JP2001042433A - High performance optical engine system, its component and its production - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a high delivery rate for a wide range of etendue limit targets and extended emission sources by etendue-efficiently and further well matching optical characters with the requests of the targets. SOLUTION: In an example of a biaxial deformation plate of an LGLE-T, a small-sized reflection lamp SJ consisting in release volume EVSJ and a hermetic type reflection cavity 220 are indicated and a cavity 220 has two exit ports 1461 and 1462 with respect to respective system axes 281 and 282. The cavity 220 comprises two substantially elliptic main reflectors 1421 and 1422 arranged via a 90 deg. spacing in a rotating direction around the optical axis and a substantially spherical, elliptic or axisymmetrical aspherical surface RRS 140. The respective main reflectors 142i focuses at an angle ϕυ in a perpendicular direction. A retro reflector 140 forms an effective release volume EVST which collects and reflects all of the light released to the substantially hemispherical portion in the release volume EVST and releases the light only to one hemisphere.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

The present application relates to US Provisional Application No. 60 / 084,462 filed on Jun. 8, 1998, entitled "High Performance Optical Engine System and Manufacturing Method", and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/104388, filed on Oct. 15, 1998. Claims the priority of the issue "Improvement of gas lamps in image acquisition and convergence systems".

[0002] The present invention generally relates to high performance radiant power transferring light engines.
e), and in particular, projection display sy
stem), fiber-optic illumi system
nation system) and related components.

[0003]

2. Description of the Related Art Use of light, more broadly coherent
The use of (coherent) and incoherent electromagnetic energy requires a physical separation between the light source location and the use location, ie, the target location or target location. The target all light utilization position is referred to as a target T (target T). Similarly, the target all-light generation source is called a source S (source S). Such sources of electromagnetic energy may be operated in a continuous or pulsed manner, may be non-coherent, coherent or partially coherent, or a combination thereof. The sources of electromagnetic energy can be supplied by AC or DC currents, microwave heating, means of emitting electromagnetic waves utilizing energy in similar and / or different wavelength ranges, chemical means, and many other sources of energy. It is. Depending on the location of each location of interest, it can be characterized as a planar (surface) source S and target T, a solid (volume) source S and target T, or a surface / volume source S and target T.

[0004] A given target T is typically a light beam used to illuminate it.
eam) with some relevant formatting conditions (formatt
ingrequirements). Further, the spectrum of the source S, spatial and angular emission energy densities (emission energy densities)
ity function) is generally a given target T
Spectrum, space and angle light acceptance functions. Thus, for the best energy coupling between a given source S and target T, typically the associated target illumination beam is reformatted and collectable, which can also be used by the target. Delivery effic
iency: DE) must be increased. Examples of common formatting conditions for a target illumination beam are its cross-sectional shape and size near each collection aperture, its spatial density distribution (spatial
intensity distribution), its minimum and maximum intensity levels, its preferred azimuth direct
ion) determined by the maximum incident angle (incident angle),
The local energy propagatio
n direction), its spectral energy content and spectral density distribution. In addition, selection of selected internal optical components (eg, Color Wheel (CW), Light Valve (LV), Light Guide (LG), Polarization Conversion, etc.) in various illumination systems System (Polarization Conversion System: PC
S), color cube combiner (C)
QC), Anamorphic Beam Transforme
r: ABT), shaped irradiation target (configurable illumi
nation target, etc.) and / or component layout limiting factors (LV input and output coupling, maximum component height, etc.) affect the maximum light delivery rate.
These design limiting factors and / or throughput
ut) Restriction element is an intermediate target
It can also be conveniently interpreted as T '.

[0005] Only those rays which satisfy the format requirements of a given target T are useful for irradiating that target T. The remaining rays (projected rays at or near the target T itself) are typically wasted. In many cases, these unavailable rays are masked and / or spectrally filtered so as not to disturb the specific target illumination use, for example, by causing undesired overheating of the target itself or reducing the image contrast of the video display system. It is necessary to shut off and prevent reaching to the target T. Often, attenuation of the selected color band and / or polarization direction is also required, and the selected white point and color region and
/ Or a clearly defined polarization state
Color balance system (color balanced)
system) must be created.

Thus, light (ie, for the purposes of the present invention, electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths) is obtained from the source S,
The light delivered to a given target must be reformatted as much as possible so that it is delivered to the target T and made available to the target T.

[0007] The light engine (Light Engine: LE) refers to the aforementioned electromagnetic radiation power transfer.
er transfer) and beam reformatting
atting task). A light engine typically consists of a number of optical components that together perform two or three primary tasks. The first task is to collect light from the source S. The second task is to deliver a portion of the collected light to the target T. A third and often optional task is to reformat the light beam to enhance the available content of the light delivered to the target T.

[0008] To help understand the present invention, four subclasses of LE (light engine) are defined. These are the Minimal Light Engine (MLE), the Light Guide Light Engine (LGLE), and the Anamorphic Beam Transformer Light Engine.
Engine: ABTLE) and a projection light engine (Projection Light)
Engine: PLE). MLE is a special LE (or
A part of the more complex LE), which collects the light emitted from the emission surface ESs or the emission volume EVs of the source S and concentrates it in the volume EVs'. This volume EVs' can be interpreted as an emission volume of a secondary source S '(secondary source S') (also called an emission source). This can either irradiate the target T directly or use a collection aperture of the beam reformatting and / or the remote transmission system of the associated LE.
erture: CA). LGLE is another specialty LE, in which MLE couples energy to at least one LG (eg, for beam reformatting and / or remote energy transfer), and each LG input port Light is collected from the emission volume EVs' of each MLE. Each illumination target T is an exit port of each LG, optionally combined with a constraint on the space and / or extension of the angle of the emitting beam. ABTLE is similar to LGLE and utilizes at least one ABT for beam reformatting. If the LG is also an ABT, LE is LGLE and A
BTLE. The PLE includes an MLE to illuminate a configurable illumination target that produces a processed output beam imaged on a projection screen.

An optical parameter called an etendue E, an etendue rate (etendue rate)
efficiency EE, throughput efficie
ncy) TE and delivery efficiency DE are important for understanding the present invention and are defined and described below. Etendue E is the spatial and angular confinement of the light beam
Are the measured values (measure). Throughput TE and etendue ratio EE are related parameters and measure the reformatting efficiency of a given input beam in a different manner compared to an ideal optical system. The delivery rate DE parameter measures both the satisfaction of the target format condition and the LE throughput rate for a given target T. That is, the amount of light that can be collected and used by the given target T is measured.

[0010] The present invention is a high-performance MLE, LGLE, AB
Related to TLE and PLE. The respective input and output ports of each LG and / or ABT are preferably customized to the respective MLE and target T to optimize the delivery rate of the given and constrained LE design.

The inventions introduced below are excellent for their intended purposes and disclose several conventional embodiments. They are all provided for understanding of the present invention.

No. 5,491,765 to Matsumoto (199)
6) describes a typical LGLE design, in which a parabolic sealed short arc reflector lamp was used with a focusing lens and collected. The energy is delivered to the entrance plane of the round optical fiber LG. Another related conventional on-axis type LGLE design is a lamp collection and concentration system with a separate envelope.
Use an elliptical mirror as tration system (CCS).
Both design systems are non-imaging types and therefore typically have low etendue EE. Thus, they have a high delivery rate DE only for large fiber bundles with an input area A _L ⁱⁿ >> As (where As is the effective area of each of the emission regions of the source S).
To achieve.

No. 4,460,939 (1984) to Murakami et al. Introduces an LGLE having a double concave reflector system as the MLE and a sheet LG. This is spatially high output int
ensity uniformity) Creates a high delivery rate, but also a low etendue rate. This is because the collection etendue of LG is much larger than that of the emission source. No. 5,574,328 to Largemouth (1996).
Year) is a gas discharge arc lamp that is coaxially aligned with the CCS optical axis
1 illustrates an MLE with a double concave reflector forming a CCS with a source axis.
Astigmatic secondary focus (astig
The orientation of the matic secondary focus creates a non-imaging type CCS system and reduces the etendue rate of its MLE. U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,620 to Winston et al.
1994) has an MLE and a double concave reflector system as the LG's CCS to collect the reconcentrated light. Since the maximum collection angle of most light guides is much less than 90 °, such systems have low delivery rates for targets with a maximum acceptance angle << 90 °. U.S. Patent No. 5,842,767 to Ritzkin et al. (1998) introduces an on-axis elliptical reflector with a hollow cone reflector as an area and angle converter and an auxiliary retro-reflector. Although this system is effective in achieving high coupling ratios for large diameter LG, it is also non-image type and requires etendue and delivery rates for etendue-limited targets. Do not maximize.

US Pat. No. 5,414,600 of Strobel (the inventor of the present invention) et al., Of an off-axis type.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,509,095 (1996) as well as an on-axis type of Baker et al., U.S. Pat.
maging, peak intensity maximizing, fiber optic) L
It is a representative example of GLE. They are typically used to irradiate very small diameter, round, single type optical fibers or fiber optic bundles with a short arc DC type source. The off-axis LGLE is a complex beam combining optical system.
Achieving a high delivery rate DE only for multi-port outputs leading to a tical system, this on-axis LGLE has the highest practical numerical aperture.
erture) Important collection rate limiting factor for LG
n efficiency limitation).

The aforementioned design and manufacturing limitations of the basic conventional LGLE design often result in lower delivery rates and / or higher system costs than desired. This means the maximum acceptance of a given target or intermediate target T or T '(also called acquisition)
Etendue E _T ^max is the case when a characteristic emission etendue smaller than ES source S.
Therefore, the lighting requirements (illuminatio
n demand), the low delivery rate LE of the prior art
Is typically a much lower emission etendue ES
<< Requires the use of a special source with E _T ^max . That is, it requires a special source with a very small and very high density emission area. Typically DC
Or AC short plasma arc technology
technology) has been utilized in the manufacture of such high intensity point-like emission sources. This short arc lamp typically has a lower energy conversion efficiency from electricity to light than a longer arc source of the same type, and often uses higher wattage lamps to achieve a given target illumination level. Must achieve. As a result, often the overall system cost is increased by higher wattage power sources and / or additional requirements such as increased cooling and space requirements. In addition, the lifetime of such high brightness, point type arc sources decreases with increasing lamp wattage for constant arc gaps and / or shortening of arc gaps at constant power levels, resulting in lower system maintenance costs. Leads to an increase.

A conventional Projection Light Engine (PLE) designed to illuminate the projection screen by illuminating the LV first is more complicated than the above-mentioned conventional LGLE, and has optical requirements. Is tough. The selection of certain critical optical components of the PLE often introduces additional design constraints. Typically,
LV is, directly or indirectly, the largest etendue limiting optical element of each PLE design. Due to the more restrictive optimization factors of the prior art PLE design, optical PLE designers have found that screen homogenization, color gamut and white point
The system brightness and physical packing limit (mechanica
l packing constraints) to achieve the best overall adjustment. The adjustment of these designs is based on the throughput efficiency TE, etendue rate E of each regulated PLE design.
E and / or decrease the delivery rate DE.

US Pat. No. 5,592,188 to Doherty (1)
997) is a single digital micromirror device (s
ingle digital micro mirror device (DMD) type reflection
(reflective) Describes a typical PLE for LV.
The MLE described in this patent is disclosed in US Pat.
Very similar to No. 65's. However, instead of illuminating LG, this system uses a color wheel (color whee
l) Focus the collection source energy. Therefore, the time sequenced color beam
r beam). This color wheel is another optical element, introducing additional restrictions on PLE design,
Further, it is one of the main limiting factors of the throughput rate.

Jansen and Shimizu, US Patent No. 54424
No. 14 (1995) is an illumination beam (illumination be
am) is taught in a special asymmetric manner to teach the use of an asymmetric mask. This gives the divergence angle (div
ergence angle) θ _LV (Ψ) is the azimuth angle (azimuth angle) に 対 し て measured with respect to the optical reference axis of the MDM type LV,
Has a predetermined function. US Patent 5,098,184 to Van den Brandt and Timmers
No. (1992) is a PL that illuminates a liquid crystal type LV
Spatial beam intensity homogenization of E
lens array design (lens
array design). These two improvements improve the format of the illumination beam and include some additional optics to somewhat increase the delivery rate DE of each PLE by better matching the format requirements of the LV. However, they are known from the prior art PL.
E-design has a low etendue rate,
Limited-etendue-limited design
Achieve lower delivery rates than possible for ndue-limited designs).

To increase the light output of the PLE for a given LV, a color wheel based single L
Several variations of the V, PLE design have been implemented. The purpose of these designs is to reduce the high throughput loss (> 55%) associated with the color wheel. For example, US Pat.
No. 18 (1996) describes single LV and PLE. This color wheel is a special scanning prism
(scanning prism). This scanning prism technology can be used with a polarity conversion technology (polarizatio
n conversion technology), in principle, all light generated by the source S can be used for single LV illumination for the generation of color images. However, these beam reformatting enhancement technologies (b
eam reformatting enhancement technology typically involves a factor of 3 to 6 (polarity dependent (p.
olarization dependent) LV only 6 to 12) LV
Increase the etendue of the illumination beam. With this, LV
Reduce the effective illumination area by a factor of 3 to 6 (or 6 to 12), generally reducing coupling efficiency. Therefore, the scanning prism method combined with the limitations of the prior art method is currently only effective for large LVs. The larger the area of the LV, that is, the larger its collection etendue, the less the ET depends on the etendue rate EE to achieve a given projection screen brightness. However, large LVs have high manufacturing costs and require large optics to control the light beam, limiting the benefits of those inventions.

Another common method used to increase the output of a color PLE is to use multiple LVs simultaneously. Color splitting system
(color splitting system) is typically each ML
Split the output of E into different color beams. They are transmitted, homogenized, and apertured.
d) and imaged on each LV. These LV
Is spatially superimposed and projected onto a remote projection screen to provide an LV color image. Typically, three LVs (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,184) are used, one for each color band. A PLE using multiple LVs generally has a larger light output (lign) for a given source S.
ht output), but requires a larger and heavier PLE. Despite the increase in the throughput rate TE, these PLEs are typically designed to be somewhat etendue limited, and thus have lower delivery rates than those of the present invention.

The main application of LG and PLE in the prior art is a symmetric beam transformer (Symmetric Beam Transformer).
r: SBT), ie, axisymmetric beam reformatting
(axissymmetric beam reformatting behavior) or a remote energy delivery system that connects each MLE to the projection system.
For example, a single channel LG made of a square rod or hollow reflector that is straight, claded or unplated, has a beam intensity homogenization, Often used to create a clear emission aperture. Sometimes fiber bundles are used as LG for remote energy delivery.

Nelson US Pat. No. 5,159,485 (1)
992) describes PLE using ABTLE. However, this design uses a lens-based MLE, resulting in a low delivery rate and the ABT has a low etendue rate.

[0023]

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a wide range of etendue-limited targets.
The provision of a high delivery rate LE for an ited target T and an extended emission source.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a high etendue rate and / or throughput rate MLE.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a color reformat MLE.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a high delivery rate LG.
LE and ABTLE.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a throughput rate and
It is an object of the present invention to provide a manufacturing method that has input and output arrangements and / or auxiliary optics for improving the delivery rate of KE, and constructs a matching LG and ABT.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved PLE.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a color reformatted light beam.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for reducing the size of related equipment elements while optimizing the delivery rate of related and limited LEs.

[0031]

[MEANS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEMS] A given spatially extended emission source (spatial extende)
d emission source) S and spatial and angle dependent emission function (spatial and a
The delivery rate of a given illumination target T with an ngular dependent emission function provides a means to better match the optical properties to the requirements of the target in an etendue-efficient manner, providing space, angle Spatial, angular and spectral beam reformat
It is improved by providing optional means of ting).

Conventional LEs are constructed of non-imaging, high collection rate type MLEs, or imaging but low collection rate type MLEs. The present invention provides a more efficient LE for etendue-limited target illumination,
Imaging and envisioning higher collection rate type MLE designs and uses. These preferred MLEs have much higher etendue rates, such as 4π steradians.
an) to a π / 2 solid angle conversion to generate an exit beam that is more highly utilized for a wide range of target lighting applications. Furthermore, the conventional beam reformatting of MLE output is a symmetric beam transformer (SBT).
Alternatively, for example, a low etendue anamorphic beam converter (Anamorphic Beam Tr) which is an optical coupling system having different magnifications in two orthogonal image directions.
ansformer: ABT). The present invention describes the design and use of a high etendue rate ABT that increases the delivery rate of the LE by reformatting the asymmetric output beam of the preferred type of MLE in a high etendue rate and / or high delivery rate approach. . further,
The various applications of these basic building blocks are described with respect to building LGLE, PLE.

A preferred type of MLE is Emisson Source S, a Primary Reflection System (PRS) manufactured from reflective CCS,
And a retroreflective system (RR) with at least one exit port
S). The RRS typically collects less than 50% of the light generated from the source S and focuses it back to near the original emission area. The RRS functions as an image reversal, substantially non-magnifying energy collection and retro-reflection system. Thus, the source S forms an efficient retroreflection source Sr with the RRS.
This typically generates light below 2π steradians, the area of generation typically occupying the same volume as the source S up to about twice, and is mainly due to the source S and its offset mirror processing distribution (offset mirror processing distribution). mirrored dis
emission intensity distribution (emission intensit
y distribution), which is a weighted superposition that is a spatial dependent emission intensit
y distribution). Each PRS collects the light generated by such a retro-reflection source Sr and substantially emits a secondary emission volume E around the source.
Vs' and concentrate at least one high etendue expansion area and its source S
Angle reformatted secondary source (angle
reformatted secondary source) to form S '.

[0034] Such a preferred type of MLE to RR
The beam traveling to the corresponding exit port of S has a magnified spatial intensity characteristic similar to the emission region of the corresponding source Sr.
(Quasi-imaging) and typically has an axially asymmetric angle-dependent energy density distribution (axi-imaging).
al asymmetric, angular dependent energy density di
stribution). The angle and space characteristics of the source S and the secondary source S ′ are substantially related in a high etendue manner, and the total output rate of the MLE is close to the total light generated from the source S.

The RRS system also provides an option for high etendue color reformat by interacting about 50% of the generated energy again in the source S emission region. This is the optical path length for the gas discharge source
(optical path length) can be doubled. Such light-material interaction is directly or indirectly dependent on the type of lamp (primarily fluorescence and heating waves).
A conversion effect can be provided, producing an MLE exit beam with a different spectral density distribution than if the same source were alone.

The minimum etendue of such a suitable output beam collected at its corresponding minimum etendue surface is typically less than that of a conventional MLE having similar exit and diffusion angles with similar collection and concentration capabilities. Much smaller (1.5 to 3 times). This typically results in a narrower beam near the corresponding focal point than an etendue-limited target, resulting in more efficient energy coupling.

The secondary emission source S 'typically has a high etendue-related angle and space axial asymmetry characteristic, so that it is a suitable high etendue anamorphic to be reformatted with ABT. The beam is output at the given output port emission aperture of each ABT.
Efficiently provide a larger input port collection aperture for an ion aperture.

In addition, because many types of emission sources have a large spatial extension for broadband emissions, the preferred MLE of the imaging type has an increased number of matched ABTs. Combined with a collection aperture, it typically collects a wider band of spectra from a given source. This is further combined with the RRS described above to further aid in color reformatting of the source.

[0039] Asymmetrically tapered hollow or solid LG is often used as a low cost ABT system to increase delivery rates. In addition, a special high-efficiency type LG with different input and output cross-sectional shapes has created an efficient spatial beam cross sectional area reforma
tting). Optionally, A
BT is used to first quasi-symmetrizise the asymmetric input beam before reshaping its beam cross section to a more accessible shape.
Often, such ABTs are simultaneously spatial beam intensity homogenized.
enization). This helps to increase the delivery rate for PLE type applications. Furthermore, the combination of auxiliary optics with ABT is effective in optimizing the work of limited LE design.

An auxiliary retroreflector further improves collection efficiency and is useful for each MLE color reformatting.

The combination of the preferred MLE and the matched ABT allows for a larger emission area to be used for a given size target and / or allows a reduction in system size. In the present invention, a projection light engine (Projection Light Engine: PLE) or a fiber optic illumination system (fiber optic illuminations)
When such designs are optimized for ystem),
In general, a brighter output and / or cheaper system or system size of the same output level is obtained.

[0042]

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a better understanding of the preferred embodiment and method of the present invention, the prior art will be described with reference to FIGS.

FIG. 1 shows a frequently used prior art LGLE.
-A (see, for example, US Pat. No. 5,491,765).
You. This is axisymmetric, the acceptance angle (acceptance an
gle) θ _L ⁱⁿAxis symmetry with and optical axis 12
And the input port IP of a constant diameter LG10
Circular collection of the acceptance surface ASL of the surface
Aperture (round collection aperture)
You. For a given cross section LG, its output port
Emission aperture is
This is the same as the collection aperture of the input port.
A practical target TA for a particular type of LGLE is
Practically, it is an input port IP. Its maximum
Sep angle θ_L ⁱⁿIs the maximum acceptance angle of LG10 (acce
ptance incident angle). Beyond that
Energy transmission loss exceeds tolerance
I can.

Although the input ports of each LG will be provided in different shapes, each input port will still have, for example, a respective active entrance surface.
surface), entrance aperture
e) (= the outline of the entrance plane) and the acceptance angle. Accordingly, where appropriate and further to facilitate comparison of the prior art with the preferred embodiment of the present invention, optional descriptive text may be used in place of a number to replace key functional parameters of a given system. explain. In addition, where available, similar reference numbers and descriptions are used for similar elements. In addition, 'i'
Denotes a plurality of similar elements. The angle 'θ' is the respective maximum half cone angle defined at the respective far field position, unless otherwise specified. They are subordinate to each azimuth 'Ψ' or θ (Ψ) (d
ependency) (typically not described). The sum of all target angles θ is the respective solid angle 'Ω'
And their angular dependent energy emissions (angular
properly selected constant energy density contours of the dependent energy emission or the acceptance function.
associated angle-dependent beam shape defined as (r)
form an angular dependent beam shape).

The parameters used to characterize the LE, such as etendue E, etendue rate EE, throughput rate TE, and delivery rate DE, are described following the description of the prior art.

The source SA in FIG. 1 is a sealed composite reflector lamp (eg, CERMAX ^™) with a parabolic reflector 14, a transparent envelope window 16 and an emission volume EVSA.
Type lamp). Reflector 1
The sealed cavity formed by the window 4 and the window 16 is a suitable energizable gas.
as). A DC current is provided to the cathode 20 and anode 22 (electrodes 20 and 22) to energize the gas between the tips of the non-isomorphic electrodes 20 and 22. The obtained electromagnetic radiation emission volume (electromagnetic radiation
Emitting emission volume (EVSA) is a function of spatial, angular and spectral dependencies.
nt emission energy density function).
This spatial dependent contour surface of equal emission density is typically formed in a long tear shape (FIG. 1). Maximum exit divergence angle (exi
t divergence angle) is θ.

The maximum emission value of the volume EVSA is arranged close to the tip of the cathode 20. The emission volume EVSA typically has a quasi cylindrical axis of symmetry. This axis is also called the source axis 24 and is formed by the electrode tips of the cathode 20 and the anode 22. The angle dependence of the energy emitted from the volume EVSA is typically axisymmetric with respect to the source axis 24. However, in the plane containing electrodes 20 and 22, radiation leaking from volume EVSA is blocked at the tips of electrodes 20 and 22, resulting in a limited angular emission angle 直交 orthogonal to source axis 24.

FIG. 1 shows an on-axis LGLE.
1 shows a commonly used prior art design solution. The source axis 24 coincides with the optical axis (also referred to as the system axis 28 of the parabolic reflector 14), and the emission volume EVSA is
It is located near the focal point of. The collected and reflected source energy exits the sealed lamp window 16 as a substantially parallel, slowly diffusing energy beam. This energy beam is applied to a concentration system such as a lens.
m) 30 focuses on the secondary source S'A with the emission volume EVS'A. The parabolic reflector 14 and the concentration system 30 form a collection and concentration system A (CCS-A) with a system axis 28 for energy emitted from the volume EVSA of the source SA. This axisymmetric CCS-A substantially (space and angle) collects the source energy at the maximum concentration angle θ at an axial focal location Lrms along the system axis 28.
Aggregate into an axisymmetric beam. Therefore, the rms-diameter Drms of the free traveling energy beam
(Root mean square diameter) is minimized. This axial focus location Lrms is also the central location of the emission volume EVS'A of the secondary source S'A.

The CCA-A combined with the emission volume EVS'A, the electrodes 20 and 22 and the envelope forming the window 16 form the respective MLE-A and together with the LG 10 the respective LGLE-A. For best energy coupling to the LG 10, its input port IP is located inside the emission volume EVS'A.

FIG. 2 shows different types of commonly used prior art LGLE-B. This is because the symmetric angle dependent energy accept function (symmetric angul
It illuminates the input or accept plane ASL of a constant cross section LG10 having an ar dependent energy acceptance function. The accept surface ASL is an effective target TB of LE-B.
Each CCS-B is provided with an axisymmetric portion of an elliptical reflector 40 having a rotation axis that is also the system axis 28 of the CCS-B. The source SB is shown as an emission volume EVSB surrounded by a transparent envelope lamp having an inner envelope 42. Electromagnetic energy escapes through the envelope 42, which encloses a suitable energizable gas. Some lamp types are double-envelope lamps, which have transparent outer and inner envelopes to escape energy. Optionally, each reflector 40 can be sealed with a safety window to prevent danger from lamp explosion, effectively providing an outer envelope and a double envelope lamp.

