IL87686A - Compositions for treating staphylococcal infections and methods for treating bovine staphylococcal mastitis - Google Patents

Description

87686/2 ipsa wpftwo »o>ow»a >flo* mwm nvpipfravv mp is iau o ton COMPOSITIONS FOR TREATING STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS AND METHODS FOR TREATING BOVINE STAPHYLOCOCCAL MASTITIS Applied Microbilogy, Inc.

Inventor: Peter Blackburn June Polak BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This application relates to the use of synergistic combinations of lyeoetaphin with agents which enhance Its bactericidal activity in the treatment and prevention of staphylococcal contamination and infection and, in particular, to the treatment and prevention of staphylococcal bovine mastitis.

Lyeoetaphin is a bacteriocin secreted by a single known strain of Staphylococcua almulans originally Isolated and named Staphylococcua staphylolvticua by Schlndlcr and Schuhardt. The production of lysostaphin by S. ataphylo-lvtlcus has been described previously in U.S. Patent No. 3,278,378 issued October 11, 1966 and in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 51, pp. 414-421 (1964). - l a - The single organism S. staphylolyticus (NRRL B-2628) which produced lysostaphin was recently identified as a biovar of S. simulans by Sloan et al.. Int. J. System. Bacteriol., Vol. 32, pp. 170-174 (1982). Since the name S. staphylolyticus is not on the Approved List of Bacterial Names, the organism producing lysostaphin has been redesignated as S. simulans.

Bacteriocins are proteins secreted by bacteria that kill and sometimes lyse related bacteria. For example, lysostaphin lyses and kills practically all known staphylococcal species but is inactive against bacteria of all other genera. Lysostaphin, isolated from culture filtrates of S. simulans (NRRL B-2628) grown according to published references, is an endopeptidase which cleaves the polyglycine cross-links of the peptidoglycan found in the cell walls of staphylococci. In addition, cultures that produce lysostaphin appear to be resistant to its activities while cultures grown under non-lysostaphin producing conditions are sensitive.

Previous studies have shown that lysostaphin can be produced by fermentation techniques wherein S. simulans is grown in liquid culture. Such fermentation techniques are described in U.S. Patent No. 3,278,378 issued October 11, 1966 and in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 51, pp. 414-421 (1964). Various improvements in the production of lysostaphin by fermentation techniques have also been made as documented in U.S. Patents Nos. 3,398,056, issued August 20, 1968, and 3,594,284, issued July 20, 1971. The latter two references disclose improvements to culture medium and inoculation techniques whereby the production of lysostaphin by fermentation can be accelerated and improved. Lysostaphin is produced by S. simulans during exponential growth as an inactive precursor. The proenzyme is converted to active mature enzyme by protease produced by stationary phase cultures of S. simulans.

In addition, lysostaphin can be produced by recombinant microorganisms, including strains of E. coli. Bacillus subtilis and B. sphaericus which express the lysostaphin gene. In contrast to the natural production, lysostaphin accumulates during exponential growth in the culture medium of recombinant lysostaphin producing strains as fully processed mature active enzyme and is free of staphylococcal immunogenic contaminants.

Bovine mastitis is a costly problem to the dairy industry, costing over $2 billion per year in the United States alone. The disease is estimated to affect 50 per cent of American dairy cows to some degree, leading to unusable milk, decreased milk production, and, in cases of severe infection, the death of the animal.

Mastitis is caused by infection of the milk glands, principally by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus aqalactiae, and to a lesser degree by E. coli and other gram-negative bacteria or combinations thereof. Most streptococcal infections have proven to be effectively treat-able using conventional antibiotic therapy. Staphylococcal mastitis has, however, proven more difficult to cure.

