ITPR20090048A1 - PROCEDURE AND PLANT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIOMASS SYNTHESIS GASES AND / OR WASTE IN GENERAL - Google Patents
PROCEDURE AND PLANT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIOMASS SYNTHESIS GASES AND / OR WASTE IN GENERAL Download PDFInfo
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- ITPR20090048A1 ITPR20090048A1 IT000048A ITPR20090048A ITPR20090048A1 IT PR20090048 A1 ITPR20090048 A1 IT PR20090048A1 IT 000048 A IT000048 A IT 000048A IT PR20090048 A ITPR20090048 A IT PR20090048A IT PR20090048 A1 ITPR20090048 A1 IT PR20090048A1
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- reactor
- high temperature
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- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 title claims description 24
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title claims description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 7
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 title claims description 4
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 title claims 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical class [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical class [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 241000009334 Singa Species 0.000 claims 1
- ZGSDJMADBJCNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N [S-][NH3+] Chemical class [S-][NH3+] ZGSDJMADBJCNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007348 radical reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen cyanide Chemical compound N#C LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000005575 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- QTWJRLJHJPIABL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylphenol;3-methylphenol;4-methylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1.CC1=CC=CC(O)=C1.CC1=CC=CC=C1O QTWJRLJHJPIABL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021532 Calcite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon disulfide Chemical compound S=C=S QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000002918 Fraxinus excelsior Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000034693 Laceration Diseases 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UYJXRRSPUVSSMN-UHFFFAOYSA-P ammonium sulfide Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[S-2] UYJXRRSPUVSSMN-UHFFFAOYSA-P 0.000 description 1
- 229910052925 anhydrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004323 axial length Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013590 bulk material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010216 calcium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical class [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- JJWKPURADFRFRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonyl sulfide Chemical compound O=C=S JJWKPURADFRFRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004517 catalytic hydrocracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008280 chlorinated hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930003836 cresol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007791 dehumidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002013 dioxins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002240 furans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010922 glass waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007038 hydrochlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007327 hydrogenolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- -1 olefin compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002641 tar oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004017 vitrification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/58—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels combined with pre-distillation of the fuel
- C10J3/60—Processes
- C10J3/64—Processes with decomposition of the distillation products
- C10J3/66—Processes with decomposition of the distillation products by introducing them into the gasification zone
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B47/00—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion
- C10B47/28—Other processes
- C10B47/32—Other processes in ovens with mechanical conveying means
- C10B47/44—Other processes in ovens with mechanical conveying means with conveyor-screws
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/007—Screw type gasifiers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
- C10J3/48—Apparatus; Plants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/58—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels combined with pre-distillation of the fuel
- C10J3/60—Processes
- C10J3/64—Processes with decomposition of the distillation products
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2200/00—Details of gasification apparatus
- C10J2200/15—Details of feeding means
- C10J2200/158—Screws
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
- C10J2300/1696—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with phase separation, e.g. after condensation
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
Description
TITOLO TITLE
PROCEDIMENTO E IMP IANTO PER LA PRODUZIONE D I GAS D I S INTES I DA B IOMASSE E /O R I F IUT I IN GENERE PROCEDURE AND PLANT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF S INTES I GAS FROM B IOMASS AND / OR F IUT I IN GENERAL
DESCRIZIONE DESCRIPTION
Formano oggetto del presente trovato un procedimento e un impianto per la produzione di gas di sintesi The present invention relates to a process and a plant for the production of synthesis gas
Sono già noti diversi procedimenti per la produzione di gas di sintesi, nel gergo tecnico definito SINGAS, che può essere utilizzato come combustibile o per usi industriali come ad esempio per la produzione di metanolo, metano e di idrogeno. Several processes are already known for the production of synthesis gas, in the technical jargon defined SINGAS, which can be used as a fuel or for industrial uses such as for the production of methanol, methane and hydrogen.
In tutti i procedimenti fino ad ora utilizzati che prevedono l’impiego di uno o due reattori, i gas di sintesi formati da CO (monossido di carbonio) e H2(idrogeno) sono inquinati da altre sostanze altamente nocive che occorre separare ed eliminare. In all the processes used up to now that involve the use of one or two reactors, the synthesis gases formed by CO (carbon monoxide) and H2 (hydrogen) are polluted by other highly harmful substances which must be separated and eliminated.
