JP2001031259A - Sheet housing device and image forming device therewith - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To enhance arranging performance of a sheet by providing a sheet pressing-down rotary body for pressing down the sheet loaded on a carrying sheet loading means and a rotation regulating means for regulating the sheet pressing-down rotary body so as to be rotatable only in the downstream side direction of the sheet carrying direction in a sheet housing device for loading an image formed sheet. SOLUTION: A sheet carried from a printer device is held by sheet discharge roller pairs 5 to be loaded on a discharge sheet tray 1 of a sheet housing device 600, and at this time, the sheet passes between a sheet P loaded on the tray 1 and a roller 2 without practically contacting with the sheet P loaded on the tray 1 since the tray 1 inclines. When loading the sheet, the roller 2 presses down the sheet P loaded on the tray 1 from above by weight of the roller 2 itself and a swinging arm 3. The roller 2 is formed to rotate only in the sheet carrying direction to regulate the loaded sheet P from slipping down along an inclination of the tray 1.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a sheet accommodating apparatus for accommodating a conveyed sheet on a conveyed sheet stacking means, a copier, a printer, a facsimile machine equipped with the sheet accommodating apparatus, and a combination thereof The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus such as a device.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, this type of sheet storage apparatus is connected to, for example, a main body of an image forming apparatus and stacks sheets on which images are formed by image forming means in the image forming apparatus. .

[0003] In a sheet storage device, the alignment of sheets on a tray serving as a conveyed sheet stacking means is such that the tray is tilted forward with respect to a sheet discharging direction (sheet conveying direction), and the discharged sheet is placed on the tray. It was kept by sliding down in the opposite direction to the sheet discharge direction and hitting the reference surface.

However, due to disturbance of the movement of the sheet on the tray, it is not possible to sufficiently secure the alignment only by forming an angle on the tray. Therefore, measures have been taken to stabilize the movement of the sheet on the tray by providing a pressing member for pressing the sheet on the tray from above. When the sheet is ejected and when the sheet is abutted against the reference surface, the pressing member does not become a resistance to the movement of the sheet.
Rollable rollers are used.

[0005] The sheets include plain paper, thin resin sheets which are substitutes for plain paper, postcards, cardboard, and the like.
There are sealed letters and plastic thin plates.

[0006]

However, in order to ensure that the sheet abuts against the reference surface, it is necessary to increase the inclination angle of the tray to some extent. However, in order to increase the inclination angle of the tray and secure the sheet stacking capacity, it is necessary to increase the height of the sheet storage device.

Further, when the sheet storage device is connected to, for example, a main body of the image forming device, and the sheet on which an image is formed by the image forming means of the image forming device is sent out to the sheet storage device, the sheet storage device has Since the height is high, the height of the image forming apparatus is sometimes increased.

According to the present invention, there is provided a sheet accommodating apparatus in which the height of a tray serving as a conveyed sheet stacking means is kept low without increasing the inclination angle and the sheet alignment is maintained, and an image provided with the sheet accommodating apparatus. It is an object to provide a forming apparatus.

[0009]

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a sheet storage device comprising: a conveying sheet stacking unit on which a conveyed sheet is stacked; and a sheet stacked on the conveying sheet stacking unit. A rotatable sheet pressing rotator for pressing, and rotation restricting means for restricting rotation of the sheet pressing rotator so as to be rotatable only in a downstream direction in the sheet conveying direction are provided.

In the sheet storage device of the present invention, the conveying sheet stacking means is inclined such that the downstream side of the conveying sheet stacking means is set higher than the upstream side.

In the sheet accommodating apparatus of the present invention, the sheet holding rotating body is rotatably provided at a swinging end of a swinging arm that extends in the vertical direction in the sheet conveying direction and that can swing up and down. .

[0012] In the sheet accommodating apparatus of the present invention, the rotation restricting means is a ratchet mechanism provided between the sheet pressing rotary member and the swing arm.

In the sheet accommodating apparatus of the present invention, the rotation restricting means may include: a rotation shaft of the sheet pressing rotary member; a long hole provided in the swing arm and supporting the rotation shaft; The diameter of the long hole on the downstream side is set to be larger than the diameter on the upstream side in the sheet conveying direction.

