JP2002050387A - Energy generating device from solid organic substance - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a high efficient energy converting device which utilizes the sensible heat of the combustible gas that is obtained by gasifying a solid organic substance and also effectively utilizes the pressure of generated gas when the gasifying reaction of the solid organic substance is made under a high pressure condition. SOLUTION: The gas product that is obtained by gasification of a solid organic substance is maintained at a high temperature and supplied to the fuel cell for generating electricity. A decompression turbine is driven by the pressure of a gas product that is obtained by gasification of a solid organic substance for generating electricity, and the decompressed gas product is supplied to the fuel cell for generating electricity. Also generation is made by driving a steam turbine by the high temperature steam, that is discharged from the fuel cell.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an apparatus for generating energy from a solid organic substance and a solid fuel containing an organic substance as a main component, and more particularly, to an apparatus for producing hydrogen from a solid organic substance and a solid fuel containing an organic substance as a main component. The present invention relates to an apparatus for generating gas as a component, supplying the gas to a fuel cell, generating power, and recovering cold and hot heat.

[0002]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an apparatus for generating energy from a solid organic substance and a solid fuel containing an organic substance as a main component. As a representative example, a description will be given using coal and a solid fuel containing coal as a main component.
However, the following description does not impose any restrictions on what is claimed. Methods for converting the energy of coal into electric energy include steam power, which collects the heat of burning coal as steam and generates power using a steam turbine, and gas turbine, which generates power by rotating a gas turbine using coal combustion gas. Power generation and combined power generation combining them have been put to practical use. However, when coal is directly burned, the energy (exergy) that can be effectively converted into work is limited, and it is difficult to further improve the power generation efficiency. Therefore, as a power generation method that raises exergy compared to the case of directly burning coal and thereby increases power generation efficiency, flammable gas such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane is produced by gasifying coal, Various systems for generating electricity by supplying turbines and fuel cells have been disclosed.

[0003] Various methods are known for gasifying coal to obtain a combustible gas. The most common method is to apply steam and oxygen to coal under high temperature and pressure,
A method for obtaining a gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen as main components is known. Among the combustible gas components obtained by gasifying coal, carbon monoxide and methane generate carbon dioxide, which is a substance causing global warming after combustion, but hydrogen does not generate substances other than water by combustion. Therefore, there is a strong demand for hydrogen as a clean energy source, and a gasification technology having a high hydrogen generation ratio is required. For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication
No. 78671 discloses that coal is used in 1673K-1973.
There is a disclosure of a coal gasification method in which heating at K results in a higher hydrogen generation ratio than the conventional method. Also, JP-A-8-338
No. 260 discloses a method of obtaining high-purity hydrogen by steam reforming a combustible gas produced by a conventional method using a reformer having a hydrogen separation and permeable membrane. JP 2000
No. 143202 discloses that coal, a carbon dioxide absorbing substance, and water are subjected to a pressure of 22 MPa or more and a reaction temperature of 923 K to 10
There is disclosed a technology for producing a combustible gas containing hydrogen as a main component by reacting at 73K. The main reaction formula in this technology is as follows. C + 2H2O + CaO → CaCO3 + 2H2

[0004] All of the above techniques for obtaining flammable gas have been developed with the object of improving the hydrogen generation ratio. Among them, the technology described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-143202 discloses that 80% of the gas generated by gasification of coal is hydrogen, so that gas reforming is not required, and that carbon dioxide generated by the gasification reaction of coal is reduced. It is characterized in that it can be recovered as a solid by reacting carbon with an absorbing substance. Needless to say, the present technology is effective for gasification of solid organic matter other than coal, such as biomass and plastic.

Next, as a method for improving the power generation efficiency when coal is used as fuel, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-33826 is disclosed.
No. 0 discloses a power generation method in which sensible heat of a combustible gas obtained by gasifying coal is used as a heat source of a reformer for obtaining hydrogen from hydrocarbons. Specifically, steam and oxygen act on coal to produce a high-temperature flammable gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen as main components, and supply this flammable gas to a gas turbine power plant as fuel for gas turbine power generation. To generate electricity. At the same time, the combustible gas before being supplied to the gas turbine power generator and the high-temperature combustion gas after driving the gas turbine are used as heating sources, respectively, and the hydrocarbons are steam-reformed by the reformer having the hydrogen separation and permeable membrane. Investigations have been made to produce high-purity hydrogen by heating and supplying the high-purity hydrogen to a fuel cell to generate power.

