JP2000503033A - ホウ酸テトラキスペンタフルオロフェニルを製造するためのペンタフルオロフェニルリチウムの合成方法および使用 - Google Patents
ホウ酸テトラキスペンタフルオロフェニルを製造するためのペンタフルオロフェニルリチウムの合成方法および使用Info
- Publication number
- JP2000503033A JP2000503033A JP10519566A JP51956698A JP2000503033A JP 2000503033 A JP2000503033 A JP 2000503033A JP 10519566 A JP10519566 A JP 10519566A JP 51956698 A JP51956698 A JP 51956698A JP 2000503033 A JP2000503033 A JP 2000503033A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- pentafluorophenyl
- solution
- pentafluorophenyllithium
- reaction
- interfering solvent
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 11
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 2
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 title 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- -1 pentafluorophenyl compound Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000000538 pentafluorophenyl group Chemical group FC1=C(F)C(F)=C(*)C(F)=C1F 0.000 claims description 13
- MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butyllithium Chemical compound [Li]CCCC MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- XEKTVXADUPBFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromo-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=C(F)C(F)=C(Br)C(F)=C1F XEKTVXADUPBFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium;triphenylphosphane Chemical compound [Pd].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- LWNGJAHMBMVCJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenoxy)boronic acid Chemical compound OB(O)OC1=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C(F)=C1F LWNGJAHMBMVCJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WACNXHCZHTVBJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4,5-pentafluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC(F)=C(F)C(F)=C1F WACNXHCZHTVBJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- NHKJPPKXDNZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyllithium Chemical compound [Li]C1=CC=CC=C1 NHKJPPKXDNZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims 3
- KGCDGLXSBHJAHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=C(F)C(F)=C(Cl)C(F)=C1F KGCDGLXSBHJAHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- PSHMSSXLYVAENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium;[oxido(oxoboranyloxy)boranyl]oxy-oxoboranyloxyborinate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].O=BOB([O-])OB([O-])OB=O PSHMSSXLYVAENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- MEKOFIRRDATTAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,5,8-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydrochromen-6-ol Chemical compound C1CC(C)(C)OC2=C1C(C)=C(O)C=C2C MEKOFIRRDATTAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- IGURZGCFZZUZSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li]c1c(F)c(F)c(F)c(F)c1F Chemical compound [Li]c1c(F)c(F)c(F)c(F)c1F IGURZGCFZZUZSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical group [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000003426 co-catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical group [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical group [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BXNWSALFDOYSDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].FC1=CC(F)=C(F)C(F)=C1F Chemical compound [Li].FC1=CC(F)=C(F)C(F)=C1F BXNWSALFDOYSDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000029936 alkylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Chemical group BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001207 fluorophenyl group Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002366 halogen compounds Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N monofluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC=C1 PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004417 unsaturated alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F1/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 1 or 11 of the Periodic Table
