IN2013CN05882A - - Google Patents

Info

Publication number
IN2013CN05882A
IN2013CN05882A IN5882CHN2013A IN2013CN05882A IN 2013CN05882 A IN2013CN05882 A IN 2013CN05882A IN 5882CHN2013 A IN5882CHN2013 A IN 5882CHN2013A IN 2013CN05882 A IN2013CN05882 A IN 2013CN05882A
Authority
IN
India
Prior art keywords
tand
peak
peak top
resin
occurring
Prior art date
Application number
Inventor
Toru Takahashi
Katsuhisa Yamazaki
Shuhei Moribe
Daisuke Yoshiba
Daisuke Tsujimoto
Masami Fujimoto
Original Assignee
Canon Kk
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Canon Kk filed Critical Canon Kk
Publication of IN2013CN05882A publication Critical patent/IN2013CN05882A/en

Links

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/087Binders for toner particles
    • G03G9/08742Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • G03G9/08755Polyesters
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/0821Developers with toner particles characterised by physical parameters
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/083Magnetic toner particles
    • G03G9/0835Magnetic parameters of the magnetic components
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/087Binders for toner particles
    • G03G9/08775Natural macromolecular compounds or derivatives thereof
    • G03G9/08782Waxes
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/087Binders for toner particles
    • G03G9/08784Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775
    • G03G9/08788Block polymers
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/087Binders for toner particles
    • G03G9/08784Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775
    • G03G9/08795Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775 characterised by their chemical properties, e.g. acidity, molecular weight, sensitivity to reactants
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/087Binders for toner particles
    • G03G9/08784Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775
    • G03G9/08797Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775 characterised by their physical properties, e.g. viscosity, solubility, melting temperature, softening temperature, glass transition temperature
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/09Colouring agents for toner particles
    • G03G9/0902Inorganic compounds
    • G03G9/0904Carbon black
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/09Colouring agents for toner particles
    • G03G9/0906Organic dyes
    • G03G9/091Azo dyes
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/097Plasticisers; Charge controlling agents
    • G03G9/09783Organo-metallic compounds

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Fixing For Electrophotography (AREA)

Abstract

34To provide a toner that can keep its melt sticking to sleeve from occurring and even in double sided printing can keep high temperature offset from occurring and obtain high quality images on both the surface and the back. The toner comprises toner particles each of which contains a binder resin containing a resin formed by the reaction of i) a resin (A) having a softening point TA (°C) of 70°C to 105°C and having a peak top of endothermic peaks at 55°C to 120°C with ii) a resin (B) having a softening point TB (°C) of 120°C to 160°C and having a peak top of endothermic peaks at 55°C to 120°C and in its viscoelasticity characteristics has a storage elastic modulus at temperature 180°C (G 180) of 3.0×10 Pa to 3.0×10 Pa where the loss tangent tand has at least one peak having a peak top within the range of 50°C to 70°C and when peak top temperature of the peak is represented by T(°C) the loss tangent at T+10(°C) [tand(T+10)] is 1.0 to 1.5 and the ratio of tand(T+10)/tand(110) is 0.8 to 1.5.
IN5882CHN2013 2010-12-28 2011-12-15 IN2013CN05882A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2010293013 2010-12-28
PCT/JP2011/079750 WO2012090844A1 (en) 2010-12-28 2011-12-15 Toner

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
IN2013CN05882A true IN2013CN05882A (en) 2015-04-24

Family

ID=46382950

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
IN5882CHN2013 IN2013CN05882A (en) 2010-12-28 2011-12-15