Traditional prevention of bovine mastitis can involve a complex regimen of daily teat-dipping with a disinfectant solution, (See, J. S. McDonald, 6 Veterinary Clinics of North America Large Animal Practice 269 (1984)) and may, in some cases, involve antibiotic-containing teat dips. Routine antibiotic therapy must be approached with caution, however, to minimize selection for antibiotic resistant strains. When infection does occur, intramammary infu-sion of antibiotics is indicated. Antibiotic therapy of this kind can reduce the infection so that the milk produced is saleable, but it generally does not lead to complete elimination of the causative organism.

In the past, staphylococcal mastitis has shown a poor response to antibiotic therapy and a tendency for infections to recur and become chronic. Studies on mastitis have indicated that part of the problem in treating mastitis is that a significant number of staphylococci remain viable in the mammary gland within phagocytic polymorphonuclear neutro-phil leukocytes (PMN). It is believed that the staphylococci within the PMN are protected from the effects of the antibiotic, and, when lysis of the leukocyte occurs, the phagocytized staphylococci may provide a renewed source of mastitis-producing staphylococcal regrowth.

Studies on the possible mechanism of antibiotic evasion of phagocytized staphylococci in mastitis treatment show that lysostaphin had been rejected as a candidate for destroying phagocytized staphylococci. Craven et al., 29 Research in Veterinary Science 57 (1980); Craven et al., 21 Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 618 (1982); Craven et al., 5 Comp. Immun. Microbial. Infect. Pis. 447 (1982)) Craven et al., 51 Journal of Dairy Research 513 (1984).

In these experiments lysostaphin was used in vitro as a pretreatment to destroy extracellular staphylococci prior to exposing the phagocytized staphylococci to cloxacillin, gentamicin or lysostaphin. Craven et al.'s results strongly suggest that lysostaphin would have no effect on mastitis since intracellular staphylococci were still viable after 20 hours of incubation in a lysostaphin containing solution. 51 Journal of Dairy Research at 515-516, and Table 2, although this has been found to be an erroneous conclusion. Abstract P89, Annual Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association June 21-24, 1987; Abstract P376, Annual Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association June 26-29, 1988.

Lysostaphin has also been reported to penetrate human monocytes. Since monocytes are a different cell type than PMNs, this human model is not likely to be applicable to the treatment of bovine mastitis (van den Broef et al., 21 Scand. J. Immunol 189 (1985)) Lysostaphin has also been shown to be effective in the treatment of staphylococcal renal abscesses in mice, particularly when used in sequence with the administration of methicillin. Dixon et al., 41 Yale J. Biol. Med. 62 (1968).

In man lysostaphin has also been used as a thera-peutic agent for treatment of chronic nasal staphylococcal infections (Quickel, Jr. et al., 22 Applied Microbiology 446 (1971)). In one case of a resistant staphylococcal infection, lysostaphin was given systemically (Stark et al., 291 Medical Intelligence 239 (1974)). In general, however, there has been great skepticism and reluctance in the medical and veterinary communities concerning the systemic administration of lysostaphin. Lysostaphin was considered to be too highly immunogenic to have general use for anything but topical applications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It has now been found that superior staphylocidal results are obtained using synergistic combinations of lysostaphin with at least one agent selected from among penicillin, synthetic penicillins, other cell-wall antibiotics, chelating agents and mild surfactants. These compositions can be used with surprising effectiveness to prevent and/or cure bovine staphylococcal mastitis, even in its chronic form, without any adverse immunogenic effects. As a prophylactic, synergistic lysostaphin combinations can be introduced as part of a daily teat-dipping regimen. The formulations can also be used to control s aphylococcal infection and contamination by incorporating them into wound dressings and medications, disinfectant scrubs, wipes or lotions, or in surgical implants. The formulations may also be used for cleaning of medical instruments and of floors, walls, bedding and the like in circumstances where environmental disinfection is desired. Other potential uses include use as nasal infusion to reduce intra-nasal carriage of staphylococci, and food related uses such as treatment of meat, eggs, cheese and fish or food packaging and handling equipment.