The first lamp post 44 and the second lamp post 46 hermetically seal the two (symmetrical AC-arc) electrodes 48 and the envelope 42, and the source SB is mechanically mounted on the reflector 40. ing. The holes 50 in the elliptical reflector 40 allow for proper positioning and physical fixation of the source SB along the system axis 28. Source SB and CCS-B are each LGLE-B
To form MLE-B.

In contrast to the DC-type source SA shown in FIG. 1, the AC-type source SB shown in FIG. 2 has two electrodes 48 having a substantially similar tip shape to be energized by an alternating current. have. The tips of both electrodes are now the cathode tips about every half cycle of the current. Thus, the resulting time averaged plasma source emission volume EVSB has two spatially separated maximum emissions, i.e., partially overlapping sub-volumes 52 and 54, respectively. . Each sub-volume has maximum emission close to different electrode tips. Double peaked emission volu
me) EVSB is a subvolume 5 of both alternating emissions
Time average space superposition of 2 and 54 (time
averaged spatial superposition).

FIG. 3A shows a spatial dependent energy emission int distribution.
ensity distribution) SI (x, y; S), and FIG.
Equivalent emission density contours observable with a typical AC-arc source SB similar to that shown in
The plane including the source shaft 24 and crossing the emission volume EVSB is shown. Also shown are two overlapping tip images of the AC arc electrode 48 that block part of the light emission. In many DC or AC arc lamps, the shape of these contours is strongly affected by the spectral bandwidth of the detection system. Often their shape is affected by the age of the arc lamp, the number of starting pulses and the spatial orientation of the lamp shaft 24 with respect to gravity and / or electromagnetic field. This is often the focus of the CCS output beam, and thus the output of the LG10, which can be used to convert MLE-A and MLE-B designs to space and / or unfulfilled age-dependent color variations (spatial and / o
r angular lamp-age dependent color variations). Such space-dependent color variations are common, especially in metal halogen type lamps.

Referring back to FIG. 2, the radiation emitted from the volume EVSB is collected by the reflector 40, concentrated to the emission volume EVS'B of the secondary source S'B, and illuminates the input port IP of the LG 10.

FIG. 3B shows the theoretical best mode of the prior art LGLE-B of FIG. This has been optimized for the system parameters described below, and has been optimized to couple light into a circular aperture or LG 10 having a 5 mm diameter and a maximum accept angle θ _L ⁱⁿ = 30 degrees. FIG. 3B shows the axial energy focus location Lrm.
Angle dependent energy density function in a plane perpendicular to the system axis 28 located at s
nergy density function) Shows contour lines of equal collection density of AT (ψ, Ψ, S ′). For the selected parameter, this is also the best location of the input port IP of LG10. Input IP collection aperture C
A (x, y; S ′) is shown in FIG. 3B as a thick circular line surrounding an area of ASL = 19.6 mm ² .

The axially symmetric AC type volume source SB used to generate the data shown in FIG.
Has the same energy emission density function as that used to generate the data. The same source is used throughout this description to compare the etendue performance of different MLEs for the same source SB. The space at the tip of the two electrodes 48 is 2.35
mm and the spacing between the maximum emissions of subvolumes 52 and 54 is assumed to be 2 mm. The envelope material is assumed to be quartz with a refractive index n = 1.46.
The source envelope 42 is assumed to be spherical and have an outer diameter of 12.5 mm and a wall thickness of 1 mm. Lamp posts 44 and 46 are cylindrical and are assumed to be 30 mm long and 9 mm in diameter. It is assumed that the modeled elliptical reflector 40 has a first (second) focal point F1 (F2) at a distance of 8.5 mm (100 mm) from the left focal point of the reflector 40. All reflector lengths are 50
mm. The sub-volumes 52 and 54 are the reflector 4
The first focal point F1 is disposed symmetrically with respect to the first focal point F1.

The resulting energy beam has a minimum beam rms-diameter Drms ≒ 3.1 mm at an axial energy focal point of Lrms ≒ 95 from the focal point of the reflector 40 and the numerical aperture NA _L ⁱⁿ = of the selected LG10. sin
It has a diffusion angle θ ≒ 28 ° within (θ _L ⁱⁿ ) = 0.5.
Not every angle exit energy density function of the MLE has a well-defined cut-off point, so every respective diffusion angle θ encompasses 99% of the energy. Optionally defined as the maximum divergence angle (ray-tracing system model
del)).

The CCS-A and CCS-B systems are both non-video type systems and have two symmetry axes 28 and 2
The common line arrangement of 4 produces a beam that is substantially axisymmetric irrespective of the space and angle emission characteristics of the axisymmetric sources SA located near their respective focal points.

FIG. 4 shows another example of the prior art. LG
LE-C is a concave retro-refl.
illuminating an acceptor surface ASL (target TC) of a compact LG 62 with an AC reflector source SC consisting of an AC source SB and an AC source SB. This design is a US patent 5
509095.

In this prior art example, the concave primary reflector 66 has a solid angle 68.
Collect light leaking from the range reflector source SB.
Emission volume E in the opposite direction of the reflector 66
Light leaking from VSB is collected by retroreflector 64. This reflector 64 effectively generates an inverted mirror image of the emission volume EVSB, and a vertical inverted image of the sub-volume 52 is superimposed on the sub-volume 54 to form an effective sub-volume 70C, while , Forming an effective sub-volume 72C. The space superposition of both sub-volumes 70C and 72C depends on the source SB and the reflector 64
To form an emission volume EVSC of the obtained reflector source SC.

The energy collected by the reflector 66 passes through the envelope 42 to a quasi image location LIpeak on the right side near the outer surface of the envelope 42, ie, opposite the reflector 66.
Is focused on the emission volume EVS'C of the secondary source S'C located at. The image inversion and image enlargement reflector 66 forms the LGCS-C CCS-C, which is vertically inverted and enlarged to produce a somewhat distorted emission volume EVSC or secondary emission volume EVS'C image. Location lipe
ak is typically defined as the axis coordinates of the image plane 74. This plane 74 bisects the emission volume EVS'C and contains the maximum density of the concentration beam. This image plane 74 is perpendicular to the CCS-C system axis 28. The hole 80 of the reflector 64 sets the position of the accepting surface ASL of the LG 62 as the maximum density location LIpeak inside the emission volume EVS'C.

The ray 76 shown in FIG. 4 represents the most perpendicular ray generated by the sub-volume 54 reaching the available mirror surface of the reflector 66. The vertical emission is partially blocked at the tip of the electrode 48 and typically results in an axial asymmetric angular energy density function of the concentration beam.
density function). After reflection at reflector 66, ray 76 becomes reflected ray 78, passes through envelope 42, and traverses sub-volume 81 of emission volume EVS'C. Ray 82 represents the most perpendicular ray starting from sub-volume 54 and reaching the available mirror surface of reflector 64. Light rays 84 reflected after being reflected by mirror 64 are directed into sub-volume 52. Reversal of the ray position off the vertical axis is due to the image reversal phenomenon of the reflector 64 (orthogonal magnification).
gnification) retro-reflector Mo = -1). This modifies the emissions from sub-volumes 52 and 54 and provides valid reflector source SC sub-volumes 70C and 72C. Continuing to pass through sub-volume 52, ray 84 reaches primary reflector 66, which reflects ray 88 into a sub-volume of emission volume EVS'C. Similarly, ray 90 is shown in FIG. 4 and intersects primary reflector 66 at the most horizontal extension of the available mirror surface. The obtained reflected light beam 92 is returned to the sub-volume 81 through the envelope 42. Rays 78 and 92 generally do not overlap at image plane 74. This is the result of light distortion into the secondary source image caused by the source envelope 42, causing some etendulos.

The non-image type LG shown in FIGS. 1 and 2
In contrast to LE-A and LGLE-B, L shown in FIG.
The source axis 24 of GLE-C source SC and SB is CCS-C
Are oriented orthogonal to the system axis 28 of The primary reflector 66 now acts as a slightly magnifying image reversal system, maximizing the quasi image peak density.
-imaging, peak intensity maximizing) LGLE-C.

In the prior art LGLE-C shown in FIG. 4, the light rays generated from the source SB
4 or 3 times before the light reaches
6 or reflector 64)
It is transmitted through the surface of the envelope 42. The optical properties of the envelope 42 and the extra valve transmission
b transmission) additional Fresnel loss
loss), this results in bleeding due to the source image, the emission volume EVS'C. This gives the maximum achievable peak intensity Ipea
Contribute to the k limit and the associated energy collection capabilities of this MLE design. Further, the tip of the electrode 48 blocks some of the light passing through the envelope 42 multiple times. This reduces the delivery rate and the etendue rate EE of such LGLE.

FIG. 5 summarizes the prior art PLE-AA. This is the projection screen 9 as the target TAA
8 is illuminated. Here, one reflective LV10
Configurable illu shown as 0
is an important optical element of this type of LE, it is important that it be illuminated very evenly, and it is important to provide the right balance of red, green and blue densities. The projection lens 102 collects the output of the LV 100,
Magnified configurable illumination target
output intensity image) to the projection screen 98. LV 100 is shown in FIG. 5 with optional reference axis 104. For example, in the case of DMD ^™ or TMA ^™ (manufactured by Texas Instruments or Dew Electronics) LV100, axis 104 is in the direction of the hinge or tilt axis of the individual mirror element.

The MLE-AA shown in FIG. 5 illuminates the optional color wheel 110. The same notation is used to indicate that some of the elements shown in FIG. 5 may be identical to those of FIG. 2, i.e., "-B" (for "-AA" instead of "-AA"). ). The circular area ACW is C
Represents the area of intersection of the beam exiting CS-B with a color wheel 110 located near their respective axial energy focal length Lrms. Symmetric or asymmetric color wheel 11
0 periodically limits the spectral energy that can be transmitted to the intermediate target area AT 'and the spectral 1
22 and re-format the selected operation mode LV.
In combination with 100, the selected white point and color area are provided on the projection screen 98.

The transmitted beam portion is collected by the collection optics 11.
6 and mainly collected by a beam homogenizer and an optional beam cross-section shape converter (beam cross sectio).
It is communicated to an optional integrating system 118 which acts as a nalshape converter (eg, a low etendue ABT for a circular-to-square beam shape converter). Often, a lens or phase array pair (len
s or phase array pair) or solid or hollow square,
Non-tapered, rigid light guide (solid or hollow rectangula
r, non-tapered, rigid light guide) is used as a beam intensity integrator. Typically, such an integrating symmetric beam transforming light guide is used.
The guide has a cross-sectional shape that is substantially similar to that of the LV 100 (excluding the linear scaling factor and the fixed overfill distance).

A coupling lens system (coupling le)
ns system) 120 (SBT) is the obtained irradiation beam 12
2 is concentrated on an imaginary intermediate target T'AA with the lowest beam cross-sectional area AT. Intermediate target T'AA
Target location depends on the selected system limit
selected as the best compromise between illumination uniformity at the projection screen 98 for the system constraint and the maximum light level, typically LV1
00 and the entrance pupil of the projection lens 102 is selected.

[0069] Two optional masks 124 and 126 are shown in FIG. The mask 124 is located near the exit side of the color wheel 110, and its image is SB
At T, it is projected onto the square of the LV 100. Therefore,
The amount of surplus energy applied to the surrounding area of the LV 100 is limited. “Scheinplug-opti
cal effect), that is, non-normal incident mode operation for the LV 100
eration), each mask 124 and / or 126
Has a slightly different shape than the collection aperture of the LV 100 (eg, tilting the mask to two orthogonal axes, and making it planar), even though the SBT is used to map one shape to the other. By projecting on top,
Non-square shape). Specially shaped mask 126 at the appropriate location of illumination beam 122
(See US Pat. No. 5,442,414) can also be used to generate an axial, asymmetric, angular dependent energy density function θ ^out (Ψ) from an axisymmetric input energy beam. This patent also describes the use of an ABT to increase the delivery rate by converting an axially symmetric beam into an axially asymmetric beam. Azimuth Ψ is LV
Is conveniently measured with respect to the reference axis 104 of.

FIG. 5 shows the main optical elements of the prior art PLE-AA required for a basic understanding of the relationship to the present invention. Typically, additional optical elements are used to spatially manipulate the light beam and couple it to the LV 100 or to each shapeable illumination target with pixels. They spatially alter the divergence of the input beam, producing a respective processed output beam. Other types of PLE have been used as well.

In general, the colors emitted by lamp S are not properly balanced. Thus, they are the wavelengths of the color band selected to balance the overall brightness of each color channel for the generation of the appropriate white point and color gamut. Dependent attenuation (w
It cannot be used without avelength dependent attenuation). In particular, many types of lamps used in PLE are either blue or red so that special system design choices must be made to find a comprehensive optimal solution within specified product design constraints. Is missing (blue or red starved). Therefore,
Throughput efficiency of color wheel
Similar to ughput efficiency, one considers color b
color efficiency, the ratio of the light intensity available after alancing to the total available light before color balance
Can be determined. Since many types of PLEs are used to produce near true color images, their design is based on the total minimum amount of light that can be delivered.
of deliverable light), that is, not only by lumens, but also by minimum needed colo
It is also constrained by acceptable constraints on r gamut range and white point selection. Some types of PLE designs (three-chip systems, film projectors, etc.) are also limited by available filter manufacturing techniques and other physical design constraints. Generally, PLE designers may sacrifice color fidelity for maximum screen brightness. However, this additional design constraint generally implies further delivery efficiency losses.
oss).

Thus, to optimize LE for a given or specified predetermined target application and specified design constraints, one must first consider optimizing the delivery efficiency of LE. In many cases, etendue efficiency (rate) EE, color efficiency (rate), and throughput efficiency (rate) TE are the primary limiters for achieving maximum delivery efficiency (rate) for cost and performance constraint designs. (limiter).

The LE and its optical subcomponent (optical)
sub-component) light transportation or radiant power transfer efficienc
y) can be characterized by a parameter called etendue. Etendue is an optical beam
eam) can be interpreted as a purely “geometrical extend” of physical size that forms the spatial and angular dimensions of the integrated energy within the wavelength region of interest, by definition Value of a single color (monoc
hromatic figure of merit).

For purposes of illustration, the simplest case of a detector having a source and a vertically oriented flat emitting or accepting or receiving surface will now be described. General L
The E performance parameter is determined based on this example. Description is given by those skilled in the art for curved surfaces and volumes.
It can be extended to include source / detection systems.

The concept underlying the present invention is firstly based on its main radiant energy propagation axis.
a homogeneous emitting surface source S oriented perpendicular to the pagation axis
(Eg, Lambertian surface emitter)
Is best understood by considering the special case of (to derive the etendue of a heterogeneous source,
Appropriately weighted summatio
n) can be performed on a suitably chosen type of homogeneous source. ) The source etendue Es of the light beam emitted by such a homogeneous emitting surface ESs within the solid angle Ω is given by the following equation:

[0076] Is defined in many optical books dealing with radiometry. In this case, n is the refractive medium (refra
ctive medium). Integration angle φ
Is the angle between the normal to the surface element dA and the central ray of the solid angle element dΩ. Double integration must be performed on all surface elements of interest dA and all solid angle elements dΩ.

The beam investigated has a homogeneous elliptical angular dependent energy density function (angular dependent energy density function).
For the special case with an nsity function, equation (1) yields the following simplified relationship:

[0078] In this case, Ae is the effective surface area of the radiation surface ESs. N
Ae, h and NAc, v represent the effective horizontal and vertical numerical aperture of the emitted beam, where either the vertical or horizontal axis forms a radiation pattern ( ellipisoidal angular emission
pattern). The angles θh and θv represent the maximum horizontal and vertical radiation angles θ inside the medium having the refractive index n at the exit side of the emission surface or emission surface ESs. In many cases, equation (2) gives the radiation area Ae and the angles θh and θ
It can also be used to approximate the exact etendue value of a non-uniform emitter by using the effective (average) value of v. A volume source can also be approximately described by its effective outlet or cross-sectional surface.

The light emitted from the source S can be blocked by the vertically oriented receiving surface ASs. In the case where the energy acceptance function of the light beam of interest and the surface ASs is spatially and angularly homogeneous, similar to the case of radiation, it is related to the collection etendue Ec. Accepting surface A
Ss is defined as a respective collection area Ac for collecting the target energy beam. By exchanging the appropriate values of equation (1) or (2), the collection etendue Ec can be determined for the specified receiving surface ASs and its spatial position and orientation. In this way, the specified available collection surface area AS that intersects the specified beam at a given location and angular orientation
With respect to how one can most effectively collect the available energy of the incident light beam, and / or
Or it can be calculated where the designated collection surface best intersects the light beam, ie where it should be spatially and angularly located for maximum energy collection.

For each freely moving beam, there is at least one receiving surface whose collection etendue Ec is at its minimum and its associated collection area Ac is also at its minimum. Such a surface is called a minimum etendue surface (MES) in the present invention. MES can also be interpreted as the most efficient (minimum) collection surface that allows the collection of a given part p of the total usable beam energy.

Radiance conservation theorem for pass for passive optics
ive optical systems), the etendue value of the light beam is
When it is transmitted through an ideal optical system,
That is, when Ec ≧ Es, it cannot be reduced. Just like the entropy of a thermodynamic system,
Once the etendue of the light beam (for example, a specific CC
When increasing (by using S or LG), any kind of additional passive optical system (passive optics) can be used to further modify the spatial and angular features of the beam.
Even if an optical system is used, it cannot be reduced again. That is, if the etendue of the specified light beam is adjusted to the specified aperture limiting optical system (ape
It is related to the throughput of the rture limited optical system).

To quantify the relative increase in etendue of the light beam resulting from transmission of a specified power level p by a specified i-th optical system, it is called etendue efficiency EEi (p). Ratio parameter (rat
io parameter) is defined here as follows.

[0083] In this case, Ec ^min (p) represents the minimum etendue of light exiting the i-th optical system required to collect the specified power level. Similarly, Es ⁱⁿ (p) is
The minimum etendue of each of the p power levels of the input beam. Figure of merit ratio
This allows a comparison of the specified system "etendue transmission" performance with the performance of an ideally operating optical transmission system with EE = 1.

Similarly, the throughput efficiency TEi (E) of the specified (passive) optical i-th subsystem of the specified input beam is defined as the ratio described below.

[0085] In this case, P ^out (E) and P ⁱⁿ (E) is collectable maximum optical power from the output and input beams of each i-th subsystem in designated collection etendue value E (maxim
um light power).

In the case of an active optical system, as described below, the power of the output beam in the designated wavelength band may be higher in certain circumstances (fluorescence conversion) than in the input beam.

The etendue efficiency EE and the throughput efficiency TE of the optical system are related parameters. In the first case, the input power is fixed and its percentage is
Determines how much the etendue of the input beam has increased during a specified beam transmission through a specified optical system. In the second case, the etendue value E is fixed, and the percentage determines how much of the available input power can be transmitted through the specified optics (loss or gain). These formulas can be extended as needed to also allow characterization of wavelength dependent systems.

LE of specified target T and source S
Is defined herein as the ratio described below.

DE = P _T / P _S (5) In this case, P _T is the optical power of illumination that can not only be delivered to the specified target T, but can also be used by it. ). LE beam reformatting capability
ng ability), as well as the radiation type of the source energy, often determines how much of the delivered light energy can actually be used by the specified target T, i.e. its acceptance criterion (acceptanc
e specification). The parameter Ps represents the total amount of optical power emitted by the associated source S and is used for normalization or normalization purposes. In this way, this global delivery efficiency (g
The global delivery efficiency (DE) characterizes how much of the light emitted by the source S can be coupled to the target T and thus can be used. Similarly, the local delivery efficiency DE is Ps
Can be defined for a specified optical subsystem by using its input power level Pin as a normalization value. Thus, each delivery efficiency value DE directly represents the respective efficiency of the LE or one of its optical subsystems.

The LE design of the present invention provides a very efficient delivery L for a target T with limited etendue.
It is based on a combined perception of two key concepts and a third auxiliary concept leading to a preferred key design role for E. 1) quasi or quasi imaging
-imaging) and throughput efficiency MLE, then 2) if necessary, asymmetrically reshape the angular and cross-sectional beam characteristics with matched ABT
e), 3) Also, if necessary, build beam delivery and beam steering (beam scaling) to build a delivery efficiency area / angle conversion remote energy delivery system for more efficient illumination of the target T. beam stee
Combined with SBT for ring, non-imaging equipment for beam steering and shaping (no
Combine with n-imaging optic).

The first concept is based on the understanding that in most of the prior art LEs, a major part of the maximum etendue and / or throughput efficiency loss occurs in the first beam reshaping stage, ie the MLE stage. ing. That is, typically, the asymmetric source S is transformed into a symmetric secondary or secondary source S '. Theoretical analysis (only area increase and / or partial energy collection and conversion) of the related etendue loss reasons suggests that, in contrast to the prior art LE, the CCS of each MEL is best , Pseudo imaging (qua
leading to the first preferred concept of being both of the high collection and high etendue efficiency type. Ideally, the MLE should also have the ability to convert at least some of the unusable energy into usable energy, thus forming an active optical system. This, among other things, has substantially the same etendue as the source S, but with a larger respective cross-sectional area / aperture, and an associated smaller, more manageable emission solid angle.
le), which is easier to manage than an asymmetrically and spatially expanded radiation source S having a very etendue efficient angle / domain conversion to an asymmetrically radiating secondary source S ′, especially as an ABT itself It leads to the invention of a preferred MEL design, which does an excellent job, described below.

The second concept is that an additional etendue efficient beam reshaping tool is needed to further increase the delivery efficiency of the etendue efficient output beam of the MLE suitable for a given illumination demand of a specified target T. Is based on the understanding that

According to an additional theoretical analysis, equation (1)
(5) did not limit the shape of the respective collection surface area A or the shape of the respective angle dependent energy density function of the solid angle Ω. Only the respective total area and total solid angle values contribute to the etendue evaluation of the beam, and only the "product" of those values is preserved at best.

Therefore, a second preferred concept of the present invention is:
It is based on the recognition that non-linear and / or symmetric shapes and / or angle conversion tools are needed, especially with respect to asymmetric beam and / or asymmetric target illumination demands. As shown below in the description of the various preferred embodiments of the present invention, appropriately matched ABT design solutions (especially solid or light guides with hollow or special input and output ports) light guide))
Can often be found. When these preferred beam reformatters' (reformatters) (which can be designed to be very etendue efficient with respect to specific design constraints) are matched to the preferred MLE and target T, they have previously been assigned to targets with limited etendue. LEs can be designed with much higher delivery efficiencies than were previously possible.

The third (auxiliary) concept of the present invention is as follows.
The BT, and especially the input and output ports of the LG, can combine the required and / or desired multiple beam reformatting and (local) beam steering capabilities with remote energy transport and / or area / angle conversion capabilities. And / or can be combined with auxiliary optical imaging and / or non-imaging elements. This is useful in creating compact, high efficiency LEs customized for specialized lighting tasks.

Because the inefficiencies of the prior art LEs occur in multiple stages, various embodiments of the present invention described below
How can selected stages of LE be improved and delivery enhanced MLE, LGLE, A
It shows how various elements can be combined to form BTLE, PLE, etc.

The basic concept of the etendue efficiency MLE according to the invention is illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7 for a single axis system. FIG. 6 is a horizontal (lamp axis plane) sectional view with respect to one group of preferred embodiments, and FIG.
FIG. 4 shows a vertical cross section (plane perpendicular to the lamp axis) of each MEL of another group of the preferred embodiment. The basic preferred MLE design shown in both FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 differs from the prior art MLE, whereby the MLE of the present invention is
Is an MLE that is etendue efficient, throughput efficient, and delivery efficient as described in detail below.

The preferred MLE, as described above, is an efficient reflector lamp S that emits substantially at a substantially reduced radiation solid angle Ω <4π-steradian.
Main radius of curvature for forming F, SG, etc. together with source S
(primary curvature radius) It is composed of RS140 which is R0. It further collects most of the light emitted by each reflector lamp and concentrates it around the source S and towards the MES 144 (PRS).
142. This concentrated energy leaks from each CCS-F, CCS-G, etc. through at least one respective outlet port 146.

The invention relates in particular to a spatially extended radiation source S, and in particular to an angular asymmetric energy emission density function.
option). Such sources are:
Preferably, a DC- or AC-type electrode and a DC-
Current or AC current or HV pulses may be used as a biasing means for the electromagnetic energy emitting material, or may be a microwave-powered wall-stabilized (wal
l stabilized type), concave sealed reflection with filament lamp, outgassing arc lamp, carbon arc lamp, single envelope, double envelope or without envelope or with exit window as exit port A lamp with an envelope forming a body system, or a laser generated emissio including a laser powered x-ray emitter, etc.
n region), such energy radiating material being pure tungsten (thoriated or BI
Impregnated tungsten), carbon, or Xe, Ar,
It is either a series of gases containing noble gases such as Kr, etc., and often includes not only Na, S, Ka, etc., but also Hg as a major part of its components, and combinations of metal halide salts. In the case of lamps with electrodes and envelopes, halogen-containing molecules and / or other gaseous means are used to remove the deposited electrode material from the inner wall of the inner envelope.
ns) is often preferred. Also preferably, with respect to the wavelength band of interest and / or unusable energy bands (eg IR, UV)
With respect to the optional reflective coating, there is also a type of lamp having an anti-reflective coating on the outer surface of the inner envelope, such a coating being able to withstand the operating temperatures of the envelope. For example, to trap infrared radiation inside and reflect it back to the filament, a multilayer dielectric coating is used on tungsten halogen automotive lamps, thus maximizing the electrical energy to heat the filament to its operating temperature. Save 30%.

