JP2004115859A - Oil tempered wire - Google Patents

Oil tempered wire Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004115859A
JP2004115859A JP2002279960A JP2002279960A JP2004115859A JP 2004115859 A JP2004115859 A JP 2004115859A JP 2002279960 A JP2002279960 A JP 2002279960A JP 2002279960 A JP2002279960 A JP 2002279960A JP 2004115859 A JP2004115859 A JP 2004115859A
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Prior art keywords
oxide film
wire
oil
inner layer
annealing
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JP2002279960A
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JP4116383B2 (en
Inventor
Norito Yamao
山尾 憲人
Takashi Shiaku
塩飽 孝至
Teruyuki Murai
村井 照幸
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Sumitomo SEI Steel Wire Corp
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Sumitomo SEI Steel Wire Corp
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an oil tempered wire having a hardly peeled oxide film on the surface of the wire, and particularly having superior spring formability, material strength and fatigue resistance, and to provide a manufacturing method therefor. <P>SOLUTION: The oil tempered wire has the oxide film on the surface of a steel wire, wherein at least one part of the oxide film is composed of two layers comprising an inner layer formed on the steel wire and an outer layer laminated on the inner layer. Because of having the two layers of the oxide film, when the wire is formed into a spring, the oxide film can be used for securing lubricity to realize superior spring formability. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明はオイルテンパー線とその製造方法に関するものである。特に、自動車のエンジン弁ばね、トランスミッション内部および懸架装置(サスペンション)に用いられる弁ばね用オイルテンパー線またはばね用オイルテンパー線およびそれらの製造方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
自動車の低燃費化に対応して、近年、自動車部品の軽量化が進められており、エンジンに用いる弁ばねやトランスミッションに使用されるばね、さらに懸架装置に用いるばねに負荷される応力は年々厳しくなってくる。これに対応するため、これらばねに用いられるばね材料、特にオイルテンパー線は、高強度化が進んでいる。
【0003】
一般に材料強度が増大するほどその材料の加工性、とりわけばね加工時の成形性(以下、単にばね成形性という)が低下することが知られている。一般のばねに用いるピアノ線や硬鋼線の場合は、伸線加工時に潤滑性確保のために使用するステアリン酸カルシウム等を主成分とする伸線潤滑剤がばね成形時にも線表面に存在し、ばね成形性を向上させている。しかし、オイルテンパー線の場合、伸線加工後に焼入れ焼戻しを行うためオーステナイト化温度(738℃)以上に加熱された際に伸線潤滑剤は変質し、潤滑性がなくなってしまうという問題がある。
【0004】
そこで、オイルテンパー線の表面部に存在する酸化皮膜による潤滑性を積極的に活用する方法がある。この酸化皮膜をつける方法は大別すると500℃近辺の温度で比較的長時間をかけ酸化皮膜をつける方法と、焼入れ(オーステナイト化)時の800℃以上の加熱温度を利用する方法とがある。
【0005】
500℃付近に加熱して酸化皮膜をつける方法として、例えば特許文献1や2に示すように、大気中で400〜570℃に加熱することで2μm以上の均一な厚さを有するマグネタイトを主成分とする皮膜を生成させる方法がある。
【0006】
また、同じく500℃付近に加熱し、密着性の良い酸化皮膜を得るものとして、特許文献3に示すように、鋼を300〜570℃の水蒸気中で加熱する方法がある。
【0007】
一方、焼入れ加熱時、すなわちオーステナイト域で酸化皮膜を生成させる方法として、特許文献4と5に示すように焼入れ時の加熱の際に水蒸気を含む雰囲気下に線をおいた後、焼入れと焼戻しを行う方法がある。
【0008】
【特許文献1】
特開昭58−136780号公報
【0009】
【特許文献2】
特開昭58−135719号公報
【0010】
【特許文献3】
特開昭58−130226号公報
【0011】
【特許文献4】
特開昭63−241155号公報
【0012】
【特許文献5】
特開昭63−72832号公報
【0013】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし、上記の従来技術には次のような問題があった。
【0014】
特許文献1や2に示す技術では、大気中でマグネタイト皮膜を生成しており、生成時の酸素分圧が高いため、皮膜がポーラスでばね成形中に剥離しやすいという問題がある。
【0015】
