JP2003303113A - Application processing device, its controlling method, and program - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To update an application while allowing continuous operation of the application, which is not completely updated, as it is. <P>SOLUTION: Two application areas 13c and 13d are secured so that two application programs, that is, a new program and an old program can be stored. A processor 11 controls which of the application areas 13c and 13d is used for storage of the new program. As to an incompletely processed application, the processor 11 controls which of the application programs stored in the application areas 13c and 13d is used for starting the processing. By means of the processor 11, newly started processing is carried out on the basis of the new program, while unfinished processing is carried out on the basis of the application program used in the start. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a service control point (Serv) of an intelligent network, for example.
ice control point) and voice over IP application servers, etc. that perform application processing for the purpose of executing call processing, etc.
The control method and program are related.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Service Control Point and V of advanced intelligent network
In the application server of oice Over IP, the server performs application processing and call processing. The server starts application processing triggered by the occurrence of a call, and continuously performs the application processing until the call is completed. For this reason, the server stores the call state in a database and manages it, and when the application process is interrupted due to a failure or the like, the application process can be performed so as to reproduce the call state stored in the database.

[0003]

However, when the application is updated, the meaning of the call state and the number of states may change. Therefore, the application processing should be performed so as to reproduce the call state stored in the database. If it is attempted continuously, there is a risk that processing inconsistencies will occur and normal service cannot be provided.

Therefore, when updating the application, there is a problem that the service being interrupted due to the forced termination of the application processing being executed.

The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object thereof is to allow an application to be updated while allowing an uncompleted application to be continuously executed as it is. To do.

[0006]

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention reserves a plurality of storage areas for storing application programs. The storage area in which the application program is written most recently among the plurality of storage areas is managed as the latest update area. Further, regarding the application processing which has not been completed, it is managed in which of the plurality of storage areas the application processing is performed based on the application program stored. The application program stored in the latest update area is selected to perform new application processing, and the storage managed by the incomplete processing management unit is used to perform the application processing that is incomplete. An application program stored in the area is selected and application processing is performed based on the application program.

By taking such a measure, even when a new version of the application program is written in the storage area to update the application, the old version of the application program that was written most recently in the storage area before that is left unchanged. It remains stored in the storage area. Then, the new application process is executed using the new version application program, and the incomplete application process is executed using the old version application program. Therefore, even though the application processing using the new version of the application program is started, the uncompleted application processing is continued based on the old version of the application program.

[0008]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of a remote control system to which the present invention is applied.

This remote control system comprises a network 1
, And the two servers 3 and 4 are connected to each other. A shared database 5 and a maintenance device 6 are connected to the servers 3 and 4, respectively. In the following description, the opposing devices 2-1, 2-1 ... Are referred to as the opposing device 2 unless it is necessary to make a distinction.

In this remote control system, the operation of the opposite device 2 is controlled by the servers 3 and 4 via the network 1.

The opposite device 2 performs a predetermined operation under the control of the servers 3 and 4. The opposite device 2 may be, for example, a voice exchange I such as a telephone exchange or a soft switch.
P controller or SIP (Session Initiation Prot)
Voice over IP terminals such as terminals or H.323 terminals. A plurality of types of the opposing device 2 can be installed.

Application programs are installed in the servers 3 and 4. The servers 3 and 4 control the operation of the opposite device 2 according to this application program. It should be noted that the server 3 is an active server that constantly controls the opposed device 2, and the server 4 is an alternative device that controls the opposed device 2 instead of the server 3 only when the server 3 is abnormal.

The shared database 5 can be read and written by both the server 3 and the server 4. However, since the server 4 operates only when the server 3 is abnormal, the shared database 5 is not simultaneously read and written by both the server 3 and the server 4. In the shared database 5,
The call identification table 5a and the call status table 5b are set.

The call identification table 5a shows call identification information and call identifiers associated with each other as shown in FIG. The call identification information is information that enables the call to be uniquely identified, and is generated when the call is originated in the opposite device 2. In this embodiment, as the call identification information, as shown in FIG. 2, a character string in which the incoming telephone number of the call is combined with the date and time of occurrence of the call is used. The call identifier is a number for identifying an incomplete call, and is assigned to each call so that the same call identifier is not assigned to a plurality of calls at the same time. The call identifier is
It suffices that the servers 3 and 4 can distinguish the calls under their jurisdiction at one time point, and thus the number of digits can be shorter than that of the call identification information.