In the case of the designated collection etendue value Ec,
An associated MES 144 exists as described above.
(One or more spatially isolated surface ASi
This MES 144 is composed of equations (1) or (1) in a manner that allows maximum energy collection from the respective emission volume or emission volume EVs' for a specified collection etendue value Ec. Preferably, it is selected according to 2).

The respective PRS-F and PRS-G form the respective CCS-F and CCS-G. They have a sufficient distance between the source S and the secondary source S ′ such that, contrary to CCS-C, most of the source energy couples around (but not through) the envelope 42. It becomes a certain pseudo imaging type CCS. Properly selected reflectors are PRS142 and RRS14
Extended with respect to 0, these preferred CCSs are:
In particular, a tightly focussable beam can be generated that focuses near the apex location LE of the MES 144, achieving even higher throughput and etendue efficiency, as described below.

The preferred MLE design (shown in FIG. 6 as a dashed line representing a flipped view of a cross-section contour of constant collection intensity through each secondary emission volume EVS'F) has less distortion. Generates less, thus smaller, more etendue, and throughput efficient secondary source images. To maximize the throughput efficiency TE of the specified source S and the specified envelope 42, and of the specified maximum height constraint of the respective CCS in the y-direction, between the source axis 24 and the location LE Distance, the maximum vertical divergence angle (maximum
vertical divergence angle) θv is preferably P
Designated source blockage of RS142
The loss and the direct light collection loss of each RRS 140 are substantially the same size, △ ≒ δ, where △ and δ are the respective “lost” angular radiant energy density functions shown in FIG. Each angular extension (angul
ar extend). Source blocking (shielding)
The losses are now reflected inside the source S (rather than around) by the reflector system 142 and reach the respective MES 144 in an etendue efficient due to the optical and mechanical blocking effects of the source S. Therefore, it is defined as the percentage of light emitted from source S that does not contribute to the throughput of each etendue-constrained energy collection.

Alternatively, the distance between the source S and the secondary source S ′, that is, the location LE is:
The resulting CCS may also be chosen to deliver light with a preselected maximum vertical angle θv and / or a maximum horizontal angle θn. However, in general, this solution is a balanced loss design solution,
In other words, the throughput efficiency is slightly lower for the two-part reflector design than for Δ △ ≒ described above.

Obviously, for many applications where cost, weight, and size are important, a two-part etendue-efficient reflector module designed for maximum throughput, ie, △ ≒ δ, is shown in FIG. As shown, it also has an advantage where the maximum vertical concentration angle θv may no longer be a design input parameter. Other preferred embodiments of the present invention, as described below, make it possible to construct LEs that are not only etendue efficient but can also deliver a wide range of desired output emission angles. . This is possible with a multi-part RRS and / or in combination with a suitable ABT.

Another preferred embodiment of the present invention is a single element primary retro-reflector.
By combining 148 with the primary radius of curvature R0, the throughput efficiency of the preferred MLE for some types of lamps is increased and at least one first auxiliary concave retroreflector is provided.
The concave retro-reflectors 150 have different primary radii of curvature R1 <R0 to produce respective RRSs 140 with even higher total collection efficiency. In particular, specially designed auxiliary retroreflectors are otherwise
Some of the energy that cannot be collected efficiently can be collected and refocused in the emission region of the source S, which redirects it either directly or indirectly toward the MES 144. . Such possible direct methods include, for example, scattering effects that occur inside the energy emitting region. That is, i) an elastic scatter effect that changes only the propagation direction of interacting photons.
and ii) inelastic scattering effects (such as fluorescence conversion) that are emitted as multiple photons in other wavelength bands and directions after the photons are first absorbed. A possible indirect method is by providing additional energy to the radiating region, which indirectly makes the radiating region more radioactive. For example, heat may cause different chemical composition and may cause higher gas pressures that may alter the properties of optical emission and transmission, such as the media being energized. Such spectral reshaping effects will be described further below. Of course, non-linear photon-matter interactions and many other direct or indirect interactions may also occur and / or may be intentionally enhanced through the choice of selected materials. .

FIG. 7 shows a case other than the PRS 140.
9 shows a preferred embodiment in which the ineffective section is replaced with the preferred shape of the auxiliary concave retroreflector section 150. This auxiliary reflector 150 preferably has an effective angle extension of approximately 見 て when viewed from the source S.
Having. The curvature is preferably such that the collected, otherwise light-blocked light (as the PRS 142 does in the single concave reflector shape embodiment shown in FIG. 6). , Instead of turning it into the surrounding neighborhood of the source S) to refocus substantially directly in the respective radiation region, or RRS 14
The rest of the zeros are chosen to focus it into the area of focus. Similarly, primary radius of curvature
At least one of the second auxiliary retroreflectors 152, where RS> R0, re-focuses a portion of the light that would otherwise escape directly through the exit port 146 in a similar manner. Can be used for retro-focus). The reflectors 152 have respective exit ports 1 through which a portion of the light concentrated by the CCS-G escapes.
54, primary retro-reflector
148 is located at an appropriate distance further from the source S than there is. By using an appropriate number of auxiliary retroreflectors whose exit ports are appropriately sized, nearly 100% of the light emitted from source S is reduced (even if the light is emitted to 4π steradians). ) Can collect
Most of it can focus on the beam with the selected maximum vertical concentration angle θv.

Reflector systems 140 and 142 with auxiliary retroreflectors 150 and 152 are used to provide two types of unstable conjugate reflective ring cavities.
It can be used to form a ring-cavity. The first type is confocal, the second type is a bifocal ring cavity, the second type has two focal zones that are asymmetrically offset from the system axis 28, and the first type is each over each other. It has two central focal regions that overlap. Light “trapped” in this manner is transmitted from the PRS 142 from inside the source emission region.
To escape the respective ring cavities, such as by being redirected toward or by being absorbed somewhere in the system, or by being directed towards said outlet ports 146 and / or 154, etc. I can only. The effect of changing the direction of energy will be described later. The greater the source blocking effect, that is, each PRS 142 has an envelope 4
The smaller the diameter for 2, the more valuable such a loss recovery method is.

The total throughput of such a preferred type of MLE depends not only on the transmission efficiency of the envelope 42, but especially on the reflectivity of the PRS and the PRS. For example, the reflectivity of the reflector from 86% to 96% is 17%.
A net output gain of This 1.1 of the reflectance loss
The 7X reduction means that the light emitted towards PRS 140 is reflected at least twice, and about 50+ of the emitted light
% Is collected directly by PRS142. Similarly, the anti-reflection coating reduces the Fresnel reflection coefficient of the outer wall of the envelope 42 by 4%.
The reduction results in a net throughput efficiency gain of about 7% of the preferred MLE. Reflector 150 and / or
Or the amount of "lost" light that is partially recoverable with the preferred auxiliary reflectors described above, such as 152 or 152, depends, in part, on the type of source S being used, of each auxiliary retroreflector. The percentage of collection and etendue depends on its ability to retrofocus the energy collected efficiently. In particular, metal halide lamps exhibit desirable fluorescence conversion capabilities when used in a preferred MLE, as described below.

In FIG. 6, the source shown for purposes of illustration is an effective retroreflector source SF having an emission volume EVSF and two respective secondary (radiation) volumes 70F and 72F, together with a retroreflector 140. Is an AC type arc source SB that forms Although this description utilizes an AC arc source, the present invention is not intended to be limited to only such sources. With the teachings provided herein, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention can be applied to other sources of electromagnetic energy, including symmetric and asymmetric electrodeless emission sources, solid state sources, x-ray radiation sources, and the like. Applicable. As shown in FIG. 6, the electrodes 48 deliver electrical energy to the plasma arc formed between the tips of the two symmetrical electrodes 48, and optionally, the concave primary reflector 142 and / or Or concave retroreflector 140
Also serves as a mechanical fixture for fixing the source SB with respect to. Two reflector systems 140 and 14
2 almost completely encapsulates the source SB.

An optional access port that allows air to enter and / or exit the reflective cavity formed by the two reflectors 140 and 142 is illustrated in FIG. 6 or FIG. Not. Air may be blown into or sucked into such access ports to prevent local overheating of source envelope 42 and / or glass and metal of lamp posts 44 and 46 of electrodes 48. It is necessary to seal (e.g., a molybdenum seal) between and / or keep the temperature of the reflective coatings and / or reflectors of reflector systems 140 and 142 below a specified damage threshold temperature. . Optional fixation to fix the electrode with respect to the reflective cavity to effectively form a composite reflector lamp where all critical parts are mechanically locked and hermetically sealed or unsealed Material 143 (cement, epoxy resin, solder, etc.) can be used.

FIG. 6 shows that the outlet port 146 is
The design is a through hole in the inside. FIG. 7 shows the primary retroreflector 1
Forty-eight bulk material is substantially transmissive to the energy band of interest, and reflective coating 198 is formed inside reflector 148 such that a transmissive exit port 146 is created. And / or shows another preferred embodiment topically applied to the outside. Optionally, the transmissive reflector material is provided with a non-reflective coating on at least one side for the wavelength region of interest, optionally reflective for other wavelengths, and has an exit window or window. window) 199,
That is, the available energy transfer through the outlet port 146 is increased. Such a partially reflective coated exit window 1
99 can also be interpreted as an auxiliary retroreflector of RRS140.

An envelope (qua) that is typically pseudo-symmetric
The optical properties of the si-symmetric envelope 42 cause large cylindrical and high order optical distortions in the imaging or imaging capabilities of the respective CCS, and the uncorrected MCS
Reduce the etendue efficiency of EL. Accordingly, the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides that the PRS 140 has an axis of symmetry that is collinear with the source axis 24, the "symmetric" axis of the envelope 42, and is designed to correct the distortion of the envelope. With a spherical curve, ideally the retrofocused source image is the same as the source image of that source (with the exception of image inversion). First to another preferred spherical type retro-reflector shape
A preferred correction of first order is a donut-shaped reflector that is selected such that the image shift caused by the envelope is reduced more than can be achieved with an off-centered spherical retroreflector. It is. In the case of long arc AC lamps and / or long thin cylindrical radiating zones, a properly oriented section of an elliptical reflector is a better retroreflector, which is also improved with non-surface correction. be able to. Similarly, auxiliary segments 150 and 192, which are also retroreflective elements, provide astigmatic focus image movement of the envelope 42.
In order to compensate for the effect of c focus image shifting, ideally the source axis 24 must be axially symmetric and sufficiently spherically corrected. In the case where the envelope 42 is not symmetrical along the axis, the same design optimization applies. That is, for each radiation direction, each retro-reflecting mirror element is ideally non-magnifying,
It is necessary to correct for the optical beam deviation of the other optical elements of the beam path caused by the envelope 42 so that an inverted source image is formed.

From the above description it can be seen that the inverted image, the etendue of the spatially symmetric radiation beam, is thus substantially preserved, has a long lifetime, low manufacturing costs, and produces a more spatially homogeneous exit beam, AC or other types of spatial pseudo-symmetric radiation sources are often preferred. In the case of an asymmetric radiation source, such as a DC-type source, the arc gap length is preferably such that the delivery efficiency to a specified target or collection area / aperture is maximized so that the reflector axis 28 Offset from its arc gap length.

FIG. 8 illustrates the numerical modeling (numeric modeling) on the ideal components of the MLE-F design shown in FIG.
al modeling) (spatial dependent intensity distribution of MES144 (approximately as a vertical plane located in LE for computational purposes)
distribution) shows contour lines of SI (x, x; S ′).
The primary reflector 142 used is the first (F) 26 mm from the left vertex (also called vertex) of the reflector 142.
1) Focal length and 100 mm second focal length (F2)
And had an axisymmetric elliptical shape. The retroreflector 140 is oval, but has a minor axis (miner a) of bz = bx = 67 mm.
xis), both focal points being displaced by 1 mm in the direction from the axis of symmetry 28 (z-axis) to the source axis 24 (y-axis). The resulting asymmetric orthogonal maximum divergence angle of the MLER-F is the 99% energy cutoff point.
int), θh ≒ 23 degrees and θv ≒ 29 degrees, and each CCS has a maximum geometric concentration angle (g
eometrical concentration angle) or angle divergence (angle
(divergence) θv = 30 degrees.

FIG. 9 shows incident energy / steradian contours having the same angular dependent energy density function. This is represented by AT (ψ, Ψ; S ′), and the directional cosine (direc) of the angle of the horizontal and vertical projection light incident on the MLE 144
tional cosine). The coordinate axis represented as “A direction” represents the horizontal cosine, that is, cos (θh). The axis labeled "B direction" represents the corresponding lamp axis orthogonal cosine. The angles θh and θv shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 represent the effective horizontal maximum value and the effective vertical maximum value of the respective concentration angles θ. FIG. 9 shows a characteristic angle-dependent hourglass-shaped asymmetric cross-sectional shape of the collected energy density function of the AC source SB. The bold line 155 overlapping the graph in FIG.
5 represents a symmetric beam angular collection aperture of θ ≦ 30 degrees. The area between the hourglass shape and the perfect circle represents approximately 44% of the hourglass shaped solid radiation angle Ωe (ignoring the part closest to the center). That is, the etendue of an asymmetric beam along such an axis is about 60% of the etendue of a beam that uniformly fills the angular space, which ideally means that the cross-sectional shape of the exit port 146 also reduces the respective ML
To maximize the delivery efficiency of E (instead of a circle)
Means an hourglass shape.

Several distinct regions of energy transfer loss (blockage loss causing loss of throughput efficiency) can be identified in FIG. The “polarity cap” for the left and right poles of the “radar” graph shown in FIG.
(polar cap) "is mainly due to the shading effect of the tips of the electrodes 48 and the lamp posts 44 and 46.
(shadowing effect). That is, they block the direction of emission of some high angle vertical rays from the emission volume EVSB of the source SB. There is an energy-deficient annular ring surrounding the center of the graph caused by light rays traveling approximately tangentially through the periphery of the envelope 42. For those rays, the refractive properties of the envelope 42 are
Large diffusion curves (propagation b) so that they do not pass through the finite collection area located in the preferred MLE secondary emission volume (EVS'F)
ending). Therefore, for the preferred MLE, along with the light beam transfer characteristics of the envelope 42,
Not only the cross-sectional area of the envelope 42, but also the cross-sectional area of the electrode 48 and the lamp posts 44 and 46 perpendicular to the system axis 28, can be collected and delivered to the MES 144 substantially around the envelope 42, wires 48 and the lamp posts 44 and 46. (In part depending on the size of the reflector systems 140 and 142).

The magnitude of such lamp post obstruction depends on the focal length of the reflector 142 and the lamp posts 44 and 46.
Is affected by the relative cross-sectional width and shape. Similarly, the magnitude of the interference caused by the electrode tip is determined by the emission volume EV.
RRS selected in combination with envelope 42, affected by arc length L and width W (depending on power level) of s
Influenced by the imaging quality of 140 and the spatial positioning of the radiation area with respect to the system axis 28. For the specified source S, the MLE designer must thus trade the physical system size and the complexity of the reflector systems 140 and 142 for the maximum achievable delivery efficiency DE.

Another important advantage of the preferred MLE is that, contrary to the prior art MLE-A and MLE-B, both ends of the lamp posts 44 and 46 are located outside the preferred CCS.
Or it can be installed near it. This allows for more individual control of the operating parameters of the envelope 42, allows it to operate more uniformly and closer to its optimal operating temperature, better access, and thus better temperature control capability ( Cooling).

Comparison of FIG. 8 with FIG. 3A shows that the preferred MLE-F
Is the spatially dependent global characteristic (spatial
Most of the dependent global characteristics can be preserved, but at a local level, indicating a pseudo-imaging system that somewhat distorts the image. The resulting local image distortion, observable in FIG. 9, and the different orthogonal image magnifications, Mx ≠ My, are partially due to i) the x-axis (ramp axis) of the concentrated output beam. asymmetric angular divergence of the y-axis (asymmmetric a
gle) divergence), ii) the three-dimensional nature of the shape of the radiating region, as well as the space extension of the radiating region that results in off-axis emission locations for most of the radiating region, iii) partially, For distortion (due to the envelope 42), resulting in focal points along different axes in the xz and yz planes, and iv) for approximation of an ideal MES 144 with a vertical collection plane, ie This can be attributed to ignoring the image "planar" curvature. For example, C
CS-F operates slightly off-axis. That is, the centers of the sub-volumes 70F and 72F are offset from the system axis 28, and the off-axis image aberration error (off-a
xis image aberration error) and the curved image surface, ie, the curved MES 144. For a given collection efficiency, such image distortions are often somewhat larger than the ideal collection area. According to equations (1) to (3), this results in a loss of etendue efficiency. Accordingly, such secondary source image enlargement is preferably minimized.

Another preferred embodiment of the present invention increases the delivery efficiency of the preferred MLE by adding an axial asymmetry correction element to the basic preferred axisymmetric shape of each CCS. For example, the addition of a properly designed cylindrical correction element of the PRS 142 to the basic elliptical reflector surface can reduce the secondary source S 'image scaling in the direction of the lamp axis 24, Therefore, the etendue efficiency of each CCS can be improved. Such a correction element is optimally, for example, a solid window forming envelope 42, exit port 190.
It is designed to compensate for various optical image distortions caused by solid windows, color wheels, optical bandpass filters, color cubes separating spatially diverse color channels, and the like. Similarly, the axis target P
By using the RRS with an axis that is symmetrically collinear with the source axis 24 (or more generally a universal aspheric shape), the source S (nearly the envelope 4)
The astigmatism of the image focus of the retroreflected beam (caused by 2) can be reduced. This allows for "squeezing" of the majority of the retroreflected energy between the tips of the electrodes 48, thereby increasing the etendue and throughput efficiency of the respective CCS system.

For a given collection area, a smaller secondary source S ′ image allows the majority of the emitted source energy to be collected. It also
Efficient sampling from large emission areas where the emission area of the source S can further enhance delivery efficiency in some LE applications (eg, PLE) with large, spectrally changing spatial extend (eg, metal halogen lamps) I will provide a. With respect to the asymmetric optical properties of the envelope 42, an asymmetry correction element needs to be added to the basic shape to achieve the highest possible etendue efficiency EE. For practical manufacturing reasons, improved delivery efficiency is often easier to manufacture than optical general-purpose non-axisymmetric aspheric shapes, and outweighs the efficiency that can be obtained without such corrections Can be selected to achieve an axisymmetric pseudo-ellipse and a pseudo-spherical or pseudo-toroidal reflector shape optimized with each LE.

By comparing FIG. 3B with FIG. 8, the local and global spatial radiation characteristics of the source S, beyond those achievable with non-imaging prior art MLE-B, are retained; The excellence of the imaging capabilities of the preferred embodiment of the pseudo-imaging MLE, thus providing a smaller collection area to obtain the total power level PT of light that can be collected and used by the target T, is clearly shown. . These figures show that due to the rectangular beam cross section of the MLE-F with AC type source, the collection efficiency is better than is possible with the round beam cross section of the non-imaging MLE-A and MLE-B. , A rectangular target T. The longer such a rectangular target is, the greater the advantage of this coupling efficiency (based on the geometric shape) is generally. In other words, using the present invention, a longer arc gap ramp can be reduced by a rectangular target T by its length.
It is more efficiently coupled into. Each longer arc gap optimization lamp S has such an L
When used in E, lamp life is further extended, electricity to light conversion efficiency is improved, arc tip obstruction is reduced, the emission angle is widened, and wider band light emission and collection is achieved. Will be possible.

According to the above analysis, in order to collect the light exiting the MLE-F most efficiently, each light collection area Ac has two intensity peaks (i
must be allocated to one or more sub-regions Ai surrounding 252 and 159. Preferably, the cross-sectional shape of these sub-regions Ai has a contour shape of equal relative peak intensity enclosing the higher intensity region. The thick circular and elliptical lines marked ASL in FIGS. 3B and 8 are, for example, Ac = 19.6 mm ²
Respectively showing the best collecting plane ASi collection aperture with the largest total collection area.

FIGS. 8 and 9 correspond to FIGS. 2, 3A and 3B, respectively.
In contrast to the symmetric output beam of the prior art MLE-B shown in FIG. 1, the spatial angle dependent radiation characteristic of the respective secondary radiation volume S'F is formed asymmetrically along the axis. Show. More specifically, in the MES 144, the angular divergence is even narrower and the optimal collection area is preferably longer in the direction of the lamp axis 24. Therefore, the collection plane ASL indicated by the bold line in FIG. 8 is given if the respective (effective) emission and collection planes and their angular dependent energy density functions can be converted to each other efficiently by etendue. Optimum for maximum coupling efficiency to target T.

The effective emission aperture EA of the collection aperture CA (x, y; T) of the source S ′ and the target T
The shape (eg, mask) of (x, y; S ′) has a linear scaling function, ie, k>
EA (x, y; S ') = 0 = k ^* CA (x, y;
For axially symmetric beams, which can be converted into each other by T),
And for targets with symmetric accept angles (for example,
Some kind of LV, a shapeable lighting target,
And LG), etendue efficiency, delivery efficiency enhancement, and beam reformatting tasks can be accomplished by conventional techniques using imaging or non-imaging SBT, i.e., an optical system with axisymmetric beam conversion capabilities. For example, a constant cross-sectional shape and an aspect ratio (each target collection aperture CA (x, y; T)
Imaging lens or a circular or rectangular tapered integrator rod with the same finite angle of divergence according to the constant etendue solution of equation (2), with the simultaneous reduction / increase of the respective divergence angles, the effective of the axially symmetric source S ′. Can be used to increase / decrease “radiation spot size”. In this way, for example, a radiation-limited "exit" aperture of rectangular shape, suitably sized (mask 124 in FIG. 5)
And 126), the divergence angle of each secondary source S ′ can be optimally matched to the acceptance angle of the rectangular target T. However,
Due to the general mismatch of the cross-sectional shapes of the source S 'and the target T, this prior art axisymmetric beam reformatting method can lead to undesirable delivery efficiency losses in etendue-limited energy collection. Many.

In accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention, for a given asymmetric secondary source S '(eg, made by a preferred MLE) and a given target T, many types of LEs Further increase the delivery efficiency,
That is, to enhance beyond the capabilities of such an axisymmetric coupling system, ideally the properties of the spatial, angular and / or spectral beams of the source S ′ should be better fitted to the target T, (SBT
It is reformatted with a preferred type of ABT in a manner that enhances etendue efficiency (compared to the solution). Such an ABT is preferably designed as an optical system matching an input port matching the specified asymmetric source S 'and an output port matching the specified target T. .

Such preferred ABTs can be either i) an imaging type or ii) a non-imaging type, comprising one or more ABTs in a serial and / or parallel arrangement, and optionally with an SBT and an intermingle. ) To form a respective anamorphic beam converter system (ABTS). All preferred ABTS related to the present invention have their respective collection apertures CA (x, y) | ABT
S is the exit aperture EA (x, y) at its exit port
| Is nonlinearly related to ABTS, that is, k> 0, and the z axis is the local beam propagation axis.
axis) CA (x, y) ABTS ≠ k ^* EA (x,
y) Share that it is ABTS. ABT and SBT
The input and output ports of the
Combined by efficient remote electromagnetic radiation transfer means that maps the energy collected from the (x, y) | ABTS onto its exit aperture EA (x, y) | ABTS. Thus, these ABTS change the output divergence and / or beam cross-section of the axially asymmetric input beam differently in at least two selected orthogonal planes, which are favorable for the asymmetric source S 'and target T It has excellent matching orientation.

For etendue-efficient coupling of energy emitted by the source S ′ onto the target T, the preferred cross-sectional shape of the exit aperture EA (x, y) | ABTS is preferably that of the target T Etendue efficient, anamorphic linear shape modification of the collection aperture CA (x, y; T)
orphic linear shape change). That is, EA
(X, y) | ABTS = 1 (x) ^* l (y) ^* CA (x,
y; T), and l (i) = | sin (θi ^T ) / si
n (θi ^e) |, with i = x or y, .theta.i ^T are each of accept angle of the target T, .theta.i ^e are each of the exit divergence angle of the output ports. For each surface, the associated x and y axes are the local propagation axis
Determined based on z and the given longest dimension or preferred axis x. For targets with an asymmetric accept angle function such as DMD or TMA LV used in asymmetric mode, the exit divergence angle distribution is preferably such that the aforementioned spatial matching of the output port to the target T requires the required angular dependence. Just as the radiation and the asymmetric accept function are matched, it is also matched to the needs of the target.

