JP2004033980A - Fluid separation filter and fluid separation module - Google Patents

Fluid separation filter and fluid separation module Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004033980A
JP2004033980A JP2002197820A JP2002197820A JP2004033980A JP 2004033980 A JP2004033980 A JP 2004033980A JP 2002197820 A JP2002197820 A JP 2002197820A JP 2002197820 A JP2002197820 A JP 2002197820A JP 2004033980 A JP2004033980 A JP 2004033980A
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fluid
separation filter
main surface
fluid separation
separation
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JP4065732B2 (en
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Fumiaki Sagou
佐郷 文昭
Kenji Tanda
反田 健二
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Kyocera Corp
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Kyocera Corp
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/124Water desalination
    • Y02A20/131Reverse-osmosis
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50Fuel cells

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  • Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a fluid separation filter having high mechanical strength and high in the recovery efficiency of a permeated gas. <P>SOLUTION: The fluid separation filter is equipped with a flat plate-shaped support 2 comprising a ceramic porous body and separation layers 4a and 4b provided on the main surface 3a and opposed main surface 3b of the flat plate-shaped support 2. At least a part of the main surface 3a and the opposed main surface 3b forms a fluid flow channels 5a and 5b and the component in the fluid permeated through the separation layers is discharged from the side surface 7 of the flat plate-shaped support 2 and it is preferable that the void ratio of the flat plate-shaped support 2 is larger than that of a surface part 2b in the inside 2a thereof and the mean pore size of the flat plate-shaped support 2 is larger than that of the surface part 2b in the inside 2a thereof. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、天然ガスからのCO回収などに代表される特定のガスを濃縮するプラント、混合溶剤からの特定物質の濃縮するプラント、アルコールからの脱水を行うプラント、水の純度を高める水処理プラントや淡水化プラント、工場排ガスや発電所から酸素や二酸化炭素等の特定ガスの分離を行う装置、食品関係又は医療関係の分離装置、水素ガスと酸素ガスを燃料として発電する燃料電池の酸素分離膜や水素分離膜として好適に使用できる流体分離フィルタ及び流体分離モジュールに関する。
【0002】
【従来技術】
従来から、各種の流体が混合された混合流体から特定流体だけを濾過分離するフィルタを始め、触媒担持体や電解隔壁等として多孔質体が用いられているが、安全かつ簡便なことからその適用範囲が拡がり、多孔質体を用いた特定の流体の分離濃縮技術は各種燃焼機関をはじめ、濃縮プラント、水処理プラント、食品工業や医療用機器の流体分離、燃料電池、更には廃棄物処理等の様々な分野において注目されている。
【0003】
このような多孔質体として、従来は高分子膜が使用されてきたが、近年は耐熱性、耐薬品性に優れたセラミック分離膜が注目されている。特に、最近はオンサイトでガス処理を行なうため、小型のセラミック分離モジュールが求められている。
【0004】
このようなセラミック分離モジュールは大きく分けて2種類に分類される。第一に、有機高分子膜などにおいて一般的に使われている中空糸を多数束ねた中空糸構造であり、第二に、板状の支持体に膜を担持させた平板状支持体構造である。
【0005】
第一の中空糸構造では、例えば、耐食性、耐熱性を有する分離膜を表面に形成したチューブ状のセラミック支持体を複数束ねてフィルタとすることが特開平11−156167号公報に記載されている。
【0006】
第二の平板状支持体構造は、図4に示すような分離フィルタが特開平2−198611号公報に記載されている。即ち、平板状の気体分離膜セル31が積層され、気体分離膜セル31間にスペーサ32が設けられて流体の流路が形成され、気体分離膜セル31の表面に設けられた気体分離膜34を透過した流体は、格段毎に取出口部材35に集められ、通気孔36から回収される。
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、特開平11−156167号公報に記載された中空糸構造は、チューブ状のセラミック支持体の径を小さくすると強度が低くなって、ハンドリング時に破壊されやすいと共に、効率の高圧領域での使用が困難となり、また、支持体同士が密着して流体流路を確保するのが難しいという問題があり、径を大きくすると装置が大型化するという問題があった。
【0008】
