for producing pipe having corrosion resistance to vapor of fuel, and pipe and oil feed pipe using the steel sheet |
| JP2011063862A (en) * | 2009-09-18 | 2011-03-31 | Toyo Kohan Co Ltd | Plated steel sheet for producing pipe having corrosion resistance to vapor of fuel, and pipe and oil feed pipe using the plated steel sheet |
| WO2015125887A1 (en) * | 2014-02-20 | 2015-08-27 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | Plated steel |
| JP5861806B1 (en) * | 2014-02-20 | 2016-02-16 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | Plated steel |
| WO2018143267A1 (en) * | 2017-01-31 | 2018-08-09 | アベル株式会社 | Colored stainless steel plate, colored stainless steel coil and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN109414738A (en) * | 2017-01-31 | 2019-03-01 | 亚伯株式会社 | Colour stainless steel plate, coloring stainless-steel roll and their manufacturing method |
| US20190160500A1 (en) * | 2017-01-31 | 2019-05-30 | Abel Co., Ltd. | Colored stainless steel plate, colored stainless steel coil and manufacturing method thereof |
| EP3501680A4 (en) * | 2017-01-31 | 2020-03-04 | Abel Co., Ltd. | Colored stainless steel plate, colored stainless steel coil and manufacturing method thereof |
| US11331702B2 (en) | 2017-01-31 | 2022-05-17 | Abel Co., Ltd. | Colored stainless steel plate and colored stainless steel coil |
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|---|---|
| JP3917951B2 (en) | 2007-05-23 |
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