特許文献3に示す技術では、その実施例に示すようにオイルテンパー線の状態、すなわち焼入れ焼戻し後に酸化皮膜を生成する加熱を実施しており、特に450℃以上に温度を上げると材料強度が低下するという問題がある。
【0016】
特許文献4や5に示す技術では、水蒸気下かつ高温で酸化皮膜を生成させると短時間で比較的厚い酸化皮膜が得られるという利点がある。しかし、高温化では酸素、鉄とも拡散速度が速いため生成する酸化皮膜がポーラスになりばね成形時に剥離しやすいとう問題がある。また、オーステナイト温度以上でかつ水蒸気を多く含む雰囲気下では線表面の炭素濃度が低くなる脱炭現象が生じるため、疲労強度が低下してしまうという問題がある。
【0017】
従って、本発明の主目的は、線表面に剥離しにくい酸化皮膜を有し、特にばね成形性、材料強度、耐疲労性に優れるオイルテンパー線とその製造方法を提供することにある。
【0018】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、酸化皮膜を2層構造とすることで上記の目的を達成する。
【0019】
すなわち、本発明オイルテンパー線は、鋼線表面に酸化皮膜を有するオイルテンパー線であって、前記酸化皮膜の少なくとも一部は、鋼線の上に形成される内層と、内層の上に積層される外層の2層から構成されることを特徴とする。
【0020】
本発明者は耐剥離性に優れた酸化皮膜を確実に線表面に生成させる方法を研究した結果、焼入れ焼戻し工程までに後述する条件にて予め内層の酸化皮膜を形成しておくことで、焼入れ焼戻し工程において外層の酸化皮膜が形成できることを見出し、本発明を完成するに至った。この2層の酸化皮膜構造により、ばね加工時にも残存するのに十分な厚さの酸化皮膜が形成できる。
【0021】
以下、本発明をより詳しく説明する。
<製造方法>
一般にオイルテンパー線は、「圧延→圧延材の皮剥ぎ→皮剥ぎ後焼鈍(第1焼鈍)→(伸線前処理)→伸線→(伸線後焼鈍(第2焼鈍))→焼入れ焼戻し」の工程にて製造される。ここで、本発明オイルテンパー線における内層の酸化皮膜は、上記の皮剥ぎ後焼鈍または伸線後焼鈍において生成する。
【0022】
皮剥ぎ後焼鈍は、体積比で50%以上水蒸気を含む雰囲気下で500〜650℃の温度にて60分以上保持することにより行う。皮剥ぎ後焼鈍を行う場合、伸線後焼鈍は行わなくてもよい。
【0023】
ここで水蒸気量を体積比で50%以上としたのは50%より低い場合、雰囲気中の酸素分圧が高くなり生成する酸化皮膜の耐剥離性が低下するからである。また、この方法の場合、伸線により線径が細くなることに比例し、焼鈍時に生成した酸化皮膜も薄くなることから、焼鈍時の温度および時間の下限値が後述する伸線後焼鈍の場合より大きな値となっている。すなわち、焼鈍温度が500℃未満では伸線後に十分な量の酸化皮膜が残存せず、650℃を超えると生成する酸化皮膜中のマグネタイト(Fe)の比率が減り、耐剥離性の乏しいFeOが相当量生成するからである。また、500〜650℃の焼鈍での酸化皮膜の生成速度は800℃程度でのそれと比べ明らかに遅いため、伸線後においても残存するのに十分な酸化皮膜厚さを得るには60分以上保持する必要がある。
【0024】
この皮剥ぎ後焼鈍により生成された内層は、焼入れ焼戻し工程前において少なくとも一部が残存されるようにする。これにより、2層構造の酸化皮膜を形成する。一般に、伸線前処理として酸化皮膜除去(脱スケール)と造膜が行われることがあるが、このような脱スケールと造膜を実施することなく伸線を行うことで、焼入れ焼戻し工程前において内層を残存させることができる。
【0025】
脱スケールは、通常、硫酸、塩酸、硝酸あるいは硝酸とふっ酸の混合液などを用いる酸洗により行われる。その他の脱スケール法として、ショットブラスト、サンドブラストなどの機械的方法や電解脱スケール法もある。造膜は一般的には、▲1▼ボンデと呼ばれるリン酸亜鉛皮膜などの化成被膜処理を行ったり、▲2▼ボラックスと呼ばれるホウ酸塩、硝酸塩を物理的に付着させることにより行われる。その他、脱スケールとして行ったショットブラストやサンドブラストで生じた凹凸を用い、造膜を省略する方法もある。
【0026】
内層を線表面の一部に残存させるには、▲1▼脱スケール処理および造膜処理を全く行わず、線表面に残存する酸化皮膜を伸線潤滑皮膜として用いる方法や、▲2▼脱スケールをショットブラストかサンドブラストで行い、その際に酸化皮膜が線表面にある程度残存する条件とすることが挙げられる。この後者のようにショットブラストかサンドブラストで脱スケールを行う場合、造膜処理は行わない。残存する内層の割合は、横断面において、円周全体の30%以上、より好ましくは50%以上である。
【0027】
伸線後の焼鈍は、体積比で50%以上水蒸気を含む雰囲気下で、450〜650℃の温度にて30分以上保持することにより行う。伸線後の焼鈍を行う場合、皮剥ぎ後焼鈍は、大気中にて行ってもよい。また、伸線前処理として脱スケールと造膜を行ってもよい。なお、伸線後の焼鈍を実施しない場合、通常の脱スケール処理や造膜処理は行わない。
【0028】
ここでも水蒸気量を体積比で50%以上としたのは50%より低い場合、雰囲気中の酸素分圧が高くなり生成する酸化皮膜の耐剥離性が低下するからである。また、焼鈍温度が450℃未満だと十分な量の酸化皮膜が生成せず、650℃を超えると生成する酸化皮膜中のマグネタイト(Fe)の比率が減り、耐剥離性の乏しいFeOが相当量生成するからである。さらに、450〜650℃の焼鈍での酸化皮膜の生成速度は800℃程度でのそれと比べ明らかに遅いため、十分な酸化皮膜厚さを得るには30分以上保持することが必要である。
【0029】
以上の第1焼鈍と第2焼鈍は、いずれか一方を行えば内層の酸化皮膜を形成することができる。もちろん、第1焼鈍と第2焼鈍の双方を行ってもよい。
【0030】
一方、外層は上記焼入れ焼戻しにおける焼入れ加熱時に生成される。焼入れ時の加熱は、線材を脱炭防止のためにパイプ内に通し、このパイプの途中から窒素ガスを供給するという状態で行ってもよい。このような酸素分圧が低い状態の加熱であっても、内層の上に外層を形成することができる。
【0031】
<内層>
内層は、焼入れ焼戻し前において外層に比べて低温で生成され、その厚さは外層に比べて通常は薄いものの緻密で優れた耐剥離性を有する。そのため、ばね成形に伴い線材表面に生じる曲げ応力下でもほとんど剥離せず、オイルテンパー線の鋼部と加工ツールが直接接する状態を防止して安定した成形性を確保することに大きく寄与する。
【0032】
内層の厚さは、0.15μm以上が好ましい。0.15μm未満では、ばね加工時にも残存して潤滑性を確保することが難しい。より好ましい厚みは0.25μm以上であり、さらに好ましくは0.40μm以上である。
【0033】
