JP2002258790A - Display device - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reduce radiation of unwanted electromagnetic waves from a display device. SOLUTION: A coil is provided which is formed like a plane crossing unwanted electromagnetic waves in a plane approximately perpendicular to emitted light located on the emission side of a display surface in the direction of emitted light from a display element, and the display device is so constituted that an electromagnetic induction current may be induced in the coil.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a flat display device such as a display device using a plasma display panel for displaying television images and the like and a display device using a liquid crystal panel, and particularly to an electromagnetic wave from the front of the display device. The present invention relates to a technology for shielding and reducing unnecessary radiation of the light.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art As a thin type capable of displaying television images and the like, there are a plasma display device (hereinafter abbreviated as PDP display device) using a liquid crystal display device or a plasma display panel (hereinafter abbreviated as PDP). Above all, PDP display devices are suitable for large-screen display and have attracted attention.

[0003] The PDP utilizes the phenomenon of excitation and emission of a phosphor by ultraviolet rays generated by discharge of a rare gas such as Ne (neon) or Xe (xenon). FIG. 9 shows a perspective view of an example of the panel structure of the AC type PDP. In FIG. 9, reference numeral 100 denotes a PDP panel; 101, a glass substrate serving as a substrate on the display surface side; 102, display electrodes formed on the glass substrate 101; And a Y display electrode 102y. Each display electrode includes a transparent electrode 102a and a metal auxiliary electrode 102b for reducing the resistance value. 103 is a display electrode 1
Reference numeral 104 denotes a dielectric layer that covers the display electrode 102 and a thin protective layer of MgO that covers the dielectric layer 103. Reference numeral 121 denotes a glass substrate on the rear side arranged to face the glass substrate 101; 125, a stripe-shaped address electrode formed on the glass substrate 121; and 122, a partition wall formed to be adjacent to the address electrode. 123 is an address electrode 1
3 which forms one pixel with a phosphor applied so as to cover
Red (R), green (G), and blue (B) phosphors are separately applied to two adjacent address electrodes. 124
Is a discharge space surrounded by a partition wall 122 between the display electrode side substrate and the phosphor side substrate. Ne or Xe
Noble gas is sealed.

In FIG. 9, first, a voltage is applied to the address electrode 125 and the Y display electrode 102y to cause a pilot discharge,
Next, discharge is maintained by applying the voltage to the X display electrode 102x and the Y display electrode 102y. Ultraviolet rays are generated by the discharge in the discharge space 124 due to the application to the electrodes, and the ultraviolet rays excite the phosphor 123 to generate red, green, and blue lights, and the transparent display electrode side glass substrate is removed. Light exits through.

FIG. 8 shows an overview of a display device using a PDP. 100 is the above-described PDP, 17 is a PDP ground (hereinafter abbreviated as PDP GND), which is an aluminum metal plate on which the PDP 100 is mounted, and 1 is an optical filter for improving contrast, reducing unnecessary electromagnetic wave radiation and near infrared radiation (details). 5 is a black light shielding portion of the optical filter 1 for shielding external light, and 16 is the optical filter 1
This is the center frame for mounting. Although not shown, P
An electric circuit for driving the PDP is mounted on the back of the DP GND 17, and the electric circuit is covered from behind with a back cover made of aluminum metal.

[0008] In the PDP display device, as is apparent from FIG. 8, light from the PDP 100 is subjected to an improvement in contrast, a reduction in near-infrared radiation, and a reduction in unnecessary electromagnetic wave radiation by an optical filter 1 disposed in front of the PDP 100. Is emitted.

[0007] As described above, the PDP utilizes discharge, and thus involves unnecessary electromagnetic wave radiation generated by the discharge. Unwanted electromagnetic radiation to the back of the PDP
Although it can be reduced by shielding with the metal plate of the GND 17, it is not easy to reduce unnecessary electromagnetic radiation toward the front surface from which light is emitted. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 8, a device has been devised to reduce unnecessary electromagnetic radiation with the optical filter 1 disposed on the front surface of the PDP 100.