- C07F1/02—Lithium compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
- C07F5/02—Boron compounds
- C07F5/027—Organoboranes and organoborohydrides
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (1)
- 【特許請求の範囲】 1.ペンタフルオロフェニルリチウム生成物を製造する方法であって、 (i)生成すべきペンタフルオロフェニルリチウムの所定量を予め決定し; (ii)第1の非妨害溶媒中のペンタフルオロフェニル化合物の溶液を収容して いる第1の容器を用意し; (iii)前記第1の非妨害溶媒と同じか又は異なる第2の非妨害溶媒中のアル キルリチウムの溶液を収容している第2の容器を用意し; (iv)前記第1の容器と前記第2の容器の内容物を反応領域に制御された速度 で別個に排出し、それによって前記非妨害溶媒中に溶液でペンタフルオロフェニ ルリチウムを含有する第1の反応混合物を生成する; 以上の工程を含み、前記排出の速度を、前記ペンタフルオロフェニルリチウム生 成物が前記反応において常に前記所定量の低い割合よりも多量に形成されないよ うに、制御することを含む、製造方法。 2.前記ペンタフルオロフェニルリチウム生成物の前記低い割合は、前記ペンタ フルオロフェニルリチウムの前記所定量の25%未満である、請求項1に記載の 方法。 3.ペンタフルオロフェニルリチウム生成物を製造する方法であって、 (i)生成すべきペンタフルオロフェニルリチウムの所定量を予め決定し; (ii)第1の非妨害溶媒中のペンタフルオロフェニル化合物の溶液を収容して いる第1の容器を用意し; (iii)前記第1の非妨害溶媒と同じか又は異なる第2の非妨害溶媒中のアル キルリチウムの溶液を収容している第2の容器を用意し; (iv)前記第1の容器と前記第2の容器の内容物を反応領域に制御された速度 で別個に排出し、それによって前記非妨害溶媒中に溶液でペンタフルオロフェニ ルリチウムを含有する第1の反応混合物を生成し; (v)前記第1の反応混合物を、前記混合領域から後続の反応体を収容してい る第3の容器の中に直接排出する; 以上の工程を含み、前記第1の容器と前記第2の容器の内容物を反応領域に排出 する前記速度および前記第1の反応混合物を前記第3の容器の中に排出する速度 を、前記ペンタフルオロフェニルリチウム生成物が常に前記所定量の低い割合よ りも多量に形成されないように、制御することを含む、製造方法。 4.前記反応領域は単一のラインであり、前記ラインから前記第1の反応混合物 が前記後続の反応体を収容している容器の中に直接排出される、請求項1または 3に記載の方法。 5.前記反応領域は容器であり、前記容器の中に前記第1の容器からのラインと 前記第2の容器からのラインを通してペンタフルオロフェニル化合物の溶液とア ルキルリチウムの溶液が別個に排出され、そして前記容器から前記第1の反応混 合物が、前記混合領域の容器の内容物の容量が実質的に一定に維持されるような 速度で排出される、請求項1または3に記載の方法。 6.前記ペンタフルオロフェニル化合物は臭化ペンタフルオロフェニル、塩化ペ ンタフルオロフェニル、またはペンタフルオロベンゼンである、請求項1、2、 または3に記載の方法。 7.前記後続の反応体は(C6H5)3B、BF3またはBCl3、B(OR)3また はB(NR2)3である、請求項1、2、または3に記載の方法。 8.前記混合領域の内容物の温度が50℃以下に制御される、請求項1、2、ま たは3に記載の方法。 9.ペンタフルオロフェニルリチウムを後続の反応体と反応させ、それによって ペンタフルオロフェニル基を含む第3の化合物を製造する方法であって、請求項 1または3に記載の方法によって製造された第1の反応混合物を後続の反応体と 直接化合させ、それによってペンタフルオロフェニル基を含む反応生成物の化合 物を生成させることを特徴とする方法。 10.前記ペンタフルオロフェニル化合物は臭化ペンタフルオロフェニル、塩化 ペンタフルオロフェニル、またはペンタフルオロベンゼンである、請求項9に記 載の方法。 11.前記後続の反応体は(C6H5)3B、BF3またはBCl3、B(OR)3ま たはB(NR2)3である、請求項9または10に記載の方法。 12.ホウ酸リチウムテトラキス(ペンタフルオロフェニル)を製造する方法で あって、 (i)非妨害溶媒中のペンタフルオロフェニル化合物の溶液を収容している第 1の容器を用意し; (ii)非妨害溶媒中のn-ブチルリチウムの溶液を収容している第2の容器を 用意し; (iii)前記第1の容器と前記第2の容器の内容物を、前記非妨害溶媒中に溶 液でペンタフルオロフェニルリチウムを含有する第1の反応混合物を生成する時 間連続的に撹拌しながら、混合領域に別個に計量して導入し; (iv)前記工程(ii)の反応混合物を非妨害溶媒中の(C6F5)3B、BF3、 BCl3、B(OR)3またはB(NR2)3の溶液中に直接排出し、それによって ホウ酸リチウムテトラキス(ペンタフルオロフェニル)エーテレートを単離する ; 以上の工程を含む、製造方法。 13.ホウ酸リチウムテトラキス(ペンタフルオロフェニル)を製造する方法で あって、 (i)非妨害溶媒中のペンタフルオロフェニル化合物と後続の反応体の混合物 の溶液を用意し、そして得られた混合物を低温に冷却し; (ii)非妨害溶媒中のアルキルリチウムの溶液を添加し;そして (iii)得られた反応混合物を室温まで加温する; 以上の工程を含み、これによってホウ酸リチウムテトラキス(ペンタフルオロフ ェニル)を製造する方法。 14.工程(i)で生成した前記溶液にエーテルが添加される、請求項13に記 載の方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/734,954 US5679289A (en) | 1996-10-23 | 1996-10-23 | Method for the synthesis and use of pentafluorophenyl lithium to produce tetrakis pentafluorophenyl borate |
US08/734,954 | 1996-10-23 | ||
PCT/US1997/018962 WO1998017670A1 (en) | 1996-10-23 | 1997-10-23 | Method for the synthesis and use of pentafluorophenyl lithium to produce tetrakis pentafluorophenyl borate |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2000503033A true JP2000503033A (ja) | 2000-03-14 |
JP2000503033A5 JP2000503033A5 (ja) | 2005-06-16 |
JP4229471B2 JP4229471B2 (ja) | 2009-02-25 |
Family
ID=24953739
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP51956698A Expired - Fee Related JP4229471B2 (ja) | 1996-10-23 | 1997-10-23 | ホウ酸テトラキスペンタフルオロフェニルを製造するためのペンタフルオロフェニルリチウムの合成方法および使用 |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5679289A (ja) |