The choice of input and output shapes depends not only on the choice of remote energy delivery means between the respective input and output ports (ie, the ability to not symmetrical its angular asymmetric energy density function), but also on the target T Depends on the available asymmetric input beam and illumination requirements. Also,
Although only a single input and output port is described,
If desired, a composite ABTS having a plurality of input ports and / or output ports can be constructed, and the teachings can be modified according to the actual situation.

Therefore, etendue efficient solid angle reduction by the preferred MLE of the present invention.
After achieving mission solid angle reduction, the delivery efficiencies of LEs for many etendue-limited target lighting applications are now many of which are each etendue efficiently released by each secondary source S '. It also relies on discriminative practical measures to further reformulate the asymmetric beam being used into a more usable illumination beam at a particular designated target T.

The most commonly used illumination targets T (LG, LV, film frame, reflective slide or transmissive slide, etc.) have an axisymmetric angle dependent energy accept function. Therefore, such an ABTS
When operating with etendue efficiency and sufficient transmissivity, according to the present invention, by converting the asymmetric angle dependent energy density function (shown in FIG. 9) into a more symmetric function by the ABTS, Additional input collection areas can be obtained for the same collection area. Therefore, the preferred ABTS is an etendue-efficient asymmetric input beam, ie, the beam with its narrowest beam waist in the direction with the largest angular divergence, combined with the specified size and the longest beam for the exit aperture being formed By effectively providing a larger collection aperture that is stretched in the direction of the waist, the delivery efficiency of each etendue-limited LE can be further increased.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, different types of ABT are used. For example, to convert the elliptical cross-sectional area ASL shown in FIG. 8 to another ellipse or circle, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention both the x-axis and the y-axis are in the z-axis of the respective optical system. Using orthogonal double-cylindrical optics selected to form an image of the emission source S ′ with approximately equal image distances along
Divergence of the x-axis and y-axis and their respective orthogonal magnifications (magnificati
on) is different and is selected to achieve the best area / angle beam reformatting function that is the desired etendue and delivery rates. Furthermore, by properly designing such an anamorphic optical imaging system, a PCS can easily be added to the system, and a highly polarized output beam having approximately twice the cross-sectional area and respective etendues Occurs. For some types of LE applications, this can improve the delivery rate of the system. Such a PCS can be added to some of the other embodiments described below as needed. Alternatively, an axisymmetric reflector section (sphere, parabola, toroid,
A combination of concave and convex reflectors with obroids, ellipses, aspheric surfaces, etc., and those with axially symmetric and asymmetric lenses, provides beam steering (beam steerin).
It can be used for the combination of g) with high etendue area / angle conversion.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, a pair of matched lens arrays or phase arrays are used to
Exit aperture EA (x, y) for each system |
The beam cross section is reshaped by the ABTS, and the beam intensity is spatially averaged. A first element of each pair splits the beam into a plurality of sub-beams, and performs an angle / domain conversion on each sub-beam, each having a high etendue rate;
The second element combines and overlaps each sub-beam,
An output beam having a converted area, angle (angle) and spatial intensity is generated. It should be noted that a generally rectangular output beam of the preferred type of MLE (see FIG. 8),
Due to its area (etendue) efficient asymmetric angle dependent energy density function (see FIG. 9), each beam is divided into 4:
Converting to a rectangle with an aspect ratio of 3 or 16: 9 generally results in better area efficiency (higher etendue ratio) than converting an equivalent circle to a rectangular area.

Another preferred ABT according to the present invention is
A short channel, solid, transmissive, axially asymmetric tapered, non-imaging LG coupling element with a suitable low index cladding layer or an optically superior polished or clean surface. In yet another preferred manufacturing method, such an ABT is obtained from a hollow highly reflective axially asymmetric tapered tube.
Is prepared. The change from the input cross-sectional shape to the output cross-sectional shape preferably changes gradually at an appropriate slow rate or gradually, and for a given manufacturing cost constraint, a given LE
Shape is selected so as to maximize the transmission efficiency (delivery rate).

FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of another preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which two different types of ABT are used, first in parallel and then in series, using
As the TS, an area / angle reconversion composite LG having high transmission efficiency is formed, and LGLE-G and ABTLE-G are formed, respectively. In this case, focusing (collection) optimization is performed on a very small exit aperture at a predetermined exit (exit) port (not shown), and an optimal focus solution (optimum collect solution) is obtained.
The ion solution places two different energy focusing positions spatially separated in the vicinity of two hot spots (predetermined images of the emission source or emission sources 70F and 72F) of the emission volume EVS'F. I need. Thus, an optimized predetermined energy focus is shown with two different input ports IP1, IP2, and a bifurcated area reshapin.
g) Combined by LG 160 into a single exit port OP (not shown in this figure). The first type of ABT is mainly composed of a predetermined axial asymmetric, angular dependent energy density function (axial asymmetric, angular dependent energy density function).
density function)), etendue efficient
Symmetric in a good way. The second ABT reshapes the region without substantially changing the already symmetrical angle-dependent energy density function. With this two-stage method, the optimal angle reconversion procedure can be separated from the optimal area reconversion procedure, and as a matched continuous pair, they further increase the predetermined transmission efficiency.
FIG. 6 uses an asymmetric tapered concentrator (integrator) as the first type of ABT, but other types of area-efficient imaging or non-imaging analyzers to achieve similar functions. A morphic beam converter can also be used.

FIG. 7 shows another preferred embodiment of the ABT, which is a single rectangular asymmetric stretched tapered concentrator.
rectangular, asymmetrically stretched tapered inte
(grator) 162, and the concentrator 162 functions as a reduction function of the emission angle θ _v ^e orthogonal to the lamp axis. That is, the height on the emission side is larger than the height on the incident side in the y-axis. The tapered concentrator 162 is shown to have a curved exit surface, and forms an irradiation target (illumination target) TG for a given LGLE-G. Using an exit surface with a properly selected curvature in this way, for example, symmetrical beam transforming optics
coupled optics, combined with a single coupling lens, a quasi-telecentric incident beam (qua
si telecentric incident beam). Thus, by providing such preferable surfaces (e.g., a curved exit surface and an entrance surface), it is possible to integrate the auxiliary optical elements as described above, further optimize the LE system, and perform beam scanning. (beam steering), “Schein-plug” optical correction
section), telecentricity contr
ol), field flattening, color separation (co
lor separation, polarization / split
ting / combining).

The asymmetric stretch taper concentrator 162 is a very simple and low cost ABT design solution, which, when combined with the preferred type of MLE, allows for a special case rectangular target T (such as LV). Thus, the transmission efficiency can be increased as compared with the conventional coupling technology. The target or target T is a unique asymmetric angular dependent acceptance f
unction) (such as DMD ^TM or TMA ^TM light valve)
Or it may have a unique symmetric acceptance angle (LCD, projection slide, other types of unique asymmetric elements or devices used in symmetric illumination mode, etc.). Thus, the asymmetric taper of the tapered concentrator 162 in two orthogonal directions (x and y) reduces the need for quasi-symmetric or asymmetric target illumination with a given horizontal and vertical divergence. It is chosen to satisfy approximately.

For example, a DMD having a vertical tilt axis
Alternatively, in the case of TMA, the original angle-dependent asymmetric energy density function (see FIG. 9) is close to the ideal illumination beam,
The asymmetric mask 124 as shown in FIG. 5 improves the coupling efficiency for LV and does not reduce the contrast.
No need to use. In particular, a lamp blockage section around the horizontal central axis helps minimize scattering when used in high contrast PLE.
Thus, using the preferred type of MLE, using its inherent asymmetric angle dependence, the associated DMD or TMAP in a symmetric mode or its own asymmetric mode.
This improves the transmission efficiency when operating the LE.

The area / angle re-converter (area / angle
If it is decided to use a tapered concentrator as the reformatter, it will be used to further reduce the exit divergence θ _v ^e in one or two orthogonal directions and to provide subsequent coupling-on optics (follow-on). It is also conceivable to simplify the requirements for coupling optics (see FIG. 7). For PLE,
Such an asymmetric tapered ABT is a preferred solution because it can be long enough to provide a function of spatial averaging within the same part and rectangular focus. The output shape of such an asymmetric tapered LG is more efficiently mapped onto the target and the second emission source (secondary source) S ′.
You can choose to In order to improve the throughput efficiency and the uniformity of the spatial output intensity, a combination of a plurality of adapted tapered and non-tapered focusing sections,
The transmission efficiency for E can also be maximized.

For example, in the case of a rectangular emission shape having an aspect ratio of 4: 3, stretching is performed in the axial direction of the lamp with a dimension of 1.25 × 1 (converting 24.5 ° in the horizontal direction to 30 °). And a rectangular incident focusing aperture that is 25% larger than the aspect ratio of 5: 3. As shown in FIG. 9, such an elongated entrance aperture has an elliptical light-receiving surface AS that is ideally shown rather than a 4: 3 focusing aperture.
A better fit for L. Therefore, such a tapered concentrator 162 cannot perform the area-efficient beam reconversion to a sufficient theoretical limit (44% area gain).
A very good compromise is achieved between obtaining a achievable transmission efficiency and the manufacturing / development costs by improving the transmission efficiency of such a single part.

Depending on the illumination function and the incident beam, more complex asymmetric tapered types, such as elliptical to rectangular, hexagonal to rectangular, with linear and non-linear longitudinal changes,
The transmission efficiency in the case of a specific LE design can be further improved by using a rectangle having a slanted corner forming an octagon from an octagon or a rectangle forming an octagon from a rectangle.

In a preferred method according to the invention, a given ABT is obtained by bonding two or more (possibly identical) parts of a given ABT to a given hollow manufacturing method. The letter-shaped portions are glued to form a rectangular cross section. Such preferred solid hollow ABT members can also be formed by extrusion and selective and auxiliary slumping, grinding / polishing, and electroforming. If necessary, a plurality of ABTs and SBTs are directly coupled, and a desired transmission efficiency improving beam re-conversion function (delivery ef.
Ficiency-enhancing beam reformatting tasks can also be performed as a group.

FIG. 10 shows the variation of the general angle-dependent energy density function for a rectangular tapered quartz focusing rod, which has a factor of 1 along the A-axis parallel to the lamp axis 24. 2. Stretch linearly. FIG.
Shows the predetermined incidence distribution used to generate the data, and the output port of the predetermined asymmetric stretch taper is
It was a 6.4 × 5 mm rectangular emission aperture. FIG. 10 shows that such a simple structure ABT can produce a much more uniform angle dependent energy density function, with a given 0.5 NA receiver cone (FIGS. 9, 1).
For 0, indicated by circle 155), a more suitable beam can be provided than an asymmetric incident beam. Also, FIG.
It also shows that at the four corners, the energy outside the circle 115 has a leak, which slightly reduces the focusing efficiency. The use of more complex concentrator shapes and other types of ABTs can also slightly reduce such leakage losses that reduce throughput efficiency and further improve tidal transmission efficiency.

Therefore, the beam divergence θ
If h is increased in the direction of the source axis and is adapted to a divergence θv orthogonal to the axial direction of the light source, the total focusing area of the corresponding tapered LG entrance port will likewise increase.

Therefore, by utilizing the axially asymmetric angle-dependent energy density function of the output beam of the preferred MLE, at the level of the second emission source S ', a predetermined focusing area (colle
In particular, the effective focusing area Ac for the ction etendue Ec is particularly increased, and the transmission efficiency is increased when focusing on an etendue-limited.

Furthermore, since most of the molecular emissions of a gas discharge lamp are emitted in a region larger than a given atomic emission, a proportionally wider band of light is obtained, 1) the preferred M
Pseudo (quasi) images of LE and nearly 100% focusing efficiency, and 2) area efficient angular energy symmetric ABT (MLE-A and MLE-B) at preferred MLE
(More than a mold). Both of these effects are also helpful in terms of the transmission efficiency of the color image generation PLE.

Further enhancements in transmission efficiency may result from another area-efficient color re-conversion possibility, which is inherent in the preferred MLE design. By reflecting about 30-50% of the total emitted energy to the emitting area, the light can interact again with the electromagnetic energy emitting material located within the given emitting area. Therefore, another preferred embodiment of the present invention uses a preferred type of MLE also for efficient color reconversion. As described above, a given MLE-F, MLE-G, etc., can collect light emitted from a given emission region at approximately 4π steradians in a substantially area-preserving manner and reconvert the angle, Such a CCS can handle beam redirection effects commonly occurring in non-stimulated (non-laser type) light-matter interactions.
In particular, in some of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, about 30-50% of the emitted energy is re-sent from the emitting area. In particular, in the case of a gas discharge arc lamp, the optical path length of the emission region (optical path length) is increased without increasing the size.
th) is effectively doubled. Using the increased optical path length, a narrow band atomic line
e) (for example, Hg) to broad band molecu
lar line) (closer to the Xe spectrum). From the foregoing, it can be seen that by efficiently doubling the optical path length, a different gas can be achieved to achieve optimal transmission efficiency through such an optimal color reformatting effect. Filling mixture (gas f
It is clear that illing mixture) can be selected.

For example, in the case of a tungsten filament lamp with an RRS 140 that refocuses on the filament (not adjacent to the filament), it is non-emissive (absorbed by the filament structure), retro-reflected.
And the absorbed UV, visible, IR energy can be used to further heat the tungsten electrode. Thus, some unusable light (UV
Or IR), some visible (absorbed) light is converted to visible light. Raising the temperature of the tungsten surface further changes the emission spectrum of the lamp,
The color temperature increases, the blue spectral intensity increases, and it operates more electrically. That is, for the same electric energy input, the total amount of light emitted increases. Tungsten lamps generally have a weaker blue color, which can improve transmission and color efficiency for PLE and other types of color-dependent applications.

Similarly, high-temperature excitation gases in gas discharge arc lamps (such as AC or DC types or electrodeless microwave driven wall stabilized lamps) can re-absorb re-emitted light somewhat. I) directly at the same wavelength but in different directions (elastic scattering), or different (often longer) wavelengths (fluorescence conversion, multiphoton Pumping) and ii) at higher gas temperatures indirectly by increasing the density of various components to improve broadband emission conversion efficiency and the like.
FIG. 11 shows a conventional MLE with the same F / # as the preferred MLE-F.
For LE-B, a representative case of such observable spectral reconversion behavior is shown. Both spectra are 3 mm arc gap, AC-type metal halide lamps, each cooled to achieve the same power consumption and adjusted so that the voltage drop between the electrodes is the same. The thick line (thin line) shows the emission spectrum observed with the MLE-F (MLE-B) type system. MLE
Is a rectangular 6.4 × 5 × 25 quartz focusing rod of the same length, exit area and exit shape.
or rod). The MLE-B is a (non-stretched) focusing rod having a constant cross-sectional area, and the MLE-F is a linear anamorphic tapered focusing rod, which is 1.2 × in the direction of the lamp axis 24 on the incident side. It is drawn in the dimension of 1. In FIG. 11, the emission of broadband molecular light is increased, in particular, the emission beam of red is increased by 100% or more with respect to the emission beam of another metal halide lamp having weak red, and the peak value of a predetermined atomic Hg-line is obtained. There is a decay. Due to the useful factor of this efficient spectral reconversion effect, the preferred MLE design allows a very high percentage of nearly 100% focusing, avoiding the source S, etendue efficient, throughput efficiency, In addition, focusing can be performed by a method with high color reconversion efficiency.

In the curves shown in FIG. 12, the maximum theoretical focusing efficiency CE for different MLE designs can be compared. That is, CE = CE (Ec) = Pc (Ec) / Pc (6) Ps represents the total emission intensity of the emission source S, and Pc = Pc (Ec) represents the maximum intensity that can be focused with respect to a predetermined focusing area Ec. . For all calculations, the primary reflect
or) and the retro-reflector have a reflectance of 100
%. It is assumed that the lamp vessel 42 is covered with an anti-reflective coating and that the Fresnel reflection loss of the envelope or vessel 42 is present.
Is 0% on the outer surface, but does not change on the inner surface. The optical turning function of the envelope 42
al redirection ability) is a numerical model (numerica
l model). All electrodes 48 and lamp posts 44, 46 were assumed to absorb 100% of the light. In order to determine the maximum achievable focusing efficiency of different MLE designs, i.e., to determine the upper limit capability of the present invention at the level of the MLE exit stage, the ideal (EE =
1) Assuming that a performance ABT or SBT exists, the given output beam is spatially and angularly
rly) and a target T with a focusing area Ec
Could be in the form required to illuminate with maximum area efficiency. The data shown in FIG. 12 represents a strict calculation of monochromatic light, the color conversion effect in the emission region of the emission source S due to the light-material interaction inside the emission region, the retro-reflection beam and the re-emission. The beam absorption is not taken into account, and the mechanical shielding effect at a predetermined electrode end or a lamp post is excluded. Therefore, this calculation is performed for a given MLE
The focusing ability of a given lamp can be separated from the performance of a given LE and the given LE.

The curve “S” in FIG. 12 indicates the selected volume SB.
It shows its own inherent monochromatic emission / focusing efficiency. In other words, it represents the maximum achievable convergence efficiency CE for an ideally performing CCS that operates in a manner that has perfect area efficiency.

To obtain the maximum collection efficiency for different collection colors,
Color dependent emission region
on) needs to be modeled. One skilled in the art will recognize that an appropriate optical (linear or non-linear) transfer function
nction) using the color reformat gain (color reformat
The above-mentioned model can be extended to include ting gain), the function of which depends on the operating characteristics of a given lamp, the incident spectrum, the incident intensity, etc. Can be refined (sophisticate)
These are all included in the concept of the present invention.

The shape of the curve "S" represents the maximum focusing characteristic of the monochromatic light of the emission source S, and the characteristic is the area limit (etend).
ue limited) LE design. As the energy emission from the emission source S becomes more spatially concentrated and the emission angle φ in the orthogonal direction becomes narrower, the rise of the associated characteristic curve “S” becomes steeper and its slope becomes flatter in the saturation region. For this reason, the point-like emission source S has an area loss (etendue) for coupling to a given target T.
It has a headroom and is generally suitable for coupling light to small targets. Another point revealed by curve "S" is that only a portion of the total emission intensity is generally available for energy collection for a given focusing area Ec. In FIG. 12, the broken line in the vertical (horizontal) direction indicates that Ec = 7 mm ² steradian (CE
= 42%), and a horizontal (vertical) projection (indicated by an arrow) indicates a predetermined convergence area value CE for a predetermined curve.

For example, the curve labeled "FIG. 2"
Shows the results obtained for the conventional LGLE-B shown in FIG. Divide curve "Figure 2" by curve "S"
And the throughput efficiency curve, ie, MLE-B TE =
TE (Ec) can be calculated for certain system parameters. Similarly, the area efficiency curve, that is, the predetermined ML
EE of E = EE (Pc) is different focusing intensity level Pc
Ratio of vertical proje
ction).

The curves labeled "FIG. 6-1X" show the improved performance of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, ie, the MLE-F shown in FIG. 6, and the data shown in FIGS. For similar system parameters to guide. Curve label "FIG 6-0.7X" is a reduction in the focusing efficiency when the shielding effect of emission source described above, MLE-F of emission source S _B was irradiated in the same size is reduced (0.7X) Is shown.

Reflectors 140 and 142
May be the same reflective film or a different reflective film. In many cases, wavelength selective reflection is performed using a dielectric multilayer film. A common example is a cold reflector that transmits most of the infrared and UV light and reflects the visible portion of the spectrum. The substrate materials of the reflectors 140, 142 may be similar or different materials. Each of the reflector substrates is made of glass, quartz, ceramic, metal, or the like, and may be a uniform material or a non-uniform material (for example, a large reflective structure including a honeycomb supporting structure having a thin reflective film). Some of the transmitted energy is preferably transmitted through the reflective substrate, absorbed by the reflective substrate, or thermally conducted to its outer surface. The (continuous) flow of air or liquid is used to remove heat from the outer surface (and in some cases the inner surface) of the reflective surface so that the reflector, especially the reflective film, and the emission source S in the reflector housing are not overheated. I do.

For some types of ABTLE, a portion of the incident energy is retro-reflected by a given ABTS. This phenomenon is caused by Fresnel reflection or a certain ABTS
Occurs through an internal total reflection effect or through external retroreflection means such as a wavelength selective reflector. Preferred MLE
The light reflected by the ABTS having a predetermined entrance port near the secondary source S ′ of
It behaves like any other retroreflected light returning to the source S. Thus, such light rays interact with the emission region of the emission source as described above, thereby somewhat increasing the light intensity not reflected by the ABTS due to different spatial, angular and spectral incidence conditions. Accordingly, another preferred embodiment of the present invention is a method as described above, wherein the partial retro-reflective ABTS or ABTS
By using TLE, such preferred AB
Effective throughput efficiency of TLE
efficiency and color-reformatting effic
iency).

A predetermined auxiliary retroreflector 152 (eg, a flat or reflective mask with appropriate curved surfaces as shown in FIG. 7 as necessary) and a minimum size exit or exit port (exit) Port 154, and by selecting appropriate LG means for energy focusing and remote transmission, some of the other lost energy (leaked from the effective focusing aperture of the LG input port) to the emission area of the source S The direction can be changed, and the light can be directly or indirectly converted to light so that a predetermined LG incidence port can be partially focused and a predetermined LG
Helps maximize the overall transmission efficiency of the LE.

FIG. 13 shows the basic LGLE-F and LGL
LGLE-H (and ABT, an improved version of the EG design)
FIG. 4 shows a plan view of another preferred embodiment of the present invention applied to the LE-H) design. In this design change, the “folded” RRS 140 is used to reduce the width and height of the reflector 140 in an MLE design situation. In this design situation, the convergence angle θv is made smaller (for example, 20
°), for the same height limit, the transmission efficiency needs to be greater than the 2 mirror minimum blockage loss solution. As in FIG. 7, a primary retro-reflector 148 and at least one auxiliary reflector (shown as reflector 152)
Although used here, the output port 1 of the main retroreflector 148 is used.
46 is larger and, in proportion thereto, the auxiliary reflector 152
Collects a larger portion of the output energy. This system has been shown to have a second exit port 154 in close proximity to a given MES 144 in front. Similarly,
The PRS 140 can be folded back and cut as necessary (truss
ncated), a smaller CCS-H can be obtained.

The asymmetric beam reconversion of the energy concentrated in the MES 144 is performed in one or more predetermined ABTs as described above. For example, FIG.
A case where an ABT 184 is coupled to an LG 186 having a constant cross-sectional shape is shown, and the LG 186 has a biased exit surface (biased exit surfac) as a special exit port configuration.
e), is tilted with respect to the z-axis of the beam (= auxiliary prism), and further has a beam steering function (beam steering f).
unction). The ABT model shown here is
A hollow or solid ABT 184, another part coupled to the entrance port of the LG 186, or a special entrance surface treatment for a given entrance port. For example, FIG.
Shows an example of the first stage of a high-efficiency two-stage ABT concentrator 186, which has a tapered entrance cross section 184 in the vertical plane as a preferred cross-sectional shape, and a vertical divergence angle θv ~. A special type of ABT that is used to reduce θ ev and redirects a limited subset of rays using only a single reflective interaction. In order to change the divergence in two directions, a bi-axial reflection tapered section (bi-axial ref
lective tapered section) can also be used. Because of the minimal interaction between this type of ABT and the incident beam, these first ABT stages generally cannot spatially homogenize the beam,
It is necessary to use SBT as a beam homogenizer. For example, FIG. 13 shows a case where a rectangular focusing rod having a constant cross-sectional shape, ie, LG186, is used as the second stage of a two-stage focusing device.

The LG 186 may be simply an existing optical fiber LG having a constant cross-sectional shape.
By using G, energy focusing and remote transmission as described above are performed to form a predetermined LGLE-H.

[0162] Figure 14 shows a side view of another embodiment of the present invention, a very good single output port sealed reflection of small area efficiency lamp S _I, related to the MLE-G design are doing. The preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 14 uses a vertical DC-type plasma arc excited by a cathode 20 and an anode 22 as an example of an emission source. Although not shown, the foregoing and following texts may include other orientations and similar sources, such as AC-type plasma arc, continuous operation, pulsed operation, or AC mode tungsten or tungsten halogen filaments A lamp or the like can be applied.

Referring to FIG. 14, reflectors 142 and 140 form a closed reflective cavity 200, and an electrode is formed of an electromagnetic energy emitting material (eg, Xe, Hg, Hg2, Kr, Ar, metal halide salt) and evaporated tungsten. Enclose molecules containing halogen to be redeposited. Retroreflector 148
Has an exit port 146 sealed with a seal 202 and light passes through a transparent exit window 199. Exit window 199
In this case, a dielectric multilayer film that selectively transmits or reflects a predetermined wavelength band can be formed as necessary. The cavities can be made of glass, quartz, polished ceramic with suitable manufacturing techniques, and can be made into the ultimate concave shape with acceptable surface treatment. By forming a dielectric film or a metal film, it is possible to control the reflectivity of the reflector, and to form another transparent seal layer on these film surfaces as necessary so as not to be exposed to gas. Can also. In addition, the reflection film can be provided on the outside of a transparent surface (glass, quartz, or the like) in which the curvature of the appropriate reflection surface is corrected as needed.

The reflection cavity can be composed of one or a plurality of members. For example, in one preferred embodiment of the present invention, a single-piece cavity may be constructed using a suitable precision blown shape of quartz or glass, and the seal 202 and exit window 199 may be omitted. The exit window 199 is formed by a film different from a part of the main retroreflector 148, and as shown in FIG.
6 allows light to pass through.