The formulations of the invention may contain a chelating agent such as ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) and a mild surfactant which has been found to potentiate the killing of the bacteria. The incorporation of a mild surfactant surprisingly potentiates the staphylocidal effect of lysostaphin more than 1000 times. Suitable mild surfactants fatty acids (Tween series), octylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol (Triton-X series), n-Octyl-B-D-glucopyranoside, n-Octyl-B-D-thioglucopyranoside, n-Decyl-B-D-glucopyranoside, n-Dodecyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, and biologically occurring surfactants, e.g., fatty acids, glycerides, monoglycerides, deoxycholate and esters of deoxycholate.

The combination of lysostaphin and penicillin also exhibits synergy such that a 1000 fold increase in the killing of staphylococci is observed in vitro. Synergistic bactericidal activity of lysostaphin and penicillin was observed even upon administration to penicillinase-positive S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus ("MRSA").

MRSA are usually resistant to multiple antibiotics and are particularly problematic, especially in humans, as well as difficult to kill. The lysostaphin/penicillin combination would be indicated for use in specific situations where grave MRSA infection cannot be controlled by conventional antibiotic (e.g. penicillin) therapy. In addition to penicillin, other similar acting substances may also be useful together with lysostaphin as an agent against staphylococcal infection and contamination. Therefore, a formulation for therapeutic infusion can also include an antibiotic such as penicillin in place of or in combination with a mild surfactant.

In addition, the compositions will preferably include other bacteriolytic agents such as mutanolysin, a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus qlobisporus which is effective against streptococci; and lysozyme, a muralytic enzyme which hydrolyzes the polysaccharide backbone of the peptidoglycan in the cell walls of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

Infusions of a therapeutally effective amount of the synergistic lysostaphin-containing combinations are used to achieve elimination of the mastitic staphylococcal infection. Preferably such infusions contain between 2 to 400mg lysostaphin when no potentiating agents are present. In combinations containing potentiating agents, the required effective doses of lysostaphin can be lowered (as a result of its synergistically enhanced activity) by as much as 1000-fold.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING Figure 1 shows a chromatogram of lysostaphin produced by transformant B. sphaericus strain 00 containing the recombinant plasmid pBC16-lL which codes for lysostaphin.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Lysostaphin for use according to the claimed invention can be obtained from either natural or recombinant sources. Preferably, the lysostaphin is obtained from Bacillus sphaericus strain 00 containing a recombinant plasmid which directs the synthesis of lysostaphin, as this provides for both high levels of lysostaphin production substantially free from staphylococcal immunogenic contaminants and facile lysostaphin purification since the lyso-staphin accumulates directly in the growth medium. Bacillus sphaericus transformants containing the plasmid pBC16-lL have been found to be particularly suited for this purpose, although other strains are also useful as a source of lysos-taphin. One method for obtaining lysostaphin from microorganisms transformed by recombinant plasmids containing the gene which codes for lysostaphin is fully disclosed in U.S. no. 4,931,390 patent ag>p-l-iea-t-t H--0-3-4r &- - iie3-A r-i1--1-0-r- T--wh-ieh--is- - K»ntin> ati Method of Treatment Prophylactic treatments for bovine mastitis according to the invention involve the use of lysostaphin-containing teat dips. Lysostaphin-containing teat dips provide effective prevention of bovine mastitis when used before and after every milking. Preferably, the preventative regimen is used for all cows in the herd. The teat dips comprise about 1.0 ug/ml lysostaphin in an acceptable carrier. In addition, teat dips for use according to the invention may include about 1.0 ug/ml mutanolysin, about 10 yg/ml lysozyme, and a mild surfactant. Acceptable carriers are those which provide a buffered medium of approx-imately pH 8.0 and include aqueous buffers or hydrophilic ointment bases. For example non-ionic detergents, fatty acids or other mild surfactants, protein carriers, such as serum albumin or gelatin, powdered cellulose and carmel can be used as a carrier. The teat dip according to the inven-tion may also advantageously include chelating agents, such as EDTA, colorants, and humectants, such as glycerol or sorbitol.

