IT8723130A0 - Sistema direttore di fascio laser. - Google Patents

Sistema direttore di fascio laser.

Info

Publication number
IT8723130A0
IT8723130A0 IT8723130A IT2313087A IT8723130A0 IT 8723130 A0 IT8723130 A0 IT 8723130A0 IT 8723130 A IT8723130 A IT 8723130A IT 2313087 A IT2313087 A IT 2313087A IT 8723130 A0 IT8723130 A0 IT 8723130A0
Authority
IT
Italy
Prior art keywords
laser beam
beam director
director system
laser
director
Prior art date
Application number
IT8723130A
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
IT1223568B (it
Inventor
Tushar Shashikant Chande
Marshall Gordon Jones
Angel Luis Ortiz Jr
John Leo August Jr
Original Assignee
Gen Electric
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Gen Electric filed Critical Gen Electric
Publication of IT8723130A0 publication Critical patent/IT8723130A0/it
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of IT1223568B publication Critical patent/IT1223568B/it

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
    • B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
    • B23K26/067—Dividing the beam into multiple beams, e.g. multifocusing
    • B23K26/0673—Dividing the beam into multiple beams, e.g. multifocusing into independently operating sub-beams, e.g. beam multiplexing to provide laser beams for several stations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
    • B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
    • B23K26/067—Dividing the beam into multiple beams, e.g. multifocusing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/32—Optical coupling means having lens focusing means positioned between opposed fibre ends
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/3598—Switching means directly located between an optoelectronic element and waveguides, including direct displacement of either the element or the waveguide, e.g. optical pulse generation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
    • G02B6/4204—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
    • G02B6/4204—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms
    • G02B6/4214—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms the intermediate optical element having redirecting reflective means, e.g. mirrors, prisms for deflecting the radiation from horizontal to down- or upward direction toward a device
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4296—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements coupling with sources of high radiant energy, e.g. high power lasers, high temperature light sources
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
    • G02B6/3512—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
    • G02B6/3512—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror
    • G02B6/352—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror the reflective optical element having a shaped reflective surface, e.g. a reflective element comprising several reflective surfaces or facets that function together
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/354—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types
    • G02B6/3544—2D constellations, i.e. with switching elements and switched beams located in a plane
    • G02B6/3548—1xN switch, i.e. one input and a selectable single output of N possible outputs
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/3564—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
    • G02B6/3568—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details characterised by the actuating force
    • G02B6/3572—Magnetic force
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/3564—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
    • G02B6/3582—Housing means or package or arranging details of the switching elements, e.g. for thermal isolation
IT23130/87A 1986-12-22 1987-12-21 Sistema direttore di fascio laser IT1223568B (it)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/944,771 US4838631A (en) 1986-12-22 1986-12-22 Laser beam directing system

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
IT8723130A0 true IT8723130A0 (it) 1987-12-21
IT1223568B IT1223568B (it) 1990-09-19

Family

ID=25482044

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
IT23130/87A IT1223568B (it) 1986-12-22 1987-12-21 Sistema direttore di fascio laser

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US4838631A (it)
JP (1) JPS63179313A (it)
DE (1) DE3742553A1 (it)
FR (1) FR2608786A1 (it)
GB (1) GB2199158B (it)
IL (1) IL84605A (it)
IT (1) IT1223568B (it)
NL (1) NL8703073A (it)
SE (1) SE8705093L (it)

