JP2002540555A - Power supply with fuel cells connected in series - Google Patents

Power supply with fuel cells connected in series

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Publication number
JP2002540555A
JP2002540555A JP2000600319A JP2000600319A JP2002540555A JP 2002540555 A JP2002540555 A JP 2002540555A JP 2000600319 A JP2000600319 A JP 2000600319A JP 2000600319 A JP2000600319 A JP 2000600319A JP 2002540555 A JP2002540555 A JP 2002540555A
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JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
fuel cells
power supply
series
fuel cell
fuel
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Application number
JP2000600319A
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Japanese (ja)
Inventor
ドーレ・ヘンドリク
Original Assignee
フォルシュングスツェントルム・ユーリッヒ・ゲゼルシャフト・ミット・ベシュレンクテル・ハフツング
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Publication of JP2002540555A publication Critical patent/JP2002540555A/en
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4207—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04664—Failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04671—Failure or abnormal function of the individual fuel cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
    • H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
    • H01M8/249—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells comprising two or more groupings of fuel cells, e.g. modular assemblies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells

Abstract

(57)【要約】 本発明は、多数の発電セル、特に互いに直列に接続されている複数の燃料電池に関する。燃料電池によって生成された電流（Ｉ）が、短絡を引き起こし得ないように、複数のダイオードが複数の燃料電池に対して並列に接続されている。個々の燃料電池のうちの１つが或る欠陥のために故障すると、電流が、並列に接続された１つのダイオードに通電する。何故なら、このとき、このダイオードは、僅かなオーミック抵抗を形成するからである。すなわち、故障した燃料電池は、故障中に簡単にかつ経費をかけずに「自動的に」ブリッジされる。 (57) Abstract The present invention relates to a large number of power generation cells, particularly to a plurality of fuel cells connected in series to each other. Diodes are connected in parallel to the fuel cells so that the current (I) generated by the fuel cells cannot cause a short circuit. If one of the individual fuel cells fails due to some defect, current will flow through one diode connected in parallel. This is because the diode then forms a small ohmic resistance. That is, a failed fuel cell is bridged "automatically" during a failure simply and inexpensively.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

【０００１】 本発明は、直列に電気接続された多数の燃料電池から構成された電源に関する
。電流が、これらの個々の燃料電池によって生成されるか又は供給される。The present invention relates to a power supply composed of a number of fuel cells electrically connected in series. Electric current is generated or supplied by these individual fuel cells.

【０００２】 冒頭で述べた種類の装置には、例えば直列に接続された多数の電池や直列に接
続された多数の燃料電池、すなわち１つの集合電池がある。[0002] Devices of the type mentioned at the outset include, for example, a number of cells connected in series and a number of fuel cells connected in series, ie a single cell.

【０００３】 燃料電池は、陰極，電解質及び陽極を有する。酸化剤が、例えば空気が、陰極
に供給される。そして、燃料、例えば水素が、陽極に供給される。[0003] A fuel cell has a cathode, an electrolyte, and an anode. An oxidant, for example air, is supplied to the cathode. Then, a fuel, for example, hydrogen is supplied to the anode.

【０００４】 様々な型式の燃料電池が公知である。すなわち、例えば、固体酸化物型燃料電
池が、ドイツ連邦共和国特許発明第 44 30 958号明細書から公知である。そして
、プロトン交換膜型燃料電池が、ドイツ連邦共和国特許発明第 195 31 852 号明
細書から公知である。[0004] Various types of fuel cells are known. Thus, for example, a solid oxide fuel cell is known from DE 43 30 958 A1. A proton exchange membrane fuel cell is known from DE 195 31 852 A1.

【０００５】 この固体酸化物型燃料電池は、高温燃料電池とも呼ばれる。何故なら、この高
温燃料電池の運転温度が 1000 ℃に達するからである。酸化物イオンが、酸化剤
の存在の下で高温燃料電池の陰極で発生する。これらの酸化物イオンは、電解質
を通過し、陽極側で燃料から生成された水素と再結合して水を生成する。電子が
、この再結合によって遊離される。その結果、電気エネルギーが発生する。[0005] This solid oxide fuel cell is also called a high-temperature fuel cell. This is because the operating temperature of the high-temperature fuel cell reaches 1000 ° C. Oxide ions are generated at the cathode of a high temperature fuel cell in the presence of an oxidizing agent. These oxide ions pass through the electrolyte and recombine with hydrogen generated from the fuel on the anode side to form water. Electrons are released by this recombination. As a result, electric energy is generated.