In this case, a very tightly wound flat tungsten spiral with a substantially rectangular cross-section is used, similar to a conventional projection lamp manufactured by Philips. The spiral is
Positioned axially in the vertical source at an axial position within a single-piece reflective cavity made of blown glass, its retroreflector images the focused energy onto a tungsten spiral rectangle. make. Therefore, the reflected energy is mainly used to heat the tungsten member. A negligible amount of the re-imaged energy reflects off the main reflector of the single-piece reflective cavity and passes through the exit port 146.

A more preferred and improved embodiment of the present invention over this conventional single cavity MLE is to provide an off-axis position with respect to the reflective axis 28 of the single member reflective cavity 200. Using a tungsten spiral and using the ABT as described above, a novel LGLE for efficient energy focusing and transmission is constructed. The advantages of this MLE design modification for opaque tungsten spirals are described in more detail below in connection with FIG.

Another preferred embodiment of the present invention uses two or more molded glass or quartz reflectors and is sealed by melting, soldering, brazing, or other suitable method to form the cavity 200. Another preferred embodiment of the present invention uses a molded ceramic reflector made of almost entirely alumina. Further, a thin polished film of a metal or a dielectric film is formed on the inner surface of the reflection portion of the member, thereby realizing desired surface quality and reflection characteristics. In the case of a dielectric film, the emitted light is not retroreflected into the beam, but is polished and absorbed by the ceramic body and escapes from the reflecting surface as heat. Preferred window material 199 is sapphire, quartz, or tempered glass in the form of a flat window or a concave-convex lens as shown in FIG. Preferred selection of the window material is determined by the operating requirements of the sealed reflector lamp S _I (pressure, chemical compatibility of the gas, the operating temperature, blaze materials, etc.).

Referring further to FIG. 14, as described for MLE-G and MLE-H shown in FIGS. 7 and 13, the reflectors 140 and 142 can be folded back as necessary to save space.

The PRS 142 shown in FIG. 14 optionally has a wavy outer surface, the reflector 140 optionally has a smooth surface, and has a quasi-constant wall thickness. I have. Of course, both concepts can be mixed and applied appropriately to a given component. Quasi-constant wall thicknesses are often required in molding, stamping, and other manufacturing processes based on plastic deformation of softened materials such as, for example, glass and ceramic. The purpose of the optional wavy outer surface is to increase its surface area, improve the cooling efficiency and heat transfer of the reflector, and facilitate the thermal removal of the aforementioned non-reflected energy.
In addition, a metal, ceramic, or glass surface with or without a wavy surface may be in thermal contact with the outer surface of the (smooth) reflective cavity to facilitate thermal removal. Such a heat sinking aid can of course also be applied to other types of MLEs, i.e. non-sealed types, etc., in particular attached to the ends of the lamp posts 44, 46 and from the inside of the inner container. Can reduce the temperature of the molybdenum foil seal used to remove electrical energy and deliver electrical energy to the electrode ends.

The electric lead wire 205 shown in FIG. 14 is connected to selective heat radiating portions (heat sinks) 206 and 208 thermally connected to the electrodes 20 and 22. The latter is a reflection source S
I, that is, cooling, electrical connection and mounting of MLE-I. Also, the heat radiating portions 206, 208 have been shown to have optional wavy outer surfaces that increase surface cooling. Further, the heat radiating portion 206 is shown to have an optional mounting hole 210.

FIG. 14 shows a container (envelope) for distorting or shielding the energy propagation as described above.
The case of a special design in which 42 does not exist is shown. Accordingly, the preferred shape of the main reflector 142 of the present invention is a substantially focal point having a first focal point where the emission volume EVSI is substantially maximum and a second focal point near the axial position LE which is also the vertex of the MES 144. Ellipse. The preferred RRS 140 is substantially circular for a DC plasma source and (LGLE for an AC plasma source.
-F), which is substantially elliptical. But,
If the source volume ESSI is considerably enlarged, for example a tungsten spiral, the preferred shape is no longer axisymmetric. This will be described further below with reference to FIG. Depending on the optical characteristics of the exit window 199, the ellipse RRS 142 may be made slightly aspherical, if necessary, so that the optical focus deviation (optical d
e-focusing effect)
sate). The exit window 199 is (PRS142
A curved surface may be provided to provide lens function to both improve the beam focusing capability of the CCS-I (in a manner that is compatible with CCS-I) and to meet some manufacturing constraints.

The input port IP of the LG 212 is preferably configured as described above. In the case of a DC plasma source, the arc gap erosion is asymmetric.
Therefore, in order to reduce the decrease in the emission of the LG 212 beyond the life of the lamp, as described above, the optical axis 16 of the LG 212 is used.
2 is slightly vertical (as shown exaggeratedly in FIG. 14) from its ideal coupling position (system axis 28).
Needs to be corrected).

The entrance port IP of the LG 212 itself can form a predetermined closed-type exit window 199 if necessary, and collects light near the vertex of the reflector 140 to form the hermetic seal 20.
2 to the outside of the cavity 200. Here, the output port OP can be used as it is, or can be further coupled to LG or ABT. The LG 212 can be further adapted to ABT if desired.

The main advantage of the preferred MLE-I type is that, for the selected throughput efficiency TE and a given emission volume, the size of the reflective cavity 200 is reduced due to the considerable reduction in shielding losses described. Is Rukoto.

FIG. 15 schematically shows a horizontal sectional view of another preferred embodiment of the present invention for LGLE-J.
This figure highlights two different preferred embodiments, which can be used simultaneously, individually or in combination with other embodiments of the invention. The first embodiment is 2
It is related to a deformed version with more than the axis.
A biaxial version of T is shown, with a small reflective lamp SJ consisting of an emission volume EVSJ and a closed reflective cavity 220
And the cavity 220 is defined by each system axis 281, 2
82, two output ports 1461 and 1462 are provided. This cavity 220 comprises two substantially elliptical main reflectors 1421, 142 arranged with a 90 ° gap in the direction of rotation about the optical axis 24 (in the direction normal to the drawing).
2 and a substantially spherical, elliptical or axisymmetric aspheric R
RS 140 (see above). Each main reflector 1
42i focuses at a vertical angle φv (about 90 ° for a two port system). The retro-reflector 140 collects and reflects (Mo = -1) all the light emitted in a substantially hemispherical portion (<180 °) into an emission volume (Mo = −1), and emits only one hemisphere in an effective emission volume EVSJ. To form Depending on the available manufacturing technology, two main reflectors 1421,
1422 is formed as a single member and sealed with a single or multiple member of the retroreflector 140 to form the exit windows 222 and 22.
4 can also be constructed.

The two emission ports 1461 and 1462 are
Two different preferred types of exit windows 222, 224 have been shown to seal. The exit window 222 is shown here as a flat optical element, has a dielectric film on its inner surface that filters the spectrum of the exit beam, and is fixed to the RRS 140 with a hermetic seal. The exit window 224 is selectively shown as a flat parallel portion of the retro-reflector 140 having a curved surface, forms a film different from other portions of the reflector, and is optically transparent in a predetermined wavelength band. It has a substrate. Other types of windows may be selected as needed.

A dielectric multilayer film (indicated by broken lines on the inner surfaces of the windows 222 and 224) may be added to filter the leakage energy spectrum. The color filter processing of the emission energy can be shared by the reflection films of the reflectors 142 ₁ , 142 ₂ , and 140 and the surfaces of the emission windows 222 and 224. For example, all the curved reflecting members 1421, 1422, 140
In addition, a highly reflective, durable, broadband metal film can be formed using standard, low cost, mass production film technology. In this case, special film manufacturing conditions are not required to minimize the film non-uniformity that causes local changes in the angle of incidence of the reflecting surface, so such composites can be formed from very few members. A reflector lamp can be assembled.

In the case where the excited gas chemically reacts with the film material after a long period of time, or when the film formation is simplified, the wavelength filter processing dielectric film is placed on the outer surface (the opposite side of the surface shown in FIG. 15). Side). By forming an anti-reflection film on the exit windows 222 and 224, the total energy transfer efficiency DE of these reflector lamps SI can be set to 4 to 1 depending on the refractive index of the window material (glass, quartz, sapphire, etc.).
It can be improved by 5%.

FIG. 14 shows at least one shaft 28.
FIG. 4 shows a vertical sectional view of such a preferred miniature reflector lamp. When MLE-I and MLE-J are compared in the case of a single-axis system and a two-axis system and one or two output ports, both have the same maximum vertical convergence angle θv (≦ 45 °).
, It can be seen that the volume occupied by cavity 220 is about １ ／ of the volume occupied by cavity 200. In the case of a two-axis system, a given main reflector has a surface considerably below its apex, that is, D
D ≒ | Fli | / 3. Where │Fli
| Is the distance between the intersection of the given main reflector and the focus of the ellipse, ie the given optical axis 28i to the center of the emission area.

Although multi-port MLEs are somewhat less throughput efficient than single-port MLEs (due to increased electrode shadows), by significantly reducing the achievable volume, the diameter, volume, and material cost are reduced by multi-port energy. For certain applications where the focus is greater than focusing, the multiport MLE-J becomes attractive.

In principle, a two-port or multi-port MLE according to the present invention is not
B).
However, depending on the size of the container and the lamp post, the effect of increasing the shade of the bulb and lamp post of the multiport MLE
(multiple-port reflective cavities 22) larger than the requirement to reduce the increased bulb and lamppost shadowing effect
0 is required. Therefore, the multiport MLE has a very small bulb and lamp post diameter (relative to LPRF1).
Is often only practical for sources with

The second embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 15 relates to the efficient simultaneous transmission of light beams of different colors. As shown in this figure, the output beam of MLE-J is first spectrally separated by the color separator 230 into output beams of different colors (three in the figure). Next, each of these color-separated outgoing beams is collected at an appropriately shaped entrance port IPi of the various LG 231i. Next, LG that transmits light of the same color is represented by red (R), green (G), and blue (B).
Single output port OPi shown in FIG.
Combine with. Optionally, the color separator 230
(Optical coupling material or refractive index compatible liquid 232
(Via a thin layer of). By combining the color separator 230, a predetermined reflection cavity, a predetermined electrode (sealing the reflection cavity with airtightness), and the emission volume EVs,
A predetermined MLE-J is configured. Preferably the LG is of high efficiency and its entrance port (not shown in FIG. 15)
Is used for all systems, for area-efficient angular dependence and energy density function symmetrization.
dependent, energy density function symmmetrizatio
n) The auxiliary ABT is included and forms a predetermined ABTLE-J.

FIG. 15 shows a "color cube" as a preferred color separation element which is excellent in effective use of space.
Many other types of color separators are also known,
It can also be used in connection with the contents of this description. In FIG. 15, each of the three emitted color beams (R, G, B)
Are collected at six or twelve incident ports IPi,
Each emission port OPi is combined with the LG emission part 176i. The surface of the entrance port IPi is optically coupled to the color separator 230 (eg, using an index matching fluid or gel) to minimize Fresnel losses at the glass-air interface. If necessary, the color separator 230 and the entrance port IPi are separated by an air gap,
An anti-reflection film can be formed on each surface as needed to reduce Fresnel loss at these interfaces.

FIG. 16 shows ABTLE-K and LGLE-K
(A partial vertical sectional view and a partial perspective view). Also, several different preferred embodiments of the present invention are shown in one figure. The first embodiment focuses on an area efficient MLE-K design for a cylindrical tungsten or tungsten halogen source S. A second embodiment is a matching coupling optic 2 as LGLE-K, ABTLE-k.
52 shows an ABT 250 provided with a focusing section 52 and a focusing section LG254. While primarily described below are cylindrical translucent and opaque helical surface emitters, the teachings of the present invention are equally applicable to other emitter configurations. In particular, long-arc, AC-type plasma emission sources in the form of two spatially separated and independent emission maxima, coupled in a low brightness straight or curved cylindrical region, Applicable to elongated cylindrical emitting columns such as small linear arcs or fluorescent lamps.

The emission source S shown in FIG.
4 and a transparent inner container (inne
r envelope 42, and the main emission surfaces ESs are in vacuum or in a suitable energizable gas. Such gases may, for example, reduce electrode erosion rates (halogen-tungsten cycles), excite, spectrally shift, light emitting media (metal halide arc sources or high pressure H
(a volume source such as a g source).

The MLE-K design shown in FIG.
7 are the same as MLE-F and MLE-G shown in FIG. It is composed of a source S, a main reflector 260, a retroreflector 262 having a single exit port 264, and energy is transferred from the reflection cavity 266 to the exit port 264.
To the MES 144 (shown in a semi-perspective way as a curved band) and the MES 1
44 intersects system axis 28 at axis position LE. If desired, the exit port 264 (shown in perspective) has an elongated cross-section to maximize the area of the reflective surface of the retroreflector 262. This exit port can be protected by a partial window (with or without a dielectric film), as described above for other embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 16 shows an elongated linear spiral 256 made of a tungsten wire as an example of the emission surface ESs. Selectively reflects and transmits a predetermined wavelength band (IR
(Reflection or prevention of reflection in the visible region) A dielectric multilayer film can be formed on the outer surface or inner surface of the container 42 as necessary.

The mounting electrodes 270 and 272 excite the emission source S and use a conductive fixing part (electric conductive member) used for fixing the spatial position with respect to the reflection cavity 266.
tiveholder). A selectable lamp fixing system is shown schematically as blocks 274, 276 for simultaneously fixing reflectors 260, 262. These blocks 274 and 276 connect the electrical lead 205 to the electrode 2
The electric energy is transmitted to 70 and 272. Further, the spatial position of the emission source S can be fixed, and field replacement (field repla
cement) is also easy. For example, electrode 272 has been shown to have a conical plug 278 that defines a position relative to fixed block 276. Similarly, the conical end of electrode 270
It has been shown to fit into a conical recess in the fixed block 274. The MLE-K shown in FIG.
The replacement of the emission source S can be easily performed without destroying and separating the source 6. Without being limited to the foregoing description, the reflective cavity 266 can be designed within the spirit of another preferred MLE and includes a hermetically sealed mold with one or two optical axes, including the container 42 and the optical May not have windows properly sealed to allow passage to a given MLE.

The non-magnifying, image inverting, retroreflector 262 optimizes the function by correcting the optical distortion of the container 42 and provides an axisymmetric (with respect to the optical axis 24) aspherical reflector ( If the off-axis aberration is minimized by using a quasi-ellipse or a quasi-toroid, an image obtained by inverting the original spiral vertically and horizontally is substantially equivalent to the emission surface ESs shown in FIG. Generate a mirror image.
The source image is a surface emission spiral 256
At the same time, a volume type emission source forming an effective emission surface / volume ESVSK is formed, and the main reflector 260 is irradiated. Due to the self-shielding of the radiation along the helical axis (the longest dimension of the filament in a direction perpendicular to the system axis 28), the angle-dependent emission function of such an extended filament lamp is shaped like an "8".

It should be noted that since the spiral 256 is opaque, some of the energy re-imaged by the retroreflector 262 is blocked by the spiral 256. As a result, ML
Although there is some loss in the total energy transfer of the EK, the available outgoing light increases as described above.

Therefore, the optimization of the retroreflector 266 and the on-axis position of the emission source S will depend on the spatial fill ration of the spiral 256 used as the surface emission source,
Collection etendue of illuminat
ion target). If the light shielding is high, the preferred embodiment of the invention does not determine the focusing area and the system axis 2
The tungsten spiral is offset laterally from the vertical plane containing 8 by an offset distance D ≒ W / 2 (ignoring the effect of the container 42). Here, if the container 42 has sufficient width to allow for the offset and the mirror image of the source with respect to the system axis 28, W will be the diameter of the cylinder or the width of the helix. As a result, the retroreflector image is offset from the same system axis 28 by an offset distance D 距離 -W / 2.
Finally, the effective release area / volume ESVSJ is a spiral 25
6 is about twice as large as the original cross-sectional area. Therefore, the output of the emission source area Es and MLE is effectively increased by a factor of about 2. Intermediate goals (inter
E _{T ^'max} release source area of mediate target) (source etendu
e) when it is much larger, ie, E _{T '} ^max >> Es (slide projector, LE for overhead projector, PLE for large LCD, fiber optic car light,
This becomes even more acceptable if total transmission efficiency is more important than area efficiency, such as total internal reflection large light pipe illumination systems, large area fiber optic illumination systems, etc. MLE
When using a closed reflective cavity, as in -J, the cross-sectional shape and range, and the offset of the emission helix relative to the system axis 28, are ideally designed using the concepts of the present invention to provide a given focusing area and Maximize MLE throughput for the focus area. Similarly, the retroreflection image is represented by a distance D
If you need to ideally offset at ≒ W / 2,
Each source shaft also has an inner surface and, if necessary, an outer container such as a tungsten filament lamp, a double container (doudou).
ble envelope) is offset with respect to the axis of symmetry of the high power metal halide lamp.

FIG. 16 shows a very elongated source SK.
1 shows a preferred embodiment of the present invention for use in the present invention. For example,
As a special case, a helical emitter with a sufficiently long helical winding is described below. This emitter can be located on-axis, ie at D ≒ 0. Since the LEs of the present invention are not sent on a flat image plane for efficient energy focusing, a given CCS-K may have a maximum throughput efficiency as described above and as described in more detail below. And optimized for area efficiency. curved in the z-axis,
Thus, better throughput efficiency is achieved by allowing a substantially curved predetermined energy focusing surface according to the MES 144. This is illustrated in FIG. 16 by a curved quasi-image of the emission surface / volume ESVSK.
image) as the second emission volume EVS'K. In addition,
The original spiral 256 has two different spiral images and its reflection image.

When the second emission volume EVS'K is bisected in the vertical plane, an arc-shaped intensity distribution is obtained at the optimum z position. However, as shown in FIG. 16, when the focusing surface is curved, an enlarged pseudo-image is obtained from the source ESVSK, ie, a curved rectangle with a spiral cross-section winding has a smaller focusing area. Observed occupying the area. For another preferred embodiment of the present invention, as described above,
The field curvature of the on-axis and off-axis imaging MLE-K can be adjusted by adding a basic reflection surface having a cylindrical symmetry axis of the correction condition on the y-axis to the cylindrical correction condition of the emission source axial surface. It may be influenced by the purpose (depending on the size of the reflector and the length of the helix).

The preferred retroreflector 262 has a substantially axially symmetric curvature, and the optical axis 24 has an emission area of the axisymmetric container 42.
If they are collected in the axial direction, they become the axis of symmetry.
If the emission area is located off center with respect to the container 42, an off-axis symmetric retroreflector is ideally used. The aspheric curvature of the plane containing the optical axis is such that the image of the retroreflective source has minimal image distortion, i.e., the effect of the optical distortion of the container 42 and the aberration of the off-axis image of the elongated emission source are balanced. Is preferably selected. Preferably, the defocused image is as flat as possible. However, the curved image solution also helps to optimize the overall transmission efficiency in combination with the ABT 250.

Still referring to FIG. 16, in order to collect such an emission volume EVS'J in an area efficient manner, the ABT 250 is provided with a special matching entrance port I.
P1, the output port OP1 is used. In order to further improve the area focusing efficiency of the entrance port IP1 adapted to the MES 144, a special entrance port processing unit has a light receiving surface A
It is preferably used for S1. In FIG.
The entrance port IP1 is shown returning from the MES 144 to improve visibility at the various points described above. The overall curvature of the light receiving surface AS1 is preferably MES1
Compatible with 44 curvature. Also shown is a staircase-type local surface processing unit, which minimizes the area loss due to the curvature of the light receiving surface AS1. This is an example of a possible preferred auxiliary optical surface processor described above. The body of the ABT 250 may be a hollow tapered or solid transparent suitable tapered LG.

The elongated tungsten source is self-shadowing due to its longitudinal filament itself.
It has an axially asymmetric angular emission energy density function. Therefore, such a preferred predetermined ML
The output beam of E also has an axially asymmetric angular energy density function. If the spatial shape mismatch between the source and the focus target is very large, for example, a long cylinder and a rectangle close to a circle or square, then the area gain of the fitted ABT becomes a significant advantage and Like the area retransformation function
Focusing on (area reformatting task), the area reconversion ABT with poor area efficiency makes the angle-dependent energy distribution symmetrical, so it is conceivable to use them. If necessary, anamorphic or auxiliary optics
Anamorphic coupling optic
Or anamorphic tapered
LG can also be used.

As described above, a beam direction conversion function for compensating for a local prism effect of an angled LG accept or acceptance area.
There are different ways to achieve (beamredirection task).
FIG. 16 shows an angular direction change caused by a locally changing prism-type beam direction change effect on a tilted incident surface, that is, a curved LG light receiving surface AS1, using a stepped shape that is almost close to an ideally curved MES 144. Minimize the effect (with some area loss).

Another preferred embodiment of the present invention uses the prism effect obtained by the specific curvature of the predetermined light receiving surface AS1. This preferred curved surface has a prism effect,
The average beam propagation direction (as shown in FIG. 16, 2) to achieve the desired beam transfer axis directional transformation alone (eg, straighten the main beam propagation axis). Of three different spiral imaging positions)
To the predetermined change of In both embodiments, the local staircase shape can be combined so as to also function as an auxiliary optical system for changing the direction of the beam to correct the local displacement of the main propagation axis of the incident beam. Further, if necessary, an optical surface layer may be formed on the light receiving surface AS1 to realize local correction of the beam propagation axis, thereby improving the throughput efficiency of the LG 250 for a predetermined beam.

Referring again to FIG. 16, the shape of the output surface of this LG adapter 250 is shown to be selected to have a circular shape and to be coupled to a removable LG 254 as necessary. , A constant circular cross-section and a vertically terminated light-receiving surface (perpendicular terminated
acceptance surface) AS2. Other exit shapes can be selected as needed. Also, FIG.
In another preferred embodiment, reflective, high NA, semi-imaging,
The coupling optical device 252 is shown, and the optical device 2
52 changes the angular divergence of the beam by enlarging the divergence angle, while reducing the cross-sectional area of the beam while maintaining substantially area.
Such an optical system is used for simultaneously performing a wavelength-independent symmetric beam conversion and a beam scanning function. LG
The light receiving surface AS2 at 254 is a target T for LGLE-K.
Construct K.

The additional area / NA matching function (matching
function) is unnecessary, the light receiving surface AS2 is connected to the LG25
It can also be directly coupled to the zero emission surface ES1. If necessary, use an anti-reflection coating at the glass-air interface or provide a thin layer of a suitable refractive index matching transparent material such as gel or oil to match the refractive index between the exit surface ES1 and the entrance surface AS2. By using, Fresnel
Coupling loss can be reduced. If it is not necessary to separate LG 254 from the system, both LG 250 and 254 can be bonded with an optically clear adhesive. Without being limited to the scope of the invention, the LG250
May be the only LG in the LGLE that focuses and transmits the appropriate source energy directly to its ultimate use location. Further, the area / NA can be adapted directly in the LG 250 or 254. For example, an appropriate LG 250 can be configured using a tapered optical fiber.

FIG. 16 shows a low-cost optical fiber irradiator with high throughput efficiency using a low-cost linear tungsten spiral emission source, an elongated arc lamp, a high-efficiency linear lamp in the MLE-K, and the like. A method of irradiating a circular LG is also shown, and an LG adapter 250 functioning as an ABTS and an appropriate optical coupling device 252 are used as necessary. This is especially the case with the traditional LGL
It is more important for optical fiber emission sources that require low cost and high transmission efficiency than is possible with E.

Using the foregoing description of the invention, a generic volume or surface emission source may be used.
The method of focusing the elongated emission source in an area efficient manner with respect to the ce source) shows that from the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 16, to further improve the efficiency of the LGLE,
The design of the emission source S depends on the purpose of use, MLE and LGL.
It can be seen that this must be done with the design of E.

For example, a tungsten wire is arranged in a semicircle covered with a high concentration. Next, the retroreflector returns the whole circle to appear to emit light at the given CCS,
The emitted energy is imaged. Based on the foregoing, the present invention allows for variously sized source configurations optimized for a particular design and LG entrance port manufacturing conditions. The basic commonality of all these lamp design solutions is
Emission volume / surface three-dimensional shape and energy focus entrance port IP of emission source S, MLE, LG for remote energy transfer
The manufacturing complexity of the tailored i must be balanced with each other to achieve an optimal cost-effective balance.

By using the auxiliary retroreflector described above, a preferred confocal cavity can be configured to focus a larger emission angle, making the unavailable light more efficient to help generate available light. Color reconversion MLE can be configured.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, if the emission volume or the spatial shape of the surface can also be freely optimized,
LE for a given target T can be further optimized. This more tailored design optimization stage of the source shape can improve the transmission efficiency for a given target and electrical power level and reduce the overall LE manufacturing cost.

FIG. 18 shows a sealed reflector lamp SM (L) having an integrated tapered LG 300 as a predetermined ABTS.
GLE-H, LGLE-I, and LG LE-K) are shown schematically. The emission energy of the emission source S of FIG. 18 has an emission surface ESSM and a width W, has a rectangular cross-sectional shape,
The helix is shown here as thin as it can be wound and emitted from a tightly wound (opaque) tungsten helix (shown in three turns). The optical axis 24 of this spiral
Are arranged in a direction orthogonal to the system axis 28 and have an offset distance D ≒ W / 2 (as described above). The emission of this emission surface ESSL into the right hemisphere forms, after reflection at the RRS 140, an image-reversed virtual emission volume EVSM, which faces the emission surface ESM and is mirror-symmetric with respect to the axis 28. Become. As described above, if necessary, the emission surface ESSM has a predetermined curved direction, rather than a plane orthogonal to the axis 28 of the optical system, and can improve the transmission efficiency to the particularly limited LE.

