JP2000145053A - Roof bed material - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To display an antislipping property even under precipitation and existence of rain water by providing an antislipping medium combined with inorganic hollow particulates or hollow particulates applied with coating of inorganic powder in water resin. SOLUTION: A roof bed material having an antislipping layer applying and drying an antislipping medium combined with inorganic hollow particulates or hollow particulates applied with coating of inorganic powder in water resin on one surface or both of the surfaces of a base material is molded. Additionally, the water resin is water emulsion provided by emulsion-polymerizing α, βethylene unsatulated monomers, and a glass transition point of the α, β ethylene unsaturated monomers is set as less than 40 deg.C. Furthermore, 0.1-30 pts.wt. of the hollow particulates is combined against a solid part 100 pts.wt. of the water resin, and the antislipping layer is formed on a nonwoven fabric side or both surfaces with the base material as nonwoven fabric, polyethylene, etc. Consequently, it is possible to provide an excellent antislipping property even when a base plate surface is wet with water.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a roof base material having a non-slip property on a surface of a roof base material used for a roof surface of a house or a structure.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, as a base material for a roof, a rubber-based or resin-based sheet or the like has been attached to a roof surface or a field material, and a roof material such as a tile has been fixed thereon. These sheets play a role in preventing tiles or the like from shifting from a predetermined position, protecting structures from rainwater, or performing safety during work.
In order to impart anti-slip properties, generally, sheets having high frictional resistance are spread on the surface, or a resin having anti-slip properties is applied to a substrate and dried to prevent slip.

As an anti-slip agent to be applied to a substrate, a method of adding colloidal silica or a method disclosed in JP-A-8-1514
No. 78 discloses a method using a heat-expandable filler. In this method, a filler that expands by heat and becomes hollow is mixed into a polymer emulsion, and a film is formed on the surface of the target substrate by a heating operation. Is a way to get out. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 58-76273 discloses a technique for forming irregularities on the surface of a substrate using a conventional rubber-based emulsion.

[0004]

When an adhesive rubber or resin is used as an anti-slip agent for a roof base material, the anti-slip effect changes due to a change in environmental temperature or the dimensional stability of the roof base material. There is a problem that the work is difficult to be performed due to softening of the resin during construction in summer.

When a filler such as colloidal silica is used as an anti-slip agent applicable to a roof base material, since the colloidal silica is more stabilized on the alkali side in the production of the anti-slip agent, an aqueous resin is used. If it is near neutrality, it has a disadvantage that it tends to thicken and gel. Further, in the method using a heat-expandable filler, the temperature must be equal to or higher than the expansion start temperature of the heat-sensitive expansion filler, and for example, heating as high as 130 ° C is required. Therefore, the base material used is limited, and its anti-slip property is a mechanism in which fine protrusions formed on the surface are pushed in by the load and rubber and resin come into contact with tiles etc. In order to exhibit the preventive property, the polymer emulsion itself needs to be considerably soft and sticky as in the prior art, and there has been a problem in the dimensional stability and workability as a base material as in the prior art.

In addition, conventionally used sticky rubber,
An anti-slip material using a resin, colloidal silica, or a heat-expandable filler has a drawback that the anti-slip effect is significantly reduced when precipitation, rainwater, or the like is present during construction.

The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and provides a roof base material having excellent anti-slip properties and exhibiting high anti-slip properties even in the presence of rainfall, rainwater, and the like.

[0008]

Means for Solving the Problems As a result of diligent efforts to achieve the above-mentioned object, an anti-slip agent comprising an aqueous resin mixed with inorganic hollow fine particles or a hollow fine particle coated with inorganic powder has been developed in the presence of rain and rainwater. However, it has been found that it functions as a roof base material with an excellent anti-slip effect.
It has also been found that, by using the hollow fine particles, unlike a conventional anti-slip agent, a roof base material that exhibits excellent anti-slip properties even when the aqueous resin serving as a binder has low tackiness.