また、特開平2−198611号公報に記載された平板状支持体構造の分離フィルタは、透過ガスが透過抵抗の多い多孔質内を通気孔36の1ヶ所に集められるため透過ガスの一部は基板の端から端に移動せねばならず圧力損失が大きく透過率低下の問題があった。
【0009】
そこで、本発明の目的は、機械強度及び透過流体の回収効率が高い小型化が可能な流体分離フィルタ及び流体分離モジュールを提供することにある。
【0010】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、平板状支持体の表面に設けられた分離膜を透過した透過流体を、平板状支持体の側面から吐出させ、それを回収することによって、機械強度及び透過ガスの回収効率が高い流体分離フィルタを実現できるという知見に基づく。
【0011】
即ち、本発明の流体分離フィルタは、セラミック多孔質体からなる平板状支持体と、該平板状支持体の主面及び対向主面に設けられた分離層とを具備し、前記主面及び対向主面の少なくとも一部が流体の流路を形成し、且つ前記分離層を透過した前記流体中の成分が前記平板状支持体の側面から吐出されることを特徴とするものである。
【0012】
特に、前記分離層を透過した前記流体中の成分が吐出する側面の面積が、全側面の総面積の50%以上であることが好ましい。これにより、さらに透過速度を高めることができる。
【0013】
また、前記平板状支持体の気孔率が、表面部よりも内部で大きいことが好ましい。これにより、分離層を透過した流体の成分が側面まで達する時間を短縮でき、透過率をより高めることができる。
【0014】
さらに、前記平板状支持体の平均細孔径が、表面部よりも内部で大きいことが好ましい。これにより、機械的強度の低下を防止しながら、透過率をより高めることができる。
【0015】
さらにまた、前記平板状支持体の厚みが0.2〜30mmであることが好ましい。これにより、機械的強度を有したまま一定以上の単位体積当たりの膜面積を確保しかつ透過ガスが多孔質内をスムーズに移動でき、効果的に透過ガスを回収することができる。
【0016】
また、前記平板状支持体の気孔率が15〜60%であることが好ましい。これにより、機械的強度を有したまま透過ガスの圧力損失を抑制することができる。
【0017】
さらに、前記主面及び前記対向主面と接する流体の圧力が略同一であることが好ましい。これにより、支持体にかかる圧力は圧縮強度になり一般にセラミック基板は圧縮強度が高いため、流体分離フィルタの耐圧性が向上し200MPa以上の高圧領域でも使用が可能となるとなる。
【0018】
さらにまた、前記分離層がSi、Ti、Zr、Alの少なくとも1種を含むことが好ましい。これにより、分離層をSiOやTiO、Al、ZrO、ゼオライト、ムライト及びこれらの混合物等のセラミック部材とすることが可能となり、支持体から分離層まですべてセラミックとすることが出来、耐食性を有するガスの用途や高温での使用などに好適となる。
【0019】
また、本発明の流体分離モジュールは、上記の流体分離フィルタと、該流体分離フィルタを保持するための容器と、該容器の内部に流体を供給するための流体導入口と、前記流体分離フィルタを通過した流体を外部に排出するための排出口と、分離流体を回収するための取出口とを具備することを特徴とし、機械強度及び透過ガスの回収効率が高い小型化が可能な流体分離モジュールを実現できる。
【0020】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明を、図を用いて説明する。
【0021】
本発明の流体分離フィルタは、図1及び図2に示すように、セラミック多孔質体からなる平板状支持体2と、平板状支持体2の主面3aに設けられた分離層4aと、対向主面3bに設けられた分離層4bとから構成される。そして、分離層4a、4bは流体の流路5a、5bと接しており、流路5a、5bを流れる流体の成分の一部は、矢印で示したように、分離層4a、4bを透過して、平板状支持体2の内部を通り、側面7に流れる。
【0022】
平板状支持体2は、その形状多角柱でも円柱でも良い、即ち主面3a及び対向主面3bが多角形でも円形で良く、いずれの場合であっても多角柱や円柱の側面7から透過流体が吐出することが重要である。例えば、平板状支持体2の形状が図1に示すように四角柱(直方体)の場合、即ち平板状支持体2の主面3a及び対向主面3bは長方形の場合、分離層4aを透過した流体成分は、A、B、C、Dの4方向に設けられた側面7から吐出される。
【0023】
また、平板状支持体2が六角柱(8面体)の場合、主面3aの形状が6角形で、6側面から吐出する透過流体を捕集するのが良く、また、平板状支持体2が円柱の場合には主面3aの形状が円で、円周側面から吐出する透過流体を捕集するのが良い。
【0024】
本発明の流体分離フィルタの構造は平板構造で、中空糸構造に比べてセラミック多孔質体中を移動する距離が長いため、全側面7の総面積(Sall)に対する透過流体が吐出する側面7の部位の面積(S)の比S/Sallが、50%以上、特に70%以上、更には90%以上であることが、透過効率を高める点で良い。さらに、平板状支持体2の固定やその他の理由で側面7の一部が使用できない場合もあるが、比S/Sallは100%又は100%に近いのが良い。
【0025】
また、透過ガスが平板状支持体2中を透過しやすくするためには、平板状支持体2全体の平均としての気孔率は15%以上、特に20%以上、更には25%以上であることが望ましく、さらには、平板状支持体2の強度を確保し、ハウジングなどへ組み立てる際に、平板状支持体2が破損したり、操作中に平板状支持体2を構成する粒子が脱粒することを防止するためには、平板状支持体2の気孔率が60%以下、特に50%以下、更には40%以下であることが望ましい。
【0026】
平板状支持体2は、複数の成分からなる流体と接し、その一部の成分が分離層4を透過するため、透過量を高める上では、平板状支持体2の表面部2bの気孔率は、少なくとも15%、特に20%、更には25%であることが好ましい。
【0027】
また、分離層4を透過した透過流体は平板状支持体2の内部を流れるため、透過速度を高めるため、平板状支持体2の内部2aにおける気孔率が表面部2bにおける気孔率よりも大きいことが好ましい。即ち、平板状支持体2としての機械強度を保ちつつ大きな透過係数を実現するため、平板状支持体2の内部2aの気孔率は60%以下、特に55%以下、更には50%以下が好ましい。
【0028】
平板状支持体2の表面部2b上には分離層4がコートされるためピンホールなどの欠陥やクラックがあると分離特性低下の原因となりまたガスによっては表面部2b自体が複数の成分を分離するため、つまり特性の成分を効率良く透過させるため、表面部2bの平均細孔径と細孔径分布を制御するのが良い。また、内部2aの気孔は、透過流体の経路となるため、透過速度を高めるためには、細孔径を大きくするのが良い。よって、内部2aの細孔径は、表面部2bの平均細孔径よりも大きくすることが好ましい。
【0029】
なお、支持体表面部2bの具体的な平均細孔径は、分離層4の形成時にピンホール等の欠陥を防止し、且つ大きな透過量を確保するため、0.05〜1μm、特に0.1〜0.8μm、更には0.1〜0.5μmに設定するのが良い。
【0030】
平板状支持体2の側面7が透過ガスの吐出口であり、透過効率を更に高めるために平板状支持体2の厚みの下限は0.2mm、特に0.4mm、更には0.6mmが良く、更なる小型化を図るために上限は30mm、特に20mm、更には15mmであることが好ましい。
【0031】