In the call status table 5b, as shown in FIG. 3, the call identifier is used as a heading, and in association with this, the starting application name, the currently used surface number, and the call status identifier are stored.

The starting application name is the name of the application to be executed for each call. The in-use surface number is a surface number given to the surface used for the application relating to each call. The surface will be described later in detail. The call status identifier indicates the execution status of the call.

The maintenance device 6 is used for maintenance of the servers 3 and 4. When updating the application programs of the servers 3 and 4, the maintenance device 6 is used to update the servers 3 and 4.
A new version of the application program is sent to.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the servers 3 and 4.
In FIG. 4, the same parts as those in FIG. 1 are designated by the same reference numerals.

As shown in FIG. 4, the servers 3 and 4 include a processor 11, a main memory 12, and a hard disk device 1.
3, a CD-ROM drive 14, a network interface unit 15, a database interface unit 16 and a maintenance device interface unit 17. The respective units are connected to each other via the bus 18.

The processor 11 is a hard disk device 1
Various control processes are performed by executing software processes according to the programs stored in 3.

The main memory 12 temporarily stores software actually used by the processor 11 and other data.

The hard disk device 13 is a processor 1.
1 stores a program for the operating system used by 1. The hard disk device 13 stores an application program, a driver program, or other arbitrary data in addition to the operating system program.

The hard disk device 13 stores a server program 13a. Further, a sub-application identification table 13b is set in the hard disk device 13. Further, two application areas 13c and 13d are set in the hard disk device 13.

The server program 13a includes the servers 3 and 4
The processor 11 is caused to perform the processing for realizing the above function. Specifically, the server program 13a causes the processor 11 to operate as an application processing unit, an application update management unit, an incomplete application management unit, and an application selection unit. Here, the application processing unit is configured to execute the application area 13c,
Application processing is executed based on the application program stored in 13d. The application update management unit uses the sub-application specification table 13b to manage which of the application programs stored in the application areas 13c and 13d is newly written. The incomplete application management unit manages an application that has been started and is incomplete, using the call status table 5b.
The application selecting unit selects an application program to be used by utilizing the call identification table 5a, the call status table 5b, and the sub-application identification table 13b when the application is activated. Then, the writing means uses the application area 1 when updating the application program.
Either 3c or 13d is selected and the application program is written.

As shown in FIG. 5, the sub-application identification table 13b uses signal names as headings, and shows the application names, sub-application names, 0-sided states, and 1-sided states in association with the headings. The signal name is the name given to the signal sent from the opposite device 2. The application name is the name of the application to be executed in response to the arrival of the signal having the signal name of the heading. The sub-application name is the name of the sub-application to be executed in response to the arrival of the signal having the signal name of the headline. The sub-application constitutes an application and performs a part of a series of call processing. In the example of FIG.
The application A is composed of the sub-applications A-1, A-2, and A-3. The 0-side state and the 1-side state indicate the states of the 0-side application and the 1-side application, respectively.

The application areas 13c and 13d are
It stores application programs for executing call processing. The application based on the application program stored in the application area 13c has the surface number “0”. Application area 1
The application based on the application program stored in 3d has the surface number “1”.

The CD-ROM drive 14 is a CD-RO.
Data is read from the M medium C.

The database interface section 16 includes
The shared database 5 is connected. The database interface unit 16 accesses the shared database 5 under the control of the processor 11.

The network interface unit 15 includes
The network 1 is connected. The network interface unit 15 performs communication processing under the control of the processor 11, and thereby transfers data with the opposite device 2 via the network 1.

The maintenance device 6 is connected to the maintenance device interface section 17. Maintenance device interface 17
Performs communication processing under the control of the processor 11 and thereby transfers data with the maintenance device 6.

Next, the operation of the remote control system configured as described above will be described focusing on the processing of the processor 11 in the server 3.