That is, the first invention is to apply an anti-slip agent comprising a mixture of an inorganic hollow fine particle or a hollow fine particle coated with an inorganic powder to an aqueous resin, and apply a dried anti-slip layer to one surface of the substrate. Or it is a roof base material characterized by having on both sides. In the second invention, the aqueous resin is α,
The roof base material according to the first invention, which is an aqueous emulsion obtained by emulsion polymerization of a β-ethylenically unsaturated monomer. A third invention is the roof base material according to the second invention, wherein the α, β ethylenically unsaturated monomer has a glass transition point of 40 ° C. or lower.

A fourth invention provides a roof base material according to any one of the first to third inventions, wherein 0.1 to 30 parts by weight of hollow fine particles is blended with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the aqueous resin. is there. A fifth invention is the roof base material according to any one of the first to fourth inventions, wherein the base material is a nonwoven fabric. A sixth invention is the roof base material according to any one of the first to fourth inventions, wherein the base material comprises two layers of nonwoven fabric / polyethylene, and has a non-slip layer on the nonwoven fabric side or on both sides.

A seventh aspect of the present invention is the roof according to any one of the first to fourth aspects, wherein the base material comprises three layers of nonwoven fabric / polyethylene / urethane resin, and has a non-slip layer on the nonwoven fabric side or on both sides. It is a base material. An eighth invention is the roof base material according to any one of the first to fourth inventions, wherein the base material is composed of three layers of polyethylene / nonwoven fabric / polyethylene, and has an anti-slip layer on one side or both sides.

[0012]

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The aqueous resin used in the present invention includes, in its resin form, 1) a water-soluble resin, 2) a hydrosol,
3) It is classified into an emulsion, but any one may be used as long as it forms a film on the surface of the substrate. Resin types include acrylic emulsion, acrylic / styrene copolymer emulsion, acrylic / vinyl acetate copolymer emulsion, ethylene /
Acrylic copolymer emulsions, vinyl chloride emulsions, synthetic rubber emulsions such as SBR, urethane resin emulsions, acrylic / urethane composite resin emulsions, epoxy resin emulsions, natural rubber latex, etc. These can be selected in consideration of the adhesion to the base material, the adhesion to the target surface in contact with the anti-slip agent, the physical properties of the coating film under the use environment, and the like. Among them, an aqueous emulsion obtained by emulsion polymerization of an α, β ethylenically unsaturated monomer is particularly preferred in that it can obtain adhesion to a substrate, compatibility with hollow fine particles, and an arbitrary glass transition point.

The α, β ethylenically unsaturated monomers include:
Known monomers can be used. For example, unsaturated monomers having a carboxyl group such as (meth) acrylic acid, itaconic acid and crotonic acid; 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)
(Meth) acrylates having a hydroxyl group such as acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate, and 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate; methyl (meth) acrylate, N-methylol (meth) acrylamide, and ethyl (meth) acrylate; Propyl (meth) acrylate, isopropyl (meth) acrylate, butyl (meth) acrylate, pentyl (meth) acrylate, hexyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, octyl (meth) acrylate (Meth) such as nonyl methacrylate, lauryl (meth) acrylate, methoxyethyl (meth) acrylate, methoxybutyl (meth) acrylate, and ethoxybutyl (meth) acrylate
Alkyl acrylate; unsaturated monomer having an epoxy group such as glycidyl (meth) acrylate, allyl glycidyl ether; acrylamide, N-butoxymethyl (meth) acrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, N, N-dimethylacrylamide, N An unsaturated monomer having an amide group such as isopropylacrylamide;
N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, N, N
(Meth) acrylic acid having a tertiary amino group such as -diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, N, N-dimethylaminopropyl methacrylate; N-vinylpyrrolidone, N
-Nitrogen-containing unsaturated monomers such as vinylimidazole and N-vinylcarbazole; alicyclic (meth) acrylates such as cyclopentyl (meth) acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate and isobornyl (meth) acrylate; styrene, α-methyl Aromatic unsaturated monomers such as styrene and phenyl methacrylate; silicon-containing unsaturated monomers such as vinyltriethoxysilane and γ-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane; octafluoropentyl (meth) acrylate, perfluorocyclohexyl ( There are monomers having one unsaturated group, such as a fluorinated unsaturated monomer such as meth) acrylate and an unsaturated monomer in which an isocyanate group is blocked. Further, bifunctional unsaturated monomers such as divinylbenzene and polyethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate can also be used.