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US9128400B2 (en)
EP (1) EP2659311B1 (en)
JP (1) JP5888975B2 (en)
KR (1) KR20130103610A (en)
CN (2) CN103282835B (en)
BR (1) BR112013013153A2 (en)
IN (1) IN2013CN05882A (en)
TW (1) TWI463278B (en)
WO (1) WO2012090844A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (35)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012091148A1 (en) 2010-12-28 2012-07-05 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
US20140004460A1 (en) * 2011-03-29 2014-01-02 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
US9116448B2 (en) 2012-06-22 2015-08-25 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
EP2869126A4 (en) 2012-06-22 2016-01-20 Canon Kk Toner
CN105378566B (en) 2013-07-31 2019-09-06 佳能株式会社 Magnetic color tuner
DE112014003546B4 (en) 2013-07-31 2020-03-12 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha toner
JP6487730B2 (en) 2014-03-20 2019-03-20 キヤノン株式会社 Toner and two-component developer
US9829818B2 (en) 2014-09-30 2017-11-28 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
US10101683B2 (en) 2015-01-08 2018-10-16 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner and external additive for toner
US9971263B2 (en) 2016-01-08 2018-05-15 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
US9897932B2 (en) 2016-02-04 2018-02-20 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
JP7062373B2 (en) * 2016-04-19 2022-05-06 キヤノン株式会社 toner
JP6668977B2 (en) * 2016-07-01 2020-03-18 富士ゼロックス株式会社 Image forming device
JP6900279B2 (en) 2016-09-13 2021-07-07 キヤノン株式会社 Toner and toner manufacturing method
US10289016B2 (en) 2016-12-21 2019-05-14 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
US10295921B2 (en) 2016-12-21 2019-05-21 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
US10303075B2 (en) 2017-02-28 2019-05-28 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
US10295920B2 (en) 2017-02-28 2019-05-21 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
US10451985B2 (en) 2017-02-28 2019-10-22 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
US10241430B2 (en) 2017-05-10 2019-03-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner, and external additive for toner
WO2019027039A1 (en) 2017-08-04 2019-02-07 キヤノン株式会社 Toner
JP7091033B2 (en) 2017-08-04 2022-06-27 キヤノン株式会社 toner
JP2019032365A (en) 2017-08-04 2019-02-28 キヤノン株式会社 toner
JP6938345B2 (en) 2017-11-17 2021-09-22 キヤノン株式会社 toner
US10768540B2 (en) 2018-02-14 2020-09-08 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha External additive, method for manufacturing external additive, and toner
JP7066439B2 (en) 2018-02-14 2022-05-13 キヤノン株式会社 Toner external additive, toner external additive manufacturing method and toner
CN110597035B (en) 2018-06-13 2023-09-29 佳能株式会社 Positively chargeable toner
JP7286471B2 (en) 2018-08-28 2023-06-05 キヤノン株式会社 toner
JP7171314B2 (en) 2018-08-28 2022-11-15 キヤノン株式会社 toner
US11249410B2 (en) 2018-12-12 2022-02-15 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
JP7301560B2 (en) 2019-03-08 2023-07-03 キヤノン株式会社 toner
JP7467219B2 (en) 2019-05-14 2024-04-15 キヤノン株式会社 toner
JP7292978B2 (en) 2019-05-28 2023-06-19 キヤノン株式会社 Toner and toner manufacturing method
CN114556229A (en) 2019-10-07 2022-05-27 佳能株式会社 Toner and image forming apparatus
JP2021146602A (en) * 2020-03-19 2021-09-27 株式会社リコー Resin powder and resin powder for stereo-molding, as well as method for manufacturing stereo-molding object and equipment for manufacturing stereo-molding object