【０００６】 プロトン交換膜型燃料電池の運転温度は、約 80 ℃である。陽子が、燃料の存
在の下でこのプロトン交換膜型燃料電池の陽極で発生する。これらの陽子は、陰
極側で酸化剤から生成された酸素と結合して水を生成する。この場合、電子が遊
離されて、電気エネルギーが発生する。[0006] The operating temperature of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is about 80 ° C. Protons are generated at the anode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in the presence of fuel. These protons combine with oxygen generated from the oxidant on the cathode side to produce water. In this case, electrons are released and electric energy is generated.

【０００７】 一般に、多数の燃料電池は、大電力を得るために複数の連結要素によって互い
に電気的にかつ機械的に連結される。ドイツ連邦共和国特許発明第 44 10 711号
明細書から公知の双極板が、このような連結要素の事例を開示する。重なり合っ
て積層されて直列に電気接続された複数の燃料電池が、複数の双極板によって構
成される。この配置は、集合電池と呼ばれる。Generally, many fuel cells are electrically and mechanically connected to each other by a plurality of connection elements in order to obtain high power. The bipolar plate known from DE 44 10 711 discloses an example of such a connecting element. A plurality of fuel cells stacked and stacked and electrically connected in series are constituted by a plurality of bipolar plates. This arrangement is called an assembled battery.

【０００８】 特にメタンやメタノールが、燃料として使用され得る。この説明した燃料は、
改質又は酸化作用によって特に水素又は水素に富むガスに変換される。[0008] In particular, methane and methanol can be used as fuel. The fuel described is
It is converted into hydrogen or a hydrogen-rich gas by reforming or oxidizing action.

【０００９】 直列に接続された複数の燃料電池内部の個々の燃料電池のうちの１つが、例え
ば或る欠陥のために故障すると、この電池は、直列回路内に１つの電気抵抗を構
成する。それ故に、電力効率が、その故障した燃料電池だけによって低下するの
ではなくて、付加的な電気抵抗によっても低下する。電力が、この抵抗に打ち勝
つために消費されてしまう。装置の効率が、それに応じて低下する。[0009] If one of the individual fuel cells inside a plurality of fuel cells connected in series fails, for example due to a certain defect, this cell constitutes an electrical resistance in a series circuit. Therefore, the power efficiency is reduced not only by the failed fuel cell but also by the additional electrical resistance. Power is wasted to overcome this resistance. The efficiency of the device is correspondingly reduced.

【００１０】 発電装置の個々の燃料電池がプロトン交換膜型燃料電池である場合、個々の燃
料電池のうちの１つが、例えば運転媒体の供給の中断に起因して故障すると、電
解膜に通電する電流が、この電解膜中に含まれる水を水素と酸素に分解する。酸
素は、陽極側で発生する。そして、水素は、陰極側で発生する。そのために、酸
素が、複数の供給管を経由して別の燃料電池の陽極室内へ到達する。混合する可
能性がある。酸素は、この陽極側で発生した水素と再結合する。こうして、発電
が、隣接した燃料電池内でも低下して、最終には停止する。したがって、複数の
燃料電池から構成される１つの直列回路内の１つの燃料電池が故障することによ
って、その他の燃料電池が害されうる。その結果、このような集合電池の電力効
率が、著しく低下する。If the individual fuel cells of the power plant are proton exchange membrane fuel cells, if one of the individual fuel cells fails, for example due to interruption of the supply of the operating medium, the electrolyte membrane is energized. The current breaks down the water contained in the electrolyte membrane into hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen is generated on the anode side. Then, hydrogen is generated on the cathode side. To that end, oxygen reaches the anode chamber of another fuel cell via a plurality of supply pipes. May mix. Oxygen recombines with the hydrogen generated on the anode side. In this way, the power generation decreases even in the adjacent fuel cell, and finally stops. Therefore, failure of one fuel cell in one series circuit composed of a plurality of fuel cells can damage other fuel cells. As a result, the power efficiency of such an assembled battery is significantly reduced.