FIG. 10 shows an example of the configuration of the optical filter 1. In FIG. 10, reference numeral 4 denotes glass serving as a substrate;
Is an anti-reflection film for preventing reflection of external light, 7 is a conductive inorganic multilayer film, and a high refractive index of silver or silver alloy metal layer and transparent titanium oxide or indium oxide by sputtering or the like on a polyester film. The layers are multi-layered. 8 is an adhesive for bonding the glass 4 and the antireflection film 2, 9 is an adhesive for bonding the inorganic multilayer film 7 and the antireflection film 10, and 11 is for grounding the conductive inorganic multilayer film 7. Electrodes. Reference numeral 6 denotes a dye-containing adhesive, which bonds the glass 4 to the inorganic multilayer film 7 and controls the transmission color with a dye that absorbs in the visible light region. Reference numeral 5 denotes a light-blocking portion of black printing for blocking external light.

The optical filter 1 is configured as shown in FIG. 10. The anti-reflection films 2 and 10 improve the contrast, and the inorganic multilayer film 7 having conductivity has near infrared rays from the PDP and unnecessary electromagnetic waves. Radiation is shielded and reduced.

In order to reduce the radiation of near infrared rays and electromagnetic waves,
It is necessary to ground the inorganic multilayer film 7 via the electrode 11. FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of the PDP display device showing a pattern of the grounding of the electrode 11. In FIG. 11, 16 is the electrode 1
Reference numeral 1 denotes a metal center frame for grounding, 15 denotes a filter support for fixing the optical filter 1, and 19 denotes a PDP1.
An electric circuit for driving 00 and 18 is an aluminum back cover. 8 and 10 are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted.

The center frame 16 is composed of PDP GND.
17 and a back cover 18 together with screws (not shown). The optical filter 1 is a filter support 15
, The electrode 11 of the inorganic multilayer film 7 of the optical filter 1 is fixed to the center frame 16.
It comes into surface contact with the frame 16, and therefore, the PDP GND 17
Grounded.

The radiation of unnecessary electromagnetic waves from the electric circuit 19 is caused by PDP GND1 which is an aluminum metal plate.
7 and an aluminum back cover 18, unnecessary radiation of electromagnetic waves from the PDP display device is
It radiates mainly from the PDP in the light emission direction.

[0013]

Unwanted electromagnetic wave radiation is caused by electromagnetic interference (hereinafter referred to as EMI).
In order to regulate this, Japan is regulated by the Electrical Appliance and Material Control Law. In the United States and Europe, as in Japan, it is regulated by law, and products cannot be sold on the market unless the value is regulated by law. In particular, the United States has stricter regulation values than Japan and Europe.

In order to clear the EMI regulation value, as described above, an optical filter having a conductive metal layer for shielding unnecessary electromagnetic radiation is disposed on the front surface of the PDP to increase the shielding effect of the metal layer. EM from PDP
I has been reduced to meet the regulation value.

However, increasing the shielding effect of the metal layer increases the content of silver or silver alloy in the metal layer, which reduces the amount of light transmitted through the optical filter and darkens the screen. There is a problem.

Instead of an optical filter having a metal layer on which a metal is vapor-deposited, an optical filter having a conductive mesh in which a conductor is formed in a mesh shape described in JP-A-9-247584 is also used. Since the body is formed in a mesh shape, light does not pass through the portion of the mesh-shaped conductor and becomes a shadow, and the shadow of the mesh interferes with the image light of the PDP to cause moire (interference fringes). is there. As the effect of blocking unnecessary electromagnetic wave radiation is increased, the conductive mesh needs to be denser, and moiré becomes conspicuous.

An object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems,
It is an object of the present invention to provide a display device provided with an electromagnetic wave leakage prevention coil for reducing EMI.

[0018]

In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, a display device using a display element that emits unnecessary electromagnetic waves includes a display surface of the display element in a direction of light emitted from the display element. A coil formed on a surface crossing the unnecessary electromagnetic wave in a plane substantially perpendicular to the emission light on the emission side from the display surface, and the electromagnetic induction current induced in the coil causes the unnecessary electromagnetic wave to be generated. It is configured to reduce radiation.