Family Cites Families (75)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0519715B1 (en) 1991-06-19 1998-10-28 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Magnetic toner and process for developing electrostatic latent images
JP2974452B2 (en) 1991-06-19 1999-11-10 キヤノン株式会社 Magnetic toner
US5415967A (en) 1992-04-14 1995-05-16 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Process for producing toner
US5547796A (en) 1992-05-27 1996-08-20 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developer containing insulating magnetic toner flowability-improving agent and inorganic fine powder
US5436701A (en) 1992-06-19 1995-07-25 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming method, image forming apparatus and apparatus unit
US5406357A (en) 1992-06-19 1995-04-11 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developer for developing electrostatic image, image forming method, image forming apparatus and apparatus unit
CA2098233C (en) 1992-06-19 1999-06-29 Kazuyoshi Hagiwara Toner for developing electrostatic image and image forming method
KR0159576B1 (en) 1993-11-30 1999-03-20 미따라이 하지메 Toner and developer for developing electrostatic image process for production thereof and image forming method
JP3240369B2 (en) * 1994-12-21 2001-12-17 キヤノン株式会社 Toner for developing electrostatic images
TW350042B (en) * 1994-12-21 1999-01-11 Canon Kk Toner for developing electrostatic image
US6120961A (en) 1996-10-02 2000-09-19 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner for developing electrostatic images
US6020102A (en) 1997-07-04 2000-02-01 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Positive-chargeable toner, image forming method and apparatus unit
DE69828014T2 (en) 1997-09-16 2005-12-01 Canon K.K. Magnetic toner and image forming process
JP3762075B2 (en) * 1997-10-31 2006-03-29 三洋化成工業株式会社 Dry toner
JP3308918B2 (en) * 1997-12-25 2002-07-29 キヤノン株式会社 Toner and image forming method
SG70143A1 (en) 1997-12-25 2000-01-25 Canon Kk Toner and image forming method
JP3363856B2 (en) 1998-12-17 2003-01-08 キヤノン株式会社 Positively chargeable toner, image forming method and image forming apparatus
US6156471A (en) 1999-01-21 2000-12-05 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner and image forming method
JP3762131B2 (en) * 1999-02-03 2006-04-05 キヤノン株式会社 Image forming method and image forming apparatus
DE60035820T2 (en) 1999-03-09 2008-04-30 Canon K.K. toner
EP1772777A1 (en) 1999-10-06 2007-04-11 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner, process for producing toner, image forming method and apparatus unit
EP1096325B1 (en) 1999-10-29 2006-11-29 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
US6458499B1 (en) 2000-06-02 2002-10-01 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner having hydrocarbon wax with specific ester value and hydroxyl value
US6589701B2 (en) 2000-07-28 2003-07-08 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Dry toner, image forming method and process cartridge
JP3789091B2 (en) * 2000-11-07 2006-06-21 キヤノン株式会社 Toner, image forming apparatus, process cartridge, and image forming method
US6670087B2 (en) * 2000-11-07 2003-12-30 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner, image-forming apparatus, process cartridge and image forming method
JP4101542B2 (en) * 2001-03-23 2008-06-18 株式会社リコー Image forming method
US6875549B2 (en) 2001-04-10 2005-04-05 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Dry toner, toner production process, image forming method and process cartridge
JP2002318471A (en) 2001-04-23 2002-10-31 Sharp Corp Electrophotographic toner
JP2007199738A (en) * 2001-12-14 2007-08-09 Sanyo Chem Ind Ltd Resin for toner binder and toner composition
US6881527B2 (en) 2002-03-26 2005-04-19 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner, and process cartridge
EP1398673A3 (en) 2002-09-12 2005-08-31 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developer
US7001703B2 (en) 2002-09-27 2006-02-21 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
JP2004151438A (en) * 2002-10-31 2004-05-27 Canon Inc Toner, image forming method, and image forming apparatus
JP2004198692A (en) * 2002-12-18 2004-07-15 Ricoh Co Ltd Low temperature fixable toner
JP3780254B2 (en) 2002-12-25 2006-05-31 東洋インキ製造株式会社 Polyester resin for toner, toner for developing electrostatic image, and image forming method
JP2004264483A (en) 2003-02-28 2004-09-24 Seiko Epson Corp Toner
US7125636B2 (en) 2003-02-28 2006-10-24 Seiko Epson Corporation Toner and image-forming system
DE602004002137T2 (en) 2003-03-27 2007-07-19 Canon K.K. toner
US7160660B2 (en) 2003-04-07 2007-01-09 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Magnetic toner
JP2005062797A (en) 2003-07-30 2005-03-10 Canon Inc Magnetic toner
US7288354B2 (en) 2003-08-01 2007-10-30 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
US7273686B2 (en) 2003-08-01 2007-09-25 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
CN100428059C (en) 2003-10-06 2008-10-22 佳能株式会社 Toner
JP4393159B2 (en) * 2003-11-17 2010-01-06 キヤノン株式会社 Toner and image forming method
US7351509B2 (en) 2004-02-20 2008-04-01 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
JP2005300609A (en) * 2004-04-06 2005-10-27 Canon Inc Image forming apparatus and toner
JP4569229B2 (en) * 2004-09-03 2010-10-27 富士ゼロックス株式会社 Image fixing method
CN100543595C (en) 2004-11-19 2009-09-23 佳能株式会社 Positively chargeable developer
US7396628B2 (en) 2005-03-15 2008-07-08 Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. Toner for electrostatic charge image developing, developer for electrostatic charge image developing, and image forming apparatus
EP1750177B1 (en) 2005-08-01 2016-04-13 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
TWI450054B (en) * 2005-09-20 2014-08-21 Mitsubishi Rayon Co Polyester resin for toner, method of producing the same and toner
EP1944655B1 (en) 2005-10-26 2019-03-27 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
US8026030B2 (en) 2005-11-07 2011-09-27 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
JP5078253B2 (en) 2005-12-02 2012-11-21 花王株式会社 toner
WO2007077643A1 (en) 2006-01-06 2007-07-12 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Non-magnetic toner
JP4920973B2 (en) 2006-01-06 2012-04-18 キヤノン株式会社 toner
KR101033070B1 (en) 2006-01-06 2011-05-06 캐논 가부시끼가이샤 Developing agent and method for image formation
KR101014991B1 (en) 2006-06-08 2011-02-16 캐논 가부시끼가이샤 Toner
KR101259863B1 (en) 2006-10-11 2013-05-03 캐논 가부시끼가이샤 Toner
JP5089612B2 (en) 2007-01-26 2012-12-05 キヤノン株式会社 Magnetic toner
JP5192158B2 (en) 2007-02-13 2013-05-08 花王株式会社 Resin emulsion
JP5189787B2 (en) 2007-04-20 2013-04-24 花王株式会社 Method for producing resin emulsion
JP2009122175A (en) 2007-11-12 2009-06-04 Canon Inc Toner
JP4415287B2 (en) 2008-01-24 2010-02-17 Dic株式会社 Resin composition for electrophotographic toner and electrophotographic toner
JP4328831B1 (en) 2008-02-19 2009-09-09 キヤノン株式会社 Developing device, electrophotographic image forming apparatus
JP2010085630A (en) * 2008-09-30 2010-04-15 Mitsubishi Rayon Co Ltd Polyester resin for toner and method for producing the same
JP2010085629A (en) * 2008-09-30 2010-04-15 Mitsubishi Rayon Co Ltd Method for producing crosslinked polyester resin for toner
JP5298952B2 (en) * 2009-02-27 2013-09-25 株式会社リコー Image forming toner, one-component developer, two-component developer, image forming method, image forming apparatus, and process cartridge
JP5225193B2 (en) * 2009-04-30 2013-07-03 三菱レイヨン株式会社 Method for producing crosslinked polyester resin
WO2012091148A1 (en) 2010-12-28 2012-07-05 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
WO2012090741A1 (en) 2010-12-28 2012-07-05 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner
US8512925B2 (en) 2011-01-27 2013-08-20 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Magnetic toner
US8501377B2 (en) 2011-01-27 2013-08-06 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Magnetic toner
WO2012105719A1 (en) 2011-02-03 2012-08-09 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20130302730A1 (en) 2013-11-14
CN103282835A (en) 2013-09-04
CN106094454A (en) 2016-11-09
JP2012150466A (en) 2012-08-09
EP2659311A4 (en) 2016-07-13
US9128400B2 (en) 2015-09-08
KR20130103610A (en) 2013-09-23
TWI463278B (en) 2014-12-01
BR112013013153A2 (en) 2016-08-23
TW201234141A (en) 2012-08-16
EP2659311B1 (en) 2017-11-22
WO2012090844A1 (en) 2012-07-05
JP5888975B2 (en) 2016-03-22
CN103282835B (en) 2016-08-24
EP2659311A1 (en) 2013-11-06