[0207] The CCS-M, or PRS 142, controls the emission into the left hemisphere to a secondary emission volume.
me) collected in EVS'M, this EVS'M is tapered L
It is designed to be placed in G300. Retroreflector 14
0 is shown here as a folded reflector (similar to LGLE-H) consisting of two reflector members 148, 152 with LG300 at the exit port 146 of the MLE-M. If necessary, the output beam of the MLE-M can be filtered using a filter member 302 (shown here as fixed by the shaping or grounding of the reflector 148).
Easily spectrally filter. For example, by removing unwanted IR energy, an LG made of plastic material or an LG with an epoxy fiber optic input port can be used for some types of optics. If necessary, this auxiliary filter member can be arranged on the incident surface of the LG 300,
2 is a spectral band limiting characteristic (spectral band
It can also have a width limiting property.

The main difference between the foregoing preferred embodiment of the present invention is that the MES 144 is located inside the tapered LG 300, not near the entrance surface. This particular LG 300 is shown in FIG. 18 with a suitable transmissive core material 310 and a suitable layer of low-reflection cladding material (low) around it.
It is shown as a single core, tapered LG with refractive cladding material) 312. Preferably LG300
From a hollow reflective tube. L
The G300 has a tapered LG cross-sectional shape and the MES 144 does not interfere with the transmission of the focused light beam (except for the standard refractive effects due to the different refractive indices of the core material 310 and the LG300). However, the axis position L of the MES178
In the vicinity of E, the cross-sectional area of the LG 300 is used to select a selected portion of the light beam (depending on the desired focusing area Ec).
Thereafter, a transition is made (as described above) to the section led by LG 300. If necessary, the cross-sectional shape of the LG 300 may be the final illumination shape of the target or coupling to another optical system (eg, a plurality of LG 320i as shown in FIG. 18).
Gradually shifts to a convenient exit shape suitable for Such an optical system captures light from the curved MES 144 in an area efficient manner and does not require a very special entrance port configuration as described above in connection with the LGLE-K shown in FIG. is there.

[0209] Therefore, the cross section of the LG 300 before the MES 144 can be regarded as an auxiliary optical instrument that helps area efficient light focusing using the LG 300. For this purpose, the entrance surface 322 of the LG 300 is curved and the CCS-
In combination with M, it can also function as an optical imaging element optimized for the balance between focusing efficiency and manufacturing cost. This auxiliary optics (tapered section of MES 144) provides some of the directly emitted emission light to the MES
In step S144, the optical system can be converted into usable light so that the total transmission efficiency of the optical system can be further increased.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the ML
The EM, the auxiliary retroreflector 148, and the LG 300 are made of a single molded glass or plastic member provided with a film that performs appropriate reflection and filtering on the incident side. Begin at least before the LE position of the axis, and then continue to configure a suitable LG that matches the core material 310.

A plurality of similar or (optionally) different tapered LG300s may be used as emission sources, using a plurality of tungsten spirals (controlling the individual outputs as needed) located near the first focal point of reflector 142. Focus inside. This concept allows for a slight sacrifice in focusing efficiency when needed,
By gaining other advantages, such as source redundancy and cost reduction, for example, the high
A low beam light focusing system is possible.

Returning to FIG. 18, a further LG based fiber optic illumination system is shown in a schematic diagram with one or more LG 320i that ultimately receive light from the MLE, and in particular from the LG, and the LG 300 Shown as a special example. Further, the optical axis 322i of the output port OP2-i of the second LG 320i is coupled to the coupling optical system 34.
In combination with 0i, it is arranged so that an appropriate illuminance can be obtained in the selected final target area. When illuminating tunnels, towers, boats, and the like from a remote location for business purposes, they are built on these concepts and can reduce the total cost of light transmission and maintenance costs for each desired emission level.

Similarly, the coupling optic 252i corresponding to the exit port OP2-i can be selected and adapted for a particular light enhancing material processing. For example, the exit port can be an elongated rectangle to provide a suitable linear emission source. Other shapes can be configured as needed.

FIG. 19 shows a specific type of LE, ie, a transmissive target on a projection screen 98.
1 shows a first preferred embodiment of the present invention for the design of a PLE-AB used to project an image intensity of a configurable target (shown as LV100). This projection screen 98 is a target TAB of a predetermined PLE.

The predetermined MLE-AB is shown as a basic MLE-F type in FIG. However, other MLE embodiments of the invention and all of their variations can be used as well. A color wheel 110 is arranged as needed near the minimum area position LE on the axis of the MLE-AB, a time-division color beam is generated and focused by the lens 410, and a change in the cross-sectional shape of the beam is performed as needed. Optical system for homogenization (beam cross sectional shaping / homogenizing o
ptic system) 420. FIG. 19 illustrates similar or different matching pairs as an example of such an optical system 420.
(similar or dissimilar matched pair), the first lens array 422 and the second lens array 424
Is shown. Another way to construct system 420 is to use a phase grating or diffractive lens pair.
Use a diffractive lens pair). System 420
Preferably reshapes the cross-section of the beam 400 to better meet the beam shape requirements at the LV 100,
Designed to be uniform. Auxiliary focusing lens 426
Shows the cross section of the irradiation beam 400 as the light receiving surface A of the LV 100.
Helps adapt to SLV.

The LV 100 (exemplifying a transmission LV)
It is often the main area limiting optical element of PLE. Preferably, the illumination beam 400 is PLE-
Unlike the AA irradiation beam 122, its light receiving surface ASL
It has an imaging position near or slightly behind V.

The projection lens system 430 collects the output of the LV 100 and forms an image on the projection screen 98. As shown in FIG. 19, if necessary, the lens system 430 includes two subsystems 432 and 434, the subsystem 432 is arranged near the LV, the output of the LV 100 is collected, and the subsystem 434 is connected to the system. 432 may be arranged near the imaging position.

A system 4 for adapting a predetermined area efficient MLE-AB to a beam shape and uniformity as required.
By using 20, the transmission efficiency of PLE-AB is improved. Critical illuminatio
n) (Focus on the LV) and further improved if necessary by using an adapted projection lens system 430. In a preferred refinement of the invention, an anamorphic beam conversion / homogenization system (a) that is area-efficiently adapted to an intermediate target T'AB and a given MLE-AB requirement.
namorphically beam transforming beam homogenizing
system) 420 is used.

FIG. 20 shows another preferred embodiment of the present invention used in a PLE-AC design used to project the image intensity of a single transmissive LV 100 onto a projection screen 98. The main difference between PLE-AB and PLE-AC is that the latter implements at least the energy transfer function and the area reshaping function using the somewhat flexible high transmission efficiency LG448, and the color wheel 110 The predetermined MLE-AC selected from one of the preferred MLE embodiments of the present invention is disposed slightly before the axial minimum area position. In order to maximize the efficiency of the empty wheel 110 at a given time, the position of the color wheel is preferably as close as possible to the axial minimum area position LE.

The input port IP of the LG 448 preferably has an area-efficient M for energy focusing, as described above.
The shape is adapted to LE-AC, and if necessary, NA symmetrization auxiliary input device
optics (ABT), and the exit cross section has a spatially uniform portion (eg, a rectangularly polished single core focusing rod). Also, the case of the transmission type LV is shown. If necessary, use polarization sens
20) For the LV100, the PCS (not shown in FIG. 20) is connected to the output port OP of the LG448 and the LV10.
It can be easily inserted between the 0 light receiving surfaces ASLV and the focusing area of a given entrance port is reduced by about 50%.

The exit port of the LG448 can create a well-defined surface emission source with a given divergence angle and cross-sectional shape. Therefore, to optimize the target TAC, ie, the transmission efficiency to the projection screen 98, the NA adaptation and image magnification coupling optics 430 preferably connects the exit port OP of the LG 448 to or immediately behind the light receiving surface of the LV 100. Image. The latter can be attributed to the high spatial frequency intensity variations (spatialfrequenc
y intensity variation) to help minimize LV
The need for auxiliary optics that eliminates high spatial frequency intensity changes (pixelation) with 100 light receiving surfaces ASLVs.
The adapted projection lens system 430 collects the LV output and efficiently forms an image on the projection screen 98. Ideally, the LG exit surface is curved and the simplified coupling optics 450 is used to image flatten (ima) the LV surface.
ge flattening).

FIG. 21 shows another preferred embodiment of a projection light engine AD (PLE-AD) using a reflective LV 100 as an example of a configurable irradiation target and an intermediate target T′AD. Also, as described above, the area efficient MLE-AD is used with an LG 448 having a specially adapted input port IP and output port OP. Reflector 4 on concave or off-axis (shown here as off-axis)
60 is used as a coupling optical device, and LG4 is placed on the light receiving surface ASLV of the intermediate target T'AD, that is, the LV100.
Forty-eight outputs are coupled. For example, such a reflector 460 can be a suitable part of an elliptical surface 464 that redirects the exit energy propagation axis 465, matches the light receiving direction 466 of the intermediate target T'AD, and provides an exit divergence angle. θLOUT is the divergence angle of the light received by the LV 100 (output dive
rgence angle) Adjust to θLV. To achieve this, the reflector is preferably used in an off-axis position, as shown in FIG. 21, and the exit ports OP and LV 100 are positioned on the principal axis 467 of the given ellipsoid 464, each with a given focus. It is arranged almost symmetrically with respect to the short axis 468 in the vicinity. By orienting the exit port OP of the LG 448 at an appropriate angle 470 with respect to the main axis 467, the desired image magnification and NA matching can be achieved using a single component. In order to minimize the imaging error of the coupling optics, ie the reflector 460, the major axis of the ellipse must be selected to a suitable size. If miniaturization is required to obtain an appropriate coupling result, an auxiliary lens or a reflector (not shown) can be used in the vicinity of the emission port OP. In another embodiment of the present invention, the reflector 460 is a reflective lens, that is, a lens having an appropriate reflective coating formed on one side. Auxiliary lenses or lens systems and reflective lenses help reduce the LE size.

On the right-hand side of the exit port OP, another preferred embodiment of the invention with a magnified image is shown, wherein the surface configuration SCLOUT corresponds to the exit surface ES of the LG448.
There is a non-zero angle 476 between the main axis 477 of L and the optical axis 478. This allows simple manufacturing means,
That is, by polishing the exit port OP of the LG at an angle other than 90 ° with respect to the axis 478, an asymmetric angle dependent emission pattern can be generated. Such bias (biase
d) The exit port simplifies the requirements for coupling optics and allows for a more compact design. Further, (as shown in FIG. 21), the exit surface of the exit port OP can be obtained as a suitable curved surface to obtain a flat image surface on the light receiving surface ASLV.

Referring to FIG. 21 again, target irradiation direction 1
70 is a reflection type LV of DMD or TMA in the oblique direction
The design state suitable for is shown. Also, by using the projection lens system 430 off-axis (the axis 479 is different from the lens axis 480), the light reflected by the LV in the general direction 479 is collected to form an image on the projection screen 98. Was. With this PLE design, it is possible to generate an image on the projection screen 98 in which the LV intensity distribution is basically corrected for the oblique incident angle. This oblique screen irradiation is a very common state in the case of a front projection type in which a projection device is arranged on a table in front of a projection screen to be irradiated. This state is often seen in a ceiling-mounted projection device that irradiates a projection screen mounted at a lower position in an oblique direction.

Note that, instead of the elliptical reflector shape, another aspherical shape that realizes the same image forming function can be selected. For example, toroidal reflectors are often a good approximation of elliptical reflectors and can be made using lower cost eyeglass manufacturing machines. Also, an aspheric coupling system may be preferred (described below with reference to FIG. 23), and the reflector 460 may be modified accordingly or L
In combination with a cylindrical lens or a biaxial lens near the exit port OP of G448, a sufficiently good imaging system must be realized within the PLE design constraints.

FIG. 23 shows another embodiment of the present invention for PLE-AF. The two LGs are used to improve the throughput efficiency of the color wheel 600. As described above, the output of the area-efficient MLE-AF is the first LG4
Collected at a divergence angle θ on 48 incident ports IP1.
All the incident ports have a total incident area AS1 and a light receiving angle θ.
It has an effective area A1out corresponding to 1in ≧ θ. L
The output port OP1 of G448 has an effective surface area A1out.
Of the emission surface ES1. The light emitted from the emission port OP1 at the emission angle θ1out is coupled to the coupling optical device 62
0, so that the focused beam has a cross-sectional area A′cw and a corresponding exit angle θcw on the color wheel 600,
Focus on color wheel 600. The coupling optics 630 collects the light beam passing through the color wheel 600 and focuses the light beam on the entrance port IP2 of the second light guide 640 at a divergence angle θ2in. The entrance port IP2 has an entrance surface AS2 with an effective light focusing area A2in. Light emitted from the emission port OP2 at the emission angle θ2out is collected by the coupling optical device 650 and focused on the effective light receiving surface ASLV of the LV 100, that is, on the predetermined intermediate irradiation target T′AF. In another embodiment of the present invention, where the size and weight of the PLE are very important, one of the coupling optics 620 or 630 may be a PL shown in FIG.
It is desirable to exclude from E. This allows P
Although the transmission efficiency DE of the LE-AF is slightly reduced, the number of parts and the size of the PLE can also be reduced.

Next, the output of the reflection type or transmission type LV 100 (shown as a reflection type in FIG. 23) is collected by a projection lens system 430, and is output to a distant place for forming an image in which the intensity distribution of the exit portion of the LV 100 is enlarged. The image is projected on the screen 98. Andrian H. J. A special optical coupling element 650 similar to the total internal reflection prism described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,969,730 to Van Denbrandt
And the coupling optics described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,022,750 can also be used.

The critical irradiation method (critical illumina)
23 (LV 100 is an intermediate target as shown in FIG. 23) is preferred for maximizing transmission efficiency, but focuses on the Koehler illumination scheme (entrance pupil of projection lens system 430). 23 (not shown in FIG. 23) or an intermediate scheme (see FIG. 5) can also be used to balance PLE design constraints with transmission efficiency in the present invention.

It should be noted that PLE-AC (FIG. 20) and PLE-AC
AD (FIG. 21) is a simplified version (with reduced LG) of PLE-AF, using only one LG as part of the energy focusing and transfer system. The following description of the preferred PLE design scheme, as described above, uses only one coupling optic 620 or 630, PLE-AB, PLE-AC, PLE-AD,
The same applies to the case of PLE-AF.

In most PLE designs, the angles θ1 ^out , θcw, and θ2 ^out are axisymmetric, that is, do not depend on a predetermined azimuth angle Ψ. However, LG44
If 8,640 are not terminated perpendicular to their respective energy transmission axes, then each acceptance angle and emission angle will exhibit some axial asymmetry, and may be used in some preferred embodiments of the invention (see FIG. 21). Further, the LE design can be simplified and improved.

If necessary, the coupling optical device 62
The LG guide 448 with 0,630 can be used to further improve the efficiency of the color wheel 600 at a given time. In general, the surface configurations SCi ⁱⁿ , SCi ^out of the input port IP and the output port OP of each LG are chosen to optimize the coupling between different optical elements. Further, FIG.
Referring to 3, there are at least two or four major opportunities to perform a region retransformation. First, the coupling of the exit port OP2 to the entrance plane ASLV of the LV 100 will be described. Next, the coupling between the ports OP1, IP2 and the color wheel 600 will be described. Coupling optimization between the MLE-AF and the entrance port of the adapted LG448 has already been described above.

Each of the predetermined LVs 100 has a characteristic acceptance angle function θ.
LV (Ψ). The azimuth angle Ψ here is LV1 in a plane orthogonal to the energy transmission axis of the irradiation beam.
An optical preference axis 104 of 00 is defined. The light receiving angle function θLV (Ψ) is a predetermined L
It is partially defined by the design and irradiation direction of V, and partially depends on the contrast required for PLE. Therefore, PLE
Is dependent on both the type of LV used and the limitations of the given optical design for that LE, and for the maximum transfer efficiency DE of the PLE to the projection screen 98, the characteristic acceptance angle function θLV ( Ψ) is maximized.

At an appropriate plane between the exit port OP2 and the light receiving surface ASLV, a mask 66 intersecting the coupling beam
Using zero as needed, any shape of asymmetric angle illumination pattern can be formed from a given illumination beam having a larger angular energy density function than the mask 660 passes.

As shown in FIG. 23, in another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the surface of the output port OP2 is optimized so that the coupling (transmission efficiency DE) between the light output port OP2 and the LV 100 is optimized. Select the configuration SG2 ^out . In the case of some types of LV100 such as DMD and TMA, the average incident energy direction is not parallel to the main axis 480 of the light receiving surface ASLV. In these cases, the preferred optics 650 is of the “Scheinpflug” type, ie its optical axis, the predetermined emission surface ES2 and the light-receiving surface ASLV are, in the light-receiving surface ASLV, the resulting enlarged light-emitting surface. The images of AS2 are arranged with a gap so as to have the same convergence level over the entire surface. Thus, the focal point is behind the light receiving surface ASLV,
That is, even in the case of the non-critical irradiation method, the irradiation intensity is uniform. Further, as shown schematically in FIG.
When using two orthogonal cylindrical lenses 664, 666 functioning as an imaging ABTS towards the optical preferred axis 104, the preferred lateral magnification M (Ψ) and the corresponding angular change of the optical coupling device 650 are: It differs depending on the angle direction ψ. Thus, the preferred embodiment of the present invention generally utilizes axially asymmetric or anamorphic coupling optics 650 to provide an angular emission distribution θ 2 ^out
A beam having a predetermined type of azimuth angle す る that determines (Ψ) is converted into a beam having an angular energy density function that is as close as possible to the desired light receiving function θLV (Ψ) of the LV 100. In this method, the mask 660 trims only the minimum amount of available energy as needed to maximize the PLE-AF transmission efficiency.

FIG. 24 shows that, for different azimuth angles 、,
The irradiation beam from the output port OP2 to the light receiving surface ASLV
Maximum light reception distribution θLV (Ψ) of coupling energy
And the vertical axis represents the optical priority axis 10.
4 parallel. The big circle 670 and the small circle 672
When the maximum light receiving angle θLV (Ψ) = θLV, each of θLV = 15
° and θLV = 10 °. An ellipse 674 adjacent to the large circle 670 on the vertical axis and adjacent to the small circle 672 on the horizontal axis is a DMD or TMA LV10.
This is a preferred azimuth angle ψ for determining the maximum light receiving angle θLV (の) of the present invention for improving the irradiation efficiency of 0.
For example, this elliptical azimuth angle function 674 uses two orthogonal cylindrical lenses 662, 666 with different lateral magnifications, M (Ψ = 90) = 1.89 ^* M (0), An axially symmetric (or asymmetric as described above) LG output beam is biaxially imaged. Note that the elliptical shape 674 is related to the size and function of the projection mask 675 described for the DMD light valve in U.S. Pat. No. 5,442,414. However, the aforementioned preferred embodiment of the present invention does not use any asymmetric mask and has higher throughput efficiency. Thus, under certain circumstances, the above-described preferred embodiment of coupling optics 650 can obviate the need for mask 660 entirely. This reduces the LV functional requirement, ie, energy transfer in a direction transverse to the optical preferred axis 104, and maximizes the transmission efficiency DE of the coupling optics 650 while minimizing scattering and associated contrast loss. To

In order to adapt the cross-sectional shape of the irradiation beam at the light-receiving surface ASLV, the exit surface AS2 is adapted to the cross-section of the LV surface previously distorted in inverse proportion to the magnification M (Ψ) of the coupling optics 650. There must be. More precisely, it is necessary to find out an ideal cross-section and to distort the exit surface AS2 in advance, further considering the influence of distortion caused by having different average energy propagation depending on the normal direction of a predetermined surface. . FIG. 25 approximates the relative size and shape of the cross section of the light receiving surface ASLV, and the LG guide emission surface ES2, ignoring the effect of the surface curvature and the inclination of the surface with respect to the normal direction 480. Is shown. To calculate the preferred size and shape of ES2, assume an angle as follows. The maximum half cone acceptance angle of the surface ASLV is
15 ° parallel to the optical preferred axis 104 and 10 perpendicular
°, and the axisymmetric emission half-cone angle of the surface ES2 is θ2 ^out
= 30 °. As a result, these are assumed to be the same as the ellipse 676 in FIG.

As described above, in the case of the critical irradiation method, the preferable shape, size, and direction of the optimum LG emission surface ES2 are determined by the predetermined light reception surface ASLV, the average incident angle 170, and the optimum light reception angle θLV (Ψ). Is mainly determined by the LV 100 of the computer. Furthermore, the emission surface ES2 depends on the angle-dependent energy density function exiting from the exit port OP2 and, to a lesser extent, from the ideal performance of the given coupling optics 650 which influences the ideal curvature of the emission surface ES2. It also depends on the deviation. Further, the output port OP2
The interaction between and the coupling optics 650 is also affected by the use of the aforementioned auxiliary optics which changes the main energy propagation direction and simplifies the manufacturing procedure of the preferred predetermined LG output port OP2. Therefore, in order to optimize both the manufacturing cost and the performance of the transmission efficiency DE of the output port OP2 to the light receiving surface ASLV, the coupling optical device 6 is required.
The design of 50 and output port OP2 must both be optimized simultaneously.

In order to improve the spatial uniformity of the irradiation beam on the light receiving surface ASLV of the LV 100, several other methods are conceivable. Some of the alternative design methods, which have already been described above, are related to the construction of the LG (LG randomizing the input and output fibers, LG
Reduce crosstalk near the edges). By coupling two or more LGs in series, a change in intensity at low spatial frequencies can be easily reduced. In order to reduce intensity variations at high spatial frequencies, the coupling optics 650 is designed to be used slightly out of focus. By properly designing the optical equipment and the curvature of the emission surface ES2, a low-pass filter effect for planar illumination can also be realized. Further, an auxiliary optical element can be added to the output port OP2 to function as a low-pass filter element. Examples of such low-pass filter elements include hollow reflective tubes or single reflectors with a predetermined appropriate cross-section and, if necessary, tapering to a larger emission area with a lower divergence angle θ2 ^out. There are clad rods. Other optical elements that can be added to coupling optics 650 include moiré filter members that move a portion of the beam laterally relative to the other portion. Desired effects can also be achieved using phase gratings, diffractive optical elements, controlled diffusers, and the like. Using current manufacturing methods, each optical element of a properly designed optic 650 can provide several functions at once. For example, in addition to providing horizontal magnification and related angle changing functions,
These members can also realize a low-pass filtering function, a controlled diffusion function, a mask function, and the like as necessary. Further, if PLE parameter constraints are allowed, then coupling optics 650 is preferably a single transmissive element. Similar to the reflector 460 shown in FIG. 21,
Such a lens may be a simple reflection type, or a combination of a reflection type, a diffraction type, and a phase grating.

FIG. 23 is a special design solution using the present invention to optimize the high throughput efficiency TECW of the color wheel 600 by providing a focused LG of similar size as a very narrow illumination beam. This is shown.

For example, the PLE-A shown in FIGS.
C, as in the case of PLE-AD, the predetermined MLE is such that the major axis of the cross section of the second emission volume EVS 'is the axis 1 of the color wheel.
It is desirable to position the color wheel 600 such that it is positioned radially with respect to 12. Preferably,
The color wheel 600 intersects the emission volume EVS 'slightly ahead of the axial position LE, and the entrance port IP2 of LG448
It is configured to collect light from the emission volume EVS 'in a suitable manner.

Referring again to FIG. 23, as described above, by selecting the design configuration of the surface configurations SC1 ^out and SC2 ⁱⁿ , the gain in the timing efficiency TECW and the area efficiency (area efficiency) of the color wheel 600 are determined.
ency) AE can be selected. The new degree of design freedom by using the present invention gives PLE designers new flexibility to optimize miniaturization and portability, as well as the efficiency and manufacturing cost of the total projection display system.

FIG. 26 shows a further simplified PLE based on the present invention. MLE-AF is a closed or quasi-sealed cavity 690
And comprising an outer container with two opposing three-dimensional recesses 710 along the source axis 24,
The seal 712 of the lamp post 44, 46
Through the cavity 690. A heat sink or radiator 730 is shown mounted on the end of the lamp post near the seal 712 to help cool them. Lead 205 sends current to electrodes incorporated within lamp posts 44,46. Such a preferred MLE-AF can reduce both source shielding and exit port loss described for a given reflector height, and is thermally isolated from the inner vessel 42 to provide access to the lamp post seal 712. To facilitate. With this method, the inner vessel can be used near the maximum possible operating temperature due to material constraints of vessel 42 while at the same time ML
Both lamp post seals 712 can be kept below the temperature range normally possible with an EB design. Thus, this dual container system helps to construct a long life lamp / reflector system. If necessary, the interior volume of the cavity 690 is evacuated, getter material is used to absorb impurities, and forced into the cavity 690 through a properly positioned hole (not shown in FIG. 26) during blowing. The inner container 42 is contaminated by the air and the inner container 42 is reduced to an optimum range. The PLE-AF is also shown having a rectangular asymmetric tapered focusing rod 740, which functions as an ABTS and angularly symmetrical exit as described in connection with FIG. Provides either a beam or an asymmetric beam. Also, LG
The outgoing port at 740 "sheep flukes" the LV100 extraordinary incident mode. The projection optics are shown for use in an off-axis mode and provide primary correction for a fixed exit angle direction.

