JP2001506696A - 双峰性の分子量分布を有するポリエチレンの製造 - Google Patents
双峰性の分子量分布を有するポリエチレンの製造Info
- Publication number
- JP2001506696A JP2001506696A JP52837298A JP52837298A JP2001506696A JP 2001506696 A JP2001506696 A JP 2001506696A JP 52837298 A JP52837298 A JP 52837298A JP 52837298 A JP52837298 A JP 52837298A JP 2001506696 A JP2001506696 A JP 2001506696A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- chromium
- catalyst
- based catalyst
- molecular weight
- reduced
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 230000002902 bimodal effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 22
- -1 Polyethylene Polymers 0.000 title description 27
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 title description 27
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 title description 27
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 180
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 110
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 107
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 107
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003682 fluorination reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 12
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 8
- NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutane Chemical compound CC(C)C NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 6
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003701 inert diluent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001282 iso-butane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZGEGCLOFRBLKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Heptene Chemical compound CCCCCC=C ZGEGCLOFRBLKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WSSSPWUEQFSQQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-1-pentene Chemical compound CC(C)CC=C WSSSPWUEQFSQQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003426 co-catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene Chemical compound CCCC=C YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920013716 polyethylene resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910015900 BF3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004705 High-molecular-weight polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- CQBWEBXPMRPCSI-UHFFFAOYSA-M O[Cr](O[SiH3])(=O)=O Chemical compound O[Cr](O[SiH3])(=O)=O CQBWEBXPMRPCSI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011954 Ziegler–Natta catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron trifluoride Substances FB(F)F WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011437 continuous method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005227 gel permeation chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013628 high molecular weight specie Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003863 metallic catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Octanol Natural products CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010405 reoxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011949 solid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LALRXNPLTWZJIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylborane Chemical compound CCB(CC)CC LALRXNPLTWZJIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F10/02—Ethene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F210/16—Copolymers of ethene with alpha-alkenes, e.g. EP rubbers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Polymerization Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (1)