As the servers 3 and 4, general-purpose server computers are used, for example. Therefore, the server program 13a is not installed initially. Further, the sub application identification table 13b is not set.
No application program is stored in the application areas 13c and 13d. Therefore, as part of the work of introducing the information processing system, the CD-R
Server program 13 stored in OM media C
a is installed in the hard disk device 13. Also, the application specification table 13b is created and set in the hard disk device 13. Further, the application program is stored in the application area 13c. In this way, the application area 13 is initially
Since the application program is stored in c,
In this state, the application on the 0th plane is used. Therefore, in the application identification table 13b, for example, as shown in FIG. 5, the 0th surface state is set to "in operation".
Since the application program is not stored in the application area 13d, the one-sided state is set to "empty" in the application identification table 13b. The writing of various data to the hard disk device 13 can also be performed in response to an action from the maintenance device 6.

Now, when a call is originated in the opposite device 2,
In order to receive the control for processing the call, the opposite device 2 sends a signal for requesting it to the server 3 to the network 1. At this time, the opposite device 2 transmits a signal having a signal name corresponding to the type of control to be received. The opposite device 2 also embeds call identification information in the signal to be transmitted.

This signal is transmitted to the server 3 via the network 1. Then, in the server 3, the network interface unit 15 receives this signal,
It is converted into a format that can be processed by the processor 11. Then, the signal after the format conversion is given from the network interface unit 15 to the processor 11 via the bus 18.

The processor 11 executes the application starting process shown in FIG. 6 when the signal is received by the network interface unit 15 as described above.

First, in step ST1, the processor 11 acquires a signal received by the network interface unit 15, determines the signal name of the signal, and extracts the call identification information embedded in the signal. Next, in step ST2, the processor 11 searches the call identification table using the extracted call identification information as a key. Then, the processor 11 confirms in step ST3 whether or not the search is hit.

Since the call identification information is information that enables the call to be uniquely identified, the call identification information embedded in the signal first transmitted from the opposite device 2 in response to a new call is the server. 3 does not match the call identification information received in the past. Therefore, if the signal transmitted from the opposite device 2 is first received in response to a new call, it is determined in step ST3 that there is no hit.

If it is determined in step ST3 that there is no hit, the processor 11 selects an unused call identifier, that is, a call identifier not stored in the call identification table 5a, in step ST4, and selects this call identifier. It is stored in the call identification table 5a in association with the call identification information extracted in step ST1. As a result, a call identifier is assigned to the call newly generated this time. The call identifier is shorter than the call identification information. Therefore, the processing can be speeded up by using the call identifier for identifying the call thereafter.

Next, in step ST5, the processor 11 acquires the application name, the sub-application name, and the surface number in operation from the sub-application identification table 13b, using the signal name determined in step ST1 as a key. The information acquired here is information that specifies the application to be started.

For example, the opposite device 2 is the application A.
When it becomes necessary to perform call processing based on (1), the opposite device 2 first transmits the signal xx. At this time, processor 1
In No. 1, since the signal name of the incoming signal is "xx", the application to be activated is application A from the sub-application identification table 13b, and at this timing, sub-application A-1 of application A is executed. It should be decided. Further, when the sub-application identification table 13b is in the state shown in FIG. 5, since the surface number in operation is "0", it is determined to use the application program for surface 0.

Subsequently, in step ST6, the processor 11 associates the application name and surface number with the call identifier selected in step ST4, and calls state table 5b.
To store. As a result, by referring to the call status table 5b, it becomes possible to confirm the application name started for the call processing to which a certain call identifier is assigned and its surface number.

Then, the processor 11 executes step ST7.
In step ST5, the step ST stored in the application area corresponding to the surface number acquired in step ST5
The process based on the application program having the sub-application name acquired in 5 is executed. By this sub-application process, control of call processing in the opposite device 2 that has transmitted the signal is performed. In the sub application processing, the processor 11 writes a call status identifier indicating the status of the call processing after the sub application processing is performed, into the call status table 5b.

When the sub-application processing in step ST7 is completed, the processor 11 proceeds to step ST
At 8, it is confirmed whether a series of call processing is completed.