平板状支持体2の材料としては、α−アルミナや安定化ジルコニアを主成分とするセラミックスやシリカ系ガラス(分相ガラス)、Si、SiC等を用いることができるものの、耐熱性が高いこと、容易に作製できること、及び低コストの点でα−アルミナを主成分とするセラミックスが良い。
【0032】
分離層4は、Si、Ti、Zr、Alの少なくとも1種を含むことが好ましい。これらは、酸化物として分離層を形成する。これらのうち、アルコキシド状態では反応性が低く局所的な反応を進むことが抑制でき、Si−O−Siのネットワークを組むことで1nm以下の細孔径の作製が容易である観点からSiが更に良い。
【0033】
流体は、平板状支持体2の表面に設けられた分離層4と接していれば良く、その流れる方向、流量、或いは流速には特に制限がない。しかし、特定の成分を効率良く透過させるため、流路のあらゆる部位において流体が流動し、常に新鮮な流体が供給されることが好ましい。
【0034】
また、平板状支持体2は薄いため、機械的損傷を防止するため、平板状支持体2の主面3aに加わる圧力と、対向主面3bに加わる圧力が略同一であることが好ましい。即ち、主面3aの接する流体の圧力が、対向主面3bと接する流体の圧力と略同一であれば良い。このように、平板状支持体2の上下面から均等な圧力によって支えられるため、平板状支持体2に加わる応力を低く抑えることができ、クラックや破壊を防止することができる。
【0035】
その際の流体によって平板状支持体2が加圧されていることが好ましい。このように平板状支持体2に圧力が加わると透過速度が高まり、更に透過効率を高めることが可能となる。具体的には、気体の場合、1.5atm以上、特に2atm以上、更には3atm以上であることが好ましい。
【0036】
次に、流体分離フィルタの製造方法について説明する。
【0037】
まず、焼成後に平板状支持体内部2aとなる成形体内部を作製するため、所望の原料粉末を混合し、成形する。成形方法としては、プレス成形、押し出し成形、射出成形、冷間静水圧成形等の公知の成形手段を使用でき、コストと基板の反りを考慮すると粉末圧延法で作製することが望ましい。さらに、上記成形体内部の表面に、スラリー塗布法やグリーンシート積層法等により焼成後に平板状支持体内部2aとなる成形体表面部を作製する。なお、粉末圧延法等により気孔率及び平均細孔径が、成形体表面部よりも成形体内部で大きくなるように1回の工程で成形体内部及び成形体表面部からなる成形体を作成しても良い。このようにして得られた成形体を所望の温度において焼成し、焼結体を得る。
【0038】
次に、分離層4を作製する。分離層4は、ゾルゲル法、CVD法、スパッタ法などによって作製できるが、製造の容易さでゾルゲル法が好ましい。以下に、ゾルゲル法を用いた場合、特にSi、Ti、Zr、Alの元素のうち、Siの酸化物を含む分離層4の製造方法を取り上げて説明する。
【0039】
分離層4の原料としては、テトラメトキシシラン、テトラエトキシシラン及びテトラプロポキシシラン等のシリコンアルコキシドを用意する。
【0040】
この原料を用いて、まず、前駆体ゾルを作製する。即ち、シリコンアルコキシドをアルコール等の溶媒に溶解させ、水を加えて加水分解する。
【0041】
得られた前駆体ゾルを平板状支持体2の表面に塗布し、その後、焼成して分離層4を形成することができる。焼成は、大気中、350〜700℃、特に400〜600℃で熱処理することによりゲル内でSi−Oのシロキサン結合が進行し、強固な膜となるとともに、前記有機官能基が熱処理により分解、除去され細孔を生成する。
【0042】
焼成温度及び焼成時間に関しては、分離層4の平均細孔径の大きさによって異なるが、ガス分離フィルタの場合、平均細孔径が0.2〜1.3nm、特に0.3〜1.0nm、更には0.4〜0.8nmとなるように上記の焼成条件を調整することが好ましい。
【0043】
例えば、水素ガスを他のガスから分離するためには0.25〜0.6nm、COとCHとを分離するためには0.3〜0.8nm、NガスとCFガスとを分離するためには0.35〜1.0nmの平均細孔径に設定するのがよく、これによって分離特性を高めることができる。
【0044】
また、焼成においては、分離層4が、平板状支持体2との界面に反応生成物を生じることがないように焼成条件を制御することが好ましい。具体的には400〜800℃の温度、好ましくは450〜600℃の焼成温度で行なう。平板状支持体2の表面に層状に被覆され、平滑な表面を形成することが望ましい。
【0045】
なお、分離層4は、平板状支持体2の主面及び対向主面に被着形成するが、分離層4の厚みが0.01〜5μm、特に0.1〜4μm、さらには0.5〜3μmとなるようにゾルの粒径を調整する。
【0046】
なお、平板状支持体2と分離層4との間に中間層を設け、分離層4の密着性を高めることができる。中間層にはチタニア、ジルコニア、アルミナ等を用いることができ、原料としてはこれらのアルコキシドを準備すれば良い。
【0047】
本発明の流体分離モジュールは、図3に示したように、上記の流体分離フィルタ11が容器12の内部に配置され、容器12の内部に流体を供給するための流体導入口13aと、流体分離フィルタ11を通過した流体を外部に排出するための排出口13bと、分離流体を回収するための取出口13cとを備えている。なお、流体と分離流体とが混合しないように、容器内は隔壁19で分離されている。
【0048】
複数の成分を有する流体、例えばHとCOの混合ガスが、流体導入口13aから容器12へ導入され、流体が分離フィルタ11と接し、流体の一部が流体分離フィルタ11の表面に設けられた分離層24を透過し、平板状支持体22の内部を移動して流体分離フィルタ11の側面27に移動し、取出口13cから取り出される。
【0049】
上記の構成を有する本発明の流体分離モジュールは、高い耐圧性を有する特徴があり、高圧で用いられる天然ガスからのCO分離や石油コンビナート等の石油化学プロセス等にも好適に用いることができる。
【0050】
【実施例】
まず、平板状支持体を作製した。即ち、純度99.9%、平均粒径0.1μmのアルミナ粉末、ジルコニア粉末、ガラス粉末、窒化珪素粉末及び炭化珪素粉末に対し、それぞれ所望の有機バインダ、潤滑剤、可塑剤及び水を添加、混合し、粉末圧延法にてテープを成形した後、焼成して肉厚0.8mm、縦150mm、横50mmの焼結体からなる平板状支持体を作製した。なお、この平板状支持体の表面は、表面粗さ(Ra)が0.3μm以下となるように研磨した。
【0051】
得られた焼結体の気孔率及び平均細孔径を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)観察から測定した。
【0052】
次に、分離層を作製した。原料として、チタニウムテトライソプロポキシド(TTP)、テトラエトキシシラン(TEOS)、テトラプロポキシジルコニウム(TPZ)、アルミニウムセカンダリーブトキシド(ASBD)を準備した。
【0053】
上記の原料を用いて、ゾルゲル法により支持体上に分離層を作製した。即ち、TTP、TEOS、TPZ及びASBDの原料を単独で用いる場合、これら金属アルコキシド1モルに対して、水1モル及びHClを含むエタノール溶液を添加、混合した。また、複数の原料を用いる場合、TEOS1モルに対して、水1モルおよびHClを含むエタノール溶液を添加、混合して部分加水分解ゾルを作製し、これに他の金属アルコキシドのエタノール溶液を金属アルコキシドが1モルとなるように添加し、窒素気流下で攪拌し、複合アルコキシドを作製した。