In the sheet accommodating apparatus of the present invention, a plurality of the sheet pressing rotary members are arranged in a direction intersecting the sheet discharging direction.

In the sheet accommodating apparatus of the present invention, the plurality of sheet pressing rotary members are integrally provided on a common rotary shaft.

In the sheet storage apparatus of the present invention, when the number of sheets loaded on the transport sheet loading means increases, the transport sheet loading means is lowered, and when the number of sheets decreases, the transport sheet loading means rises. Lifting means for raising and lowering.

According to the image forming apparatus of the present invention, there is provided a sheet stacking unit on which sheets are stacked, an image forming unit for forming an image on the sheet supplied from the sheet stacking unit, and an image formed by the image forming unit. And any one of the above-mentioned sheet storage devices on which sheets are stacked.

[0018]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A sheet accommodating apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention and an image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention having the sheet accommodating apparatus in a main body will be described with reference to FIGS.

(Image Forming Apparatus) First, an image forming apparatus will be described with reference to FIG.

FIG. 1 is a schematic front sectional view of a printer 102 which is an image forming apparatus provided with a sheet storage device 600 according to an embodiment of the present invention below a main body 100.

The printer device 102 is independently connected to a computer or connected to a network such as a LAN. The printer device 102 performs a predetermined image forming process based on information transmitted from the printer and converts the toner image into a sheet P.
(Record).

That is, the printer device 102 forms a toner image on the photosensitive drum 101 by an image forming process based on a predetermined print signal. This toner image is
The image is transferred to a sheet P selectively supplied from a desired sheet supply cassette in a transfer unit, and then the fixing unit 12
0 fixes the sheet P.

At the bottom of the printer body 100, a first
Is provided. The first sheet supply device 200 stores a plurality of sheets P,
The printer includes a detachable sheet supply cassette 201 and a separation sheet supply unit 202 that separates the sheets P stored in the sheet supply cassette 201 one by one according to a predetermined sheet supply signal and conveys the sheets P to the printer apparatus main body 100.

The first sheet feeding device 200 includes:
Second sheet feeding device 300 located lower than this
And a sheet guide portion 203 for guiding the sheet P from the third sheet supply device 400 to the printer apparatus main body 100.

The sheet P on which the toner image has been fixed is selectively branched and conveyed by a flapper 121 to a sheet discharge section 125 prepared on the upper portion of the printer apparatus main body 100 or a double-sided conveying unit 500 in accordance with a predetermined signal.

The double-sided conveyance unit 500 is provided with a double-sided conveyance sensor 501 that operates when the branched sheet P passes. Then, when a print signal for instructing double-sided printing is output by an operator's operation, the CPU 110 serving as a control unit guides the sheet P to the reverse conveyance path 503 by passing the sheet P through the double-sided conveyance sensor 501. The downstream double-sided conveying roller 502 is driven at a predetermined timing.

Thereafter, when the rear end of the sheet P passes through the two-sided conveyance sensor 501, the CPU 110 reversely conveys the two-sided conveyance roller 502 at a predetermined timing based on the detection of the sheet by the two-sided conveyance sensor 501. As a result, the sheet P is conveyed to the double-sided conveyance path 504, conveyed again to the printer main body 100, and an image is formed on the remaining surface.

When the sheet P moves from the double-sided conveyance unit 500 to the sheet storage device 600 and operates the double-sided conveyance sensor 501 for the sheet P, the CPU 110
Drives the downstream transport roller 502 at a predetermined timing.

Next, the flapper 505 is rotated to form a conveyance path so that the sheet P is conveyed from the extension guide section 800 to the sheet bundle binding apparatus side via the vertical conveyance section 700.

After passing through the extension guide section 800, the vertical transport section 7
The sheet P conveyed to 00 is guided to the sheet storage device 600 by the pair of vertical conveyance rollers 701. The sheet storage device 600 is capable of binding sheets P at one or several places in a sheet aligning unit,
A bound sheet bundle or a sheet sent without binding is conveyed to the sheet stacking unit 610.