Further, the coil is composed of a plurality of coils, and is arranged on a plurality of surfaces at different positions with respect to the direction of the light emitted from the display element.

Further, at least one of the number of turns, wire diameter, and cross-sectional shape of the coil is adjusted to reduce radiation in a desired frequency range.

In order to reduce the unnecessary electromagnetic radiation,
Each of the plurality of coils has at least one of a different number of turns, a wire diameter, and a cross-sectional shape.
It may be configured to reduce radiation in different frequency ranges.

Further, the above-mentioned coil is a sheet coil formed in a sheet shape, and an optical filter is provided on the front surface of the display element in the emission light direction, and the sheet coil is laminated on the optical filter and incorporated. May be.

[0023]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the drawings.

It is a well-known law (Faraday's law) that when a magnetic flux crosses a coil, an electromotive force is induced and a current flows. The present invention applies this rule. FIG.
Is a diagram for explaining this. In FIG. 2, reference numeral 30 denotes a coil. The time-varying magnetic flux φ _P
There the cross, by electromagnetic induction caused by magnetic flux phi _P, electromotive force is induced in the coil 30, current flows to generate a magnetic flux phi _L in a direction to cancel the magnetic flux phi _P. Therefore, any point P
Is attenuated by the magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic induction current of the coil 30. An electromagnetic wave is a wave in which an electric field and a magnetic field propagate orthogonally. When the electromagnetic wave crosses the coil 30, an electromagnetic induction current flows through the coil in a direction to cancel the magnetic field of the electromagnetic wave due to the magnetic field of the electromagnetic wave. As a result, the magnetic field of the electromagnetic wave is canceled, and as a result, the electromagnetic wave is attenuated.

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the present invention to which this electromagnetic induction effect is applied. In FIG. 1, reference numeral 31 denotes a planar coil for preventing electromagnetic wave leakage, in which a copper wire arranged in a black band region of the light shielding portion 5 in a peripheral portion on the light emitting surface of the optical filter 1 is wound in a flat rectangular shape. The same reference numerals are given to the portions corresponding to FIG.

When an unnecessary electromagnetic wave causing EMI from the PDP crosses a plane coil 31 provided in a black band outside the image display area on the light emitting surface of the optical filter 1 disposed in front of the PDP. As described with reference to FIG. 2, an electromotive force is generated in the surface coil 31 and an electromagnetically induced current flows in a direction to cancel and attenuate unnecessary electromagnetic waves from the PDP, and the electromagnetically induced current causes unnecessary current from the PDP. Electromagnetic waves are attenuated.

Due to the attenuation of unnecessary electromagnetic wave radiation in the surface coil 31, the shielding effect of the metal layer of the optical filter 1 can be reduced by the amount of attenuation, and the amount of light transmitted through the optical filter can be increased. The screen becomes bright. Even if an electromagnetic wave shield of a conductive mesh is used as the optical filter, the shielding effect of the conductive mesh can be reduced by the amount of attenuation in the surface coil 31, so that moire can be reduced, and as a result, moire can be made inconspicuous.

The reason why the surface coil 31 is arranged on the black band outside the image display area on the light exit surface of the optical filter 1 is to prevent the shadow of the surface coil from being formed on the image.

In FIG. 1, the surface coil 31 is arranged on the light emitting surface of the optical filter 1, but the present invention is not limited to this. The unnecessary electromagnetic wave intersects the surface coil and the PDP is emitted in the light emitting direction from the PDP. PDP before unnecessary electromagnetic radiation source
It is only necessary to dispose the surface coil on a substantially vertical surface substantially perpendicular to the light emitted from the PDP (that is, a surface substantially parallel to the display surface of the PDP). Therefore, it may be arranged on the emission surface (display surface) of the PDP.

FIG. 3 shows a second embodiment. In FIG. 3, reference numeral 32 denotes a surface coil disposed on a black strip outside the image display area on the back surface of the optical filter 1. FIG.
The same reference numerals are given to the portions corresponding to and description thereof is omitted.
FIG. 3 shows an arrangement in which the surface coil is disposed on the back surface of the optical filter 1 (the light incident surface when viewed from the PDP), and the effect is the same as that of FIG.