The surfactant used in the emulsion polymerization includes anionic surfactants such as fatty acid salts, alkyl sulfate salts, alkyl benzene sulfonates, naphthalene sulfonates, alkyl sulfosuccinates; and polyoxyethylene alkyls. There are nonionic surfactants such as ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl ester, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether, and polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ester. It is also possible to use a reactive activator in combination to suppress a decrease in water resistance.

The emulsion polymerization can be carried out by a known method. For example, there is a method in which a pre-emulsion composed of water, a surfactant, and an unsaturated monomer is prepared in advance, and the whole pre-emulsion is charged, the whole amount is dropped, or the remaining portion is dropped by partially charging. As the polymerization initiator, both a water-soluble initiator and an oil-soluble initiator can be used. When using the oil-soluble initiator, it is preferable to dissolve it in the unsaturated monomer in advance, and to further refine the pre-emulsion by mechanical stirring. As a method for making finer, it is possible to disperse in water using a normal stirrer. In order to obtain a stable aqueous dispersion, forcible dispersion under a high shearing force using a homomixer, a homogenizer, or a microfluidizer (manufactured by Mizuho Industry Co., Ltd.) is preferable.

The polymerization initiator used in the emulsion polymerization is suitably used in the range of 0.05 to 5% based on the amount of the unsaturated monomer. The temperature is preferably from 40 to 100C, and 80C or less is sufficient for a redox initiator. As the polymerization initiator, azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile, azobisisobutylvaleronitrile, benzoyl peroxide,
Isobutyryl peroxide, octanoyl peroxide, cumyl peroxy octate, t-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate, t-butyl peroxy acetate, lauryl peroxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, di- Organic peroxides such as 2-ethylhexylperoxyzine carbonate, potassium persulfate,
There are inorganic peroxide compounds such as ammonium persulfate and hydrogen peroxide. Organic or inorganic peroxide compounds can also be used as redox initiators in combination with reducing agents. As the reducing agent used,
L-ascorbic acid, L-sorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride, Rongalite and the like can be mentioned.

When the unsaturated monomer is polymerized, use of a known chain transfer agent such as octyl mercaptan, lauryl mercaptan, 2-mercaptoethanol, terchardodecyl mercaptan, thioglycolic acid, etc. for the purpose of controlling the molecular weight. Is also possible.

When a carboxyl group-containing unsaturated monomer is used, it is preferable to neutralize with a basic compound after emulsion polymerization. Neutralization also improves the mechanical stability of the emulsion. As the basic compound used for aqueous conversion,
Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia, methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, hexylamine, octylamine, ethanolamine, propanolamine, diethanolamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, N, N- Dimethylethanolamine, 2-dimethylamino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol,
Examples include morpholine and the like, which are used alone or in combination. In neutralization, 0.6 to 1 equivalent of carboxyl group is used.
1.2 equivalents are preferred.

The glass transition point of the aqueous emulsion comprising the α, β ethylenically unsaturated monomer thus obtained is also important for exhibiting excellent anti-slip properties. As a result of the present invention, it becomes possible to use a resin having a higher glass transition point than a binder resin used in a conventional anti-slip agent by incorporating hollow fine particles. The preferred glass transition point is 40 ° C. or less. If the temperature is higher than 40 ° C., the anti-slip property of a roof material such as a tile with which the anti-slip agent comes into contact starts to decrease. The glass transition point is determined by a known calculation formula.
In the present invention, the reciprocal of the glass transition point of each unsaturated monomer homopolymer was weighted by its weight fraction.