Families Citing this family (71)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH02205812A (ja) * 1989-02-03 1990-08-15 Takashi Mori 光分配装置
US4927226A (en) * 1989-03-27 1990-05-22 General Electric Company Multiplexer for high power CW lasers
US4960970A (en) * 1989-08-11 1990-10-02 General Electric Company Method and apparatus for acoustic breakthrough detection
US4997250A (en) * 1989-11-17 1991-03-05 General Electric Company Fiber output coupler with beam shaping optics for laser materials processing system
US5045669A (en) * 1990-03-02 1991-09-03 General Electric Company Method and apparatus for optically/acoustically monitoring laser materials processing
US5026979A (en) * 1990-03-05 1991-06-25 General Electric Company Method and apparatus for optically monitoring laser materials processing
US5159402A (en) * 1990-03-26 1992-10-27 General Electric Company Optical sensor safety system for monitoring laser crystals and optical components
DE4108146C2 (de) * 1991-03-13 1995-04-20 Hohla Kristian Vorrichtung zum Abtragen von Material mit Laserlicht
US5302798A (en) * 1991-04-01 1994-04-12 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Method of forming a hole with a laser and an apparatus for forming a hole with a laser
US5355244A (en) * 1991-09-18 1994-10-11 Ricoh Company Ltd. Optical scanner for reducing shading
US5199088A (en) * 1991-12-31 1993-03-30 Texas Instruments Incorporated Fiber optic switch with spatial light modulator device
EP0574686A2 (en) * 1992-05-13 1993-12-22 The Spectranetics Corporation Linear scan method and system for cloupling energy into an optical fiber bundle
US5373140A (en) * 1993-03-16 1994-12-13 Vernay Laboratories, Inc. System for cleaning molding equipment using a laser
JP2742014B2 (ja) * 1994-03-17 1998-04-22 川崎重工業株式会社 高出力レーザ用ファイバ分岐導光スイッチング装置
JPH08150485A (ja) * 1994-11-28 1996-06-11 Komatsu Ltd レーザマーキング装置
US5535293A (en) * 1994-12-09 1996-07-09 Buchin; Michael P. High-speed electro-optical modulator, chopper, and multiplexer/demultiplexer
US5650868A (en) * 1995-06-07 1997-07-22 Compaq Computer Corporation Data transfer system
US5640479A (en) * 1995-10-18 1997-06-17 Palomar Technologies Corporation Fiberoptic face plate stop for digital micromirror device projection system
US5822486A (en) * 1995-11-02 1998-10-13 General Scanning, Inc. Scanned remote imaging method and system and method of determining optimum design characteristics of a filter for use therein
DE19644918C2 (de) * 1996-10-29 1999-10-21 Cms Mikrosysteme Gmbh Chemnitz Mikromechanische optische Schalteinheit
US6034803A (en) * 1997-04-30 2000-03-07 K2 T, Inc. Method and apparatus for directing energy based range detection sensor
US6246657B1 (en) * 1997-09-22 2001-06-12 Iolon, Inc. Fiber bundle switch
US6320993B1 (en) 1998-06-05 2001-11-20 Astarte Fiber Networks, Inc. Optical switch pathway configuration using control signals
US6097858A (en) * 1998-06-05 2000-08-01 Astarte Fiber Networks, Inc. Sensing configuration for fiber optic switch control system
MXPA00012024A (es) * 1998-06-05 2003-04-14 Afn Llc Conmutador y metodo opticos de sistema planar.
US6097860A (en) * 1998-06-05 2000-08-01 Astarte Fiber Networks, Inc. Compact optical matrix switch with fixed location fibers
US6101299A (en) * 1998-06-05 2000-08-08 Astarte Fiber Networks, Inc. Optical switch targeting system
WO1999063531A1 (en) 1998-06-05 1999-12-09 Herzel Laor Optical switch for disk drive
US6430332B1 (en) 1998-06-05 2002-08-06 Fiber, Llc Optical switching apparatus
US6760506B2 (en) 1999-06-04 2004-07-06 Herzel Laor Optical switch and servo mechanism
US6493485B1 (en) * 1999-08-03 2002-12-10 Astro Terra Corporation Systems and methods for aligning a laser beam with an optical fiber
US20020071169A1 (en) 2000-02-01 2002-06-13 Bowers John Edward Micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) mirror device
US6728016B1 (en) 2000-06-05 2004-04-27 Calient Networks, Inc. Safe procedure for moving mirrors in an optical cross-connect switch
US6610974B1 (en) 2000-06-05 2003-08-26 Calient Networks, Inc. Positioning a movable reflector in an optical switch
US6587611B1 (en) 2000-06-06 2003-07-01 Calient Networks, Inc. Maintaining path integrity in an optical switch
US6825967B1 (en) 2000-09-29 2004-11-30 Calient Networks, Inc. Shaped electrodes for micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) devices to improve actuator performance and methods for fabricating the same
WO2002069532A2 (en) 2000-11-03 2002-09-06 Herzel Laor Piezoelectric optical cross connect switching
US6689985B2 (en) 2001-01-17 2004-02-10 Orbotech, Ltd. Laser drill for use in electrical circuit fabrication
US6721474B2 (en) * 2001-03-19 2004-04-13 Optiwork, Inc. Fiber optic switch using galvanometer-driven x-y scanning
WO2002101888A2 (en) 2001-06-13 2002-12-19 Orbotech Ltd. Multi-beam micro-machining system and method
US6836585B2 (en) * 2001-08-06 2004-12-28 Fiberyard, Inc. Photonic switch
US7110633B1 (en) 2001-08-13 2006-09-19 Calient Networks, Inc. Method and apparatus to provide alternative paths for optical protection path switch arrays
US6544863B1 (en) 2001-08-21 2003-04-08 Calient Networks, Inc. Method of fabricating semiconductor wafers having multiple height subsurface layers
US6794793B2 (en) * 2001-09-27 2004-09-21 Memx, Inc. Microelectromechnical system for tilting a platform
US6640023B2 (en) 2001-09-27 2003-10-28 Memx, Inc. Single chip optical cross connect
US6944365B2 (en) * 2002-01-03 2005-09-13 Memx, Inc. Off axis optical signal redirection architectures
US20040207893A1 (en) * 2002-03-14 2004-10-21 Miller Samuel Lee Channel processing unit for WDM network
US20040207894A1 (en) * 2002-03-14 2004-10-21 Michael Hodges Multi-function optical channel processing unit
US7521651B2 (en) * 2003-09-12 2009-04-21 Orbotech Ltd Multiple beam micro-machining system and method
US20060257929A1 (en) * 2003-11-12 2006-11-16 Microbiosystems, Limited Partnership Method for the rapid taxonomic identification of pathogenic microorganisms and their toxic proteins
DE102004001327B4 (de) * 2004-01-08 2006-06-14 Werner Grosse Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Laserperforation von breiten Warenbahnen
US7763827B2 (en) * 2004-12-30 2010-07-27 Medtronic, Inc. Method and apparatus for laser welding incorporating galvanometer delivery
KR100741110B1 (ko) * 2006-02-15 2007-07-19 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 광 파이버 및 플라즈마 디스플레이 패널의 전극 형성 방법
US8288157B2 (en) * 2007-09-12 2012-10-16 Plc Diagnostics, Inc. Waveguide-based optical scanning systems
US9976192B2 (en) 2006-03-10 2018-05-22 Ldip, Llc Waveguide-based detection system with scanning light source
US9423397B2 (en) 2006-03-10 2016-08-23 Indx Lifecare, Inc. Waveguide-based detection system with scanning light source
US9528939B2 (en) 2006-03-10 2016-12-27 Indx Lifecare, Inc. Waveguide-based optical scanning systems
JP5266647B2 (ja) * 2006-03-23 2013-08-21 日産自動車株式会社 レーザ溶接装置およびその調整方法
US8088124B2 (en) * 2007-01-19 2012-01-03 Technolas Perfect Vision Gmbh System and method for precise beam positioning in ocular surgery
US8529557B2 (en) * 2008-05-30 2013-09-10 Technolas Perfect Vision Gmbh System and method for stray light compensation of corneal cuts
GB2461026B (en) * 2008-06-16 2011-03-09 Plc Diagnostics Inc System and method for nucleic acids sequencing by phased synthesis
GB0816308D0 (en) 2008-09-05 2008-10-15 Mtt Technologies Ltd Optical module
EP2425286B1 (en) * 2009-04-29 2020-06-24 Ldip, Llc Waveguide-based detection system with scanning light source
US9350454B2 (en) * 2011-01-21 2016-05-24 Finisar Corporation Multi-laser transmitter optical subassembly
US8807752B2 (en) 2012-03-08 2014-08-19 Technolas Perfect Vision Gmbh System and method with refractive corrections for controlled placement of a laser beam's focal point
US9398979B2 (en) 2013-03-11 2016-07-26 Technolas Perfect Vision Gmbh Dimensional compensator for use with a patient interface
US10018566B2 (en) 2014-02-28 2018-07-10 Ldip, Llc Partially encapsulated waveguide based sensing chips, systems and methods of use
WO2016138427A1 (en) 2015-02-27 2016-09-01 Indx Lifecare, Inc. Waveguide-based detection system with scanning light source
CN108463300A (zh) 2015-11-16 2018-08-28 瑞尼斯豪公司 用于增材制造设备和方法的模块
CN108963735A (zh) * 2018-07-27 2018-12-07 南京理工大学 一种光纤激光器分通道输出的装置及其控制方法
FR3128140A1 (fr) 2021-10-19 2023-04-21 SteeLEMAT S.à r.l Dispositif de test non destructif à ultrasons hybride Transducteurs électromagnétiques acoustiques/Laser à assemblage optique rotatif monolithique de transmetteurs laser agiles matriciels pour le contrôle d'objets métallurgiques