【0054】
次に、得られた溶液に対し、水9.3モルとエタノールの混合溶液を添加し加水分解して、攪拌し、前駆体ゾルを作製した。次いで、平板状支持体の側面に栓をして、上記のゾルに含浸して60秒間保持し、5mm/秒の速度で取り出し、室温で2時間乾燥してゾルをゲル化した後、大気中、550℃で焼成する工程を4回繰り返して支持体の外表面に分離層を被着形成した。
【0055】
なお、分離層の作製に先立ち、所望により中間層を作製した。即ち、水110モルに対して、上記原料を添加して加水分解し、さらに硝酸を添加した後、16時間煮沸攪拌して前駆体ゾルを作製した。次いで、分離層と同様の方法で中間層を被着形成した。
【0056】
得られた中間層及び分離層の膜厚は、膜断面を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)で測定した。得られた試料に対して、ケルビンの毛管凝縮式を用いて細孔内に毛管凝縮する水の湿度と温度から分離層の平均細孔径を求めた。
【0057】
また、得られたフィルタ1枚をガラスもしくはSUSの容器の内部に配置し、流体導入口、排出口、取出口を取り付け、図3に示したような流体分離モジュールを作製した。なお、吐出部の面積比が表1の側面比率になるように、側面の一部をガラスで封止した。また、No.13は、図4のように取出口部材を設け、通気孔から回収する構造とした。
【0058】
得られた流体分離モジュール内を250℃の温度に加熱すると共に、容器内に二酸化炭素ガスとメタンガスを表1の圧力でそれぞれ流し、透過ガスを取出口で回収し、透過流量を測定するとともに、二酸化炭素ガスの透過量/(膜面積×差圧×時間)で表される透過率を算出した。また、同様にしてメタンガスの透過率を求め、透過係数比α(二酸化炭素の透過率/メタンの透過率)を求めた。結果を表1に示した。
【0059】
【表1】

Figure 2004033980
【0060】
本発明の試料No.1〜12及び14〜31は、透過係数比αが52以上とメタンガスに対する二酸化炭素の分離効率が高いことがわかった。
【0061】
これに対して、透過ガスを側面から吐出させない本発明の範囲外の試料No.13は、透過係数比αが2.5と低く、分離効率が低かった。
【0062】
【発明の効果】
本発明は、セラミック多孔質体からなる平板状支持体の主面及び対向主面に設けられた分離層を透過した透過流体が平板状支持体の内部を移動し、側面から吐出する構造を有することにより、流体処理量が大きく透過流体の回収効率が高く、且つ高圧での動作でも破壊しない機械的信頼性に優れた小型の流体分離フィルタを実現することができる。
【0063】
特に、透過流体が吐出する側面の面積を全体の50%以上にすること、又は、平板状支持体の気孔率及び平均細孔径を調整することによって、透過流体の回収効率を更に高めることが容易となる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の流体分離フィルタの概略を示す斜視図である。
【図2】本発明の流体分離フィルタの概略断面図である。
【図3】本発明の流体分離モジュールを示す概略断面図である。
【図4】従来の流体分離フィルタを示す斜視図である。
【符号の説明】
2・・・平板状支持体
2a・・・平板状支持体内部
2b・・・平板状支持体表面部
3a・・・主面
3b・・・対向主面
4、4a、4b・・・分離層
5a、5b・・・流路
7・・・側面
A、B、C、D・・・吐出方向[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a plant for concentrating a specific gas represented by CO 2 recovery from natural gas, a plant for concentrating a specific substance from a mixed solvent, a plant for dehydrating from alcohol, Water treatment plants and desalination plants that increase the purity of water, devices that separate specific gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide from factory exhaust gas and power plants, food-related or medical-related separation devices, and hydrogen and oxygen gas as fuel The present invention relates to a fluid separation filter and a fluid separation module that can be suitably used as an oxygen separation membrane or a hydrogen separation membrane of a fuel cell that generates power.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, porous materials have been used as filters for filtering and separating only specific fluids from mixed fluids in which various fluids are mixed, and porous materials are used as catalyst carriers and electrolytic partition walls. The range is expanded, and the separation and concentration technology of specific fluids using porous materials is used for various combustion engines, concentration plants, water treatment plants, fluid separation for the food industry and medical equipment, fuel cells, and waste treatment. Is attracting attention in various fields.
[0003]
Conventionally, a polymer membrane has been used as such a porous body, but in recent years, a ceramic separation membrane having excellent heat resistance and chemical resistance has attracted attention. In particular, recently, a small-sized ceramic separation module has been required for performing on-site gas processing.