In addition, as a method for efficiently generating power using coal as fuel and responding to fluctuations in power demand, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 10-214631 discloses a method in which steam and air act on coal to cause monoxide. A synthesis gas consisting of carbon, hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide is produced, and a part of this synthesis gas is supplied to a gas turbine generator as a fuel for gas turbine power generation to generate power. And a method for supplying hydrogen gas to a solid oxide fuel cell to generate power. Then, the sensible heat of the high-temperature combustion gas after driving the gas turbine is used for heating the air supplied to the solid oxide fuel cell.

[0007]

By the way, in order to increase the exergy of coal and perform efficient power generation, coal is gasified and converted into flammable gas, which is a highly energy-efficient power generation system. It is desired to convert to electric power by a fuel cell. Power generation by the fuel cell is expressed by the following equation. (Fuel electrode) 2H2 → 4H ++ 4e− (Air electrode) O2 + 4H +++ 4e− → 2H2O As shown in the above formula, since hydrogen is used as a fuel in a fuel cell, the flammability generated by coal gasification A technique for increasing the ratio of hydrogen in the gas as high as possible is required. Further, in order to further increase the exergy of coal, effective utilization of sensible heat of high-temperature combustible gas generated by coal gasification is required.

However, a technique for producing a flammable gas having a high ratio of hydrogen from coal is disclosed in JP-A-2000-14.
There is a disclosure in Japanese Patent Publication No. 3202, and by using this technique, it is possible to obtain a combustible gas mainly composed of hydrogen and methane at a pressure of 22 MPa or more and a temperature of 923 K to 1073 K. However, the sensible heat of the high-temperature flammable gas obtained by coal gasification is not always effectively used in the combination of coal gasification and a fuel cell in the above-described conventional technology. That is, JP-A-8-338260
In the technology described in the publication, the sensible heat of the combustible gas is used as a heat source of a reformer for obtaining hydrogen from hydrocarbons. In the technique described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 10-214631, the synthesis gas is cooled, and the sensible heat is not used. Further, no consideration has been given to the use of the pressure of the combustible gas generated in the coal gasification reaction.

The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned points, and effectively utilizes the sensible heat of a combustible gas obtained by gasification of solid organic matter such as coal. If done under conditions,
An object of the present invention is to provide a device for generating energy from solid organic matter which is extremely efficient compared to conventional devices by effectively utilizing the pressure of the combustible gas generated.

[0010]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the state of the art, the present inventor has proposed a method of comprehensively combining a previously disclosed method for producing hydrogen from coal and a fuel cell power generation facility by a predetermined method. The present invention has been completed, with the aim of achieving higher power generation efficiency than previously known, and improving the exergy of coal and solid organic matter such as coal.

The present invention provides (1) a solid organic substance and a solid fuel mainly composed of an organic substance, an absorbent mainly composed of quicklime, and water at a temperature of 873K to 1273K and a pressure of 10 MPa.
A gasification reactor that produces a product gas containing hydrogen as a main component and a spent absorbent containing calcium carbonate as a main component, and a phosphoric acid type that produces electric power and water vapor from hydrogen and oxygen An energy generator comprising a fuel cell, wherein the temperature of a product gas is set to 463K to 493K.
The power is supplied to the phosphoric acid type fuel cell while maintaining the power to generate electric power.

(2) A solid organic substance and a solid fuel mainly composed of an organic substance, an absorbent mainly composed of quicklime, and water,
Temperature 873K-1273K, pressure 10MPa-25MP
a, a gasification reactor for producing a product gas containing hydrogen as a main component and a spent absorbent containing calcium carbonate as a main component, and a molten carbonate type for producing electric power and water vapor from hydrogen and oxygen An energy generator comprising a fuel cell, wherein power is supplied to a molten carbonate fuel cell while maintaining the temperature of a product gas at 873K to 973K to generate power.