また、内層の厚さは酸化皮膜全体(内層と外層の合計)の厚さの8%以上であることが好ましい。この比率が8%未満であれば、良好なばね成形性を得ることが難しい。より望ましくは10%以上、さらに望ましくは15%以上である。
【0034】
内層は、鋼線の全表面に形成されていることが好ましいが、一部にのみ形成されていても良い。すなわち、酸化皮膜の一部だけが内層と外層の2層構造となっていても良い。特に、オイルテンパー線の横断面において、前記酸化皮膜のうち2層になった部分が円周全体の30%以上を占めることが望ましい。円周全体の30%以上を2層構造の酸化皮膜とすれば、ほぼ確実にばね加工時にコイリングピンとオイルテンパー線の鋼部と間に耐剥離性に優れた内層の酸化皮膜が存在する状態となり、優れたばね成形性を示す。より望ましくは40%以上、さらに望ましくは50%以上である。
【0035】
内層の化学成分は、マグネタイト(Fe)を主とすることが好ましい。例えば、マグネタイトの占める割合が50体積%以上であることが望ましい。マグネタイトはFeOに比べて耐剥離性にすぐれ、酸化皮膜全体の耐剥離性が確保され、優れたばね成形性を得ることができる。より好ましくは80体積%以上である。
【0036】
<外層>
外層は、焼入れ加熱時の高温下で生成するため比較的脆いものの、短時間で厚く形成できる。この外層は、ばね成形中にある程度は剥離してしまうが、剥離により多量に生じる粉末状の酸化皮膜がばね成形時に線材と加工ツール(コイリングピン)との間に入り潤滑の効果を生じる。また、外層は内層がない場合に比べて厚く生成するため、結果として予め生成した内層と厚い外層のため十分厚い酸化皮膜を生成することができる。
【0037】
外層も、その化学成分はマグネタイト(Fe)を主とすることが好ましい。例えば、マグネタイトの占める割合が50体積%以上であることが望ましい。マグネタイトはFeOに比べて耐剥離性にすぐれ、酸化皮膜全体の耐剥離性が確保され、優れたばね成形性を得ることができる。より好ましくは80体積%である。特に、内層と外層をあわせた酸化皮膜全体においてマグネタイトの占める割合が80体積%以上であることが好ましい。
【0038】
<本発明の対象線材>
本発明が対象にするオイルテンパー線は、化学成分が特定のものに限定されるわけではない。代表的なものとしてはJIS G 3561、JIS G 3560に規定される弁ばね用オイルテンパー線、ばね用オイルテンパー線が挙げられる。その他、例えば上記JISに示されるものを改良し、炭素、シリコン量を増やしてバナジウムを添加した高強度オイルテンパー線にも適用できる。このような低合金鋼のオイルテンパー線に適用すれば、ばね加工性の向上により一層有利である。JIS G 3561、JIS G 3560の規定から外れるオイルテンパー線の化学成分としては、例えば、質量%で、C:0.4〜0.8%、Si:0.1〜3.0%、Mn:0.3〜1.2%、Cr:1.8%以下を含み、必要に応じてV:0.05〜0.30%、Mo:0.05〜0.30%、W:0.05〜0.30%、Nb:0.05〜0.30%、Ni:0.05〜0.50%の少なくとも1種を含有するものが挙げられる。
【0039】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態を説明する。
供試材として表1に示す化学成分からなるJIS G 3561で定義された弁ばね用シリコンクロム鋼オイルテンパー線と、高強度オイルテンパー線とを製造するための圧延材を得た。
【0040】
【表1】

Figure 2004115859
【0041】
この圧延材を「圧延材の皮剥ぎ→皮剥ぎ後焼鈍(第1焼鈍)→(伸線前処理)→伸線→(伸線後焼鈍(第2焼鈍))→オイルテンパー処理(焼入れ焼戻し)」の工程にて処理し、オイルテンパー線を得る。具体的な処理条件を表2、表3に示す。
【0042】
【表2】
Figure 2004115859
【0043】
【表3】
Figure 2004115859
【0044】
皮剥ぎは、圧延材を皮剥ぎダイスにて線表面の100μm以上を除去することにより行い、直径5.5mmの皮剥材を得た。
【0045】
伸線前処理は酸化皮膜除去(脱スケール)と造膜とを行う。脱スケールは酸洗いにより行い、造膜はボンデ(リン酸亜鉛化成被膜)処理により行った。
【0046】
伸線は直径5.5mmのサプライ材からダイスを6枚使用して3.0mmに線引き加工した。その際、実施例14〜16と比較例5については皮剥後の焼鈍の際に生成した酸化皮膜が除去されないように伸線前の脱スケールと造膜処理は実施しなかった。
【0047】
オイルテンパー処理については連続式の炉を用いた。焼入れ時の加熱については、加熱炉内に両端が開口して、途中部より窒素ガスを流入させたパイプを通し、その中に線材を通すことで脱炭を防止しながら線温900℃まで加熱した。また、焼戻しについてはSi−Cr鋼については引張り強さが1950〜1980N/mmに、高強度材については2130〜2160N/mmになるよう焼戻し温度の調整を行った。この焼戻し温度の範囲は400〜480℃である。
【0048】
これらにより作製したサンプルについて酸化皮膜の厚さを測定した。測定は線材の断面研磨時に酸化皮膜が剥がれて測定結果に誤差が生じるのを防止するため、サンプルの外周に銅パイプを嵌合した後、樹脂に埋め込んでから研磨を行って線軸方向に垂直な横断面を観察することで行った。酸化皮膜の厚さは、内層、外層共に走査型顕微鏡を用いて5個所で厚さを測定し、その平均値を測定値とした。
【0049】
また、酸化皮膜が二層となっている部分の円周内での比率は、前述の研磨した横断面サンプルを光学顕微鏡により観察して測定を実施した。さらに、サンプルの表面部についてX線回折を行い、そのピーク比より酸化皮膜のうちマグネタイトの占める割合を測定した。なお、この方法では、内層と外層のトータルの酸化皮膜組成しか測定できない。そこで、酸化皮膜厚さ測定に用いた研磨した横断面サンプルを用いて、EPMA(Electron Probe Micro Analyzer)により内層、外層それぞれの酸化皮膜の半定量分析を行った。その際、厚さの薄い酸化皮膜での測定精度向上を図るため、加速電圧については通常より低い1kVにより測定を行った。
【0050】
実施例7における酸化皮膜の走査型顕微鏡写真を図1に、上記の測定結果を表4、表5に示す。
【0051】
【表4】
Figure 2004115859
【0052】
【表5】
Figure 2004115859
【0053】
図1において、左側の白っぽい箇所が鋼部であり、中間の黒っぽい部分が酸化皮膜、右側の白っぽい部分が銅パイプである。この写真から明らかなように、酸化皮膜は鋼部側に薄い内層があり、銅パイプ側に厚い外層が形成されて、2層構造になっていることがわかる。
【0054】