Here, for example, the processing performed in step ST7 is the sub-application A-1 or the sub-application A.
If it is -2, the series of call processing is not completed yet.
In such a case, the processor 11 proceeds to step ST8.
It is determined that the call processing is not completed. Then, in this case, the processor 11 directly ends the application starting process.

On the other hand, if the processing performed in step ST7 is the sub-application A-3, for example, a series of call processing is completed. In such a case, the processor 11 determines that the call processing is completed in step ST8. Then, in this case, the processor 11 executes step S
At T9, the record relating to the completed call is deleted from the call identification table 5a and the call status table 5b. As a result, management of the completed call is terminated. With this, the processor 11 ends the application starting process.

By the way, by the above-mentioned processing, the records relating to the call processing which is in the middle from the start to the completion are stored in the call identification table 5a and the call status table 5b. On the other hand, in the opposite device 2, the same call identification information is all embedded in a plurality of signals related to a series of call processing. Therefore, if the second and subsequent signals relating to such call processing are received, it is determined in step ST3 that there is a hit.

If it is determined in step ST3 that there is a hit, the processor 11 acquires the call identifier stored in the call identification table 5a in step ST10 in association with the call identification information extracted in step ST1. Then, in step ST11, the processor 11 acquires the application name and the surface number being used stored in the call status table 5b in association with the acquired call identifier. Further, the processor 11 executes step ST1.
In step 2, the sub application name is acquired from the sub application identification table 13b using the signal name determined in step ST1 as a key. The information acquired here is information that specifies the application to be started.

For example, the opposite device 2 is the application A.
It is assumed that the opposite device 2 is transmitting the second signal yy related to the call processing while the call processing based on the call processing is being executed.
At this time, since the signal name of the incoming signal is “yy”, the processor 11 determines that the sub-application identification table 13
From b, it is determined that the sub-application A-2 should be executed. Also, the call status table 5b is shown in FIG.
If the call identifier is "1" in the state shown in (1), since the surface number being used is "0", it is determined to use the 0th application program.

Then, the processor 11 proceeds to step ST.
The processing from step ST10 to step ST12
Execute the target application program determined in.

In this way, in the application starting process, the sub-application process according to the signal transmitted from the opposite device 2 is performed. At this time, the surface of the sub-application program to be used is the surface that is "in operation" in the sub-application identification table 13b at the start of the call processing. However, regarding the second and subsequent sub-application processing of the already-started call processing, it is considered that the use has already started regardless of the setting in the sub-application identification table 13b.

When updating an application, the maintenance worker causes the maintenance device 6 to read a new version of the application program (hereinafter referred to as a new version program) from the medium. The maintenance device 6 transfers the read new version program to the server 3. Then, in the server 3, the maintenance device interface unit 17 receives the new version program.

In response to this, the processor 11 executes the application update process shown in FIG.

First, in step ST21, the processor 11 acquires the new version program received by the maintenance device interface section 17. The acquired new version program is temporarily stored in, for example, an empty area of the hard disk device 13.

Subsequently, the processor 11 proceeds to step ST22.
In, the surface number in operation and the state of the surface of the application corresponding to the new version program are determined by referring to the sub-application identification table 13b. Then, in step ST23, the processor 11 stores the new version program in the application area corresponding to the surface opposite to the surface being "in operation".

For example, from the state where the sub-application identification table is in the state as shown in FIG.
If the program is updated, the new version program is stored in the application area 13d corresponding to one side.
At this time, the program of the application A that was in operation (hereinafter referred to as the old version program) is stored in the application area 13c corresponding to the 0th plane, so the old version program is the application area 13c.
It remains stored in.

Next, in step ST24, the processor 11 confirms whether the state of the application area storing the new version program in step ST23 is "empty" or "pre-blocked".

When the application is updated for the first time, the application program related to the application is not stored in the application area 13d. Then, in the sub-application identification table 13b, the one-sided state related to the application is "empty"
It is said that.

Therefore, if the application is to be updated under such a situation, the processor 1
1 determines that the state is "vacant" in step ST24. Then, in this case, in step ST25, the processor 11 sets the surface state regarding the application to be updated in the sub-application identification table 13b to "pre-closed" for "in operation" and "in operation" for "empty". , "Respectively.