(3) A solid organic substance and a solid fuel mainly composed of an organic substance, an absorbent mainly composed of quicklime and water,
Temperature 873K-1273K, pressure 10MPa-25MP
a, a gasification reactor for producing a product gas mainly composed of hydrogen and a spent absorbent mainly composed of calcium carbonate, and a solid oxide type for producing electric power and water vapor from hydrogen and oxygen An energy generator comprising a fuel cell, wherein power is supplied to a solid oxide fuel cell while maintaining the temperature of a product gas at 973K to 1273K to generate power.

(4) The power generation system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a decompression turbine directly connected to the generator is provided between the gasification reactor and the hydrogen supply port of the fuel cell to generate power. (5) A hydrogen supply pressure to a fuel cell of 1 MPa to 3 M
And the water generated by the fuel cell is 1 MPa to 3 MPa.
The energy generator from solid organic matter according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the steam of 1 MPa to 3 MPa collected from the fuel cell is recovered as water vapor. The apparatus for generating energy from solid organic matter according to claim 5, wherein power is supplied to a steam turbine directly connected to the generator to generate power.
(7) The apparatus for generating energy from solid organic matter according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the steam of 1 MPa to 3 MPa recovered from the fuel cell is used as a heat source of a cooling and heating facility.

(8) The oxygen supplied to the fuel cell is 1 MPa
The apparatus for generating energy from solid organic matter according to claim 5, wherein the compressor for increasing the pressure to -3MPa is driven by a pressure reducing turbine provided between the gasification reactor and the hydrogen supply port of the fuel cell. (9) The solid according to claim 5, wherein a compressor for increasing the pressure of oxygen supplied to the fuel cell to 1 MPa to 3 MPa is driven by a steam turbine provided at a steam generation port of the fuel cell. It is an energy generator from organic matter.

[0016]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Embodiments of the energy generator according to the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the drawings. Here, coal is described as an example of a solid organic substance and a solid fuel containing an organic substance as a main component. It goes without saying that the description here does not impose any restrictions on the claims of the present invention. FIG. 1 is a schematic explanatory view showing an embodiment of an energy generating apparatus according to the present invention, in which only main devices and main products for explaining the gist of the present invention are shown, and many of the attached devices are omitted. .

In FIG. 1, for gasification of coal, coal and a solid fuel 4 mainly containing coal, an absorbent 6 mainly containing quicklime and supercritical water or subcritical water 8 are supplied to a gasification reactor 2. It is done. The gasification reaction is carried out at a temperature of 87 as an example.
It is performed in a high temperature and high pressure state of 3K to 1273K and a pressure of 10MPa to 25MPa, and a high temperature and high pressure combustible gas mainly composed of hydrogen and methane, a used absorbent mainly composed of calcium carbonate and a reaction residue are suspended. A mixture of supercritical or subcritical water is formed. After the temperature of the mixture is lowered by the heat exchanger 10, the mixture is separated into a crude gas 14 and a liquid 16 after gas-liquid separation in the gas-liquid separator 12. Since the crude gas contains a small amount of carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide and the like in addition to hydrogen and methane, it is purified by the gas purifier 18 into a product gas 20 of a quality sufficient to be supplied to a fuel cell described later.

The liquid 16 after gas-liquid separation is separated by a solid-liquid separator 22 into a liquid and a used absorbent 23 mainly containing calcium carbonate. The liquid is supplied to the wastewater treatment device 24
After the purification, the water is used as the supercritical water or the subcritical water 8 as the recycled water 26. Supercritical water or subcritical water 8
Using water 25 or recycled water 26 as a raw material, heat exchanger 10
After being heated at a predetermined pressure by a pressurizing pump 28, for example, a pressure of 10 MPa to 25 MPa, for example, and a predetermined temperature by a heating means 30, for example, 873K
It is manufactured by heating up to 1273K.