FIG. 4 shows an example of processing on both ends of a plane coil. In FIG. 4, 20 is a metal screw, 21 is a metal terminal with a lead wire, and 22 is a resistor having a small resistance value. Parts corresponding to FIG. 3, FIG. 8, FIG. 10, and FIG. 4A is a diagram showing a pattern in which the surface coil 32 of FIG. 3 is short-circuited at both ends of the surface coil and grounded to the PDP GND 17. FIG. 2A, both ends of the surface coil of the surface coil 32 are soldered and short-circuited, and the short-circuited portion is also soldered to the end of the lead wire of the metal terminal 21.
Then, the center coil 16 is screwed together with the center frame 16 to the PDP GND 17 to ground the surface coil 32 to the PDP GND 17. A current flows through the surface coil 32 in a direction to cancel and attenuate unnecessary electromagnetic waves from the PDP, and attenuates unnecessary electromagnetic waves generated from the PDP. In addition, the lead of the metal terminal 21
It is natural that the lead wire is made as short as possible to prevent the secondary radiation from the lead wire.

FIG. 3B is a view showing a state in which the surface coil 32 is short-circuited at both ends of the surface coil. As in (a), a current flows through the surface coil 32 in a direction to cancel and attenuate unnecessary electromagnetic waves from the PDP, and attenuates unnecessary electromagnetic waves generated from the PDP.

FIG. 5 shows a third embodiment. In FIG. 5, reference numeral 33 denotes a first surface coil disposed on the light exit surface of the optical filter 1, and reference numeral 34 denotes a second surface coil disposed on the light incident surface of the optical filter 1. The same reference numerals are given to the portions corresponding to FIG. FIG. 5 combines the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 3. However, the first surface coil 33 and the second surface coil 34 have different numbers of turns.

Generally, when the number of turns of a coil increases, a capacitance C is formed between the windings of the coil. At frequencies higher than the self-resonant frequency determined by the capacitance C and the inductance L of the coil, no electromotive force is induced in the coil. Therefore, when the capacity is reduced, the number of turns of the coil is reduced, and the electromotive force induced in the coil is reduced. Therefore, the optimum frequency for inducing the electromotive force of the coil is determined according to the number of turns. This fact is well known and widely known. With one surface coil, the frequency range (30 MHz to 1 GHz) is regulated by unnecessary radiation of the EMI enclosure.
As long as unnecessary electromagnetic waves radiated from the PDP can be attenuated in z), it is difficult because of the above. Therefore, it is desirable to divide the frequency range into a plurality of parts and attenuate unnecessary electromagnetic waves with a plurality of surface coils.

Therefore, in FIG. 5, the number of turns of the surface coil is changed to change the frequency to be attenuated, so that the effect of attenuating unnecessary electromagnetic wave radiation can be exhibited in a wide frequency range. In the example of FIG. 5, the number of turns of the first coil 33 is 2 turns (the turn is abbreviated as T hereinafter), and the second coil 34 is 4T.

Of course, the same winding may be used to increase the attenuation of unnecessary electromagnetic radiation in a desired frequency range. This is effective for reducing only a certain frequency range exceeding the EMI regulation value.

The electromotive force induced in the coil depends on not only the number of turns of the coil but also the wire diameter and the cross-sectional shape of the coil.

FIG. 6 shows an example in which a sheet coil is used instead of a planar coil obtained by winding a copper wire into a flat rectangular shape. In FIG. 6, 40 is a sheet coil, 41 is a base material made of a polyester film, and 42 is a copper pattern. The sheet coil is a 1T closed circuit formed by forming a copper conductor on a polyester film, which is a base material, by electroless plating, and etching the conductor to form a rectangular copper pattern in which the size of the ring is changed. A plurality of loops are formed into a coil, and a loop of a copper pattern formed of the coil is formed in an area corresponding to the outside of the image display area of the PDP. As an application of the sheet coil, the surface coil shown in FIGS. 1, 3 and 5 is used by replacing the sheet coil.