また、表4、5に示すように、実施例についてはいずれも二層からなる酸化皮膜を有していることが分かる。何れの実施例も内層の厚さは0.15μmを上回っており酸化物皮膜全体(内層+外層)に対する比率も8%を超えている。なお、EPMA分析の結果、酸化皮膜を2層有するサンプルについては、全てのサンプルについて内層、外層の両者とも主たる成分はマグネタイトであり、過半を占めることが確認された。
【0055】
次に、これらのサンプルについてばね成形性を評価する目的でコイリングマシンにより表6に示すばね諸元のばねにそれぞれ1000個ずつ加工した。その際、成形されたばねの自由長を検長器により用いて測定し、目的の自由長(68mm)に対し±0.1mm内であったものを良好として良好率を測定した。その結果を表7に示す。
【0056】
【表6】
Figure 2004115859
【0057】
【表7】
Figure 2004115859
【0058】
表7に示すように、実施例はいずれもばね自由長さ良好率が80%以上であり、比較例と比べて良好なばね成形性を示している。また、比較例と実施例の良好率の差は高強度材(実施例8〜16)の方が大きくなっており、本発明の効果が高強度材ほど大きいことを示している。
【0059】
さらに、実施例の中でも酸化皮膜のうち内層の厚さが0.25μm以上の場合、良好率は90%以上、0.40μm以上のものは良好率95%以上となっており、その効果がより顕著に現れている。ただし、実施例7と13については、例外となっており、これらは酸化皮膜中のマグネタイトの比率が80体積%未満となっているためと考えられる。
【0060】
また、内層の厚さの酸化皮膜全体(内層+外層)厚さに対する割合が10%以上のものは良好率90%以上、同15%以上のものは良好率95%以上となっており、より顕著な効果が認められる。ただし、実施例7と13については、例外となっており、これらはマグネタイトの比率が80体積%未満となっているためと考えられる。
【0061】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように、本発明オイルテンパー線は2層の酸化皮膜を有することで、この酸化皮膜をばね加工時の潤滑性確保に利用することができ、優れたばね加工性を実現することができる。
【0062】
また、本発明オイルテンパー線の製造方法によれば、内層を650℃以下の比較的低温で生成するため、緻密で耐剥離性に優れる酸化皮膜とできる。特に、外層が存在することで、緻密で耐剥離性に優れる内層は薄くてもよく、内層生成時の加熱時間を短縮化することができる。一方、外層は高温で生成されるため、内層に比べて耐剥離性が劣るが、比較的短時間で厚く形成でき、ばね成形時に剥離しても、その際に生じる粉末状の酸化皮膜によりばね成形時の潤滑性確保に寄与することができる。
【0063】
さらに、本発明製造方法では、焼入れ焼戻し前に酸化皮膜を形成しており、焼入れ焼戻し後に加熱して酸化皮膜を形成しないため、材料強度の低下も抑制することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明オイルテンパー線における酸化皮膜構造を示す顕微鏡写真である。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an oil-tempered wire and a method for producing the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to an oil-tempered wire for a valve spring or an oil-tempered wire for a spring used in an engine valve spring, a transmission, and a suspension (suspension) of an automobile, and a method for manufacturing the same.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, the weight of automobile parts has been reduced in response to the reduction in fuel consumption of automobiles, and the stress applied to valve springs used in engines, springs used in transmissions, and springs used in suspension systems has become severer year by year. It is becoming. In order to cope with this, spring materials used for these springs, particularly oil-tempered wires, have been enhanced in strength.
[0003]
It is generally known that as the strength of a material increases, the workability of the material, particularly the formability during spring processing (hereinafter simply referred to as spring formability), decreases. In the case of a piano wire or a hard steel wire used for a general spring, a wire drawing lubricant mainly composed of calcium stearate or the like used for securing lubricity at the time of wire drawing is also present on the wire surface at the time of spring molding, Spring formability is improved. However, in the case of oil-tempered wire, quenching and tempering are performed after the wire drawing process, so that when heated to an austenitizing temperature (738 ° C.) or higher, the wire drawing lubricant deteriorates and the lubricity is lost.