The inorganic hollow fine particles used in the present invention include:
Commercially available products include FILITE (manufactured by Nippon FILITE Co., Ltd.). Examples of hollow fine particles coated with inorganic powder include Matsumoto Microsphere MFL Series (manufactured by Matsumoto Yushi Seiyaku Co., Ltd.).

As a method for producing hollow fine particles coated with an inorganic powder, there is a method in which hollow fine particles are first prepared and then inorganic coating is performed. A method for producing hollow fine particles is described in, for example, JP-A-56-32513.
JP-A-59-1939, a method in which a shell layer is emulsion-polymerized using an alkali-affinity polymer as a core and then the core component is swelled and hollowed with ammonia or the like.
There is known a method utilizing a W / O / W type multilayer emulsion disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 01-001. As a commercially available product, VONCOATPP-1 is used as organic hollow fine particles.
100 (manufactured by Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc.) and the like can be used.

When hollow fine particles are used, the specific gravity is small, so that the fine particles can be effectively ubiquitously present on the surface. Further, since the surface of the particles has inorganic protrusions, the frictional force between the particle and the target surface with which the anti-slip agent comes into contact increases, and the anti-slip effect can be exerted even when the aqueous resin has low tackiness when a load is applied. The particle diameter of the hollow fine particles also becomes a factor of anti-slip property, and particularly preferably 10 to 400 μm. More preferably, it is 20 to 100 μm. If it is 10 μm or less, the uneven distribution on the surface is small and the anti-slip property is not sufficient, and if it is 400 μm or more, the contact area is small and sufficient anti-slip property cannot be exhibited. There is a need to.

A further feature of the present invention is its ability to prevent slippage in the presence of rain and rain. When the hollow fine particles having an inorganic powder are used, the anti-slip property is not reduced unlike the conventional anti-slip agent. This is presumably because the presence of inorganic protrusions on the particle surface makes it difficult for the frictional force to decrease even in the presence of rainwater. As the inorganic powder used in the present invention, titanium oxide, calcium carbonate, silica, alumina, zirconium and the like are preferably used. Among them, titanium oxide and calcium carbonate are particularly preferred in terms of anti-slip properties under normal conditions and anti-slip properties in the presence of rainwater.

The amount of the anti-slip agent to be incorporated in the aqueous resin is preferably 0.1 to 30 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the aqueous resin. When the amount is less than 0.1 part by weight, a sufficient anti-slip effect is hardly exerted. When the amount is more than 30 parts by weight, the anti-slip effect is saturated, and the function of the aqueous resin as a binder resin is reduced.

As the anti-slip agent used in the present invention, various organic solvents, thickeners, defoaming agents, surfactants and the like are used as necessary as fine aggregates, water repellents, and film forming aids. be able to. Non-woven fabric is used as the base material used for the roof base material of the present invention,
There are plastic films and sheets. These can be used as a single-layer substrate, but it is preferable to use a multilayer substrate in order to improve waterproofness and moisture permeability. For example, nonwoven fabric / polyethylene, polyethylene / nonwoven fabric / polyethylene, etc., which are base materials in which nonwoven fabric and polyethylene are combined, are suitably used as a roof base material. Further, a water-repellent acrylic emulsion, a moisture-absorbing urethane emulsion, or the like suitable for these uses for the purpose of imparting waterproofness or moisture permeability is applied to the above-mentioned single-layer base material or multi-layer base material to form a waterproof, moisture-permeable layer. It is also possible to make. Roof base materials such as nonwoven fabric / urethane resin and nonwoven fabric / polyethylene / urethane resin also having a urethane resin layer have an effect of preventing rainwater leakage when fixed with nails or the like.

The anti-slip property can be imparted to the substrate by directly applying the anti-slip agent to the surface of the single-layer or multi-layer substrate and drying the anti-slip agent. One substrate constituting the base material, for example, coated on non-woven fabric,
After drying, it can be further laminated to another substrate constituting the roof base material, for example, polyethylene.