(Sheet Storage Apparatus) (First Embodiment) FIG. 2 shows a discharge sheet tray 1 which is a conveying sheet stacking means of a sheet storage apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG.

A plurality of sheet discharge roller pairs 5 are coaxially arranged along the width direction of the sheet P at a discharge section from which a sheet on which an image is formed by the printer apparatus main body 100 is discharged.

The sheet discharge roller pair 5 is configured to be synchronously rotated by a drive motor (not shown). The discharged sheet tray 1 on which the discharged sheets or sheet bundles are stacked is installed at an angle of about 15 degrees as it goes forward toward the downstream side in the sheet conveying direction.

A roller 2 serving as a sheet pressing rotary member for pressing the sheet discharged onto the discharged sheet tray 1 from above.
Is rotatably attached to a tip (swinging end) 3a of a swinging arm 3 which is attached to the sheet storage device 600 so as to swing up and down around the fulcrum 4.

Since the swing arm 3 can swing vertically about the fulcrum 4, the rollers 2 are driven by the weight of the rollers 2 and the swing arm 3, and the discharge sheet tray 1
The sheets stacked thereon are pressed onto the discharge sheet tray 1.

That is, as shown in FIG. 3, the roller 2 is attached to the swing arm 3 by a fulcrum 8 and a ratchet gear 9 provided integrally with the roller 2 to bend vertically.
Ratchet mechanism 1 with tiltable ratchet pawl 6
With 0, the sheet is rotated only in the sidestream direction (the direction of arrow A) in the sheet conveyance direction.

That is, when the sheet moves to the downstream side in the conveying direction, the rollers 2 rotate freely because the ratchet pawls 6 do not engage with the ratchet gears 9.
When the sheet tries to move backward in the conveying direction, the ratchet pawl 6 is engaged with the ratchet gear 9 so as not to rotate. In this way, the rollers 2 rotate only in the sheet conveying direction.

After the sheet or sheet bundle is discharged by the sheet discharge roller pair 5, the sheet or the sheet bundle is stacked while passing between the discharged sheet trays 1 and 2, but the rollers 2 rotate in the sheet conveying direction, so that the sheet 2 is rotated. It does not result in transport resistance.

Further, since the rotation direction of the rollers 2 is only the sheet conveyance direction, the rollers 2 press the sheets on the discharge sheet tray 1 from above to prevent the sheets from sliding down in the direction opposite to the conveyance direction. It is supposed to.

Further, as shown in FIG. 2, an elevating mechanism 7 is provided below the discharge sheet tray 1. The elevating mechanism 7 connects the lower part of the discharge sheet tray 1 and the main body 601 of the sheet storage device so that the discharge sheet tray 1 can be moved up and down by the pins 13 and the tilting links 11, 11. The weight of the spring 12 shrinks to lower the discharge sheet tray 1, and when the number of stacked sheets decreases, the spring 12 extends to raise the discharge sheet tray 1.

The operation of the sheet storage device 600 will be described.

The photosensitive drum 10 of the printer main body 100
The toner image formed in 1 is transferred to a sheet in a transfer section.

The sheet P to which the toner image has been transferred is guided and conveyed to the entrance of the sheet storage device 600 by a discharge roller (not shown), a pair of vertical conveyance rollers 701, and the like.

The sheets P carried into the sheet storage device 600 are bundled and bound at one or several positions in a sheet aligning section inside the sheet storage device, or are conveyed without being bound.

Then, the conveyed sheet P is nipped by the sheet discharge roller pair 5 and discharged onto the discharge sheet tray 1 of the sheet storage device 600 to be stacked.

As shown in FIG. 2, when the sheet is discharged, the sheet P hardly comes into contact with the discharged sheet tray 1 or the sheets already stacked on the discharged sheet tray 1 because the discharged sheet tray 1 is inclined. The sheet passes between the discharge sheet tray 1 or the sheet stacked on the discharge sheet tray 1 and the rollers 2.