Family Cites Families (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4015100A (en) * 1974-01-07 1977-03-29 Avco Everett Research Laboratory, Inc. Surface modification
US4099829A (en) * 1977-02-23 1978-07-11 Harris Corporation Flat field optical scanning system
US4304460A (en) * 1978-03-10 1981-12-08 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Optical switching device
JPS54156551A (en) * 1978-05-31 1979-12-10 Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> Photo switch
US4208094A (en) * 1978-10-02 1980-06-17 Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated Optical switch
JPS571331A (en) * 1980-06-03 1982-01-06 Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co Ultrasonic diagnosis apparatus
EP0062429A1 (en) * 1981-04-04 1982-10-13 Plessey Overseas Limited Optical coupling devices for optical fibres
FR2507330A1 (fr) * 1981-06-05 1982-12-10 Instruments Sa Dispositif de commutation entre fibres optiques
JPS5995063A (ja) * 1982-11-22 1984-05-31 株式会社東芝 走査式レ−ザ装置
US4676586A (en) * 1982-12-20 1987-06-30 General Electric Company Apparatus and method for performing laser material processing through a fiber optic
JPS59172624A (ja) * 1983-03-23 1984-09-29 Hitachi Ltd 光偏向走査装置
US4470662A (en) * 1983-04-07 1984-09-11 Mid-West Instrument Rotary optic switch
FR2559921B1 (fr) * 1984-02-16 1986-07-04 Sopelem Dispositif de commutation de fibres optiques
FR2561404B1 (fr) * 1984-03-16 1988-04-08 Thomson Csf Dispositif a commande electrique de deplacement d'un fluide
US4564736A (en) * 1984-05-07 1986-01-14 General Electric Company Industrial hand held laser tool and laser system
US4681396A (en) * 1984-10-09 1987-07-21 General Electric Company High power laser energy delivery system
DE3650688T2 (de) * 1985-03-22 1999-03-25 Massachusetts Inst Technology Faseroptisches Sondensystem zur spektralen Diagnose von Gewebe