Un procedimento descritto nel brevetto EP 153235 sono stati impiegati due reattori : nel primo avviene una gassificazione a temperatura medio-alta dai 700 – 800 °C inferiore alla temperatura di fusione dei prodotti immessi A process described in patent EP 153235 two reactors were used: in the first there is a gasification at medium-high temperature from 700 - 800 ° C lower than the melting temperature of the products introduced
Nel secondo reattore per incrementare la temperatura di conversione si à ̈ portata la temperatura del gas ad un valore compreso tra 3000 - 5000 °C mediante il passaggio di detto gas attraverso una torcia al plasma disposta all’uscita del circuito di alimentazione del gas al secondo reattore ad alta temperatura. In the second reactor, to increase the conversion temperature, the gas temperature was brought to a value between 3000 - 5000 ° C by passing said gas through a plasma torch placed at the outlet of the gas supply circuit. second high temperature reactor.
Questo procedimento, ad alto consumo energetico, non risolve il problema dell’eliminazione dei prodotti inquinanti This process, with high energy consumption, does not solve the problem of eliminating polluting products
Scopo del presente trovato à ̈ quello di ottenere un gas di sintesi praticamente privo di agenti inquinanti e cioà ̈ contente monossido di carbonio, idrogeno e una modesta percentuale di azoto (attorno lo 0,1%) e di anidride carbonica (attorno al 2-3%) con un potere calorifico inferiore di 11.400 Kj/Nmc. The purpose of the present invention is to obtain a synthesis gas practically free of pollutants and that is containing carbon monoxide, hydrogen and a modest percentage of nitrogen (around 0.1%) and carbon dioxide (around 2- 3%) with a lower calorific value of 11,400 Kj / Nmc.
Il gas presenta il vantaggio di essere privo di anidride solforica e solforosa, di acido cloridrico , di idrocarburi clorurati, di acido cianidrico e fluoridrico, di idrocarburi policiclici aromatici (IPA) e di composti polverosi di carbonio cokizzato. The gas has the advantage of being free of sulfuric and sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, chlorinated hydrocarbons, hydrogen cyanide and hydrofluoric acid, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dusty compounds of coke carbon.
Detti scopi e vantaggi sono tutti raggiunti dal procedimento e dall’impianto, entrambi oggetto del presente trovato, che si caratterizza per quanto previsto nelle sotto riportate rivendicazioni. Said objects and advantages are all achieved by the process and by the plant, both of which are the subject of the present invention, which is characterized by the provisions of the claims set forth below.
Questa ed altre caratteristiche risulteranno maggiormente evidenziate dalla descrizione seguente di una forma di realizzazione illustrata, a puro titolo esemplificativo e non limitativo, nelle unite tavole di disegno in cui: This and other characteristics will be better highlighted by the following description of an embodiment illustrated, purely by way of non-limiting example, in the accompanying drawing tables in which:
La figura 1 illustra in forma schematica l’impianto che costituisce anche lo schema a blocchi del processo; Figure 1 schematically illustrates the plant which also constitutes the block diagram of the process;
la figura 2 illustra un particolare del reattore radicalico secondo una sezione longitudinale; Figure 2 shows a detail of the radical reactor according to a longitudinal section;
la figura 3 illustra il particolare di figura 2 sezionato secondo il piano B-B. figure 3 shows the detail of figure 2 sectioned along the plane B-B.
Con particolare riferimento alla figura 1 il procedimento prevede il pre-trattamento di lacerazione e triturazione 1 del materiale da processare per portarli ad una pezzatura uniforme non superiore ai 50 mm, una prima essiccazione delle biomasse, una seconda deumidificazione nel reattore radicalico 2 per una più facile degasazione dello char. With particular reference to figure 1, the procedure provides for the pre-treatment of laceration and shredding 1 of the material to be processed to bring them to a uniform size not exceeding 50 mm, a first drying of the biomass, a second dehumidification in the radical reactor 2 for a more easy degassing of char.
Successivamente il prodotto triturato viene demetallizzato 3 e immesso in un dosatore 4 che miscela il materiale triturato con eventuale cascame di vetro per una corretta vetrificazione delle ceneri e degli inerti. Subsequently, the shredded product is demetallized 3 and placed in a dispenser 4 which mixes the shredded material with any glass waste for a correct vitrification of the ashes and aggregates.
Si può aggiungere anche calcite ( CaCO3) che, trasformata in CaO a 500°C, ha la proprietà di legarsi nel reattore ad alta temperatura con eventuali tracce di zolfo e cloro sfuggite dalla cattura del reattore radicalico per trasformarsi in sali inerti di CaSO4(gesso) e cloruro di calcio (CaCl2). Calcite (CaCO3) can also be added which, transformed into CaO at 500 ° C, has the property of binding in the high temperature reactor with any traces of sulfur and chlorine escaped from the capture of the radical reactor to transform into inert salts of CaSO4 (gypsum ) and calcium chloride (CaCl2).
Il reattore radicalico 2 ha il compito di disareare il materiale che in genere ingloba circa 1,8 m<3>di aria per tonnellata di materiale alla rinfusa. The radical reactor 2 has the task of deaerating the material which generally incorporates about 1.8 m <3> of air per ton of bulk material.