In the power generation by the fuel cell, the product gas 20 containing hydrogen as a main component is supplied to the fuel electrode 42 of the fuel cell 40 and the oxygen 44 is supplied to the air electrode 46 of the fuel cell 40 based on the above-described formula. Done in The generated DC current was converted to AC power 50 by the inverter 48. As the fuel cell 40 used in the present invention, a phosphate type,
Examples include a molten carbonate type and a solid oxide type, but the specifications and products of the apparatus slightly differ depending on the type. In the molten carbonate fuel cell and the solid oxide fuel cell, water vapor 52 is discharged from the fuel electrode 42 and exhaust gas 54 is discharged from the air electrode 46 simultaneously with power generation. On the other hand, in the phosphoric acid type fuel cell, exhaust is discharged from the fuel electrode and water vapor is discharged from the air electrode simultaneously with power generation. The temperature of the product gas 20 supplied to the fuel cell is 463 to 493K when the fuel cell 40 is of a phosphate type, and 87 when the fuel cell 40 is of a molten carbonate type.
3 to 973K, 973-1273 for solid oxide type
K is desirable. Further, air may be used as the oxygen 44 supplied to the air electrode 46.

FIG. 2 is a schematic explanatory view showing another embodiment of the energy generating apparatus according to the present invention, in which only main devices and main products for explaining the gist of the present invention are shown. Omitted. The contents will be described in detail below, but the description of the parts common to FIG. 1 will be omitted. The pressure of the product gas 20 in FIG.
With this pressure, the pressure reducing turbine 60 directly connected to the generator 64 is rotated to generate electricity, and the pressure of the product gas is set to a predetermined pressure, for example, 1 MPa to 25 MPa.
The pressure was reduced to 3 MPa. The compressor 62 was driven by the decompression turbine 60, and the pressure of the oxygen 44 was increased to a predetermined pressure, for example, 1 MPa to 3 MPa.

In the power generation by the fuel cell, the product gas 20 containing hydrogen as a main component is supplied to the fuel electrode 42 of the fuel cell 40 at a predetermined temperature and a predetermined pressure of 1 MPa to 3 MPa, which will be described later, for each type of fuel cell. 44 is increased to a predetermined pressure of 1 MPa to 3 MPa by a compressor 62, and then heated to a predetermined temperature by a heat exchanger 10 so that the air electrode 4 of the fuel cell 40 is
6. The generated DC current was converted to AC power 50 by the inverter 48.
Examples of the fuel cell 40 used in the present invention include a phosphate type, a molten carbonate type, and a solid oxide type.
The specifications and products of the device differ slightly depending on the type. In the molten carbonate fuel cell and the solid oxide fuel cell, water vapor 52 is discharged from the fuel electrode 42 and exhaust gas 54 is discharged from the air electrode 46 simultaneously with power generation. On the other hand, in the phosphoric acid type fuel cell, exhaust is discharged from the fuel electrode and water vapor is discharged from the air electrode simultaneously with power generation. The steam 52
Is temperature 423K ~ 1273K, pressure is 1MPa ~ 3MP
a, and the steam turbine 6 directly connected to the generator 64
6 to generate electricity. Hot water 6 leaving steam turbine 66
8 and a part of the steam 52 are effectively used as a heat source of the cooling and heating equipment. Further, the exhaust gas 54 has a temperature 42
The pressure is 3 K to 1273 K and the pressure is 1 MPa to 3 MPa. After the temperature of the oxygen 44 is increased by the heat exchanger 10, the oxygen 44 is released into the atmosphere.

[0022]

According to the present invention, the sensible heat of the high-temperature combustible gas generated by the gasification of the solid organic substance can be used for heating the fuel gas in the fuel cell power generation by employing the apparatus for generating energy from the solid organic substance provided by the present invention. It can be used as a means. In addition, since power can be generated by rotating the turbine by the pressure of the flammable gas purified by gasification of the solid organic matter, exergy of the solid organic matter can be increased and efficient energy conversion and utilization can be performed.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a schematic explanatory view showing one embodiment of an energy generating device according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic explanatory view showing another embodiment of the energy generating device according to the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