At this time, the ejected sheet P comes into contact with the already ejected sheet, and as the ejected sheet moves, the already ejected sheet is dragged to move downstream in the sheet conveying direction. . However, since the discharge sheet tray 1 is inclined, the discharged sheets P cannot drag the already discharged sheets against the inclination.

Therefore, since the discharge sheet tray 1 is inclined, the discharge of the sheet onto the discharge sheet tray 1 becomes easy, and the position of the already discharged sheet is changed by the next discharged sheet. It is possible to maintain a high degree of alignment of the sheet with little disruption.

Further, since the elevating mechanism 7 is provided below the discharge sheet tray 1, the falling distance from the sheet discharge roller pair 5 provided at the sheet discharge port 15 to the discharge sheet tray 1 can be shortened. In addition, the movement of the seat is stabilized, and the loading capacity is secured.

When the sheets are stacked, the rollers 2 are driven by the weight of the rollers 2 and the swing arm 3 so that the discharged sheet tray 1
Sheet from above is pressed down. When the sheet is discharged, the rollers 2 are rotated to prevent the sheet from becoming a conveyance resistance. Further, although the discharge sheet tray 1 is tilted forward with respect to the conveyance direction, since the rollers 2 are rotated only in the sheet conveyance direction, the stacked sheets may follow the inclination of the discharge sheet tray. Regulates slipping. As a result, the sheet is held at the discharged position without any movement such as sliding down in the direction opposite to the conveying direction.

That is, as shown in FIG. 2, a gap is formed between the rear end Pb of the sheet P and the standing wall 14 of the sheet discharge port 15. As a result, the position of the sheet after discharging the sheet is unified, and the sheet discharge port 15
By keeping a certain distance between the standing wall 14 and the rear end Pb of the sheet, the rear end Pb of the sheet can be prevented from leaning against the standing wall 14, and the alignment of the discharged sheet is improved. .

Further, since it is not necessary to make the rear end Pb of the sheet abut against the standing wall 14, the inclination angle of the discharge sheet tray 1 can be reduced.

Accordingly, the overall height of the sheet storage device 600 and the sheet stacking section 610 can be reduced while securing the sheet stacking capacity, and the compact sheet storage device 600 can be obtained.

The force by which the rollers 2 press the sheet from above is substantially constant by the weight of the rollers 2 and the swing arm 3, but may be constant by automatic control.

As described above, the sheet storage device 60
0 indicates that the discharged (conveyed) sheet is conveyed because the roller 2 serving as the sheet pressing rotary member is rotated only in the sheet conveying direction by the ratchet mechanism 10 serving as the rotation restricting means. The sheet can be stacked at the discharged position (conveyed position) on the discharge sheet tray 1 serving as the sheet stacking means, without moving backward toward the standing wall 14 as the reference surface.

Further, since the rollers 2 can rotate freely in the sheet discharging direction (conveying direction), there is no resistance during sheet conveying (conveying), and the sheet can be moved smoothly. Can be.

Further, since it is not necessary to hit the discharged sheet to the standing wall 14, it is not necessary to increase the inclination angle of the discharged sheet tray 1. Therefore, the height of the sheet storage device 600 can be reduced while the inclination angle of the tray is reduced and the sheet stacking capacity is secured, and the entire sheet storage device can be made compact.

Further, by keeping the sheet at the position immediately after the discharge (immediately after the conveyance), the sheet can be stacked on the discharge sheet tray 1 with high alignment.

(Second Embodiment) As shown in FIG. 4, a plurality of rollers 2 are arranged on a tip 3a of a swing arm 3 in a direction substantially perpendicular to the sheet conveying direction (sheet width direction). May be.

When one roller 2 is provided, as shown in FIG.
When a rotational moment in the width direction of the sheet acts on the sheet, the sheet may be displaced in the lateral direction around the roller 2 due to the moment during or after the sheet is ejected, and high alignment may not be obtained. is there.

Therefore, as shown in FIG. 6, when a plurality of rollers 2 are arranged in the width direction of the sheet, the moment generated with the rollers as fulcrums on the stacked sheets is reduced, and the rollers 2
Sheets can be stably pressed onto the discharge sheet tray 1.