Although not shown, another preferred PL
In the EG, the output ports of three LGs (like those for the LE-J shown in FIG. 15) are used to couple to the scanning prism and specially process the end of each LG as described above. Doing so simplifies certain coupling optics of a single-plate scroll color projection device (eg, disclosed in US Pat. No. 5,528,318 and related patents). As described above, this type of PLE increases the beam etendue by a factor of 6 or 12,
The present invention can be further improved because the smaller the LV, the more efficient it is.

Within the scope of the present invention, various PLEs
The above-described LV 100 is a configurable irradiation target that can be replaced with any form that has the function of modulating the propagation of an incident light beam for each pixel and processing the output beam. For example, the LV 100 can be replaced without modification by transparent slides, motion picture film frames, reflective or transparent images, etc. in accordance with the present invention.

Although the present invention has been described in terms of various embodiments, it is clear that still other wide variety of forms are possible within the spirit and scope of the invention.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art LGLE-A.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of another prior art LGLE-B.

FIG. 3A shows a peak normalized contour map of the isopycnic region of the exemplary AC arc source shown in FIG. FIG. 3B shows a peak normalized contour map at the axial location Lrms of the prior art LGLE shown in FIG.

FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a prior art LGLE-C, wherein the collected source light is focused on the LG via a source envelope.

FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a prior art PLE-AA.

FIG. 6 is a schematic side cross-sectional view of the MLE-F and LGLE-F of the present invention with improved etendue ratio, where the source energy is specifically matched around the source envelope. The focus is on LG with input ports.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an MLE-type of a different embodiment of the present invention.
G is a schematic plan sectional view of LGLE-G / ABTLE-G.

FIG. 8 illustrates a characteristic asymmetric density contour profile of the present invention at a location LE for MLE-F or MLE-G.

FIG. 9 shows a characteristic asymmetric angular dependent energy density function of the present invention for MLE-F or MLE-G.
The contour map of the density function) is shown.

FIG. 10 shows a tapered integrator rod (1.2X anamorphical) that is 1.2 times anamorphically elongated and tapered.
It shows the angle reformatting capability of a ly stretched tapered integrator rod.

FIG. 11 shows the spectral reformatting performance of the present invention.

FIG. 12 shows the relative collection efficiency and acceptance or emissio of different MLE designs.
n etendue).

FIG. 13 schematically illustrates a plan cross-sectional view of an LGLE-H with a folded retro-reflecto.

FIG. 14 shows a compact, sealed reflector lamp for LGLE-I.
The reflector lamp is shown schematically.

FIG. 15 schematically illustrates a dual port LGLE-J with a triple color band generation system.

FIG. 16 shows a curved minimum etendue surface
(curved minimal etendue surface) and a matched LG whose output is coupled to another LG
Fig. 3 schematically shows an LGLE-K with an adapter.

FIG. 18 schematically illustrates an LGLE-M with an integral tapered LG suitable for automotive lighting.

FIG. 19 shows a conventional beam shaping / homogenizing optical system.
Figure 2 schematically illustrates a modified PLE-AB with a zing optical system).

FIG. 20 shows a PLE- using LG as a beam shaping / homogenizing optical system.
AC is schematically illustrated.

FIG. 21 shows a PLE-AD for a reflection type LV.
Is shown schematically.

FIG. 23 shows a color wheel.
PLE-AE using two LGs to improve the throughput rate of the PLE.

FIG. 24 illustrates different accept angles for a DMD type LV.

FIG. 25 schematically illustrates the relative size and cross-sectional shape of an LV with an LG matched output port.

FIG. 26 is a PLE-AF for a reflection type LV.
Is shown schematically.

────────────────────────────────────────────────── ───

[Procedure amendment]

[Submission date] June 30, 2000 (2006.3.3)
0)

[Procedure amendment 1]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] Brief description of drawings

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art LGLE-A.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of another prior art LGLE-B.

FIG. 3A shows a peak normalized contour map of the isopycnic region of the exemplary AC arc source shown in FIG. FIG. 3B shows a peak normalized contour map at the axial location Lrms of the prior art LGLE shown in FIG.

FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a prior art LGLE-C, wherein the collected source light is focused on the LG via a source envelope.

FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a prior art PLE-AA.

FIG. 6 is a schematic side cross-sectional view of the MLE-F and LGLE-F of the present invention with improved etendue ratio, where the source energy is specifically matched around the source envelope. The focus is on LG with input ports.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an MLE-type of a different embodiment of the present invention.
G is a schematic plan sectional view of LGLE-G / ABTLE-G.

FIG. 8 illustrates a characteristic asymmetric density contour profile of the present invention at a location LE for MLE-F or MLE-G.

FIG. 9 shows a characteristic asymmetric angular dependent energy density function of the present invention for MLE-F or MLE-G.
The contour map of the density function) is shown.

FIG. 10 shows a tapered integrator rod (1.2X anamorphical) that is 1.2 times anamorphically elongated and tapered.
It shows the angle reformatting capability of a ly stretched tapered integrator rod.

FIG. 11 shows the spectral reformatting performance of the present invention.

FIG. 12 shows the relative collection efficiency and acceptance or emissio of different MLE designs.
n etendue).

FIG. 13 schematically illustrates a plan cross-sectional view of an LGLE-H with a folded retro-reflecto.

FIG. 14 shows a compact, sealed reflector lamp for LGLE-I.
The reflector lamp is shown schematically.

FIG. 15 schematically illustrates a dual port LGLE-J with a triple color band generation system.

FIG. 16 shows a curved minimum etendue surface
(curved minimal etendue surface) and a matched LG whose output is coupled to another LG
Fig. 3 schematically shows an LGLE-K with an adapter.

FIG. 17 schematically illustrates an LGLE-M with an integral tapered LG suitable for automotive lighting.

FIG. 18 shows a conventional beam shaping / homogenizing optical system.
Figure 2 schematically illustrates a modified PLE-AB with a zing optical system).

FIG. 19 shows a PLE- using LG as a beam shaping / homogenizing optical system.
AC is schematically illustrated.

FIG. 20 is a PLE-AD for a reflection type LV .
Is shown schematically.

FIG. 21 shows a color wheel .
PLE-AE using two LGs to improve the throughput rate of the PLE.

FIG. 22 illustrates different accept angles for a DMD type LV.

FIG. 23 schematically illustrates the relative size and cross-sectional shape of an LV with an LG matched output port.

FIG. 24 is a PLE-AF for a reflection type LV .
Is shown schematically.

[Procedure amendment 2]

[Document name to be amended] Drawing

[Correction target item name] All figures

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

FIG.

FIG. 2

FIG. 3

FIG.

FIG. 23

FIG. 4

FIG. 5

FIG. 6

FIG. 7

FIG. 8

FIG. 9

FIG. 10

FIG. 11

FIG.

FIG. 13

FIG. 14

FIG.

FIG. 16

FIG.

FIG.

FIG.

FIG.

FIG. 21

FIG. 24 ────────────────────────────────────────────────── ───

[Procedure amendment]

[Submission date] June 30, 2000 (2006.3.3)
0)

[Procedure amendment 1]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0206

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

FIG. 17 shows a sealed reflector lamp SM (L) having an integrated tapered LG 300 as a predetermined ABTS.
GLE-H, LGLE-I, and LG LE-K) are shown schematically. The emission energy of the emission source S of FIG. 17 has an emission surface ESSM and a width W, has a rectangular cross-sectional shape,
The helix is shown here as thin as it can be wound and emitted from a tightly wound (opaque) tungsten helix (shown in three turns). The optical axis 24 of this spiral
Are arranged in a direction orthogonal to the system axis 28 and have an offset distance D ≒ W / 2 (as described above). The emission of this emission surface ESSL into the right hemisphere forms, after reflection at the RRS 140, an image-reversed virtual emission volume EVSM, which faces the emission surface ESM and is mirror-symmetric with respect to the axis 28. Become. As described above, if necessary, the emission surface ESSM has a predetermined curved direction, rather than a plane orthogonal to the axis 28 of the optical system, and can improve the transmission efficiency to the particularly limited LE.

[Procedure amendment 2]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0208

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

The main difference between the foregoing preferred embodiment of the present invention is that the MES 144 is located inside the tapered LG 300, not near the entrance surface. This particular LG 300 is shown in FIG. 17 with a suitable transparent core material 310 and a suitable layer of low reflective cladding material (low) around it.
It is shown as a single core, tapered LG with refractive cladding material) 312. Preferably LG300
From a hollow reflective tube. L
The G300 has a tapered LG cross-sectional shape and the MES 144 does not interfere with the transmission of the focused light beam (except for the standard refractive effects due to the different refractive indices of the core material 310 and the LG300). However, the axis position L of the MES178
In the vicinity of E, the cross-sectional area of the LG 300 is used to select a selected portion of the light beam (depending on the desired focusing area Ec).
Thereafter, a transition is made (as described above) to the section led by LG 300. If necessary, the cross-sectional shape of the LG 300 may be adjusted to the final irradiation shape of the target or coupling to another optical system (for example, a plurality of LG 320i as shown in FIG. 17 ).
Gradually shifts to a convenient exit shape suitable for Such an optical system captures light from the curved MES 144 in an area efficient manner and does not require a very special entrance port configuration as described above in connection with the LGLE-K shown in FIG. is there.

[Procedure amendment 3]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0212

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

Returning to FIG. 17 , a further LG based fiber optic illumination system is shown in a schematic diagram with one or more LG 320i that ultimately receive light from the MLE and, in particular, the LG, wherein the LG 300 comprises Shown as a special example. Further, the optical axis 322i of the output port OP2-i of the second LG 320i is coupled to the coupling optical system 34.
In combination with 0i, it is arranged so that an appropriate illuminance can be obtained in the selected final target area. When illuminating tunnels, towers, boats, and the like from a remote location for business purposes, they are built on these concepts and can reduce the total cost of light transmission and maintenance costs for each desired emission level.

[Procedure amendment 4]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name]

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

FIG. 18 shows a specific type of LE, ie, a transmissive target on a projection screen 98.
1 shows a first preferred embodiment of the present invention for the design of a PLE-AB used to project an image intensity of a configurable target (designated LV100).
This projection screen 98 has a predetermined TAB target TAB.
It is.

[Procedure amendment 5]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name]

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

[0215] predetermined MLE-AB is indicated as a basic MLE-F type in Figure 18. However, other MLE embodiments of the invention and all of their variations can be used as well. A color wheel 110 is arranged as needed near the minimum area position LE on the axis of the MLE-AB, a time-division color beam is generated and focused by the lens 410, and a change in the cross-sectional shape of the beam is performed as needed. Optical system for homogenization (beam cross sectional shaping / homogenizing o
ptic system) 420. FIG. 18 illustrates similar or different matching pairs as an example of such an optical system 420.
(similar or dissimilar matched pair), the first lens array 422 and the second lens array 424
Is shown. Another way to construct system 420 is to use a phase grating or diffractive lens pair.
Use a diffractive lens pair). System 420
Preferably reshapes the cross-section of the beam 400 to better meet the beam shape requirements at the LV 100,
Designed to be uniform. Auxiliary focusing lens 426
Shows the cross section of the irradiation beam 400 as the light receiving surface A of the LV 100.
Helps adapt to SLV.

[Procedure amendment 6]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name]

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

The projection lens system 430 collects the output of the LV 100 and forms an image on the projection screen 98. As shown in FIG. 18 , if necessary, the lens system 430 is composed of two subsystems 432 and 434, the subsystem 432 is arranged near the LV, the output of the LV 100 is collected, and the subsystem 434 is connected to the system. 432 may be arranged near the imaging position.

[Procedure amendment 7]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0219

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

FIG. 19 shows another preferred embodiment of the present invention used in a PLE-AC design used to project the image intensity of a single transmissive LV 100 onto a projection screen 98. The main difference between PLE-AB and PLE-AC is that the latter implements at least the energy transfer function and the area reshaping function using the somewhat flexible high transmission efficiency LG448, and the color wheel 110 The predetermined MLE-AC selected from one of the preferred MLE embodiments of the present invention is disposed slightly before the axial minimum area position. In order to maximize the efficiency of the empty wheel 110 at a given time, the position of the color wheel is preferably as close as possible to the axial minimum area position LE.

[Procedure amendment 8]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name]

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

The input port IP of the LG 448 preferably has an area-efficient M for energy focusing, as described above.
The shape is adapted to LE-AC, and if necessary, NA symmetrization auxiliary input device
optics (ABT), and the exit cross section has a spatially uniform portion (eg, a rectangularly polished single core focusing rod). Also, the case of the transmission type LV is shown. If necessary, use polarization sens
For the LV100, the PCS (not shown in FIG. 19 ) is connected to the output port OP of the LG448 and the LV10.
It can be easily inserted between the 0 light receiving surfaces ASLV and the focusing area of a given entrance port is reduced by about 50%.

[Procedure amendment 9]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0222

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

FIG. 20 shows another preferred embodiment of a projection light engine AD (PLE-AD) using a reflective LV100 as an example of a configurable irradiation target and an intermediate target T′AD. Also, as described above, the area efficient MLE-AD is used with an LG 448 having a specially adapted input port IP and output port OP. Reflector 4 on concave or off-axis (shown here as off-axis)
60 is used as a coupling optical device, and LG4 is placed on the light receiving surface ASLV of the intermediate target T'AD, that is, the LV100.
Forty-eight outputs are coupled. For example, such a reflector 460 can be a suitable part of an elliptical surface 464 that redirects the exit energy propagation axis 465, matches the light receiving direction 466 of the intermediate target T'AD, and provides an exit divergence angle. θLOUT is the divergence angle of the light received by the LV 100 (output dive
rgence angle) Adjust to θLV. To achieve this, the reflector is preferably used in an off-axis position, as shown in FIG. 20 , and the exit ports OP and LV 100 are each positioned at a given focal point on a major axis 467 of a given ellipsoid 464. It is arranged almost symmetrically with respect to the short axis 468 in the vicinity. By orienting the exit port OP of the LG 448 at an appropriate angle 470 with respect to the main axis 467, the desired image magnification and NA matching can be achieved using a single component. In order to minimize the imaging error of the coupling optics, ie the reflector 460, the major axis of the ellipse must be selected to a suitable size. If miniaturization is required to obtain an appropriate coupling result, an auxiliary lens or a reflector (not shown) can be used in the vicinity of the emission port OP. In another embodiment of the present invention, the reflector 460 is a reflective lens, that is, a lens having an appropriate reflective coating formed on one side. Auxiliary lenses or lens systems and reflective lenses help reduce the LE size.

[Procedure amendment 10]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0223

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

On the right-hand side of the exit port OP, another preferred embodiment of the invention with a magnified image is shown, wherein the surface configuration SCLOUT corresponds to the exit surface ES of the LG448.
There is a non-zero angle 476 between the main axis 477 of L and the optical axis 478. This allows simple manufacturing means,
That is, by polishing the exit port OP of the LG at an angle other than 90 ° with respect to the axis 478, an asymmetric angle dependent emission pattern can be generated. Such bias (biase
d) The exit port simplifies the requirements for coupling optics and allows for a more compact design. Also (as shown in FIG. 20 ), the exit surface of the exit port OP can be obtained as a suitable curved surface to obtain a flat image surface on the light receiving surface ASLV.

[Procedure amendment 11]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0224

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

Referring to FIG. 20 again, target irradiation direction 1
70 is a reflection type LV of DMD or TMA in the oblique direction
The design state suitable for is shown. Also, by using the projection lens system 430 off-axis (the axis 479 is different from the lens axis 480), the light reflected by the LV in the general direction 479 is collected to form an image on the projection screen 98. Was. With this PLE design, it is possible to generate an image on the projection screen 98 in which the LV intensity distribution is basically corrected for the oblique incident angle. This oblique screen irradiation is a very common state in the case of a front projection type in which a projection device is arranged on a table in front of a projection screen to be irradiated. This state is often seen in a ceiling-mounted projection device that irradiates a projection screen mounted at a lower position in an oblique direction.

[Procedure amendment 12]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0225

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

Note that, instead of the elliptical reflector shape, another aspherical shape that realizes the same image forming function can be selected. For example, toroidal reflectors are often a good approximation of elliptical reflectors and can be made using lower cost eyeglass manufacturing machines. Also, an aspheric coupling system may be preferred (described below with reference to FIG. 21 ), and the reflector 460 may be modified accordingly or L
In combination with a cylindrical lens or a biaxial lens near the exit port OP of G448, a sufficiently good imaging system must be realized within the PLE design constraints.

[Procedure amendment 13]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0226

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

FIG. 21 shows another embodiment of the present invention for PLE-AF. The two LGs are used to improve the throughput efficiency of the color wheel 600. As described above, the output of the area-efficient MLE-AF is the first LG4
Collected at a divergence angle θ on 48 incident ports IP1.
All the incident ports have a total incident area AS1 and a light receiving angle θ.
It has an effective area A1out corresponding to 1in ≧ θ. L
The output port OP1 of G448 has an effective surface area A1out.
Of the emission surface ES1. The light emitted from the emission port OP1 at the emission angle θ1out is coupled to the coupling optical device 62
0, so that the focused beam has a cross-sectional area A′cw and a corresponding exit angle θcw on the color wheel 600,
Focus on color wheel 600. The coupling optics 630 collects the light beam passing through the color wheel 600 and focuses the light beam on the entrance port IP2 of the second light guide 640 at a divergence angle θ2in. The entrance port IP2 has an entrance surface AS2 with an effective light focusing area A2in. Light emitted from the emission port OP2 at the emission angle θ2out is collected by the coupling optical device 650 and focused on the effective light receiving surface ASLV of the LV 100, that is, on the predetermined intermediate irradiation target T′AF. Is critical size and weight of the PLE, PL case of another embodiment of the invention, one of the coupling optics 620 or 630 shown in FIG. 21
It is desirable to exclude from E. This allows P
Although the transmission efficiency DE of the LE-AF is slightly reduced, the number of parts and the size of the PLE can also be reduced.

[Procedure amendment 14]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0227

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

Next, the reflection type or transmission type LV100 (see FIG.
The output of the indicated) as a reflection type in 21 is collected by the projection lens system 430 is projected to a distant screen 98 for forming an image obtained by enlarging the intensity distribution of the output of the LV 100. Andrian H. J. A special optical coupling element 650 similar to the total internal reflection prism described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,969,730 to Van Denbrandt
And the coupling optics described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,022,750 can also be used.

[Procedure amendment 15]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0228

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

The critical irradiation method (critical illumina)
The LV scheme (LV100 is an intermediate target as shown in FIG. 21 ) is preferred for maximizing transmission efficiency, but focuses on the Koehler illumination scheme (entrance pupil of the projection lens system 430). 21 (not shown in FIG. 21 ) or an intermediate scheme (see FIG. 5) can also be used to balance PLE design constraints and transmission efficiency in the present invention.

[Procedure amendment 16]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0229

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

It should be noted that PLE-AC (FIG. 19 ) and PLE-AC
AD (FIG. 20 ) is a simplified version (with reduced LG) of PLE-AF and uses only one LG as part of the energy focusing and transfer system. The following description of the preferred PLE design scheme, as described above, uses only one coupling optic 620 or 630, PLE-AB, PLE-AC, PLE-AD,
The same applies to the case of PLE-AF.

[Procedure amendment 17]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0230

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

In most PLE designs, the angles θ1 ^out , θcw, and θ2 ^out are axisymmetric, that is, do not depend on a predetermined azimuth angle Ψ. However, LG44
If 8,640 are not terminated perpendicular to their respective energy transmission axes, then each acceptance angle and emission angle will exhibit some axial asymmetry and may be used in some preferred embodiments of the invention (see FIG. 20 ). Further, the LE design can be simplified and improved.

[Procedure amendment 18]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0231

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

If necessary, the coupling optical device 62
The LG guide 448 with 0,630 can be used to further improve the efficiency of the color wheel 600 at a given time. In general, the surface configurations SCi ⁱⁿ , SCi ^out of the input port IP and the output port OP of each LG are chosen to optimize the coupling between different optical elements. In addition, as shown in FIG. 2
Referring to 1 , there are at least two or four major opportunities to perform a region retransformation. First, the coupling of the exit port OP2 to the entrance plane ASLV of the LV 100 will be described. Next, the coupling between the ports OP1, IP2 and the color wheel 600 will be described. Coupling optimization between the MLE-AF and the entrance port of the adapted LG448 has already been described above.

[Procedure amendment 19]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0234

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

As shown in FIG. 21 , in another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the surface of the output port OP2 is adjusted so that the coupling (transmission efficiency DE) between the light output port OP2 and the LV 100 is optimized. Select the configuration SG2 ^out . In the case of some types of LV100 such as DMD and TMA, the average incident energy direction is not parallel to the main axis 480 of the light receiving surface ASLV. In these cases, the preferred optics 650 is of the “Scheinpflug” type, ie its optical axis, the predetermined emission surface ES2 and the light-receiving surface ASLV are, in the light-receiving surface ASLV, the resulting enlarged light-emitting surface. The images of AS2 are arranged with a gap so as to have the same convergence level over the entire surface. Thus, the focal point is behind the light receiving surface ASLV,
That is, even in the case of the non-critical irradiation method, the irradiation intensity is uniform. Further, as shown schematically in FIG. 21,
When using two orthogonal cylindrical lenses 664, 666 functioning as an imaging ABTS towards the optical preferred axis 104, the preferred lateral magnification M (Ψ) and the corresponding angular change of the optical coupling device 650 are: It differs depending on the angle direction ψ. Thus, the preferred embodiment of the present invention generally utilizes axially asymmetric or anamorphic coupling optics 650 to provide an angular emission distribution θ 2 ^out
A beam having a predetermined type of azimuth angle す る that determines (Ψ) is converted into a beam having an angular energy density function that is as close as possible to the desired light receiving function θLV (Ψ) of the LV 100. In this method, the mask 660 trims only the minimum amount of available energy as needed to maximize the PLE-AF transmission efficiency.

[Procedure amendment 20]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0235

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

FIG. 22 shows that for different azimuth angles Ψ,
The irradiation beam from the output port OP2 to the light receiving surface ASLV
Maximum light reception distribution θLV (Ψ) of coupling energy
And the vertical axis represents the optical priority axis 10.
4 parallel. The big circle 670 and the small circle 672
When the maximum light receiving angle θLV (Ψ) = θLV, each of θLV = 15
° and θLV = 10 °. An ellipse 674 adjacent to the large circle 670 on the vertical axis and adjacent to the small circle 672 on the horizontal axis is a DMD or TMA LV10.
This is a preferred azimuth angle ψ for determining the maximum light receiving angle θLV (の) of the present invention for improving the irradiation efficiency of 0.
For example, this elliptical azimuth angle function 674 uses two orthogonal cylindrical lenses 662, 666 with different lateral magnifications, M (Ψ = 90) = 1.89 ^* M (0), An axially symmetric (or asymmetric as described above) LG output beam is biaxially imaged. Note that the elliptical shape 674 is related to the size and function of the projection mask 675 described for the DMD light valve in U.S. Pat. No. 5,442,414. However, the aforementioned preferred embodiment of the present invention does not use any asymmetric mask and has higher throughput efficiency. Thus, under certain circumstances, the above-described preferred embodiment of coupling optics 650 can obviate the need for mask 660 entirely. This reduces the LV functional requirement, ie, energy transfer in a direction transverse to the optical preferred axis 104, and maximizes the transmission efficiency DE of the coupling optics 650 while minimizing scattering and associated contrast loss. To

[Procedure amendment 21]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0236

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

In order to adapt the cross-sectional shape of the irradiation beam at the light-receiving surface ASLV, the exit surface AS2 is adapted to the cross-section of the LV surface previously distorted in inverse proportion to the magnification M (Ψ) of the coupling optics 650. There must be. More precisely, it is necessary to find out an ideal cross-section and to distort the exit surface AS2 in advance, further considering the influence of distortion caused by having different average energy propagation depending on the normal direction of a predetermined surface. . FIG. 23 is an approximation in which the relative size and shape of the cross section of the light receiving surface ASLV and the LG guide emission surface ES2 are adapted, ignoring the influence of the surface curvature and the inclination of the surface with respect to the normal direction 480. Is shown. To calculate the preferred size and shape of ES2, assume an angle as follows. The maximum half cone acceptance angle of the surface ASLV is
15 ° parallel to the optical preferred axis 104 and 10 perpendicular
°, and the axisymmetric emission half-cone angle of the surface ES2 is θ2 ^out
= 30 °. Note that these are consequently, the same assumptions as the ellipse 676 in FIG. 22.