Mutanolysin is obtained from Streptomyces qlobis-porus. Lysozyme is obtained from chicken egg whites.

Intramammary infusion of synergistic lysostaphin-containing compositions can be used to effectively treat infected animals who have developed either chronic or acute staphylococcal bovine mastitis despite prophylactic treat-ment. A single dose of from 2 to 400 mg lysostaphin per milk gland will eliminate the infection and cure staphylococcal mastitis in most instances. Additional doses of lysostaphin may be indicated where the infection is persistent. Doses significantly higher than 400 mg are not recommended as they can lead to unwanted and potentially adverse side effects including transient swelling, tenderness, and reduced milk production. These effects are limited to the treated gland, however, so that higher doses to a single gland may be appropriate in severe and life-threatening situations. In life-threatening cases, the route of administration could also include sites other than the infected gland so as to achieve systemic delivery, i.e., intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular, and rectal or oral administration of suitably encapsulated formulations in which the lysostaphin is protected from inactivation in the gut.

It has also been found that infusion of a combination of lysostaphin and penicillin is surprisingly much more efficacious than lysostaphin alone because of an apparent synergistically enhanced bactericidal activity of this combination. In addition, it is believed that the therapeutic lysostaphin formulation may also include other agents which potentiate the bactericidal activity of lysostaphin, for example, synthetic penicillins and other antibiotics, chelating agents, mild surfactants, (e.g., deoxycholate) and other membrane active agents which may facilitate penetration of lysostaphin to the site of infection. In formulations that include e.g., penicillin, the dosage of lysostaphin can be decreased as a result of the potentiated bactericidal activity of lysostaphin. Since too high a dose of lysos-taphin can induce unwanted and potentially adverse side-effects, this synergistic effect is significant not only for efficacy but also for avoidance of potential side effects.

Examples 1-4 In vitro experiments were conducted to determine the bactericidal activity of lysostaphin, mutanolysin, and lysozyme compositions toward S. aureus and other mastitis pathogens. The protocol was as follows: Protocol for Viable Cell Assays g 1. Bacterial cells (generally 10 cells/ml) from an overnight plate (incubated at 37°C) were resuspended in Tris buffer (20mM Tris, pH 8). 2. 10 μΐ of bacterial cell suspension and 1 ml of control and teat dip test formulation (i.e. milk, buffer, or buffered detergent etc., containing the lysostaphin compo-sition) were combined. 3. The cells were incubated for various times at 37eC. 4. The bacterial suspensions were centrifuged for 2 minutes in benchtop microcentrifuge to pellet cells. 5. The pellet was washed twice with 1.0 ml Phage buffer . 6. The cells were resuspended in 1.0 ml of Phage buffer, serially diluted in Phage buffer as appropriate, and 100 μΐ were plated on GL agar fS. aureus, E. coli. Klebsiella pneumoniae. ) or Trypticase Soy agar (S. agalactiae). 7. The plates were incubated overnight at 37°C and control and test plates were scored for colony forming units, (hereinafter CFU), to determine percent survival.

Composition of Phage buffer; 50 mM Tris, pH 7.8; 1 mM MgS04; 4 mM CaCl2; 100 mM NaCl; Gelatin, 1.0 g/1. (Phage buffer helps stabilize any protoplasts and spheroplasts that did not lyse during treatment ) .

Composition of GL agar per liter; Difco casamino acids, 3.0 g; Difco yeast extract, 3.0 g; NaCl, 5.9 g; Na lactate (60% w/v), 3.3 ml; 25% (v/v) glycerol, 4.0 ml; agar, 15 g; pH adjusted to 7.8.

Composition of Trypticase Soy agar per liter; Bacto Tryptone, 15 g; Bacto Soytone, 5 g; NaCl, 5 g; agar, 15 g; pH adjusted to pH 7.3.