- 【特許請求の範囲】 1.高密度ポリエチレンの製造法であって、この方法は第1および第2のクロム を基材とする触媒を含んで成る触媒系の存在下でエチレンを重合するか、または エチレンと3〜10個の炭素原子を含んで成るアルファオレフィンコモノマーとを 共重合することを含んで成り、第1のクロムを基材とする触媒は還元され、そし て再酸化されており、そして第2のクロムを基材とする触媒は活性化され、活性 化工程前または工程中にフッ素処理され、そして還元されており、第1および第 2のクロムを基材とする触媒は少なくとも0.8cc/gの細孔容積差を有する上記方 法。 2.第1のクロムを基材とする触媒が、シリカおよび/またはチタニアを含んで 成る担体上に酸化クロムを含んで成る請求の範囲第1項に記載の方法。 3.第1のクロムを基材とする触媒が、300〜700m2/gの比表面積、および2〜3 cc/gの気孔率を有する請求の範囲第1または第2項に記載の方法。 4.第1のクロムを基材とする触媒が、700〜900℃の温度で一酸化炭素により還 元されている、請求の範囲第1ないし第3項のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 5.第1のクロムを基材とする触媒が、約860℃の温度で一酸化炭素により還元 されている、請求の範囲第4項に記載の方法。 6.第1のクロムを基材とする触媒が、700〜900℃の温度で空気中で加熱するこ とにより再酸化されている前記請求の範囲のいずれかに記載の方法。 7.第1のクロムを基材とする触媒が、約760℃の温度で空気中で加熱 することにより再酸化されている前記請求の範囲のいずれかに記載の方法。 8.第2のクロムを基材とする触媒が、シリカ−アルミナを含んで成る担体上に 酸化クロムを含んで成る前記請求の範囲のいずれかに記載の方法。 9.第2のクロムを基材とする触媒が、250〜450m2/gの比表面積、および0.9〜1 .2cc/gの気孔率を有する前記請求の範囲のいずれかに記載の方法。 10.第2のクロムを基材とする触媒が、450〜750℃の温度で活性化されている 前記請求の範囲のいずれかに記載の方法。 11.第2のクロムを基材とする触媒が、約540℃の温度で活性化されている、 請求の範囲第10項に記載の方法。 12.第2のクロムを基材とする触媒が、NH4BF4と混合することによりフッ素処 理されている前記請求の範囲のいずれかに記載の方法。 13.第2のクロムを基材とする触媒が、300〜500℃の温度で一酸化炭素により 還元されている前記請求の範囲のいずれかに記載の方法。 14.第2のクロムを基材とする触媒が、約370℃の温度で一酸化炭素により還 元されている前記請求の範囲のいずれかに記載の方法。 15.第1および第2のクロムを基材とする触媒が、平均孔半径において50〜70 Aの差異を有する前記請求の範囲のいずれかに記載の方法。 16.第1のクロムを基材とする触媒が、150〜250Aの平均孔半径を有する前記 請求の範囲のいずれかに記載の方法。 17.第1のクロムを基材とする触媒が、約190Aの平均孔半径を有する請求の範 囲第16項に記載の方法。 18.第2のクロムを基材とする触媒が、110〜130Aの平均孔半径を有する前記 請求の範囲のいずれかに記載の方法。 19.第2のクロムを基材とする触媒が、約120Aの平均孔半径を有する請求の範 囲第18項に記載の方法。 20.エチレンを重合するか、またはエチレンと3〜10個の炭素原子を含んで成 るアルファオレフィンコモノマーとを共重合することにより高密度ポリエチレン を製造するための触媒系であって、触媒系が第1および第2のクロムを基材とす る触媒を含んで成り、第1のクロムを基材とする触媒は還元され、そして再酸化 されており、そして第2のクロムを基材とする触媒は活性化され、活性化工程前 または後にフッ素処理され、そして還元されており、しかも第1および第2のク ロムを基材とする触媒が少なくとも0.8cc/gの細孔容積差を有する上記触媒系。 21.第1のクロムを基材とする触媒が、シリカおよび/またはチタニアを含ん で成る担体上に酸化クロムを含んで成る請求の範囲第20項に記載の触媒系。 22.第1のクロムを基材とする触媒が、300〜700m2/gの比表面積、および2〜 3cc/gの気孔率を有する請求の範囲第20または第21項に記載の方法。 23.第2のクロムを基材とする触媒が、シリカ−アルミナを含んで成る担体上 に酸化クロムを含んで成る請求の範囲第20ないし22項のいずれか1項に記載 の触媒系。 24.第2のクロムを基材とする触媒が、250〜450m2/gの比表面積、および0.9 〜1.2cc/gの気孔率を有する請求の範囲第20ないし23項のいずれか1項に記 載の触媒系。 25.第1および第2のクロムを基材とする触媒が、平均孔半径において50〜70 Aの差異を有する請求の範囲第20ないし24項のいずれか1項に記載の触媒系 。 26.高密度ポリエチレンの双峰性の分子量分布を提供するために、請求の範囲 第20ないし25項のいずれか1項に記載の触媒系の、エチレンを重合するため の、またはエチレンと3〜10個の炭素原子を含んで成るアルファオレフィンコモ ノマーとを共重合するための方法における使用。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP96120696A EP0849293A1 (en) | 1996-12-20 | 1996-12-20 | Production of polyethylene having a bimodal molecular weight distribution |
EP96120696.8 | 1996-12-20 | ||
PCT/EP1997/007179 WO1998028349A1 (en) | 1996-12-20 | 1997-12-19 | Production of polyethylene having a bimodal molecular weight distribution |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2001506696A true JP2001506696A (ja) | 2001-05-22 |
Family
ID=8223537
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP52837298A Ceased JP2001506696A (ja) | 1996-12-20 | 1997-12-19 | 双峰性の分子量分布を有するポリエチレンの製造 |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US6015866A (ja) |
EP (2) | EP0849293A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2001506696A (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE222267T1 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69714767T2 (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2181060T3 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1998028349A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19754380A1 (de) * | 1997-12-09 | 1999-06-10 | Basf Ag | Gasphasenwirbelschichtverfahren und danach erhältliche Ethylenhomo- und -copolymere |
EP0967234A1 (en) * | 1998-06-24 | 1999-12-29 | Fina Research S.A. | Production of polyethylene |
BE1012566A3 (fr) | 1999-03-23 | 2000-12-05 | Solvay | Procede pour la production de polymeres de l'ethylene. |
EP1041089A1 (en) | 1999-03-29 | 2000-10-04 | Fina Research S.A. | Production of polyethylene |
DE10034191A1 (de) * | 2000-07-13 | 2002-01-24 | Basell Polyolefine Gmbh | Kunststoffhohlkörper aus hochdichten Polyolefinen hergestellt mit einem fluormodifizierten Chrom-Katalysator |
AU2003226163A1 (en) * | 2003-03-31 | 2004-11-23 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Catalyst activation method and activated catalyst |
US6982304B2 (en) * | 2003-12-22 | 2006-01-03 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Blow molding resins with improved ESCR |