[0004]
Such ceramic separation modules are roughly classified into two types. The first is a hollow fiber structure in which many hollow fibers commonly used in organic polymer membranes are bundled, and the second is a flat support structure in which the membrane is supported on a plate-like support. is there.
[0005]
In the first hollow fiber structure, for example, JP-A-11-156167 describes that a filter is formed by bundling a plurality of tubular ceramic supports having a corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant separation membrane formed on the surface. .
[0006]
As the second flat support structure, a separation filter as shown in FIG. 4 is described in JP-A-2-198611. That is, the gas separation membrane cells 31 in the form of a flat plate are stacked, the spacers 32 are provided between the gas separation membrane cells 31 to form a fluid flow path, and the gas separation membrane 34 provided on the surface of the gas separation membrane cell 31 The fluid that has permeated through is collected by the outlet member 35 every time, and is recovered from the vent hole 36.
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, the hollow fiber structure described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H11-156167 has a problem that when the diameter of the tube-shaped ceramic support is reduced, the strength is reduced, and the tube is easily broken at the time of handling. There is a problem that it becomes difficult, and it is difficult to secure the fluid flow path by the close contact between the supports, and there is a problem that an increase in the diameter increases the size of the device.
[0008]
Further, in the separation filter having a plate-like support structure described in JP-A-2-198611, a part of the permeated gas is collected because the permeated gas is collected in one of the vent holes 36 in the porous material having a high permeation resistance. The substrate must be moved from one end of the substrate to the other end, resulting in a large pressure loss and a reduction in transmittance.
[0009]
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a fluid separation filter and a fluid separation module that have high mechanical strength and high recovery efficiency of a permeated fluid and can be downsized.
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention has a high mechanical strength and a high efficiency of recovering a permeated gas by discharging a permeated fluid that has passed through a separation membrane provided on the surface of a plate-like support from the side surface of the plate-like support, and collecting it. Based on the knowledge that a fluid separation filter can be realized.
[0011]
That is, the fluid separation filter of the present invention includes a flat support made of a ceramic porous body, and separation layers provided on the main surface and the opposing main surface of the flat support. At least a part of the main surface forms a fluid flow path, and the components in the fluid that have passed through the separation layer are discharged from the side surface of the flat support.
[0012]
In particular, it is preferable that the area of the side surface from which the component in the fluid that has passed through the separation layer is discharged is 50% or more of the total area of all the side surfaces. Thereby, the transmission speed can be further increased.
[0013]
Further, it is preferable that the porosity of the plate-shaped support is larger inside than the surface portion. Thereby, the time required for the component of the fluid permeating the separation layer to reach the side surface can be reduced, and the transmittance can be further increased.
[0014]
Furthermore, it is preferable that the average pore diameter of the flat support is larger inside than the surface portion. Thereby, the transmittance can be further increased while preventing a decrease in mechanical strength.
[0015]
Furthermore, it is preferable that the thickness of the flat support is 0.2 to 30 mm. Accordingly, a membrane area per unit volume equal to or more than a certain value can be secured while maintaining mechanical strength, and the permeated gas can smoothly move in the porous material, and the permeated gas can be effectively collected.
[0016]
The porosity of the flat support is preferably 15 to 60%. Thus, the pressure loss of the permeated gas can be suppressed while maintaining the mechanical strength.
[0017]
Further, it is preferable that the pressure of the fluid in contact with the main surface and the opposing main surface is substantially the same. As a result, the pressure applied to the support becomes a compressive strength, and the ceramic substrate generally has a high compressive strength. Therefore, the pressure resistance of the fluid separation filter is improved, and the fluid separation filter can be used even in a high pressure region of 200 MPa or more.
[0018]
Furthermore, it is preferable that the separation layer contains at least one of Si, Ti, Zr, and Al. Thereby, the separation layer can be made of a ceramic member such as SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , zeolite, mullite, and a mixture thereof. It is suitable for use of gases having corrosion resistance and for use at high temperatures.
[0019]
Further, the fluid separation module of the present invention includes the above-described fluid separation filter, a container for holding the fluid separation filter, a fluid inlet for supplying a fluid to the inside of the container, and the fluid separation filter. A fluid separation module having a discharge port for discharging the passed fluid to the outside, and an outlet for collecting a separated fluid, and having a high mechanical strength and a high recovery efficiency of a permeated gas and capable of being miniaturized. Can be realized.
[0020]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
[0021]
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the fluid separation filter of the present invention includes a plate-like support 2 made of a porous ceramic body, and a separation layer 4 a provided on a main surface 3 a of the plate-like support 2. And a separation layer 4b provided on the main surface 3b. The separation layers 4a and 4b are in contact with the fluid flow paths 5a and 5b, and some of the components of the fluid flowing through the flow paths 5a and 5b pass through the separation layers 4a and 4b as indicated by arrows. Then, it flows through the inside of the plate-shaped support 2 to the side surface 7.
[0022]
The plate-shaped support 2 may be polygonal or cylindrical in its shape, that is, the main surface 3a and the opposing main surface 3b may be polygonal or circular. Is important. For example, when the shape of the plate-like support 2 is a quadrangular prism (rectangular parallelepiped) as shown in FIG. The fluid component is discharged from side surfaces 7 provided in four directions A, B, C, and D.
[0023]
Further, when the flat support 2 is a hexagonal prism (octahedron), the shape of the main surface 3a is hexagonal, and it is preferable to collect the permeated fluid discharged from the six side surfaces. In the case of a cylinder, the shape of the main surface 3a is preferably a circle, and it is preferable to collect the permeated fluid discharged from the circumferential side surface.