[0004]
Therefore, there is a method of positively utilizing the lubricity of the oxide film present on the surface of the oil-tempered wire. The method of forming the oxide film is roughly classified into a method of forming the oxide film at a temperature around 500 ° C. for a relatively long time and a method of using a heating temperature of 800 ° C. or more during quenching (austenitization).
[0005]
As a method of applying an oxide film by heating to around 500 ° C., as shown in Patent Documents 1 and 2, for example, magnetite having a uniform thickness of 2 μm or more is obtained by heating to 400 to 570 ° C. in air. There is a method of generating a film as follows.
[0006]
Further, as a method for obtaining an oxide film having good adhesion by heating to around 500 ° C. similarly, there is a method of heating steel in steam at 300 to 570 ° C. as shown in Patent Document 3.
[0007]
On the other hand, as a method of forming an oxide film in quenching heating, that is, in an austenite region, as shown in Patent Documents 4 and 5, quenching and tempering are performed by placing a wire in an atmosphere containing water vapor during heating during quenching. There is a way to do it.
[0008]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-58-136780
[Patent Document 2]
JP-A-58-135719
[Patent Document 3]
JP-A-58-130226
[Patent Document 4]
JP-A-63-241155
[Patent Document 5]
JP-A-63-72832
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, the above prior art has the following problems.
[0014]
The technologies disclosed in Patent Literatures 1 and 2 have a problem in that a magnetite film is generated in the atmosphere and the oxygen partial pressure at the time of generation is high, so that the film is porous and easily peels off during spring molding.
[0015]
In the technique disclosed in Patent Document 3, as shown in the example, heating in which an oil-tempered wire is formed, that is, an oxide film is formed after quenching and tempering, and particularly when the temperature is increased to 450 ° C. or more, the material strength decreases. There is a problem of doing.
[0016]
The techniques disclosed in Patent Documents 4 and 5 have an advantage that a relatively thick oxide film can be obtained in a short time when an oxide film is formed under steam and at a high temperature. However, when the temperature is increased, the diffusion rate of both oxygen and iron is high, so that the oxide film formed becomes porous and tends to peel off during spring molding. Further, in an atmosphere at a temperature equal to or higher than the austenite temperature and containing a large amount of water vapor, a decarburization phenomenon occurs in which the carbon concentration on the wire surface becomes low, so that there is a problem that the fatigue strength is reduced.
[0017]
Accordingly, a main object of the present invention is to provide an oil-tempered wire having an oxide film on the wire surface which is hardly peeled, and which is particularly excellent in spring formability, material strength, and fatigue resistance, and a method for producing the same.
[0018]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention achieves the above object by forming the oxide film into a two-layer structure.
[0019]
That is, the oil-tempered wire of the present invention is an oil-tempered wire having an oxide film on the surface of the steel wire, and at least a part of the oxide film is laminated on the inner layer formed on the steel wire and the inner layer. It is characterized by being composed of two outer layers.
[0020]
The present inventor studied a method of reliably forming an oxide film having excellent peeling resistance on the wire surface.As a result, the quenching was performed by forming an inner oxide film in advance under the conditions described below before the quenching and tempering process. The inventors have found that an outer oxide film can be formed in the tempering step, and have completed the present invention. With this two-layer oxide film structure, an oxide film having a thickness sufficient to remain even during spring processing can be formed.
[0021]
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.
<Production method>
In general, the oil-tempered wire is “rolled → peeling of rolled material → annealing after peeling (first annealing) → (pre-drawing treatment) → drawing → (annealing after drawing (second annealing)) → quenching and tempering” It is manufactured in the process. Here, the oxide film of the inner layer in the oil-tempered wire of the present invention is formed in the above-mentioned annealing after peeling or annealing after drawing.
[0022]
Annealing after peeling is performed by holding at a temperature of 500 to 650 ° C. for 60 minutes or more in an atmosphere containing 50% or more of water vapor by volume ratio. When performing annealing after peeling, annealing after drawing may not be performed.
[0023]
Here, the reason why the volume of water vapor is set to 50% or more by volume ratio is that when the water vapor content is lower than 50%, the oxygen partial pressure in the atmosphere increases and the peeling resistance of the generated oxide film decreases. Further, in the case of this method, the lower the lower limit of the temperature and time during annealing is, the lower the lower the lower limit of the temperature and time during annealing, which will be described later, in proportion to the reduction in the wire diameter due to wire drawing and the thinner the oxide film generated during annealing. It has a larger value. That is, if the annealing temperature is lower than 500 ° C., a sufficient amount of oxide film does not remain after drawing, and if the annealing temperature is higher than 650 ° C., the ratio of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) in the generated oxide film decreases, and the peeling resistance is reduced. This is because a considerable amount of poor FeO is generated. Also, since the formation rate of the oxide film in the annealing at 500 to 650 ° C. is clearly slower than that at about 800 ° C., it takes 60 minutes or more to obtain a sufficient oxide film thickness to remain even after drawing. Need to be retained.
[0024]
The inner layer formed by annealing after peeling is at least partially left before the quenching and tempering step. Thus, an oxide film having a two-layer structure is formed. In general, removal of an oxide film (descaling) and film formation may be performed as a pre-drawing process, but by performing wire drawing without performing such descaling and film formation, a quenching and tempering process can be performed. The inner layer can be left.