Further, since the sheet coil facilitates lamination, it is easy to increase the effect of attenuating unnecessary electromagnetic wave radiation by laminating the sheet coil. By stacking the sheet coils, it becomes easy to secure the effect of attenuating unnecessary electromagnetic radiation over a wide frequency range.

As another application of the sheet coil, a sheet coil layer can be provided on the optical filter itself.

In the above-described sheet coil, the coil is formed in an area corresponding to the area outside the image display area of the PDP.
In the region corresponding to the image display region of the PDP, the conductor width of the copper pattern ring forming the coil is a predetermined width such as 1 which does not affect the image to the same extent as the conductive mesh described above.
By setting the thickness to about 5 μm, a coil can be formed in an area corresponding to the display area. Thereby, the effect of attenuating unnecessary electromagnetic wave radiation can be further increased.

In the above-mentioned sheet coil, when the layers are stacked, the connection between the layers is not considered. However, in recent technology, through-hole technology has advanced, and in mobile phones and the like,
Using a multilayer board of glass epoxy board, through each layer
High integration is achieved by connecting via a hole. Therefore,
This through-hole technology is also applied to a sheet coil, and the coil is formed in a spiral rectangular shape in each layer, and each end of the coil in each layer is connected by a through-hole to form a coil. You may make it short-circuit both ends of a coil in three layers. In this case, the optimum frequency may be changed by changing the number of turns of each layer.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a PDP display device when the coil for attenuating unnecessary electromagnetic wave radiation according to the present invention is applied to the PDP display device shown in FIG. 8 of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-319894. In FIG. 7, reference numeral 51 denotes a video signal sync separation circuit; 52, a timing pulse generation circuit for generating a timing pulse from the sync signal separated by the sync separation circuit 51;
A / D conversion circuit for converting into a digital signal of gradation, 54
Is a subfield processing circuit, and 55 is a frame memory required for the subfield processing circuit. Reference numeral 56 denotes a PDP driving circuit. Portions corresponding to the above-described drawings are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof is omitted. The subfield processing is a known technique and will not be described in detail.

In the PDP display device configured as shown in FIG. 7, the A / D conversion circuit 53 converts the video signal into an 8-bit digital signal of 256 gradations, and the synchronization separation circuit 51 separates the synchronization signal. You. The timing pulse generation circuit 52 generates a timing pulse necessary for the subfield processing circuit 54 and the A / D conversion circuit 53 from the synchronization signal of the synchronization separation circuit 51. The subfield processing circuit 54 controls the frame memory 55,
The PD is designed so that the gradation of the video signal converted into a digital signal by the D conversion circuit 53 is divided into subfields and displayed.
The P drive circuit 56 is controlled. The PDP drive circuit 56 is a PD
Drive P100. By such an operation, PDP1
00 is discharged to emit light, and an image can be displayed.

Since the PDP 100 emits unnecessary electromagnetic waves by discharge, unnecessary electromagnetic wave radiation is reduced by the optical filter 1 disposed in front of the PDP 100, and unnecessary electromagnetic wave radiation is reduced by the surface coil 31 of the present invention. Satisfies EMI regulation values.

As a result, the reduction in transmitted light can be improved as compared with the case where unnecessary electromagnetic wave radiation is attenuated only by the optical filter.

In the above, the shielding of unnecessary electromagnetic wave radiation related to the PDP has been described. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and can be applied to a display device having an unnecessary electromagnetic wave radiation source inside. For example, in a liquid crystal display device having unnecessary electromagnetic wave radiation from a clock pulse line or the like used in a drive circuit of a liquid crystal display panel, by providing the coil of the present invention on the light emitting surface of the liquid crystal display device, from the above, Obviously, unwanted electromagnetic radiation can be reduced.

[0048]

As described in the embodiment, by providing a coil which crosses unnecessary electromagnetic waves from the display device, electromagnetic induction current due to unnecessary electromagnetic waves from the display device is provided in this coil. Unnecessary electromagnetic waves flow in a direction to cancel and attenuate the unnecessary electromagnetic waves, so that unnecessary electromagnetic wave radiation from the display device can be reduced.