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2199158B (en) 1991-05-01
NL8703073A (nl) 1988-07-18
FR2608786A1 (fr) 1988-06-24
US4838631A (en) 1989-06-13
SE8705093L (sv) 1988-06-23
DE3742553A1 (de) 1988-06-30
IL84605A0 (en) 1988-04-29
GB2199158A (en) 1988-06-29
IT1223568B (it) 1990-09-19
JPS63179313A (ja) 1988-07-23
IL84605A (en) 1991-04-15
GB8729708D0 (en) 1988-02-03
SE8705093D0 (sv) 1987-12-21

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
IT8723130A0 (it) Sistema direttore di fascio laser.
DE3685349D1 (de) Chirurgisches lasersystem.
DE3683475D1 (de) Laserkoagulationssystem.
DE3778387D1 (de) Homogenisierungssystem fuer laserstrahlung.
NO871593D0 (no) Laser-sveising.
ES2020796A4 (es) Sistema optico antierrores.
DE3680315D1 (de) Laserkoagulationssystem.
DE3678142D1 (de) Laserabtastmikroskop.
DE3483384D1 (de) Laserstrahlabtastvorrichtung.
DE3783996D1 (de) Laserstrahlabtaster.
IT8819297A0 (it) Sistema iniettore di fascio laser.
DE3770181D1 (de) Laserstrahlausricht- und transportsystem.
IT8324272A0 (it) Sistema per la composizione flessibile di fasci laser.
DE68921542D1 (de) Abtaststrahlsteuersystem.
NO900984D0 (no) Laser-radar-system.
DE3677571D1 (de) Laserkoagulationssystem.
DE68922246D1 (de) Laserstrahlblende.
ITTO920443A0 (it) Sistema di demultiplazione ottica.
NL192465B (nl) Bundelgeleidingssysteem.
DE3579007D1 (de) Laserstrahlbearbeitungsgeraet.
DE3884686T2 (de) Optisches Halbleiterlaser-System.
DE3866944D1 (de) Verstaerktes laser-nahtverfolgungssystem.
DE3886089T2 (de) Laserradarsysteme.
DE3870864D1 (de) Strahlablenker fuer laserstrahlbearbeitung.
IT8922176A0 (it) Sistema ottico.