[0024]
Structure of the fluid separation filter of the present invention is a flat plate structure, since the distance to move in a ceramic porous body as compared with the hollow fiber structure is long, side permeate to the total area of all the sides 7 (S all) discharges 7 the ratio S f / S all sites of the area of (S f) is 50% or more, particularly 70% or more, more 90% or more, or in that to increase the transmission efficiency. Further, there may be a case where a part of the side surface 7 cannot be used for fixing the flat support 2 or for other reasons, but the ratio S f / S all is preferably 100% or close to 100%.
[0025]
Further, in order to make the permeated gas easily permeate through the plate-shaped support 2, the average porosity of the plate-shaped support 2 as a whole should be 15% or more, particularly 20% or more, and more preferably 25% or more. It is further desirable to ensure the strength of the plate-shaped support 2 and to break the plate-shaped support 2 when assembling it into a housing or the like, and that particles constituting the plate-shaped support 2 are shed during operation. In order to prevent the porosity, the porosity of the flat support 2 is preferably 60% or less, particularly preferably 50% or less, and more preferably 40% or less.
[0026]
The plate-shaped support 2 comes into contact with a fluid composed of a plurality of components, and some of the components pass through the separation layer 4. Therefore, in order to increase the amount of permeation, the porosity of the surface portion 2 b of the plate-shaped support 2 is increased. , At least 15%, especially 20%, even more preferably 25%.
[0027]
Further, since the permeated fluid that has passed through the separation layer 4 flows inside the plate-shaped support 2, the porosity in the inside 2 a of the plate-shaped support 2 is larger than the porosity in the surface portion 2 b in order to increase the permeation speed. Is preferred. That is, in order to realize a large transmission coefficient while maintaining the mechanical strength of the flat support 2, the porosity of the inside 2a of the flat support 2 is preferably 60% or less, particularly 55% or less, and more preferably 50% or less. .
[0028]
Since the separation layer 4 is coated on the surface portion 2b of the plate-like support 2, if there is a defect such as a pinhole or a crack, the separation characteristic is deteriorated. Depending on gas, the surface portion 2b itself separates a plurality of components. In order to efficiently transmit the component having the characteristic, it is preferable to control the average pore diameter and the pore diameter distribution of the surface portion 2b. In addition, since the pores in the interior 2a serve as a passage for the permeated fluid, it is preferable to increase the pore diameter in order to increase the permeation speed. Therefore, it is preferable that the pore diameter of the inside 2a be larger than the average pore diameter of the surface portion 2b.
[0029]
The specific average pore diameter of the support surface portion 2b is 0.05 to 1 μm, especially 0.1 to 1 μm in order to prevent defects such as pinholes at the time of forming the separation layer 4 and to secure a large transmission amount. The thickness is preferably set to 0.8 to 0.8 μm, more preferably 0.1 to 0.5 μm.
[0030]
The side surface 7 of the flat support 2 is a discharge port for the permeated gas, and the lower limit of the thickness of the flat support 2 is preferably 0.2 mm, particularly 0.4 mm, and more preferably 0.6 mm in order to further increase the permeation efficiency. In order to further reduce the size, the upper limit is preferably 30 mm, particularly preferably 20 mm, and more preferably 15 mm.
[0031]
As a material of the plate-shaped support 2, ceramics containing α-alumina or stabilized zirconia as a main component, silica-based glass (phase-separated glass), Si 3 N 4 , SiC, or the like can be used, but heat resistance is low. Ceramics containing α-alumina as a main component are preferable in terms of high cost, easy production, and low cost.
[0032]
The separation layer 4 preferably contains at least one of Si, Ti, Zr, and Al. These form a separation layer as an oxide. Among these, Si is more preferable in terms of low reactivity in the alkoxide state, which can suppress the progress of local reaction, and easy formation of a pore diameter of 1 nm or less by forming a Si-O-Si network. .
[0033]
The fluid only needs to be in contact with the separation layer 4 provided on the surface of the flat support 2, and there is no particular limitation on the flowing direction, flow rate, or flow rate. However, in order to allow a specific component to pass through efficiently, it is preferable that the fluid flows in all parts of the flow channel and that a fresh fluid is always supplied.
[0034]
Further, since the flat support 2 is thin, it is preferable that the pressure applied to the main surface 3a of the flat support 2 and the pressure applied to the opposing main surface 3b be substantially the same in order to prevent mechanical damage. That is, the pressure of the fluid in contact with the main surface 3a may be substantially the same as the pressure of the fluid in contact with the opposing main surface 3b. As described above, since the plate-shaped support 2 is supported from the upper and lower surfaces by the uniform pressure, the stress applied to the plate-shaped support 2 can be suppressed low, and cracks and breakage can be prevented.
[0035]
It is preferable that the plate-like support 2 is pressurized by the fluid at that time. When pressure is applied to the plate-shaped support 2 as described above, the transmission speed increases, and the transmission efficiency can be further increased. Specifically, in the case of a gas, it is preferably at least 1.5 atm, particularly preferably at least 2 atm, and more preferably at least 3 atm.
[0036]
Next, a method for manufacturing the fluid separation filter will be described.
[0037]
First, a desired raw material powder is mixed and molded in order to produce the inside of a molded body that becomes the flat support body interior 2a after firing. As a molding method, known molding means such as press molding, extrusion molding, injection molding, and cold isostatic molding can be used. In consideration of cost and warpage of the substrate, it is preferable to produce the sheet by a powder rolling method. Further, a surface portion of the molded body that becomes the inside of the plate-like support 2a after firing is prepared on the surface inside the molded body by a slurry coating method, a green sheet laminating method, or the like. It is to be noted that a porosity and an average pore diameter are formed by a powder rolling method or the like in a single step so that a molded body including the molded body inside and the molded body surface portion is formed so that the porosity and the average pore diameter are larger inside the molded body than inside the molded body. Is also good. The thus obtained compact is fired at a desired temperature to obtain a sintered body.
[0038]
Next, the separation layer 4 is formed. The separation layer 4 can be formed by a sol-gel method, a CVD method, a sputtering method, or the like, but the sol-gel method is preferable because of ease of production. In the following, when the sol-gel method is used, a method of manufacturing the separation layer 4 containing an oxide of Si, particularly among elements of Si, Ti, Zr, and Al, will be described.