[0025]
The descaling is usually performed by pickling using sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid or a mixture of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid. Other descaling methods include mechanical methods such as shot blasting and sand blasting, and electrolytic descaling methods. In general, film formation is performed by (1) performing a chemical conversion film treatment such as a zinc phosphate film called a bond or (2) physically attaching a borate or a nitrate called a borax. In addition, there is a method of omitting film formation by using unevenness generated by shot blasting or sand blasting performed as descaling.
[0026]
In order to leave the inner layer on a part of the wire surface, (1) a method using an oxide film remaining on the wire surface as a drawing lubricating film without performing any descaling treatment and film forming treatment, or (2) descaling. Is carried out by shot blasting or sand blasting, in which case an oxide film is left on the wire surface to some extent. When descaling is performed by shot blasting or sand blasting as in the latter case, the film forming process is not performed. The ratio of the remaining inner layer is 30% or more, more preferably 50% or more, of the entire circumference in the cross section.
[0027]
Annealing after wire drawing is performed by holding at a temperature of 450 to 650 ° C. for 30 minutes or more in an atmosphere containing 50% or more of water vapor by volume ratio. When performing annealing after drawing, annealing after peeling may be performed in the air. Further, descaling and film formation may be performed as a pre-drawing treatment. When annealing after drawing is not performed, ordinary descaling treatment and film forming treatment are not performed.
[0028]
Here, the reason why the water vapor amount is set to 50% or more by volume ratio is that when the water vapor amount is lower than 50%, the oxygen partial pressure in the atmosphere increases and the peeling resistance of the generated oxide film decreases. On the other hand, if the annealing temperature is lower than 450 ° C., a sufficient amount of oxide film is not formed, and if the temperature exceeds 650 ° C., the ratio of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) in the generated oxide film is reduced, and FeO having poor peeling resistance is poor. Is generated in a considerable amount. Furthermore, since the formation rate of the oxide film in the annealing at 450 to 650 ° C. is clearly lower than that at about 800 ° C., it is necessary to hold the oxide film for 30 minutes or more to obtain a sufficient oxide film thickness.
[0029]
If either the first annealing or the second annealing is performed, an oxide film of the inner layer can be formed. Of course, both the first annealing and the second annealing may be performed.
[0030]
On the other hand, the outer layer is formed at the time of quenching and heating in the quenching and tempering. Heating during quenching may be performed in a state where the wire is passed through a pipe to prevent decarburization, and nitrogen gas is supplied from the middle of the pipe. The outer layer can be formed on the inner layer even when the heating is performed under such a low oxygen partial pressure.
[0031]
<Inner layer>
The inner layer is formed at a lower temperature than the outer layer before quenching and tempering, and has a thickness that is usually thinner than the outer layer, but is dense and has excellent peel resistance. Therefore, it is hardly peeled off even under the bending stress generated on the surface of the wire rod due to the spring forming, which greatly contributes to preventing a state in which the steel part of the oil-tempered wire is in direct contact with the processing tool and securing stable formability.
[0032]
The thickness of the inner layer is preferably 0.15 μm or more. If it is less than 0.15 μm, it remains even during spring working and it is difficult to ensure lubricity. The thickness is more preferably 0.25 μm or more, and further preferably 0.40 μm or more.
[0033]
The thickness of the inner layer is preferably at least 8% of the total thickness of the oxide film (the total of the inner layer and the outer layer). If this ratio is less than 8%, it is difficult to obtain good spring formability. More preferably, it is 10% or more, further preferably 15% or more.
[0034]
The inner layer is preferably formed on the entire surface of the steel wire, but may be formed only on a part. That is, only a part of the oxide film may have a two-layer structure of an inner layer and an outer layer. In particular, in the cross section of the oil-tempered wire, it is desirable that the two-layered portion of the oxide film occupies 30% or more of the entire circumference. If 30% or more of the entire circumference is made of an oxide film with a two-layer structure, the inner oxide film with excellent exfoliation resistance exists between the coiling pin and the steel part of the oil-tempered wire during spring processing almost certainly. And excellent spring formability. More preferably, it is 40% or more, and still more preferably 50% or more.
[0035]
It is preferable that the chemical component of the inner layer is mainly composed of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ). For example, it is desirable that the proportion occupied by magnetite is 50% by volume or more. Magnetite has excellent peel resistance compared to FeO, secures the entire oxide film in peel resistance, and can obtain excellent spring formability. It is more preferably at least 80% by volume.
[0036]
<Outer layer>
The outer layer is relatively brittle because it is generated at a high temperature during quenching heating, but can be formed thick in a short time. The outer layer is peeled to some extent during the spring molding, but a large amount of powdery oxide film generated by the peeling enters between the wire and the processing tool (coiling pin) at the time of the spring molding to produce a lubricating effect. Further, since the outer layer is formed thicker than when there is no inner layer, a sufficiently thick oxide film can be generated as a result of the previously formed inner layer and thick outer layer.
[0037]
It is preferable that the chemical composition of the outer layer is mainly magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ). For example, it is desirable that the proportion occupied by magnetite is 50% by volume or more. Magnetite has excellent peel resistance compared to FeO, secures the entire oxide film in peel resistance, and can obtain excellent spring formability. More preferably, it is 80% by volume. In particular, the proportion of magnetite in the entire oxide film including the inner layer and the outer layer is preferably 80% by volume or more.