EP (2) | EP0871633B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4229471B2 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU724321B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2241050A1 (ja) |
DE (2) | DE69727510T2 (ja) |
DK (2) | DK0871633T3 (ja) |
NZ (1) | NZ330765A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1998017670A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2005060363A (ja) * | 2003-07-31 | 2005-03-10 | Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd | フッ化アリールマグネシウムハライドの製造方法 |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2782083B1 (fr) | 1998-08-07 | 2001-09-28 | Rhodia Chimie Sa | Procede de preparation de derives de tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl)borate |
WO2007070770A1 (en) | 2005-12-12 | 2007-06-21 | Albemarle Corporation | Processes for the preparation of tetrakis (faryl) borate salts |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5493056A (en) * | 1992-12-28 | 1996-02-20 | Tosoh Akzo Corporation | Method of producing tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate derivatives using pentafluorophenyl alkali metal salt prepared from pentafluorobenzene |
US5362423A (en) * | 1992-12-28 | 1994-11-08 | Tosoh Akzo Corporation | Method of producing pentafluorophenylmagnesium derivatives using pentafluorobenzene |
GB9423606D0 (en) * | 1994-11-23 | 1995-01-11 | Piers Warren E | Method of producing base free ziegler-natta olefin polymerizaton catalysts using a new, highly electrophilic borane reagent |
US5600004A (en) * | 1995-02-21 | 1997-02-04 | Albemarle Corporation | Process for preparing pentafluorophenyl compounds |
US5626798A (en) * | 1996-01-05 | 1997-05-06 | Fmc Corporation | Aryllithium products and processes |
-
1996
- 1996-10-23 US US08/734,954 patent/US5679289A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1997
- 1997-10-23 WO PCT/US1997/018962 patent/WO1998017670A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1997-10-23 EP EP97913713A patent/EP0871633B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-10-23 EP EP01203955A patent/EP1186608B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-10-23 JP JP51956698A patent/JP4229471B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-10-23 DK DK97913713T patent/DK0871633T3/da active
- 1997-10-23 DK DK01203955T patent/DK1186608T3/da active
- 1997-10-23 AU AU50838/98A patent/AU724321B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-10-23 DE DE69727510T patent/DE69727510T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-10-23 CA CA002241050A patent/CA2241050A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-10-23 NZ NZ330765A patent/NZ330765A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-10-23 DE DE69721225T patent/DE69721225T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2005060363A (ja) * | 2003-07-31 | 2005-03-10 | Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd | フッ化アリールマグネシウムハライドの製造方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NZ330765A (en) | 2000-05-26 |
AU724321B2 (en) | 2000-09-14 |
US5679289A (en) | 1997-10-21 |
EP1186608B1 (en) | 2004-02-04 |
EP0871633A1 (en) | 1998-10-21 |
EP1186608A1 (en) | 2002-03-13 |
DE69721225T2 (de) | 2003-11-13 |
DE69721225D1 (de) | 2003-05-28 |
DE69727510D1 (de) | 2004-03-11 |
CA2241050A1 (en) | 1998-04-30 |
DK1186608T3 (da) | 2004-06-14 |
EP0871633A4 (en) | 1999-06-02 |
AU5083898A (en) | 1998-05-15 |
DK0871633T3 (da) | 2003-08-11 |
EP0871633B1 (en) | 2003-04-23 |
JP4229471B2 (ja) | 2009-02-25 |
WO1998017670A1 (en) | 1998-04-30 |
DE69727510T2 (de) | 2004-12-16 |
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