【００１１】 燃料電池の場合、このような問題を解決するため、ドイツ連邦共和国特許出願
公開第 197 466 16 号明細書によれば、個々の燃料電池のうちの１つを破損時に
ブリッジすることが提唱されている。この目的のために、それに応じた切換手段
が設けられる。In the case of fuel cells, in order to solve this problem, according to DE-A-197 466 16 it is possible to bridge one of the individual fuel cells in the event of a failure. Has been proposed. A corresponding switching means is provided for this purpose.

【００１２】 欠点としては、この提唱された解決手段は、技術的に経費がかかり、高いコス
トを招き、かつこれらの切換手段に相当するスペースを確保する必要がある。ス
ペースの確保とこれに伴う重量が、特に移動する用途において重大な欠点である
。Disadvantages are that the proposed solution is technically expensive, incurs high costs and requires a space corresponding to these switching means. Space and associated weight are significant drawbacks, especially in mobile applications.

【００１３】 本発明の課題は、直列回路内の個々の燃料電池のうちの１つの燃料電池の欠陥
に起因する電力損失が、簡単で安くて高性能に、そして僅かなスペースしかとら
ないで最小限に抑えられる装置と用途を提供することにある。An object of the present invention is to provide a simple, inexpensive, high-performance and minimal space-saving power loss due to the failure of one of the individual fuel cells in the series circuit. It is an object of the present invention to provide a device and an application which can be suppressed to a minimum.

【００１４】 この課題は、請求項１に記載の特徴を有する装置と、併記した請求項に記載の
特徴を有する用途とによって解決される。好適な構成は、従属請求項に記載され
ている。This problem is solved by a device having the features of claim 1 and an application having the features of the appended claims. Preferred configurations are set out in the dependent claims.

【００１５】 請求項に記載の装置の場合、複数のダイオードが、個々の燃料電池に対して並
列に接続されている。電流が、これらのダイオードを通じて順方向に通電可能で
あるように、これらのダイオードは電極に接続されている。正常な電源装置が作
動している間の通電方向が、順方向の状態の下で確認されている。すなわち、短
絡が起きないように、これらのダイオードは構成されている。In the case of the claimed device, a plurality of diodes are connected in parallel to the individual fuel cells. These diodes are connected to the electrodes so that current can flow forward through these diodes. The direction of energization during normal power supply operation is confirmed under forward conditions. That is, these diodes are configured so that a short circuit does not occur.

【００１６】 好ましくは、個々の燃料電池は各々、その効果を最大限にするために並列に接
続された１つのダイオードを有する。Preferably, each individual fuel cell has one diode connected in parallel to maximize its effect.

【００１７】 短絡を阻止するように、ダイオードを手配する必要がある。このダイオードは
、逆方向に対して正反対の方向に僅かなオーミック抵抗を有する。装置が正常に
作動している間は、電流はこれらの個々の燃料電池に通電する。何故なら、この
燃料電池は、電気抵抗がない電源として作動するからである。それ故に、このよ
うな状態では、ダイオードは導通しないか又は実際に導通しない。個々の燃料電
池のうちの１つが故障すると、この燃料電池は、その故障のためにダイオードの
オーミック抵抗に比べて大きいオーミック抵抗を呈する。このような場合は、電
流が個々の燃料電池を通電する代わりに、並列に接続されたダイオードを通電す
る。オーミック抵抗に打ち勝つために必要である電力損失は、最小限に抑えられ
る。以上により、装置は、故障時でも比較的簡単な手段で電力量を最大限に維持
する。しかも、集合電池の場合に起こりうるような隣接した燃料電池への損害が
阻止される。それ故に、複数の燃料電池は、特に複数のセルである点が重要であ
る。何故なら、オーミック抵抗による電力損失が、このような装置で回避され得
るだけではなくて、燃料電池への損害もさらに回避され得るからである。したが
って、集合電池の場合には、とりわけ大きな電力を作り出すことができる。小さ
くて軽くて安くて高品質なダイオードは、商業的に入手できる。したがって、本
発明は、比較的僅かな経費で実現され得る。It is necessary to arrange a diode so as to prevent a short circuit. This diode has a slight ohmic resistance in the direction directly opposite to the reverse direction. During normal operation of the device, current flows through these individual fuel cells. This is because the fuel cell operates as a power source having no electric resistance. Therefore, in such a condition, the diode does not conduct or does not actually conduct. If one of the individual fuel cells fails, the fuel cell will exhibit a large ohmic resistance compared to the ohmic resistance of the diode due to the failure. In such a case, instead of passing a current through the individual fuel cells, a diode connected in parallel is passed. The power loss required to overcome the ohmic resistance is minimized. As described above, the apparatus maintains the maximum amount of power even in the case of a failure by relatively simple means. Moreover, damage to adjacent fuel cells, which can occur in the case of a collective battery, is prevented. It is therefore important that the plurality of fuel cells are, in particular, a plurality of cells. This is because not only power loss due to ohmic resistance can be avoided with such a device, but also damage to the fuel cell can be further avoided. Therefore, in the case of a collective battery, particularly large electric power can be generated. Small, light, cheap and high quality diodes are commercially available. Thus, the present invention can be realized with relatively little expense.