The results of in vitro experiments demonstrating the bactericidal efficacy of various lysostaphin therapeutic formulations are presented in Tables IA-IC. The results are presented as the percent survivals for S. aureus strains Newbould 305, strain RN451, the penicillin resistant strains RN1753 (Penicillinase producer) and Col strain (methicillin resistant) .

Table IA presents results for formulations containing 1 pg/ml, 0.1 yg/ml, 0.01 yg/ml and 0.00 ug/ml (CNTRL) lysostaphin. As can be seen from these results all levels of lysostaphin tested were effective to kill the organisms in a buffer vehicle (50 mM Tris, pH 8.0). In a milk vehicle, only 1 yg/ml and 0.1 pg/ml reduced bacterial survival.

Table IB shows the effect of adding a mild non-ionic surfactant, octylphenoxyl polyethoxy (10) ethanol, (Triton X-100), to the lysostaphin formulation. For example, less than 0.001% of the cells survive exposure to 0.1 ug/ml lysostaphin and 0.1% Triton X-100, while 2.2% and 7.7%, respectively, survived exposure to each compound alone. Even more surprising, less than 0.001% survival was observed for 0.01 ug/ml lysostaphin and 0.1% Triton X-100.

Table IC demonstrates the synergistic effect of lysostaphin/penicillin combinations on three strains of staphylococci. Depending on the doses of each, the combina-tions of lysostaphin plus penicillin can be 100 to 1000 times more effective than either lysostaphin or penicillin alone with all three strains.

Table ID demonstrates the effect of the combination of lysostaphin and penicillin compared with their sequential effect on S. aureus. S. aureus were suspended at 10 cells/ml in milk and incubated for the times indicated in the table with either lysostaphin and penicillin together or sequentially. After incubation, samples were centrifuged to obtain cell pellets which were washed twice, resuspended in 1.0 ml Phage buffer, diluted and 100 μΐ plated on GL agar. Colony forming units (CFU) were scored after incubation overnight at 37eC to determine percent survival relative to appropriate controls. The lysostaphin/penicillin combination, exhibits a synergistically enhanced bactericidal activity against S. aureus which is at least 3 orders of magnitude greater than that seen when the two agents are added sequentially.

TABLE IA The Effect of Lysostaphin On The Viability of S. Aureus Incubation Strain Vehicle Time % Survival 1.0L O.IL 0.01L CNTRL S. aureus Newbould 305 Milk 15' 2.8 75.0 100 100 2h 0.1 82.0 100 100 RN451 Milk 15' <0.1 22 100 100 2h <0.01 41 100 100 Buffer 2h nd 2.2 20 100 TABLE IB The Effect Of Non-Ionic Detergent On The Bactericidal Activity of Lysostaphin Toward S. aureus Incubation Strain Vehicle Time % Survival O.IL 0.01L 0.1%T 0.1L 0.01L CNTRL +0.1%T+0.1%T S. aureus Buffer RN451 +0.1% Triton 2h 2.2 20 7.7 <0.001 <0.001 100 TABLE IC The Effect Of Penicillin On The Bactericidal Activity of Lysostaphin Toward S. aureus Incubation Strain Vehicle Time % Survival 0.1L 0.01L 0.1P 0.1L 0.01L +0.1P +0.1P S. aureus Milk 30' 19 100 76 2.8 45 RN451 2h 26 100 17 <0.01 0.4 100 (10P) (10P) (10P) RN1753 Milk 2h 1.9 66 46 <0.01 14 100 penicillinase positive (10P) (10P) (10P) Col Milk 2h 1.0 100 67 <0.01 0.5 methicillin TABLE ID A Comparison of the Effect of the Combination of Lysostaphin and Penicillin Versus Their Sequential Effects on the Survival of Staphylococcus aureus (Strain RN451) in milk at 37°C combo(2h) lspn(2h) pen(2h) Pen(2h)/ lspn( 2h)/ lspn(0.5h) pen(0.5h) %survival 0.0005 23 25 0.3 10 lspn = lysostaphin; pen = penicillin In addition, assays for lysostaphin, mutanolysin, and lysozyme activities which measure the decrease in turbidity at 600 nm of suspensions of live S. aureus, S. aoalactiae, and E. coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively, indicated that chelating agents (e.g., EDTA) poten-tiate the lytic activity of each of the three bacteriolytic enzymes.