The fulcrum 4 on both sides of the swing arm 3
(See FIG. 2, one side is not shown.) A shaft is supported on one side by a round hole, the other is supported by a long hole, and the swing arm 3 is supported by two rollers 2 and 2 and a supporting point on the side supported by the round hole. By being supported at three points, all the rollers can reliably press the sheet.

(Third Embodiment) As shown in FIG.
May be integrally provided at both ends of a rotation shaft 16 that is rotatably provided at the tip end 3a of the swing arm 3 and that is substantially perpendicular to the sheet conveyance direction.

By providing the two rollers 2 integrally on the common rotary shaft 16, the two rollers 2 rotate synchronously. If the two rollers are allowed to rotate independently, when the two rollers rotate in the reverse direction (when they rotate in the upstream direction in the sheet conveying direction), the ratchet mechanisms operate, and the two rollers stop rotating. There may be a time difference. As a result, there is a possibility that the pressing position of the sheet on the discharge sheet tray 1 is shifted and the alignment property is disturbed.

Therefore, the two rollers are connected to the common rotary shaft 16.
Fixedly provided on the sheet, the variation in the reversal of the rollers is eliminated, the pressing of the stacked sheets is stabilized,
It is possible to obtain higher alignment than in the case of the embodiment.

(Fourth Embodiment) In addition to the ratchet mechanism, a mechanism for regulating the rotation direction of the rollers in one direction is shown in FIG.
There is a mechanism shown in FIG.

The shaft 40 of the roller 2 formed on the swing arm 3
Is formed in a long hole in the sheet conveying direction, and the diameter of the long hole on the downstream side is made larger than the diameter on the upstream side in the sheet conveying direction, thereby forming a wedge shape.
Can be rotated only in the downstream direction of the sheet conveying direction.

That is, when the roller 2 is pushed to the downstream side by the conveyance of the sheet, it moves to a portion having a shaft diameter sufficient for rotation, so that the roller 2 can freely rotate. However, when the sheet attempts to move backward on the discharge sheet tray 1 to the upstream side in the sheet conveying direction, the rollers 2 also move upstream, and the shaft 40 enters the small-diameter wedge-shaped portion of the shaft hole 41 to apply the brake. The roller 2 cannot rotate.

Thereafter, when the sheet is conveyed, the roller 2 is pulled by the sheet, the shaft 40 comes out of the wedge-shaped portion, and the roller 2 can freely rotate.

Thus, the reverse rotation of the rollers can be restricted with a reduced number of parts and low noise as compared with the ratchet mechanism.

In addition, ON / OFF using an electric switch
The rotation of the rollers may be restricted by the OFF control. In the second and third embodiments, the swing arm 3 is supported at two points on both sides in the width direction of the sheet. However, the swing arm 3 may be supported at one point at the center.

In the embodiment described above, the sheet is pressed by the rollers 2, but the sheet may be pressed by a belt circulating only in the sheet discharging direction.

Although the sheet storage device is connected to the lower portion of the image forming apparatus main body, it may be provided in the image forming apparatus main body.

[0074]

According to the sheet storage apparatus of the present invention, the sheet stacked on the discharged sheet stacking means is pressed against the discharged sheet stacking means by the sheet pressing rotary member, thereby restricting the movement of the sheet on the discharged sheet stacking means. Further, since the sheet pressing rotary member rotates only in the sheet conveying direction, the position of the conveyed sheet is pressed to the same place, so that the sheets can be stored with improved alignment.