US8440125B2 (en) * | 2004-06-28 | 2013-05-14 | Equistar Chemicals, Lp | Polyethylene films having high resistance to deformation or elongation |
WO2016141020A1 (en) * | 2015-03-02 | 2016-09-09 | Equistar Chemicals, Lp | Catalysts and methods of controlling long chain branching in polyolefins |
Family Cites Families (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4025707A (en) | 1974-03-28 | 1977-05-24 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Mixed hydrocarbyloxide treated catalyst activated at different temperatures |
US4130505A (en) * | 1974-09-26 | 1978-12-19 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Two stage activation of fluorided chromium-containing catalyst |
US4011382A (en) * | 1975-03-10 | 1977-03-08 | Union Carbide Corporation | Preparation of low and medium density ethylene polymer in fluid bed reactor |
US5081089A (en) * | 1987-05-20 | 1992-01-14 | National Distillers And Chemical Corporation | Chromium catalyst compositions and polymerization utilizing same |
US5310834A (en) | 1987-05-20 | 1994-05-10 | Quantum Chemical Corporation | Mixed chromium catalysts and polymerizations utilizing same |
US5198400A (en) * | 1987-05-20 | 1993-03-30 | Quantum Chemical Corporation | Mixed chromium catalysts and polymerizations utilizing same |
CA1307619C (en) | 1987-05-20 | 1992-09-15 | Louis J. Rekers | Chromium catalyst compositions and polymerization utilizing same |
US4981927A (en) * | 1987-05-20 | 1991-01-01 | National Distillers And Chemical Corporation | Chromium catalyst compositions and polymerization utilizing same |
US5034364A (en) | 1989-11-09 | 1991-07-23 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Multiple chromium compound-containing catalyst composition and olefin polymerization therewith |
US5237025A (en) | 1990-10-09 | 1993-08-17 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Process for making bimodal polyolefins using two independent particulate catalysts |
US5221720A (en) * | 1991-01-02 | 1993-06-22 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Fluorided aluminas, catalysts, and polymerization processes |
US5219962A (en) * | 1991-01-02 | 1993-06-15 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Fluorided aluminas, catalysts, and polymerization processes |
US5364915A (en) * | 1992-09-25 | 1994-11-15 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Ethylene polymerization process |
US5486584A (en) | 1992-10-08 | 1996-01-23 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Chromium catalyst compositions |
US5508362A (en) * | 1993-10-08 | 1996-04-16 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Chromium catalyst compositions and polymerization processes therewith |
-
1996
- 1996-12-20 EP EP96120696A patent/EP0849293A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1997
- 1997-12-19 AT AT97954931T patent/ATE222267T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-12-19 JP JP52837298A patent/JP2001506696A/ja not_active Ceased
- 1997-12-19 ES ES97954931T patent/ES2181060T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-19 EP EP97954931A patent/EP0946612B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-19 WO PCT/EP1997/007179 patent/WO1998028349A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1997-12-19 DE DE69714767T patent/DE69714767T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-12-22 US US08/996,256 patent/US6015866A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-11-02 US US09/432,187 patent/US6294500B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2181060T3 (es) | 2003-02-16 |
EP0946612A1 (en) | 1999-10-06 |
DE69714767T2 (de) | 2003-05-15 |
WO1998028349A1 (en) | 1998-07-02 |
DE69714767D1 (de) | 2002-09-19 |
US6015866A (en) | 2000-01-18 |
US6294500B1 (en) | 2001-09-25 |
ATE222267T1 (de) | 2002-08-15 |
EP0849293A1 (en) | 1998-06-24 |
EP0946612B1 (en) | 2002-08-14 |
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