[0039]
As a raw material of the separation layer 4, a silicon alkoxide such as tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, and tetrapropoxysilane is prepared.
[0040]
First, a precursor sol is prepared using this raw material. That is, silicon alkoxide is dissolved in a solvent such as alcohol, and water is added to perform hydrolysis.
[0041]
The obtained precursor sol is applied to the surface of the plate-shaped support 2 and then fired to form the separation layer 4. The baking is performed by heat treatment at 350 to 700 ° C., particularly 400 to 600 ° C. in the air, so that the siloxane bond of Si—O proceeds in the gel to form a strong film, and the organic functional groups are decomposed by the heat treatment. Removed to form pores.
[0042]
The firing temperature and the firing time vary depending on the size of the average pore diameter of the separation layer 4, but in the case of a gas separation filter, the average pore diameter is 0.2 to 1.3 nm, particularly 0.3 to 1.0 nm, and furthermore, Is preferably adjusted to 0.4 to 0.8 nm.
[0043]
For example, 0.25-0.6 nm to separate hydrogen gas from other gases, 0.3-0.8 nm to separate CO 2 and CH 4 , N 2 gas and CF 4 gas Is preferably set to an average pore diameter of 0.35 to 1.0 nm, whereby the separation characteristics can be improved.
[0044]
In the firing, it is preferable to control the firing conditions so that the separation layer 4 does not generate a reaction product at the interface with the plate-shaped support 2. Specifically, it is carried out at a temperature of 400 to 800 ° C, preferably at a firing temperature of 450 to 600 ° C. It is desirable that the surface of the plate-shaped support 2 is coated in a layer form to form a smooth surface.
[0045]
The separation layer 4 is formed on the main surface and the opposing main surface of the plate-shaped support 2. The thickness of the separation layer 4 is 0.01 to 5 μm, particularly 0.1 to 4 μm, and more preferably 0.5 to 0.5 μm. The particle size of the sol is adjusted so as to be 3 μm.
[0046]
In addition, an intermediate layer may be provided between the plate-shaped support 2 and the separation layer 4 to improve the adhesion of the separation layer 4. Titania, zirconia, alumina or the like can be used for the intermediate layer, and these alkoxides may be prepared as raw materials.
[0047]
As shown in FIG. 3, the fluid separation module of the present invention includes the fluid separation filter 11 disposed inside the container 12, a fluid inlet 13 a for supplying a fluid to the interior of the container 12, and a fluid separation port 13 a. It has an outlet 13b for discharging the fluid that has passed through the filter 11 to the outside, and an outlet 13c for collecting the separated fluid. The inside of the container is separated by a partition wall 19 so that the fluid and the separated fluid do not mix.
[0048]
A fluid having a plurality of components, for example, a mixed gas of H 2 and CO 2 is introduced from the fluid inlet 13 a into the container 12, the fluid comes into contact with the separation filter 11, and a part of the fluid is provided on the surface of the fluid separation filter 11. The fluid passes through the separation layer 24 and moves inside the flat plate-like support member 22, moves to the side surface 27 of the fluid separation filter 11, and is taken out from the outlet 13c.
[0049]
The fluid separation module of the present invention having the above configuration has a feature of high pressure resistance, and can be suitably used for petrochemical processes such as separation of CO 2 from natural gas used at high pressure and petroleum complexes. .
[0050]
【Example】
First, a flat support was prepared. That is, a desired organic binder, a lubricant, a plasticizer, and water are added to alumina powder, zirconia powder, glass powder, silicon nitride powder, and silicon carbide powder having a purity of 99.9% and an average particle size of 0.1 μm, respectively. After mixing and forming a tape by a powder rolling method, it was fired to produce a flat support made of a sintered body having a thickness of 0.8 mm, a length of 150 mm and a width of 50 mm. The surface of the flat support was polished so that the surface roughness (Ra) was 0.3 μm or less.
[0051]
The porosity and average pore diameter of the obtained sintered body were measured from observation by a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
[0052]
Next, a separation layer was formed. As raw materials, titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTP), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), tetrapropoxyzirconium (TPZ), and aluminum secondary butoxide (ASBD) were prepared.
[0053]
Using the above raw materials, a separation layer was formed on a support by a sol-gel method. That is, when the raw materials of TTP, TEOS, TPZ and ASBD were used alone, an ethanol solution containing 1 mol of water and HCl was added to 1 mol of these metal alkoxides and mixed. When a plurality of raw materials are used, an ethanol solution containing 1 mol of water and HCl is added and mixed with 1 mol of TEOS to prepare a partial hydrolysis sol, and an ethanol solution of another metal alkoxide is added to the metal alkoxide. Was added so as to be 1 mol, and the mixture was stirred under a nitrogen stream to prepare a composite alkoxide.
[0054]
Next, a mixed solution of 9.3 mol of water and ethanol was added to the obtained solution, hydrolyzed, and stirred to prepare a precursor sol. Next, the side surface of the flat support is plugged, impregnated with the above sol, held for 60 seconds, taken out at a speed of 5 mm / sec, dried at room temperature for 2 hours to gel the sol, The step of baking at 550 ° C. was repeated four times to form a separation layer on the outer surface of the support.
[0055]
Note that an intermediate layer was formed as required before forming the separation layer. That is, the above raw materials were added to 110 mol of water for hydrolysis, nitric acid was further added, and the mixture was boiled and stirred for 16 hours to prepare a precursor sol. Next, an intermediate layer was formed by the same method as the separation layer.
[0056]
The film thickness of the obtained intermediate layer and separation layer was measured with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) on the cross section of the film. For the obtained sample, the average pore diameter of the separation layer was determined from the humidity and temperature of the water condensed in the pores using the Kelvin capillary condensation method.