Even if the downstream end of the discharged sheet stacking means is inclined so as to be positioned higher than the upstream end, the stacked sheets are controlled by the sheet pressing rotary member whose rotation in the downstream direction is restricted. Therefore, the sheet does not slide down in the direction opposite to the sheet conveying direction, and the angle of the discharged sheet tray can be set small. Therefore, the height of the entire sheet storage device can be reduced while securing the sheet stacking capacity, and a compact device can be obtained.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a schematic front sectional view of a printer as an image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic front sectional view of the sheet storage device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the periphery of a sheet press rotating body of the sheet storage device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a sheet storage device according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating movement of a sheet in the sheet storage device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating movement of a sheet in a sheet storage device according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a sheet storage device according to a third embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram of an operation of a sheet press rotating body of a sheet storage device according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram illustrating an operation of a sheet holding rotating body of a sheet storage device according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

 P sheet Pb Rear end of sheet 1 Discharge sheet tray (conveying sheet stacking means) 2 Roller (rotating member for sheet press) 3 Swing arm 3a Swing end 4 Support point 6 Ratchet claw 7 Lifting mechanism (lifting means) 8 Support point 9 Ratchet gear DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Ratchet mechanism (rotation restricting means) 11 Tilt link 12 Push-up spring 13 Pin 16 Rotating shaft 40 Shaft (rotation restricting means) 41 Shaft hole (long hole, rotation restricting means) 100 Printer apparatus main body (main body of image forming apparatus) 101 Photosensitive Drum (image forming unit) 102 printer device (image forming device) 201 sheet supply cassette (sheet stacking unit) 600 sheet storage device 601 main body of sheet storage device 610 sheet stacking unit

 ────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (72) Inventor Masayoshi Fukatsu 3-30-2 Shimomaruko, Ota-ku, Tokyo Canon Inc. (72) Inventor Tsuyoshi Strawya 3-30-2 Shimomaruko, Ota-ku, Tokyo Canon Inside (72) Inventor Yasuyoshi Hayakawa 3-30-2 Shimomaruko, Ota-ku, Tokyo Canon Inc. (72) Inventor Tomoyuki Araki 3-30-2 Shimomaruko, Ota-ku, Tokyo Canon Inc. F term (reference) 3F054 AA01 AA06 AC02 AC03 AC05 BA02 BA13 BB04 BD02 BD07 BG02 BH03 3F343 FA02 FA05 FA06 FA09 FA17 FB02 FB03 FB04 HA17 HB04 HD02 HD09 HD10 KA04 KA13 KB03 KB14 KB18 LA04 LA16 LC11 LC21 LD24

Claims (9)

[Claims] A transport sheet stacking unit on which the transported sheets are stacked; a rotatable sheet pressing rotary member for pressing the sheet stacked on the transport sheet stacking unit against the transport sheet stacking unit; A sheet holding device, comprising: a rotation restricting means for restricting the rotation of the sheet pressing rotary body so as to be rotatable only in the downstream direction in the sheet conveying direction. 2. The sheet storage device according to claim 1, wherein the conveying sheet stacking means is inclined such that the downstream side of the conveying sheet stacking section is set higher than the upstream side. 3. The sheet holding rotating body is rotatably provided at a swinging end of a swinging arm which is swingable in a vertical direction and extends in a downstream direction in the sheet conveying direction. Item 2. The sheet storage device according to Item 1. 4. The sheet storage device according to claim 3, wherein the rotation restricting means is a ratchet mechanism provided between the sheet holding rotating body and the swing arm. 5. The rotation restricting means has a rotation shaft of the sheet holding rotating body, and a long hole provided in the swing arm and supporting the rotation shaft, the slot being long in the sheet conveying direction,
4. The sheet storage device according to claim 3, wherein a diameter of the elongated hole on a downstream side is set to be larger than a diameter on an upstream side in the sheet conveyance direction. 5. 6. The sheet storage device according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of the sheet pressing rotary members are arranged in a direction intersecting a sheet discharging direction. 7. The sheet storage apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of sheet pressing rotary members are integrally provided on a common rotation shaft. 8. An elevating means for lowering the conveying sheet stacking means when the number of sheets stacked on the conveying sheet stacking means increases, and for raising the conveying sheet stacking means when the number of sheets decreases decreases. The sheet accommodating device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein 9. A sheet stacking unit on which sheets are stacked, an image forming unit for forming an image on the sheet supplied from the sheet stacking unit, and a sheet on which an image is formed by the image forming unit is stacked. An image forming apparatus comprising: the sheet storage device according to any one of Items 1 to 8.