[0038]
<Target wire rod of the present invention>
The oil tempered wire targeted by the present invention is not limited to a specific chemical component. Typical examples include an oil-tempered wire for a valve spring and an oil-tempered wire for a spring defined in JIS G 3561 and JIS G 3560. In addition, the present invention can be applied to a high-strength oil-tempered wire in which vanadium is added by increasing the amount of carbon and silicon, for example, by improving the above JIS. When applied to such a low-alloy steel oil-tempered wire, the spring workability is further improved. The chemical components of the oil-tempered wire that do not satisfy the requirements of JIS G 3561 and JIS G 3560 are, for example, C: 0.4 to 0.8%, Si: 0.1 to 3.0%, and Mn: 0.3 to 1.2%, Cr: 1.8% or less, V: 0.05 to 0.30%, Mo: 0.05 to 0.30%, W: 0.05 as required To 0.30%, Nb: 0.05 to 0.30%, and Ni: 0.05 to 0.50%.
[0039]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described.
As test materials, rolled materials for manufacturing a silicon chrome steel oil-tempered wire for a valve spring and a high-strength oil-tempered wire defined by JIS G 3561 and having the chemical components shown in Table 1 were obtained.
[0040]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004115859
[0041]
This rolled material is subjected to "rolling material peeling → annealing after peeling (first annealing) → (pre-drawing treatment) → drawing → (post-drawing annealing (second annealing)) → oil tempering treatment (quenching and tempering) To obtain an oil-tempered wire. Tables 2 and 3 show specific processing conditions.
[0042]
[Table 2]
Figure 2004115859
[0043]
[Table 3]
Figure 2004115859
[0044]
Peeling was performed by removing the rolled material from the wire surface at 100 μm or more with a peeling die to obtain a peeled material having a diameter of 5.5 mm.
[0045]
The pre-drawing treatment includes removing the oxide film (descaling) and forming the film. The descaling was performed by pickling, and the film formation was performed by a bond (zinc phosphate conversion coating) treatment.
[0046]
The wire was drawn from a 5.5 mm diameter supply material to 3.0 mm using six dies. At that time, in Examples 14 to 16 and Comparative Example 5, the descaling and film-forming treatment before drawing were not performed so that the oxide film generated during annealing after peeling was not removed.
[0047]
For the oil tempering treatment, a continuous furnace was used. For heating during quenching, both ends are opened in the heating furnace, and the pipe is heated to 900 ° C while preventing the decarburization by passing a pipe through which nitrogen gas has flowed in from the middle and passing it through the pipe. did. For tempering, the tempering temperature was adjusted so that the tensile strength of Si-Cr steel was 1950 to 1980 N / mm 2 and that of high-strength material was 2130 to 2160 N / mm 2 . The range of this tempering temperature is 400 to 480 ° C.
[0048]
The thickness of the oxide film was measured for the samples prepared in these manners. In order to prevent the oxide film from peeling off when the cross section of the wire is polished and errors occur in the measurement result, after fitting a copper pipe to the outer periphery of the sample, embed it in resin and then polish it to make it perpendicular to the line axis direction. This was done by observing the cross section. Regarding the thickness of the oxide film, the thickness of each of the inner layer and the outer layer was measured at five locations using a scanning microscope, and the average value was used as the measured value.
[0049]
Further, the ratio of the portion where the oxide film is formed in two layers within the circumference was measured by observing the polished cross-sectional sample with an optical microscope. Further, X-ray diffraction was performed on the surface of the sample, and the ratio of magnetite in the oxide film was measured from the peak ratio. In this method, only the total oxide film composition of the inner layer and the outer layer can be measured. Then, semi-quantitative analysis of the oxide film of each of the inner layer and the outer layer was performed by EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer) using the polished cross-sectional sample used for the oxide film thickness measurement. At that time, in order to improve the measurement accuracy with an oxide film having a small thickness, the acceleration voltage was measured at 1 kV which is lower than usual.
[0050]
FIG. 1 shows a scanning micrograph of the oxide film in Example 7, and Tables 4 and 5 show the above measurement results.
[0051]
[Table 4]
Figure 2004115859
[0052]
[Table 5]
Figure 2004115859
[0053]
In FIG. 1, the whitish portion on the left side is a steel portion, the blackish portion in the middle is an oxide film, and the whitish portion on the right side is a copper pipe. As is apparent from this photograph, the oxide film has a two-layer structure with a thin inner layer on the steel part side and a thick outer layer formed on the copper pipe side.
[0054]
Further, as shown in Tables 4 and 5, it can be seen that each of the examples has an oxide film composed of two layers. In each of the examples, the thickness of the inner layer exceeds 0.15 μm, and the ratio to the entire oxide film (inner layer + outer layer) exceeds 8%. As a result of the EPMA analysis, it was confirmed that the main component of both the inner layer and the outer layer of the sample having two oxide films was magnetite, which accounted for the majority.
[0055]
Next, in order to evaluate the spring formability of these samples, 1000 springs each having the spring data shown in Table 6 were processed by a coiling machine. At that time, the free length of the formed spring was measured by using a length measuring instrument, and the good rate was determined as being good within ± 0.1 mm with respect to the desired free length (68 mm). Table 7 shows the results.
[0056]
[Table 6]
Figure 2004115859
[0057]
[Table 7]
Figure 2004115859
[0058]
As shown in Table 7, each of the examples has a good spring free length ratio of 80% or more, and shows good spring formability as compared with the comparative example. Further, the difference in the percentage of goodness between the comparative example and the example is greater for the high-strength materials (Examples 8 to 16), indicating that the effect of the present invention is greater for the higher-strength materials.
[0059]
Furthermore, among the examples, when the thickness of the inner layer of the oxide film is 0.25 μm or more, the good rate is 90% or more, and when the thickness is 0.40 μm or more, the good rate is 95% or more. Appears remarkably. However, Examples 7 and 13 are exceptions, which are considered to be because the proportion of magnetite in the oxide film is less than 80% by volume.