Nel primo stadio del reattore radicalico si ottiene pure l’evaporazione dell’acqua presente nel materiale processato, circa il 95%, che viene estratta realizzando un significativo risparmio energetico In the first stage of the radical reactor, the evaporation of the water present in the processed material is also obtained, approximately 95%, which is extracted, realizing a significant energy saving.
Il reattore radicalico ha inoltre il compito di trasferire il materiale trattato ad un reattore ad alta temperatura 5 assorbendo contemporaneamente una quantità di calore necessaria a portare la massa del materiale ad una temperatura di 600°C in una atmosfera idrogenante (idrocracking) a bassa pressione (5 bar). The radical reactor also has the task of transferring the treated material to a high temperature reactor 5 while simultaneously absorbing a quantity of heat necessary to bring the mass of the material to a temperature of 600 ° C in a hydrogenating atmosphere (hydrocracking) at low pressure ( 5 bar).
A tale scopo nel reattore a bassa temperatura circola in controcorrente e con andamento elicoidale il gas di sintesi prodotto nel reattore ad alta temperatura, che cede in modo indiretto parte del suo calore sensibile ad una o due coclee 2a di grosso diametro iniziale che muovono in modo lento ma continuo il materiale processato. For this purpose in the low temperature reactor the synthesis gas produced in the high temperature reactor circulates in countercurrent and with a helical trend, which indirectly transfers part of its sensitive heat to one or two augers 2a of large initial diameter which move in a slow but continuous the material processed.
L’albero 2b di supporto delle coclee à ̈ parzialmente cavo e prevede una pluralità di fori 2c posti in corrispondenza della coclea di diametro intermedio per l’immissione di gas di sintesi ricco di idrogeno. The shaft 2b supporting the augers is partially hollow and provides for a plurality of holes 2c located in correspondence with the auger of intermediate diameter for the introduction of synthesis gas rich in hydrogen.
L’idrogeno viene apportato allo scopo di attivare le reazioni di idrodeclorazione, di idrodesolfurazione e di idrodealchilazione. Hydrogen is added in order to activate the reactions of hydrodechlorination, hydrodesulfurization and hydrodealkylation.
La formazione di un sottile strato di carbonio all’interno della camicia delle coclee garantisce un’ usura limitatissima. The formation of a thin layer of carbon inside the jacket of the augers guarantees very limited wear.
Due riduzioni coniche con successiva camera priva di eliche fungono da tappi per evitare il ritormo dei gas verso le estremità . Two conical reductions with subsequent chamber devoid of propellers act as plugs to avoid the return of gases towards the ends.
Il reattore radicalico ha anche la funzione di togliere tutta la percentuale di acqua presente nel materiale, il vapore che fuoriesce viene condensato in 9 e inviato ad un impianto di trattamento 8 delle acque che potranno essere sfruttate come acque di reintegro in altri impianti. The radical reactor also has the function of removing all the percentage of water present in the material, the steam that escapes is condensed in 9 and sent to a water treatment plant 8 which can be used as make-up water in other plants.
Si ottengono così reazioni di decomposizione con meccanismo radicalico spostate verso composti desiderati (idrogenolisi). In this way, decomposition reactions with a radical mechanism shifted towards desired compounds (hydrogenolysis) are obtained.
L’azoto va a formare NH3; lo zolfo à ̈ trasformato in H2S (idordesulfurazione); il cloro à ̈ trasformato in acido cloridrico (idrodeclorazione) evitando così la formazione di acido cianidrico, anidride solforosa, solfuro di carbonio e sulfuro di carbonile tutte sostanze altamente inquinanti e nocive. The nitrogen forms NH3; sulfur is transformed into H2S (idordesulfuration); chlorine is transformed into hydrochloric acid (hydrochlorination) thus avoiding the formation of hydrogen cyanide, sulfur dioxide, carbon sulphide and carbonyl sulphide, all highly polluting and harmful substances.
Viene evitata anche la formazione di composti alogenati delle olefine, responsabili della formazione di diossine e furani. The formation of halogenated olefin compounds, responsible for the formation of dioxins and furans, is also avoided.
Gli idrocarburi aromatici come il toluolo, lo xilolo, il fenolo, il cresolo sono trasformati in benzene mentre le olefine sono trasformate in paraffine (idrodealchilazione). Aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, phenol, cresol are transformed into benzene while olefins are transformed into paraffins (hydrodealkylation).