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
IN2013CN05882A (en)
IN2013CN05917A (en)
WO2009044726A1 (en) Toner
TW201129683A (en) Liquid crystalline polyster resin composition, molded article and holder for optical pickup lenses
MX2009005789A (en) Toner compositions.
JP2008095094A5 (en)
MY172060A (en) Ingestible event marker data framework
EP2671120A1 (en) Toner
MX2009013099A (en) Ink or toner compositions, methods of use, and products derived therefrom.
TW200739150A (en) Polarizer protection film, polarizing plate and image display
WO2008142902A1 (en) Rubber composition and pneumatic tire using the same
TW200732442A (en) Light-shielding pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet
AU6072201A (en) Electroconductive curable resin composition, cured product thereof and formed product using the composition
TW200639124A (en) Black resin composition for display device, and display device member
MX336823B (en) Ambient cure solvent-based coatings for writable-erasable surfaces.
WO2011074871A3 (en) Polarizing plate, method for producing same and image display device comprising same
JP2014130243A5 (en)
WO2011102650A3 (en) Coating layer for an antiglare film, and an antiglare film comprising the same
MY170479A (en) Toner
WO2009051072A1 (en) Toner
IN2014CN02351A (en)
WO2009028177A1 (en) Binder resin for color toners and color toners made by using the same
MX2009012551A (en) Recording sheet with improved image waterfastness, surface strength, and runnability.
MY148331A (en) Novel precipitated silica for thickening and generating a thixotropic behavior in liquid systems
NZ596941A (en) COATING COMPOSITION for glass blowing plunger