[Procedure amendment 22]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

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[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

In order to improve the spatial uniformity of the irradiation beam on the light receiving surface ASLV of the LV 100, several other methods are conceivable. Some of the alternative design methods, which have already been described above, are related to the construction of the LG (LG randomizing the input and output fibers, LG
Reduce crosstalk near the edges). By coupling two or more LGs in series, a change in intensity at low spatial frequencies can be easily reduced. In order to reduce intensity variations at high spatial frequencies, the coupling optics 650 is designed to be used slightly out of focus. By properly designing the optical equipment and the curvature of the emission surface ES2, a low-pass filter effect for planar illumination can also be realized. Further, an auxiliary optical element can be added to the output port OP2 to function as a low-pass filter element. Examples of such low-pass filter elements include hollow reflective tubes or single reflectors that have a predetermined appropriate cross-section and, if necessary, taper to a larger emission region with a lower divergence angle θ2out. There is a clad rod. Other optical elements that can be added to coupling optics 650 include moiré filter members that move a portion of the beam laterally relative to the other portion. Desired effects can also be achieved using phase gratings, diffractive optical elements, controlled diffusers, and the like. Using current manufacturing methods, each optical element of a properly designed optic 650 can provide several functions at once. For example, in addition to providing horizontal magnification and related angle changing functions,
These members can also realize a low-pass filtering function, a controlled diffusion function, a mask function, and the like as necessary. Further, if PLE parameter constraints are allowed, then coupling optics 650 is preferably a single transmissive element. Similar to the reflector 460 shown in FIG. 20 ,
Such a lens may be a simple reflection type, or a combination of a reflection type, a diffraction type, and a phase grating.

[Procedure amendment 23]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

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[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

FIG. 21 is a special design solution using the present invention to optimize the high throughput efficiency TECW of the color wheel 600 by providing a focused LG of similar size as a very narrow illumination beam. This is shown.

[Procedure amendment 24]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0240

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

[0240] For example, PLE-A shown in FIG. 19 and 20
C, as in the case of PLE-AD, the predetermined MLE is such that the major axis of the cross section of the second emission volume EVS 'is the axis 1 of the color wheel.
It is desirable to position the color wheel 600 such that it is positioned radially with respect to 12. Preferably,
The color wheel 600 intersects the emission volume EVS 'slightly ahead of the axial position LE, and the entrance port IP2 of LG448
It is configured to collect light from the emission volume EVS 'in a suitable manner.

[Procedure amendment 25]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0241

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

Referring again to FIG. 21 , as described above, by selecting the design configuration of the surface configurations SC1 ^out and SC2 ⁱⁿ , the gain in the timing efficiency TECW and the area efficiency (area efficiency) of the color wheel 600 can be improved.
ency) AE can be selected. The new degree of design freedom by using the present invention gives PLE designers new flexibility to optimize miniaturization and portability, as well as the efficiency and manufacturing cost of the total projection display system.

[Procedure amendment 26]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0242

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

FIG. 24 shows a further simplified PLE based on the present invention. MLE-AF is a closed or quasi-sealed cavity 690
And comprising an outer container with two opposing three-dimensional recesses 710 along the source axis 24,
The seal 712 of the lamp post 44, 46
Through the cavity 690. A heat sink or radiator 730 is shown mounted on the end of the lamp post near the seal 712 to help cool them. Lead 205 sends current to electrodes incorporated within lamp posts 44,46. Such a preferred MLE-AF can reduce both source shielding and exit port loss described for a given reflector height, and is thermally isolated from the inner vessel 42 to provide access to the lamp post seal 712. To facilitate. With this method, the inner vessel can be used near the maximum possible operating temperature due to material constraints of vessel 42 while at the same time ML
Both lamp post seals 712 can be kept below the temperature range normally possible with an EB design. Thus, this dual container system helps to construct a long life lamp / reflector system. If necessary, the interior volume of the cavity 690 is evacuated, getter material is used to absorb impurities, and forced into the cavity 690 through a properly positioned hole (not shown in FIG. 24 ) during blowing. The inner container 42 is contaminated by the air and the inner container 42 is reduced to an optimum range. PLE-AF also has been shown to have a rectangular asymmetric tapered converging rod 740, the focusing rod 740 functions as ABTS, as described in connection with FIG. 21, angularly symmetrical to the exit Provides either a beam or an asymmetric beam. Also, LG
The outgoing port at 740 "sheep flukes" the LV100 extraordinary incident mode. The projection optics are shown for use in an off-axis mode and provide primary correction for a fixed exit angle direction.

Continued on the front page (51) Int.Cl. ⁷ Identification symbol FI Theme coat II (reference) G02B 19/00 G02B 19/00 // F21Y 101: 00

Claims (22)

[Claims] 1. Efficient energy transfer of a gas discharge lamp and an area (etendue: e)
tendue) Efficient area and angle reformatting
A small light engine (MLE) for performing the following: a retro-reflector system, a primary reflector system having a first focus F1 and a second focus F2 defining a system axis. In an airtight translucent container (envelope) enclosing an excitable gas, creating and exciting at least one spatially widened translucent region of said gas, via said container an electromagnetic radiation from a lamp system; A gas discharge lamp system forming an emission source S that emits energy and defining a major axis of the emission source S as an axis of the emission source, wherein the axis of the emission source is substantially equal to the axis of the optical system. The emission source S is arranged in the vicinity of the focal point F1, and the emission source S has a predetermined emission etendue function E in at least one predetermined wavelength region.
(P), wherein p represents a percentage of the total emitted energy emitted by the lamp system in the predetermined wavelength range, wherein the retroreflector system comprises: an output port;
Three main concave retroreflectors, wherein the retroreflector system focuses a part of the energy emitted from the emission source S on the lamp system near the emission source S and retroreflects the energy, The combination of source S and the retroreflective system forms an effective retroreflective emission source Sr, wherein the source Sr has a predetermined space-dependent emission in a plane orthogonal to the axis of the optical system and including the axis of the source. Intensity distribution (spatial dependent emission
intensity distribution) SI (x, y; Sr), wherein the main reflector system has at least one concave reflector, and the main reflector system emits a part of the energy emitted from the emission source Sr. And focuses the main part of the reflected energy substantially symmetrically around the container near the focal point F2, and near the focal point F2 a predetermined space-dependent intensity distribution S orthogonal to the optical system axis.
Second with I (x, y; S ')
ry) forming an emission source S ′, wherein the emission source S and the second emission source S ′ include an axis of the emission source near the predetermined focal points F1, F2 and are orthogonal to an axis of the optical system; Predetermined angle-dependent emission energy density functions AI (φ, Ψ; S), AI (φ,
Ψ; S ′) to create a spatially and angularly asymmetric, area-efficiently reconverted exit beam, with curved and spectral reflections of the main reflection system, the retroreflection system and the exit port. And a range is selected for effective energy transfer in at least one of the predetermined wavelength ranges to the second emission source S ′, and the spatially asymmetric intensity distribution SI (x, y; S ′) is selected.
Have a major axis substantially parallel to the axis of the emission source and a quasi-imaginary magnification (quasi-ima) of the intensity distribution SI (x, y; Sr).
ging magnification), and the beam emitted from the retroreflector system via the emission port is, in the predetermined wavelength region, a second emission source area function Es ′.
i (p), and the function Es′i (p) is defined by the emission source area function Es for at least one of the p values.
MLE increased to at least exceed (p). 2. The lamp system is selected from the group consisting of an AC gas discharge arc lamp, a DC gas discharge arc lamp, a single vessel lamp, a dual vessel lamp, an electrodeless, a microwave driven, a wall stabilized lamp. A lamp, wherein the gas is selected from the group consisting of Hg, Hg2, Xe, Ar, Kr, a metal halide salt vapor and a molecule comprising a molecule of a halogen group element in the periodic table; And an assembly comprising an aspherical reflector, wherein the components of the retroreflective system are selected from an assembly comprising a spherical, toroidal, elliptical and aspherical reflector, and the quasi-imaging magnification of the main reflector is selected. 2. The MLE of claim 1, wherein has a value between 1.5 and 5. 3. The container of claim 1, wherein the container has an optical beam redirecting characteristic, and a deviation of the aspherical surface of the retroreflector system from a basic spherical shape provides a portion of the optical beam redirecting characteristic. Correcting for the axisymmetricity of said main reflector system;
A deviation from a basic axisymmetric elliptical shape corrects at least a portion of the optical beam redirection characteristics, and the aspheric deviation and the non-axisymmetric deviation are used to calculate the spatially dependent emission intensity distribution SI (x, y MLE according to claim 1, wherein the spatial extent of S ') is reduced. 4. The at least one concave reflector has a main reflector portion and at least one auxiliary concave retroreflector portion having a main radius of curvature of R1 <R0, wherein R0 is the concave retroreflector. A main curvature radius, wherein the main concave retroreflector and at least one auxiliary retroreflector portion are arranged to face each other with respect to the lamp system, and at least one auxiliary concave retroreflector portion is The MLE according to claim 1, wherein a part of the energy focused from the emission source S is reflected back to the emission source S. 5. The retroreflector system comprises a first exit aperture, the concave retroreflector having a principal radius of curvature of R0, and at least one i-th second exit aperture.
At least one i having a principal curvature radius of R2, i> R0
A second auxiliary concave retroreflector, wherein the main retroreflector and at least one of the i-th retroreflectors are arranged opposite the lamp system in the main reflector system, A part of the energy that is emitted directly from S and passes through the first emission opening is focused by at least one i-th auxiliary concave retroreflector, and is reflected back to the vicinity of the emission source S; Through at least one of the i-th second exit apertures, a portion of the electromagnetic energy focused by the main reflector system exits the MLE;
The exit port is at least one with the first exit aperture;
2. The MLE of claim 1, wherein said MLE has two i-th second exit apertures. 6. The combination of at least one auxiliary concave retroreflector portion and at least one reflective sub-portion of the retroreflector system comprises a combined reflective ring cavity.
5. The MLE according to claim 4, wherein the emission source S is located substantially at a focal point of the reflective ring cavity. 7. The energy passing through the output port.
The spectrum has a relative gain in at least one wavelength band due to electromagnetic energy-material interaction of the electromagnetic energy retroreflected by said retroreflector system;
The MLE of claim 1, wherein the gas is enclosed in a container that exceeds the spectrum of the energy emitted only from the lamp system. 8. At least one component of said gas encapsulated in said container, together with said electromagnetic energy-material interaction, produces a balanced red, green, blue band for color image projection and display applications. The MLE of claim 7, which creates a more useful energy beam. 9. The MLE according to claim 1, wherein the container has an antireflection film. 10. The container has a lamp post provided with a seal portion at each end and a central container portion, the seal portion can be cooled below a predetermined temperature, and the central container portion is cooled to the predetermined temperature. Operable within a substantially higher predetermined temperature range, wherein the main reflector system and the retroreflector system are:
Constituting a cavity that provides a thermal separation state between the container and the seal, the temperature of the seal is less than the predetermined temperature, the central container, within the predetermined temperature range The ML of claim 1, wherein the ML is operable.
E. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the main reflector system comprises
In the energy focusing surface near 2, with the minimum area loss,
2. The ML according to claim 1, wherein the ML has a surface shape on which a small surface is formed so as to realize a spatially more uniform intensity profile.
E. 12. A sealed reflective lamp surrounding a plasma arc, comprising: a main reflector system, a retroreflector system, at least one i-th exit window, and a sealed optical system for encapsulating an excitation gas; Exciting the gas between two opposing electrode tips, the tip defining an axis of the emission source, exciting a translucent and spatially expanded plasma region, and opposing ends of the electrode tips Means for forming an emission source S that emits electromagnetic energy spatially and angularly asymmetrically from at least one location between the first reflector F1 and at least one i An i-th second focal point F2, i defining an i-th optical system axis, wherein said source S is located near said first focal point F1, and said source axis is at least one of said i-th Optical system axis Arranged substantially orthogonally, wherein the retroreflector system has at least one i-th exit port sealed with at least one said i-th exit window and at least one concave retroreflector. The retroreflector system focuses a portion of the energy emitted from the emission source S and reflects back to the emission source S, combining the light source S with the retroreflector system to provide effective retroreflection. Forming a reflective emission source Sr, said emission source Sr
Include, in a plane that includes the axis of the emission source and is orthogonal to the axis of the optical system, a predetermined space-dependent emission intensity distribution SI (x, y;
Sr), wherein the main reflector system has at least one concave reflector, wherein the main reflector system focuses and reflects a portion of the energy emitted from the emission source Sr; Focusing a major portion of said electromagnetic energy focused around an electrode through at least one said i-th exit window in the vicinity of at least one said second focal point F2, i;
Forming at least one ith second emission source S′i;
The emission source S′i comprises at least one second focus F
A predetermined spatially dependent intensity distribution SI (x, y; S'i) orthogonal to the i-th optical system axis in the vicinity of 2, i, the main reflector system and the retroreflector system; Select the curvature and range of the two i-th exit ports,
At least one having an intensity distribution SI (x, y; S′i)
Forming two second emission sources S′i, and the intensity distribution SI
(X, y; S′i) is the intensity distribution SI (x, y; S)
A closed-type reflective lamp having a quasi-imaging magnification of r). 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the main reflector system, the retroreflector system, and the window are selectively formed from an aggregate of quartz, sapphire, glass, metal, and a thermally conductive ceramic material. Xe, wherein the plasma emission region is localized by two tungsten-containing electrodes opposed to each other, and the electrode has an airtight, conductive, and heat-conductive seal portion penetrating the reflector body; A reflector system having a portion consisting of an axisymmetric ellipse having the i-th optical system axis as the axis of symmetry, the main retroreflector having the axis of the emission source as the axis of symmetry, spherical, toroidal, elliptical; Selected from the group consisting of shaped and aspheric toroidal reflectors, wherein the quasi-imaging magnification of the main reflector system is between 1.5 and 5; 13. The sealed lamp according to claim 12, wherein the lamp is selected from the group consisting of a shaft system and a biaxial system. 14. A projection light engine (PLE) for focusing electromagnetic energy emitted from a gas discharge lamp having an electromagnetic energy emission source S, concentrating a part of said focused energy, A quasi-imaging small light engine (M) forming a predetermined angularly reconverted second emission source S '
LE); a configurable irradiation target having at least one configurable pixel and processing at least one output beam; and focusing a portion of the electromagnetic energy emitted from the second emission source S ′. Coupling a portion of the at least one output beam processed by the coupling optics system and the configurable illumination target to deliver an illumination beam to the configurable illumination target; and A projection optical system for converting a magnified image of the illumination target that can be structured to a distant target, wherein the MLE includes a retroreflector system; a first focus F1 and a second focus F2 defining an optical system axis.
And a means for forming and exciting at least one spatially extended translucent region of said gas, said container comprising: A gas discharge lamp system forming the source S, which emits electromagnetic energy via, the long axis of the source S defining the axis of the source, the axis of the source being the optical system The emission source S is arranged near the focal point F1, the retroreflective system has an output port and at least one main concave retroreflector, and the retroreflection is provided. A body system focuses a portion of the energy emitted from the source S and reflects back to the lamp system near the source S, wherein the combination of the source S and the retroreflector system comprises: The release From S emission space, to form an effective retroreflective emitting source Sr which emits into the space substantially smaller solid angle, the emission source S
r includes a predetermined space-dependent emission intensity distribution SI (x, x) on a plane that includes the axis of the emission source and is orthogonal to the axis of the optical system.
y; Sr), wherein the main reflector system has at least one concave reflector, and the main reflector system focuses and reflects a part of the energy emitted from the emission source Sr. Focusing the main part of the reflected energy approximately symmetrically around the container near the focal point F2, near the focal point F2,
Forming the second emission source S ′ having a predetermined space-dependent intensity distribution SI (x, y; S ′) orthogonal to the optical system axis, wherein the emission source S and the second emission source S ′ are Focus F1
And a predetermined angle-dependent emission energy density function AI (φ, Ψ; S), AI (φ, φ) at a focal point F2 orthogonal to the optical system axis and asymmetric in a plane including the axis of the emission source.
Ψ; S ′) to form a spatially and angularly asymmetric, area-efficiently reconverted exit beam, selecting the main reflector system, the retroreflector system, and the curvature and spread of the exit port The spatially asymmetric intensity distribution SI (x, y; S ′) has a major axis substantially parallel to the axis of the emission source, and the intensity distribution SI (x, y; S ′)
PLE to achieve the quasi-imaging magnification of r). 15. The lamp system selected from the group consisting of an AC gas discharge arc lamp, a DC gas discharge arc lamp, a single vessel lamp, a dual vessel lamp, an electrodeless, microwave driven, wall stabilized lamp. Has,
The gas is selected from the group consisting of Hg, Hg2, Xe, Ar, Kr, metal halide salt vapor and molecules comprising elements of the halogen group of the periodic table, and the main reflector system is formed by elliptical and aspherical reflection. Selected from an aggregate consisting of bodies, the components of the retroreflector system are selected from an aggregate consisting of spherical, toroidal, elliptical and aspherical reflectors, and the quasi-imaging magnification of the main reflector system is 1.5
And a configurable illumination target having a value between 1 and 5 including a reflective light valve, a transmissive light valve, a liquid crystal display, a DMD, a TMA, a slide, a single frame projector, a reflective image and Selecting from a collection of translucent images, the coupling optical system comprising: a symmetric beam converter, an asymmetric beam converter, an imaging area / angle converter;
15. The PLE of claim 14, comprising an optical element selected from the group consisting of a non-imaging region / angle converter, a non-region reconverting light guide, and a region re-converting light guide. 16. A light guide type light engine (LGLE) for focusing electromagnetic energy emitted from a gas discharge lamp having an electromagnetic energy emitting source S, concentrating a part of the focused energy, and A quasi-imaging miniature light engine (MLE) forming an angularly reconverted second source of modified S '; at least one input port and at least one output port; and at least one said input port Has a light guide that focuses electromagnetic energy emitted from the second emission source S ′ and sends a portion of the focused energy to at least one of the output ports; and the MLE comprises: a retroreflector system; A first focus F1 and a second focus F2 defining an optical system axis
And a means for forming and exciting at least one spatially extended translucent region of said gas, said container comprising: A gas discharge lamp system forming the source S, which emits electromagnetic energy via, the long axis of the source S defining the axis of the source, the axis of the source being the optical system Wherein the emission source S is located near the focal point F1, wherein the retroreflector system has an exit port and at least one main concave retroreflector; A reflector system focuses a portion of the energy emitted from the source S and reflects back to the lamp system near the source S, wherein the combination of the source S and the retroreflector system is , Forming an effective retroreflective emission source Sr that emits into a space of substantially smaller solid angle than the emission space of the emission source S, wherein the emission source Sr includes the axis of the emission source and is orthogonal to the axis of the optical system; A predetermined space-dependent emission intensity distribution S
I (x, y; Sr), wherein the main reflector system has at least one concave reflector, wherein the main reflector system focuses a portion of the energy emitted from the emission source Sr. And focuses the main part of the reflected energy approximately symmetrically around the container near the focal point F2, near the focal point F2,
Forming the second emission source S ′ having a predetermined space-dependent intensity distribution SI (x, y; S ′) orthogonal to the optical system axis, wherein the emission source S and the second emission source S ′ are Focus F1
And a predetermined angle-dependent emission energy density function AI (φ, Ψ; S), AI (φ, φ) at a focal point F2 orthogonal to the optical system axis and asymmetric in a plane including the axis of the emission source.
Ψ; S ′) to form a spatially and angularly asymmetric, area-efficiently reconverted exit beam, selecting the main reflector system, the retroreflector system, and the curvature and range of the exit port The spatially asymmetric intensity distribution SI (x, y; S ′) has a major axis substantially parallel to the axis of the emission source, and the intensity distribution SI (x, y; S ′)
LGLE for achieving the quasi-imaging magnification of r). 17. The lamp system is selected from the group consisting of an AC gas discharge arc lamp, a DC gas discharge arc lamp, a single vessel lamp, a double vessel lamp, an electrodeless, microwave driven, wall stabilized lamp. Has a lamp,
The gas is selected from the group consisting of Hg, Hg2, Xe, Ar, Kr, metal halide salt vapor and molecules comprising elements of the halogen group of the periodic table, and the main reflector system is formed by elliptical and aspherical reflection. Selected from an aggregate consisting of bodies, the components of the retroreflector system are selected from an aggregate consisting of spherical, toroidal, elliptical and aspherical reflectors, and the quasi-imaging magnification of the main reflector system is Hollow reflective tube, solid total internal reflective rod, liquid filled total internal reflective tube, single optical fiber, optical fiber bundle, same input / output cross-sectional shape and area, having a value of at least 1.5 to no more than 5 , Light guides with different incoming and outgoing cross-sectional shapes, light guides with different incoming and outgoing cross-sectional areas, one-dimensional tapered light guide, two-dimensional tapered light guide, different horizontal vertical A two-dimensional tapered light guide with a taper angle, a first one-dimensional tapered portion, and a two-stage light guide combining a continuous linear portion having a constant cross-sectional shape and area, a two-dimensional tapered incident portion; A two-stage tapered light guide in which linear portions having a constant cross-sectional shape and area are continuously combined, a light guide having a curved incident surface, a light guide having a curved exit portion, and a main light guide propagation axis A light guide having a flat exit portion polished in a direction other than the normal direction to the light guide, the input port of the light guide;
17. The LGLE of claim 16, wherein the light guide is selected from a collection of light guides with an auxiliary optical system between the exit ports of the LE. 18. The MLE emits an asymmetric angle-dependent output beam having a wider angular divergence orthogonal to the axis of the source and having a narrower divergence parallel to the axis of the source. The light guide is an anamorphic beam converter that focuses electromagnetic energy from the spatially and angularly asymmetric exit beam of the MLE, wherein at least one of the exit ports has an angle dependent light receiving function. Illuminating an optical system, wherein the light guide is a non-imaging, area efficient area between the spatially and angularly asymmetric exit beam of the MLE and the angle dependent light receiving function of the auxiliary optical system. 17. The LGLE of claim 16, which provides a beam retransformation function of angle and angle. 19. A filament-source light-guiding light engine (LG)
LE) comprising: focusing electromagnetic energy from a filament lamp having a source S and concentrating a portion of said energy;
At least one spatially and angularly retransformed predetermined i
A small light engine (M
LE) having at least one input port and at least one output port, and focusing the electromagnetic energy emitted from at least one said i-th second emission source S′i having at least one input port; A light guide for delivering a major portion of energy to at least one exit port, wherein the MLE includes a retroreflector system, a first focus F1, and at least one i-th optical axis defining an i-th optical system axis. A main reflector system having a second focal point F2, i, a translucent container surrounding the tungsten filament, and means for heating said filament, forming said source S having a geometric source center C; The emission source S emits electromagnetic energy from the filament lamp through the container, the long axis of the filament defining the axis of the emission source , Maximum width perpendicular to the axis of the emission source,
A filament lamp defining an axis of width W and a maximum width, wherein the axis of the emission source is arranged to be orthogonal to the axis of the i-th optical system, the first focal point F1 and the center C of the emission source Wherein the shortest distance D satisfies the formula D ≦ 2W, wherein the retroreflector system has at least one i-th exit port and at least one concave retroreflector, wherein the retroreflector system comprises: A portion of the energy emitted from the source S is focused and retroreflected to the filament lamp near the source S, and the combination of the source S and the retroreflector system provides effective retroreflection. Source S
r, the emission source Sr has a predetermined space-dependent emission intensity distribution SI (x, y; Sr) on a plane including the axis of the emission source and orthogonal to the axis of the optical system; A reflector system has at least one concave reflector, and the main reflector system focuses and reflects a portion of the energy emitted from the emission source Sr and at least one of the second focal points F2, substantially symmetrically concentrating a major portion of the focused electromagnetic energy about the container near i, and near the i-th second focal point F2, i, a predetermined orthogonal to the i-th optical system axis. Forming at least one second emission source S'i having a spatially dependent intensity distribution SI (x, y; S'i), wherein said emission source S and said second emission source S 'are said focal point F1
And a predetermined angle-dependent emission energy density function AI (φ, Ψ; S), AI (φ, φ) at a focal point F2 that is orthogonal to the axis of the optical system and is asymmetric in a plane including the axis of the emission source.
Ψ; S ′) to form a spatially and angularly asymmetric and area-efficient reconverted output beam, the main reflector system, the retroreflector system, at least one of the i-th output ports Of the intensity distribution SI (x,
y; at least one second emission source S ′ having S′i)
a filament source LGLE that forms i and whose intensity distribution SI (x, y; S′i) is a quasi-imaging magnification of the intensity distribution SI (x, y; S) of the light source S. 20. at least one said second emission source S ′
2. The device according to claim 1, wherein i has a minimum area surface curved, and the axis having the maximum width is arranged to be orthogonal to the axis of the i-th optical system.
10. The filament source LGLE according to item 9. 21. An assembly comprising an anamorphic beam converter, an area-efficiently adapted anamorphic beam converter, a symmetrical light guide, a region reconverted light guide, a region and an angle reconverted light guide. Selecting from the body, at least one of said entrance ports of said light guide comprises a flat entrance area, a curved entrance area, a vertical entrance area, a tilted entrance area, a curved entrance area by a stepwise approximation, an auxiliary From a combination of a typical local beam redirecting optical system and a smooth incident area, wherein the quasi-imaging magnification of the main reflector system is 1.5
20. A filament source LG according to claim 19, wherein
LE. 22. The filament source LGLE according to claim 20, wherein the curvature of the main reflector system is selected and the curvature of the minimum area surface is bent to a predetermined curvature.