The anti-slip agent is usually applied to the side where the base material is in contact with a roofing material such as a tile, especially on the nonwoven fabric or polyethylene side.
It can be dried or coated and dried on both sides. When both sides are used, the effect of preventing slippage between the roof base material and the roof surface can also be exhibited. As a method of coating and applying, a roll coater, a flow coater, a spray or the like can be used. The coating amount on the substrate surface is preferably from 10 to 500 g / m ² .

The roof base material obtained by the present invention has excellent anti-slip properties even in the presence of rain and rainwater, and thus is excellent in safety in construction in rainy seasons and when working on steep slopes. .

[0030]

The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following Examples, but it should not be construed that the present invention is limited thereto. In addition,
In the following Examples, Comparative Examples and Synthesis Examples, "parts" means parts by weight unless otherwise specified.

Synthesis Example 1 4 equipped with a reflux cooling pipe, a gas introduction pipe, a stirrer, and a thermometer
200 ml of distilled water was charged into a 2,000 ml-necked flask, and the temperature was raised to 80 ° C. while purging with nitrogen while stirring. While maintaining the internal temperature at 80 ° C., 4 parts of ammonium persulfate was added as a polymerization initiator, and 204 parts of MMA (methyl methacrylate), 90 parts of BA (butyl acrylate), and 6 parts of AA (acrylic acid) were prepared in advance. Parts, water 500 parts, S
A pre-emulsion consisting of 9 parts of DS (sodium dodecyl sulfonate) was added dropwise over 1 hour. After further reacting for 3 hours, an aqueous emulsion (C) was obtained. Glass transition point 36 ° C.

Synthesis Example 2 4 equipped with a reflux cooling pipe, a gas introduction pipe, a stirrer, and a thermometer
200 ml of distilled water was charged into a 2,000 ml-necked flask, and the temperature was raised to 80 ° C. while purging with nitrogen while stirring. While maintaining the internal temperature at 80 ° C., 4 parts of ammonium persulfate was added as a polymerization initiator to prepare MMA216 prepared in advance.
, 78 parts of AA, 6 parts of AA, 500 parts of water, and 9 parts of SDS were dropped over 1 hour. After further reacting for 3 hours, an aqueous emulsion (D) was obtained. Glass transition point 44 ° C.

The aqueous resin used in the present invention is as follows: Resin A: SBR (styrene butadiene rubber) emulsion (Nicol LX426, manufactured by Zeon Corporation) Resin B: MMA / butadiene emulsion (Croslen 2M36, manufactured by Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) ) Resin C: Emulsion C obtained in Synthesis Example 1 Resin D: Emulsion D obtained in Synthesis Example 2

As the inorganic hollow fine particles, fine particles a: Filite 200/7 (manufactured by Nippon Filite Co., Ltd.), and as the fine particles coated with inorganic powder, fine particles b: Microsphere MFL80CA (Matsumoto Yushi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. )), Fine particles c: Microsphere MFL30STI (manufactured by Matsumoto Yushi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), and as other heat-expandable fine particles, microparticles d: Microsphere F50 (manufactured by Matsumoto Yushi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.).

Examples 1 to 4 The aqueous resins A to D prepared to a solid content of 30%, inorganic hollow fine particles, and fine particles a coated with inorganic powder a
To c were mixed in a ratio of resin / fine particles / antifoaming agent = 100/7 / 0.1 / to obtain an anti-slip agent. After applying the anti-slip agent to the nonwoven fabric, it was dried at 60 ° C. Examples 5 to 6 The aqueous resins C and D prepared to a solid content of 30% and the fine particles b and c coated with an inorganic powder were prepared by resin / fine particle / antifoaming agent = 100/7 / 0.1 / After mixing, an anti-slip agent was obtained. The anti-slip agent was applied to polyethylene / nonwoven fabric / polyethylene as a multilayer substrate and dried at 60 ° C.