[0057]
In addition, one obtained filter was placed inside a glass or SUS container, and a fluid inlet, an outlet, and an outlet were attached, thereby producing a fluid separation module as shown in FIG. In addition, a part of the side surface was sealed with glass so that the area ratio of the ejection portion became the side surface ratio shown in Table 1. No. No. 13 has a structure in which an outlet member is provided as shown in FIG.
[0058]
While heating the obtained fluid separation module to a temperature of 250 ° C., flowing carbon dioxide gas and methane gas into the container at the pressures shown in Table 1, collecting the permeated gas at the outlet, measuring the permeation flow rate, The transmittance represented by the permeation amount of carbon dioxide gas / (membrane area × differential pressure × time) was calculated. Similarly, the transmittance of methane gas was determined, and the transmittance coefficient ratio α (transmittance of carbon dioxide / transmittance of methane) was determined. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0059]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004033980
[0060]
Sample No. of the present invention As for 1-12 and 14-31, it turned out that the permeation coefficient ratio (alpha) is 52 or more, and the separation efficiency of carbon dioxide with respect to methane gas is high.
[0061]
On the other hand, the sample No. which does not discharge the permeated gas from the side and is out of the range of the present invention. In No. 13, the transmission coefficient ratio α was as low as 2.5, and the separation efficiency was low.
[0062]
【The invention's effect】
The present invention has a structure in which the permeated fluid that has passed through the separation layer provided on the main surface and the opposing main surface of the plate-shaped support made of a porous ceramic body moves inside the plate-shaped support, and is discharged from the side surface. As a result, it is possible to realize a small-sized fluid separation filter which has a high fluid throughput, a high recovery efficiency of a permeated fluid, and excellent mechanical reliability which does not break down even when operated at a high pressure.
[0063]
In particular, by setting the area of the side surface from which the permeated fluid is discharged to 50% or more of the whole, or by adjusting the porosity and the average pore diameter of the plate-shaped support, it is easy to further increase the collection efficiency of the permeated fluid. It becomes.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing a fluid separation filter of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view of a fluid separation filter of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view showing a fluid separation module of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a conventional fluid separation filter.
[Explanation of symbols]
2 ... flat support 2a ... flat support inside 2b ... flat support surface 3a ... main surface 3b ... opposing main surfaces 4, 4a, 4b ... separation layer 5a, 5b ... flow path 7 ... side faces A, B, C, D ... discharge direction

Claims (9)

セラミック多孔質体からなる平板状支持体と、該平板状支持体の主面及び対向主面に設けられた分離層とを具備し、前記主面及び対向主面の少なくとも一部が流体の流路を形成し、且つ前記分離層を透過した前記流体中の成分が前記平板状支持体の側面から吐出されることを特徴とする流体分離フィルタ。A flat support made of a ceramic porous body, and a separation layer provided on the main surface and the opposing main surface of the flat support, wherein at least a part of the main surface and the opposing main surface is a fluid flow. A fluid separation filter, wherein a component in the fluid that has formed a passage and that has passed through the separation layer is discharged from a side surface of the flat support. 前記分離層を透過した前記流体中の成分が吐出する側面の面積が、全側面の総面積の50%以上であること特徴とする請求項1記載の流体分離フィルタ。The fluid separation filter according to claim 1, wherein an area of a side surface from which components in the fluid that have passed through the separation layer are discharged is 50% or more of a total area of all the side surfaces. 前記平板状支持体の気孔率が、表面部よりも内部で大きいことを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載の流体分離フィルタ。3. The fluid separation filter according to claim 1, wherein the porosity of the flat support is larger inside than the surface portion. 4. 前記平板状支持体の平均細孔径が、表面部よりも内部で大きいことを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の流体分離フィルタ。The fluid separation filter according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein an average pore diameter of the flat support is larger inside than a surface portion. 前記平板状支持体の厚みが0.2〜30mmであることを特徴とする請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載の流体分離フィルタ。The fluid separation filter according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the thickness of the flat support is 0.2 to 30 mm. 前記平板状支持体の気孔率が15〜60%であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載の流体分離フィルタ。The fluid separation filter according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the porosity of the flat support is 15 to 60%. 前記主面及び前記対向主面と接する流体の圧力が略同一であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至6のいずれかに記載の流体分離フィルタ。The fluid separation filter according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the pressure of the fluid in contact with the main surface and the opposed main surface is substantially the same. 前記分離層がSi、Ti、Zr、Alの少なくとも1種を含むことを特徴とする請求項1乃至7のいずれかに記載の流体分離フィルタ。The fluid separation filter according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the separation layer includes at least one of Si, Ti, Zr, and Al. 請求項1乃至7のいずれかに記載の流体分離フィルタと、該流体分離フィルタを保持するための容器と、該容器の内部に流体を供給するための流体導入口と、前記流体分離フィルタを通過した流体を外部に排出するための排出口と、分離流体を回収するための取出口とを具備することを特徴とする流体分離モジュール。A fluid separation filter according to any one of claims 1 to 7, a container for holding the fluid separation filter, a fluid inlet for supplying a fluid to the inside of the container, and passing through the fluid separation filter. A fluid separation module, comprising: a discharge port for discharging a separated fluid to the outside; and an outlet for collecting a separated fluid.
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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2006011619A1 (en) * 2004-07-26 2006-02-02 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Separator and membrane reactor
JP2010201549A (en) * 2009-03-03 2010-09-16 Fuji Xerox Co Ltd Microchannel device, separation method, and separator
JP2012214367A (en) * 2011-03-25 2012-11-08 Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd Glass tube and method for manufacturing the same

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2006011619A1 (en) * 2004-07-26 2006-02-02 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Separator and membrane reactor
JP2010201549A (en) * 2009-03-03 2010-09-16 Fuji Xerox Co Ltd Microchannel device, separation method, and separator
JP2012214367A (en) * 2011-03-25 2012-11-08 Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd Glass tube and method for manufacturing the same

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