Il gas pirolitico in uscita dal reattore radicalico verrà inviato alla condensazione frazionata 6 da cui si otterranno idrocarburi saturi, catrami e liquido pirolegnoso che verranno inviati al reattore ad alta temperatura 5 The pyrolytic gas leaving the radical reactor will be sent to the fractional condensation 6 from which saturated hydrocarbons, tars and pyroligneous liquid will be obtained which will be sent to the high temperature reactor 5
Più precisamente, il raffreddamento del gas pirolitico porta alla condensazione frazionata 6 da prima degli oli di catrame e successivamente di condensabili (acidi, alcoli, ecc..) dalle quali, per mezzo di un separatore 7, sono estratti per precipitazione sali di cloruro, fluoruro e solfuro di ammonio. More precisely, the cooling of the pyrolytic gas leads to the fractional condensation 6 from first of the tar oils and subsequently of the condensables (acids, alcohols, etc.) from which, by means of a separator 7, chloride salts are extracted by precipitation, fluoride and ammonium sulfide.
L’acido solfidrico H2S viene desulfurato in 10. H2S hydrogen sulphide is desulfurated in 10.
Il primo reattore radicalico à ̈ pertanto del tipo a letto fluido forzato riscaldato con gas di sintesi a 800°C in controcorrente e movimentato elicoidalmente The first radical reactor is therefore of the forced fluid bed type heated with synthesis gas at 800 ° C in countercurrent and helically moved
Il reattore ad alta temperatura 8 à ̈ del tipo verticale e nella parte più bassa prevede bruciatori di start- up 11 ad ossimetano e lance per l’immissione di ossigeno per l’ossidazione parziale dello CHAR, cioà ̈ del semi-coke che si à ̈ formato nel reattore radicalico, secondo la reazione C 1⁄2 O2= CO; l’ossidazione parziale del catrame separato nella condensazione frazionata con una miscela di ossigeno e vapore secondo la reazione di steam-reforming: The high temperature reactor 8 is of the vertical type and in the lower part provides start-up burners 11 with oxymethane and lances for the introduction of oxygen for the partial oxidation of the CHAR, that is, of the semi-coke which it was formed in the radical reactor, according to the reaction C 1⁄2 O2 = CO; the partial oxidation of the separated tar in fractional condensation with a mixture of oxygen and steam according to the steam-reforming reaction:
Cn H2n+2+ n H2O = nCO (2n 1) H2Cn H2n + 2 + n H2O = nCO (2n 1) H2
Cn H2n+2+ 1⁄2 O2= nCO (n+1) Cn H2n + 2 + 1⁄2 O2 = nCO (n + 1)
L’ossidazione parziale del carbonio con CO2Partial oxidation of carbon with CO2
C CO2= 2CO C CO2 = 2CO
formatosi precedentemente nel reattore radicalico. previously formed in the radical reactor.
Quest’ultima reazione, endotermica ed attuata perifericamente nella fascia più calda del reattore, consente una più lunga durata dei refrattari. This last reaction, endothermic and peripherally implemented in the hottest part of the reactor, allows a longer life of the refractories.
In conclusione nel reattore ad alta temperatura vengono utilizzati tre diversi tipi di ossidanti: ossigeno, acqua e anidride carbonica In conclusion, three different types of oxidants are used in the high temperature reactor: oxygen, water and carbon dioxide
Nella zona alta del reattore A.T. si compie la definitiva liberalizzazione dell’idrogeno volatile presente nello Char. In the upper area of the H.T. the definitive liberalization of the volatile hydrogen present in the Char is completed.
L’alimentazione del semicoke nel reattore ad alta temperatura avviene dall’alto e su due lati tramite due coclee coniche e l’altezza della carica varia tra 1-3 m, mentre la lunghezza assiale del reattore à ̈ proporzionale alla potenzialità di progetto. The feeding of the semicoke into the high temperature reactor takes place from the top and on two sides through two conical augers and the height of the charge varies between 1-3 m, while the axial length of the reactor is proportional to the potential of project.
Il SINGAS che viene prelevato dal reattore ad alta temperatura per riscaldare il reattore pirolitico viene depolverizzato tramite un ciclone 12 e le polveri sono reimmesse nel reattore ad alta temperatura. The SINGAS which is taken from the high temperature reactor to heat the pyrolytic reactor is dedusted by means of a cyclone 12 and the powders are reintroduced into the high temperature reactor.
Il SINGAS che esce dal reattore radicalico, dopo averlo percorso in controcorrente, ha una temperatura di circa 300 °C e subisce un ulteriore raffreddamento per essere filtrato, in quanto condizione necessaria per poter essere utilizzato in turbina a gas e successiva turbina a vapore per la produzione di energia elettrica. The SINGAS that comes out of the radical reactor, after having crossed it in countercurrent, has a temperature of about 300 ° C and undergoes a further cooling to be filtered, as a necessary condition to be used in a gas turbine and subsequent steam turbine for the electricity generation.
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