In the case of the above example, the 0-side state of the application A is changed to "pre-closed" and the 1-side state is changed to "in operation". As a result, the sub-application identification table 13b is updated to that shown in FIG.

The term "pre-closed" means that the application program exists but is an old program.

As described above, regarding the applications updated in the past, the application area 13c,
Since the new version program is stored in one of the 13d and the old version program is stored in the other, 13d
The state of the surface which is not is said to be "pre-obstruction". Therefore, when trying to update the application under such a situation, the processor 11 executes the step ST24.
It is determined that the state is "pre-obstruction".

In this case, the new version program is stored by overwriting the previously stored old version program. For this reason, the call processing that was using the overwritten version of the application program cannot be continued. Therefore, in such a case, in step ST26, the processor 11 deletes, from the call identification table 5a and the call status table 5b, a record relating to a call in which the surface storing the new version program in step ST23 is in use. As a result, the call processing that has not been completed is forcibly terminated.

At this time, the call processing that was being executed is interrupted. However, in general operation, the call processing duration is significantly shorter than the update interval of the application program. Therefore, the probability that there is a call process to be forcibly terminated in step ST26 is extremely low.

Subsequently, the processor 11 proceeds to step ST27.
In, the surface state of the application to be updated in the sub-application identification table 13b is changed to "pre-blocking" for "in operation" and "in-operation" for "pre-blocking".

FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 are diagrams showing a specific example of a sequence when processing of one sub-application is performed. FIG. 9 shows a case where the processing of the first sub-application of the newly started application is performed. Further, FIG. 10 shows a case where the processing of the sub-application relating to the already started application is performed.

When the application starting process is performed after the application is updated as described above, regarding the new call process, the application program whose surface is "in operation" in the sub-application identification table 13b is displayed. Since it is used, the new edition program will be used. Therefore, after the application is updated, the provision of services based on the new edition program will be started immediately. On the other hand, regarding the call processing that has already started before the application is updated, the old version program is used based on the call status table 5b. Therefore, as described above, regarding the new call processing, after the service based on the application after the update is started, the service based on the application before the update also changes to the call processing that has not been completed when the application is updated. Only offered.

As a result, it is possible to update the application without interrupting the call processing.

The server 4 can also operate similarly to the server 3. However, the server 3 is the server 4
Is normally operating, neither reception of a signal transmitted from the opposite device 2 nor access to the shared database 5 is performed.

If the server 3 cannot be processed due to a failure such as a hardware failure or a software failure such as a memory shortage, even if a signal is sent from the opposite device 2 to the server 3, Do not respond to this. In such a situation, the opposite device 2 retransmits the signal to the server 4. When the server 4 receives this signal, the server 4 performs the same operation as described above on behalf of the server 4. At this time, the server 4 can continue processing call processing that has not been completed by the server 3 by referring to the shared database 5.

The present invention is not limited to the above embodiment. For example, the application area for storing the new edition program may be designated by the maintenance worker.

If there is an uncompleted call process that uses the old version program stored in the application area where the new version program should be stored, updating of the application may be prohibited.

It is also possible to set three or more application areas.

The content of application processing may be arbitrary. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the servers 3 and 4 that control the opposite device 2 that performs call processing.

A single sub-application may process a plurality of signals. For example, in the case of the application A in the above embodiment, the signals xx,
All the signals yy and zz may be processed by one sub-application A-1. In that case, in the sub-application identification table 13b, the sub-application name is set to "A-1" in association with each of the signal name xx, the signal yy, and the signal zz.

The server program 13a is a CD-ROM
It is not limited to install from the medium C, but may be installed from a floppy disk (R) or another type of storage medium, or may be installed via a network such as the Internet. Further, like the application program, the maintenance device 6 sends the server program 13a to the servers 3, 4
May be transmitted to.

Besides, various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.