Further, by applying the present invention to a display device using an optical filter having a shielding effect in order to reduce the radiation of unnecessary electromagnetic waves, the unnecessary electromagnetic waves can be reduced by the coil. It is possible to reduce a decrease in the amount of transmitted light in the inorganic multilayer film and moire (interference fringes) in the conductive mesh.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram showing a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a principle diagram illustrating electromagnetic induction.

FIG. 3 is a configuration diagram showing a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a configuration diagram showing terminal processing of both ends of a surface coil.

FIG. 5 is a configuration diagram showing a third embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a configuration diagram showing a sheet coil.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a PDP display device to which the present invention is applied.

FIG. 8 is a configuration diagram of a PDP display device to which the present invention is applied.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing an example of a panel structure of an AC type PDP.

FIG. 10 is a configuration diagram illustrating a configuration example of an optical filter.

FIG. 11 is a sectional view of a PDP display device showing a configuration of grounding electrodes.

[Explanation of symbols]

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Optical filter, 2 ... Antireflection film, 4 ... Glass, 5 ... Light shielding part, 6 ... Dye-containing adhesive, 7 ... Inorganic multilayer film, 8 ... Adhesive, 9 ... Adhesive, 10 ... Antireflection film , 11 ... electrode, 15 ... filter support, 16
... Center frame, 17 ... PDP ground, 18 ...
Back cover, 19: electric circuit, 20: screw, 21: metal terminal, 30: surface coil, 31: surface coil, 32: surface coil, 33: first surface coil, 34: second surface coil, 40 ... sheet coil, 41 ... substrate, 42 ... copper pattern
51, a synchronization separation circuit, 52, a timing pulse generation circuit, 53, an A / D conversion circuit, 54, a subfield processing circuit, 55, a frame memory, 56, a PDP driving circuit, 100, PDP, 101 Glass substrate, 102 ...
Display electrode, 103: dielectric layer, 104: protective film, 121
... glass substrate, 122 ... partition wall, 123 ... phosphor, 124
... discharge space, 125 ... address electrodes.

──────────────────────────────────────────────────の Continued on the front page (51) Int.Cl. ⁷ Identification symbol FI Theme coat ゛ (Reference) H05K 9/00 G09G 3/28 Z (72) Inventor Masahide Kawai 292 Yoshida-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-pref. (72) Inventor Akinori Maeda 1410 Inada, Hitachinaka-city, Ibaraki Pref. Digital Media Product Division, Hitachi, Ltd. F-term (reference) 5C058 AA11 AB00 BA35 5C080 AA05 AA10 BB05 DD12 HH02 HH04 JJ02 JJ06 5E321 AA01 AA14 AA23 AA24 AA33 AA50 GG05 GH01 5G435 AA02 AA16 BB06 EE33 FF01 GG11 GG33 GG34 HH03

Claims (7)

[Claims] 1. A display device using a display element that radiates unnecessary electromagnetic waves, comprising a display surface of the display element in a direction of light emitted from the display element and being substantially perpendicular to the emitted light on the emission side from the display surface. A coil formed on a surface crossing the unnecessary electromagnetic wave in a suitable plane, and the electromagnetic induction current induced in the coil reduces radiation of the unnecessary electromagnetic wave. Display device. 2. The display device according to claim 1, wherein said coil comprises a plurality of coils, and is disposed on a plurality of surfaces at different positions with respect to a direction of light emitted from said display element. 3. The radiation of a desired frequency range is reduced by adjusting at least one of the number of turns, wire diameter, and cross-sectional shape of the coil.
The display device according to any one of the above. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein each of said plurality of coils has at least one of a different number of turns, a wire diameter, and a sectional shape, and each coil reduces radiation in a different frequency range. The display device according to claim 2, wherein 5. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the coil is a sheet coil formed in a sheet shape. 6. The display device according to claim 5, further comprising an optical filter for improving contrast at least on a front surface of the display element in a direction of emitted light, wherein the sheet coil is laminated and incorporated in the optical filter. Display device. 7. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the display element is a PDP.