[0060]
Further, those having a ratio of 10% or more of the thickness of the inner layer to the total thickness of the oxide film (inner layer + outer layer) have a good ratio of 90% or more, and those having a ratio of 15% or more have a good ratio of 95% or more. A remarkable effect is observed. However, Examples 7 and 13 are exceptions, which are considered to be because the proportion of magnetite is less than 80% by volume.
[0061]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, since the oil-tempered wire of the present invention has two oxide films, this oxide film can be used for ensuring lubricity during spring processing, and excellent spring workability can be realized. .
[0062]
Further, according to the method for producing an oil-tempered wire of the present invention, since the inner layer is formed at a relatively low temperature of 650 ° C. or lower, a dense oxide film having excellent peel resistance can be obtained. In particular, the presence of the outer layer allows the inner layer, which is dense and has excellent peel resistance, to be thin, and can shorten the heating time when the inner layer is formed. On the other hand, since the outer layer is formed at a high temperature, its peeling resistance is inferior to that of the inner layer.However, the outer layer can be formed thicker in a relatively short time. It can contribute to ensuring lubricity during molding.
[0063]
Furthermore, in the manufacturing method of the present invention, since an oxide film is formed before quenching and tempering, and heating is not performed after quenching and tempering, a decrease in material strength can be suppressed.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a micrograph showing an oxide film structure in an oil-tempered wire of the present invention.

Claims (8)

鋼線表面に酸化皮膜を有するオイルテンパー線であって、
前記酸化皮膜の少なくとも一部は、鋼線の上に形成される内層と、内層の上に積層される外層との2層から構成されることを特徴とするオイルテンパー線。
An oil-tempered wire having an oxide film on a steel wire surface,
An oil-tempered wire, characterized in that at least a part of the oxide film is composed of two layers, an inner layer formed on the steel wire and an outer layer laminated on the inner layer.
前記内層の厚さが0.15μm以上であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のオイルテンパー線。The oil-tempered wire according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the inner layer is 0.15 µm or more. 前記内層の厚さが酸化皮膜全体の厚さの8%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載のオイルテンパー線。3. The oil-tempered wire according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the inner layer is 8% or more of the thickness of the entire oxide film. 前記オイルテンパー線の横断面において、前記酸化皮膜のうち2層になった部分が円周全体の30%以上を占めることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載のオイルテンパー線。The oil-tempered wire according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, in a cross section of the oil-tempered wire, a portion of the oxide film having two layers occupies 30% or more of the entire circumference. 前記酸化皮膜全体においてマグネタイト(Fe)の占める割合が80体積%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載のオイルテンパー線。Oil-tempered wire as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the ratio of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) is 80% by volume or more in the entire oxide film. 前記酸化皮膜のうち、内層と外層の2層からなる箇所において、内層と外層の各々はマグネタイト(Fe)が主成分であることを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載のオイルテンパー線。5. The method according to claim 1, wherein, in the portion of the oxide film, which is composed of two layers, an inner layer and an outer layer, each of the inner layer and the outer layer is mainly composed of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ). 6. Oil tempered wire. 伸線材を焼鈍する第2焼鈍工程と、
第2焼鈍工程を経た線材を焼入れ焼戻しして外層となる酸化皮膜を形成する工程とを有し、
前記第2焼鈍工程は、体積比で50%以上水蒸気を含む雰囲気下で、450〜650℃の温度にて30分以上保持して、その表面に内層となる酸化皮膜を形成することを特徴とするオイルテンパー線の製造方法。
A second annealing step of annealing the drawn wire;
Quenching and tempering the wire rod after the second annealing step to form an oxide film serving as an outer layer,
The second annealing step is characterized in that an oxide film to be an inner layer is formed on the surface by holding at a temperature of 450 to 650 ° C. for 30 minutes or more in an atmosphere containing 50% or more of water vapor by volume ratio. Method of producing an oil-tempered wire.
線材表面を皮剥ぎする工程と、
この皮剥ぎ材を焼鈍する第1焼鈍工程と、
第1焼鈍工程を経た線材を伸線する工程と、
この伸線材を焼入れ焼戻しして外層となる酸化皮膜を形成する工程とを有し、
前記第1焼鈍工程は、体積比で50%以上水蒸気を含む雰囲気下で500〜650℃の温度にて60分以上保持して内層となる酸化皮膜を形成し、
前記焼入れ焼戻し工程前において前記内層の少なくとも一部を残存させることを特徴とするオイルテンパー線の製造方法。
A step of peeling the surface of the wire rod;
A first annealing step of annealing the peeled material;
A step of drawing the wire after the first annealing step;
Quenching and tempering the drawn wire to form an oxide film serving as an outer layer,
In the first annealing step, an oxide film serving as an inner layer is formed by holding at a temperature of 500 to 650 ° C. for 60 minutes or more in an atmosphere containing water vapor at a volume ratio of 50% or more;
A method for producing an oil-tempered wire, wherein at least a part of the inner layer is left before the quenching and tempering step.
JP2002279960A 2002-09-25 2002-09-25 Oil temper wire for valve spring or spring and manufacturing method thereof Expired - Fee Related JP4116383B2 (en)

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CN115485409A (en) * 2020-06-17 2022-12-16 住友电气工业株式会社 Steel wire for spring
JP7211569B1 (en) * 2021-08-05 2023-01-24 住友電気工業株式会社 steel wire for spring
WO2023013174A1 (en) * 2021-08-05 2023-02-09 住友電気工業株式会社 Steel wire for spring
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WO2023013174A1 (en) * 2021-08-05 2023-02-09 住友電気工業株式会社 Steel wire for spring
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