Comparative Examples 1 to 4 The above-mentioned aqueous resins A to D resin / antifoaming agent = 100 / 0.1 were mixed to obtain an anti-slip agent. After applying the anti-slip agent to the nonwoven fabric, it was dried at 60 ° C. Comparative Example 5 Resin / microsphere F50 /
The mixture was mixed at an antifoaming agent = 100/7 / 0.1 to obtain an anti-slip agent. After the anti-slip agent was applied to the nonwoven fabric, it was dried at 130 ° C.

The method of evaluating the anti-slip property of a sample coated with an anti-slip agent and dried is shown below. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.

Evaluation items a) Anti-slip property under normal conditions The anti-slip property was examined from the viewpoint of frictional force. Examples 1 to 6,
The sample pieces obtained in Comparative Examples 1 to 5 were cut into pieces of 5 cm × 10 cm to form samples, placed on plywood, and a weight of 2000 g was placed thereon. Next, one end of the sample was pulled with a spring, and the scale was read to obtain the frictional force (g). The measurement conditions were as follows. Normal 25 ° C, Humidity 40%

B) Anti-slip properties under wet conditions Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5
The sample was cut into cm, placed on a plywood to which water had been sprayed in advance, and a 2,000 g weight was placed thereon. Next, one end of the sample was pulled with a spring, and the scale was read to obtain the frictional force (g). The measurement conditions were as follows. Wet Spray water at 25 ° C on plywood with anti-slip layer by spraying, 20 g / m ²

[0040]

[Table 1]

The above examples show that the inorganic hollow fine particles and the hollow fine particles coated with the inorganic powder have excellent anti-slip properties. Also, it shows excellent performance even when the surface is wet with water.

On the other hand, as shown in Comparative Examples 1 to 4, when no hollow fine particles are contained, a frictional force is generated in a normal state, but when the plywood is wet with water, the frictional force is significantly reduced. Further, as shown in Comparative Example 5, when the hollow fine particles do not have an inorganic substance on the surface, when the surface is wet with water, the anti-slip property is low as in the previous Comparative Example.

[0043]

As described above, the roof base material having the anti-slip layer coated with the anti-slip agent containing the inorganic hollow micro-particles and the inorganic micro-particles coated with the hollow micro-particles and dried is excellent. Shows anti-slip properties. A particularly outstanding feature is that the effect is exhibited even when the substrate surface is wet with water.

Continued on the front page (51) Int.Cl. ⁷ Identification code FI Theme coat II (Reference) C09K 3/14 540 C09K 3/14 540K F term (Reference) 4F100 AA00A AA00C AA00H AK04D AK24A AK24C AK25 AK25J AK29 AK29B AK51B BA02 BA03 BA04 BA05 BA07 BA10A BA10C BA10D BA10E BA13 CA30A CA30C DE01A DE01C DE01H DG15B EH46A EH46C GB07 JA05A JA05C JK16 JM01A JM01C YY00A YY00C

Claims (8)

[Claims] An anti-slip agent comprising an aqueous resin mixed with inorganic hollow fine particles or hollow fine particles coated with inorganic powder, and having a dried anti-slip layer on one or both surfaces of the substrate. Characteristic roof base material. 2. The roof base material according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous resin is an aqueous emulsion obtained by emulsion polymerization of α, β ethylenically unsaturated monomers. 3. The roof base material according to claim 2, wherein the α, β ethylenically unsaturated monomer has a glass transition point of 40 ° C. or lower. 4. The roof base material according to claim 1, wherein 0.1 to 30 parts by weight of hollow fine particles is blended with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the aqueous resin. 5. The roof base material according to claim 1, wherein the base material is a nonwoven fabric. 6. The roof base material according to claim 1, wherein the base material comprises two layers of nonwoven fabric / polyethylene, and has an anti-slip layer on the nonwoven fabric side or on both sides. 7. The roof base material according to claim 1, wherein the base material comprises three layers of nonwoven fabric / polyethylene / urethane resin, and has a non-slip layer on the nonwoven fabric side or on both sides. 8. The roof base material according to claim 1, wherein the base material is composed of three layers of polyethylene / nonwoven fabric / polyethylene, and has an anti-slip layer on one side or both sides.