[0078]

Even when a new version application program is written in the storage area to update the application, the old version application program most recently written in the storage area before that is stored in the storage area as it is. Then, the new application process is executed by using the new version application program, and the incomplete application process is executed by using the old version application program. Therefore, even if application processing using the new version of the application program is started, the application processing that has not been completed can be continued based on the old version of the application program, and as a result, the application update cannot be completed. It is possible to execute a certain application while continuously executing it.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of a remote control system to which the present invention is applied.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of information stored in a call identification table 5a in FIG.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example of information stored in a call status table 5b in FIG.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of servers 3 and 4 in FIG.

5 is a diagram showing an example of information stored in a sub-application identification table 13b in FIG.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an application starting process.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of an application update process.

FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an example of information stored in a sub-application identification table 13b in FIG. 4 after being changed due to an application update.

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a specific example of a sequence in the case where processing of a first sub-application of a newly started application is performed.

FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a specific example of a sequence in the case where a sub-application process regarding an application that has already started is performed.

[Explanation of symbols]

1 ... Network 2 (2-1, 2-2 ...) ... Opposing device 3, 4 ... Server 5 ... Shared database 5a ... call identification table 5b ... call state table 6 ... Maintenance device 11 ... Processor 12 ... Main memory 13 ... Hard disk device 13a ... server program 13b ... Application specific table 13c, 13d ... Application area 14 ... CD-ROM drive 15 ... Network interface section 16 ... Database interface section 17 ... Maintenance device interface

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Claims (9)

[Claims] 1. A plurality of storage areas for respectively storing application programs, processing means for performing application processing based on an application program stored in any of the plurality of storage areas, and among the plurality of storage areas The update management means that manages the storage area in which the application program is most recently written as the latest update area, and the application processing that has not been completed is based on the application program stored in any of the plurality of storage areas. An unfinished process management unit that manages whether the process is performed, an application program that is stored in the latest update area for the processing unit to perform a new application process, and an unfinished application process. Application processing apparatus comprising a selection means for selecting an application program stored in the storage area managed by the incomplete processing management means as for performing. 2. The writing means according to claim 1, further comprising a writing unit that writes the application program to a storage area different from the latest update area of the plurality of storage areas when writing a new application program. Application processing unit. 3. The writing unit is managed by the incomplete process management unit unless an application program related to an incomplete application process is stored in the storage area different from the latest update area. The application processing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the new application program is written in a storage area in which the new application program is written. 4. The writing unit is incomplete when an application program relating to an incomplete application process is not stored and there is no storage area managed by the incomplete process management unit. The application processing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the new application program is written in a storage area managed by the incomplete processing management unit when an application program related to application processing is stored. 5. The new application program is written in the storage area managed by the incomplete processing management means when the application program related to the application processing that is incomplete is stored in the incomplete processing management means. 5. The application processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein management of uncompleted application processing regarding the storage area in which the new application program is written is terminated in response to the request. . 6. A method for controlling an application processing device, wherein a processing means performs an application process based on an application program stored in any of a plurality of storage areas for storing an application program, wherein: The storage area in which the application program has been written most recently is managed as the latest update area, and regarding the application processing that has not been completed, which of the plurality of storage areas the application processing is performed based on is stored. Management, for the processing means to perform new application processing, to select an application program stored in the latest update area, and to perform the incomplete application processing. A control method for selecting an application program stored in the storage area managed by the incomplete process management means. 7. The control method according to claim 6, wherein when a new application program is written, the application program is written in a storage area different from the latest update area among the plurality of storage areas. 8. A computer capable of accessing a plurality of storage areas for storing application programs, processing means for performing application processing based on an application program stored in any of the plurality of storage areas, and the plurality of storage areas. Of the plurality of storage areas, the storage area in which the application program has been written most recently is managed as the latest update area, and the application processing that has not been completed is stored in any of the plurality of storage areas. Incomplete processing management means for managing what is done based on an application program, and for the processing means to perform new application processing, selects an application program stored in the latest update area, and Programs as for performing application processing is Ryo to function as a selection means for selecting an application program stored in the storage area managed by the incomplete processing management unit. 9. The computer further causes the application program to function as a writing unit that writes the application program to a storage area different from the latest update area among the plurality of storage areas when writing a new application program. The program according to item 8.