 2 Gasification reactor 4 Solid fuel 6 Absorbent 8 Supercritical water or subcritical water 10 Heat exchanger 12 Gas-liquid separator 14 Crude gas 16 Liquid after gas-liquid separation 18 Gas purification device 20 Product gas 25 Water 40 Fuel cell 42 Fuel electrode 46 Air electrode 60 Decompression turbine 62 Compressor 66 Steam turbine

──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continued on the front page (51) Int.Cl. ⁷ Identification symbol FI Theme coat ゛ (Reference) F02C 6/00 F02C 6/00 E F02G 5/04 F02G 5/04 H H01M 8/00 H01M 8/00 Z 8/04 8/04 J 8/08 8/08 8/12 8/12 8/14 8/14 F term (reference) 3G081 BA02 BA20 BB00 BC07 4H060 AA02 BB05 BB22 CC03 DD02 FF03 GG01 GG02 5H026 AA04 AA05 AA06 HH08 5H027 AA04 AA05 AA06 BA01 BA16 DD02 DD06

Claims (9)

[Claims] 1. A solid organic substance and a solid fuel mainly composed of an organic substance, an absorbent mainly composed of quick lime, and water at a temperature of 8%.
A gasification reactor which reacts at 73K to 1273K at a pressure of 10 to 25 MPa to produce a product gas containing hydrogen as a main component and a spent absorbent containing calcium carbonate as a main component; electricity and steam from hydrogen and oxygen An energy generator comprising a phosphoric acid fuel cell that generates
An apparatus for generating energy from solid organic matter, wherein a power is supplied to a phosphoric acid type fuel cell while maintaining the temperature of a product gas at 463K to 493K to generate power. 2. A solid organic substance and a solid fuel mainly composed of an organic substance, an absorbent mainly composed of quick lime, and water at a temperature of 8%.
A gasification reactor which reacts at 73K to 1273K at a pressure of 10 to 25 MPa to produce a product gas containing hydrogen as a main component and a spent absorbent containing calcium carbonate as a main component; electricity and steam from hydrogen and oxygen An energy generating apparatus comprising a molten carbonate fuel cell for generating electricity, characterized in that power is supplied to the molten carbonate fuel cell while maintaining the temperature of the product gas at 873K to 973K to generate electricity. Energy generator from solid organic matter. 3. A solid organic substance and a solid fuel mainly composed of an organic substance, an absorbent mainly composed of quick lime, and water at a temperature of 8%.
A gasification reactor which reacts at 73K to 1273K at a pressure of 10 to 25 MPa to produce a product gas containing hydrogen as a main component and a spent absorbent containing calcium carbonate as a main component; electricity and steam from hydrogen and oxygen An energy generator comprising a solid oxide fuel cell for generating electricity, characterized in that power is supplied to the solid oxide fuel cell while maintaining the temperature of the product gas at 973K to 1273K to generate electric power. Energy generator from solid organic matter. 4. The power generation system according to claim 1, wherein a pressure reducing turbine directly connected to the generator is provided between the gasification reactor and the hydrogen supply port of the fuel cell to generate power. A device for generating energy from solid organic matter as described in (1). 5. The hydrogen supply pressure to a fuel cell is 1 MPa to 3 M.
And the water generated by the fuel cell is 1 MPa to 3 MPa.
The energy generator from solid organic matter according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the energy is recovered as water vapor. 6. 1MPa to 3MP recovered from a fuel cell
The energy generator from solid organic matter according to claim 5, wherein the steam of (a) is supplied to a steam turbine directly connected to a generator to generate power. 7. 1MPa to 3MPa recovered from a fuel cell
The energy generator from solid organic matter according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the steam of (a) is used as a heat source of a cooling and heating facility. 8. An oxygen supplied to the fuel cell is 1 MPa to 3 M.
The apparatus for generating energy from solid organic matter according to claim 5, wherein the compressor for increasing the pressure to Pa is driven by a pressure reducing turbine provided between the gasification reactor and the hydrogen supply port of the fuel cell. 9. The oxygen supplied to the fuel cell is 1 MPa to 3 M.
The apparatus for generating energy from solid organic matter according to claim 5, wherein the compressor for increasing the pressure to Pa is driven by a steam turbine provided at a steam generation port of the fuel cell.