【００１８】 請求項に記載の装置は、例えば携帯可能なコンピュータや携帯可能な電灯等の
ような移動式の装置に使用される。何故なら、ここでは僅かな重量と体積を考慮
する必要があるからである。The device according to the claims is used for mobile devices such as portable computers and portable lights. This is because a small weight and volume need to be considered here.

【００１９】 図中には、請求項に記載の回路が概略的に示されている。多数の燃料電池が、
互いに直列に電気接続されている。これらの燃料電池によって生成された電流Ｉ
が短絡を引き起こし得ないように、ダイオード２が、各燃料電池１に対して１つ
ずつ並列に接続されている。In the figures, the circuits described in the claims are schematically represented. Many fuel cells are
They are electrically connected to each other in series. The current I generated by these fuel cells
The diodes 2 are connected in parallel, one for each fuel cell 1, so that no short circuit can occur.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief description of the drawings]

【図１】 直列に接続された燃料電池を有する電源の回路の概略図である。FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a circuit of a power supply having fuel cells connected in series.

【符号の説明】[Explanation of symbols]

１ 燃料電池 ２ ダイオード Ｉ 電流 1 fuel cell 2 diode I current

【手続補正書】特許協力条約第３４条補正の翻訳文提出書[Procedural Amendment] Submission of translation of Article 34 Amendment

【提出日】平成１３年１月１９日（２００１．１．１９）[Submission date] January 19, 2001 (2001.1.19)

【手続補正１】[Procedure amendment 1]

【補正対象書類名】明細書[Document name to be amended] Statement

【補正対象項目名】特許請求の範囲[Correction target item name] Claims

【補正方法】変更[Correction method] Change

【補正の内容】[Contents of correction]

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims]

Claims (5)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 【請求項１】 直列に電気接続された複数の燃料電池を有する電源において
、これらの燃料の短絡が複数のダイオード（２）によって引き起こされないよう
に、これらの燃料電池（１）に対して並列に接続されているこれらのダイオード
（２）は接続されていることを特徴とする電源。In a power supply having a plurality of fuel cells electrically connected in series, a parallel connection to the fuel cells (1) is made so that a short circuit of these fuels is not caused by a plurality of diodes (2). A power supply, characterized in that these diodes (2) connected to are connected. 【請求項２】 複数のセルとして設けられている複数の燃料電池を有する請
求項１に記載の電源。2. The power supply according to claim 1, comprising a plurality of fuel cells provided as a plurality of cells. 【請求項３】 各セルは、並列に接続された１つのダイオードを伴う請求項
１〜２のいずれか１項に記載の電源。3. The power supply according to claim 1, wherein each cell has one diode connected in parallel. 【請求項４】 移動式の装置の構成要素としての請求項１〜３のいずれか１
項に記載の電源。4. The mobile device according to claim 1, which is a component of a mobile device.
Power supply described in section. 【請求項５】 請求項１〜４のいずれか１項に記載の電源を移動式の装置内
で使用すること。5. Use of the power supply according to claim 1 in a mobile device.
JP2000600319A 1999-02-20 2000-02-15 Power supply with fuel cells connected in series Withdrawn JP2002540555A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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DE19907369.4 1999-02-20
DE19907369A DE19907369C2 (en) 1999-02-20 1999-02-20 Power source with cells connected in series
PCT/DE2000/000462 WO2000049673A1 (en) 1999-02-20 2000-02-15 Source of current with series connected cells

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CA (1) CA2398727A1 (en)
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WO2000049673A1 (en) 2000-08-24
EP1155469A1 (en) 2001-11-21
CA2398727A1 (en) 2000-08-24
DE19907369C2 (en) 2002-12-12
AU3146400A (en) 2000-09-04
DE19907369A1 (en) 2000-08-24

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