The data indicate that lysostaphin is a rapidly acting, highly effective staphylocide, the bactericidal activity of which is potentiated more than 1000 times by penicillin or the mild surfactant, Triton X-100. The inclusion of a chelating agent further potentiates the bactericidal activity of lysostaphin. It is also believed that synthetic penicillins and cell wall-active antibiotics will potentiate the activity of lysostaphin. Lysostaphin is an effective staphylocide in milk, but in buffer the bactericidal activity of lysostaphin is approximately 10 times that observed in milk.

Example 5 According to the general protocol described in Examples 1-4, further in vitro experiments were performed to evaluate the bactericidal activity of a lysostaphin composi- n and buffered chelating agent. As shown in Table II a formulation containing 1% Triton X-100, 0.1 pg/ml lysostaphin, 10 Mg/ml lysozyme, and 5 mM EDTA in 20 mM Tris, pH 8.0, (AMBI Teat Dip-0.1) was extremely effective against a wide range of mastitis-causing pathogens, including S. aureus strain Newbould 305, S. epidermidis. Streptococcus agalactiae strain McDonald and strain C48, and clinical isolates of Streptococcus uberis, E. coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

TABLE II In Vitro Efficacy Of AMBI Teat Dip-1 Against Mastitis Pathogens Strain Viable Count % Survival Staphylococcus aureus (Newbould 305) 5 SSttaapphhyyllococcus aureus 5.7 x 10 <0.001 (RN451) S Sttaapphylococcus epidermidis 8.3 x 105 <0.001 (PS) 5 S Sttrreeptococcus agalactiae 3.9 x 10 <0.001 (McDonald) 4 S Sttrreepptococcus agalactiae 2.9 x 10 <0.001 (C48) 5 S Sttrreeptococcus uberis 6.9 x 10 <0.001 (PS) EEsscchherichia coli 9.1 x 105 <1.0 (PS) K Klleebbsiella pneumoniae 9.6 x 105 <1.0 (PS) Example 6 Trials on cows were performed which demonstrated the efficacy of lysostaphin teat-dip compositions in vivo. of the National Mastitis Council. In general, teats were cleaned with a 1% iodine wash solution and dried with a paper towel. Teats were then rinsed with alcohol and allowed to air dry. All four teats per cow were next dipped in a o 10 cell/ml suspension of S. aureus strain Newbould 305 to cover 1/2 the teat, and allowed to air dry for 30 minutes. Two teats (right fore and left rear) were then dipped in a lysostaphin test teat dip formulation (10 yg/ml lysostaphin in 0.85% saline) to cover 2/3 of the teat, and allowed to air dry for 30 minutes; the remaining two teats acted as non-treated controls. Each teat was first swabbed with a moist cotton swab and then washed with 10 ml of 0.85% sterile saline solution; the wash was collected into a sterile 30 ml tube. A 0.2 ml sample of the wash, and appropriate dilutions thereof, were plated on blood agar in duplicate and incubated at 37°C for 24-48 hours, Colony forming units were determined and percent survival of S. aureus calculated relative to controls.

Ten yg/ml solutions of lysostaphin in 0.85% saline completely disinfected invading S. aureus from cow teat surfaces. Moreover, lysostaphin applied to teat surfaces prior to exposure of teats to S. aureus suspensions had sufficient residual activity on the teat surface to prevent colonization of the teat. Residual activity could be enhanced by inclusion of a polymeric adsorbent and/or inert carrier protein to reduce lysostaphin wash-off.

Example 7 In accordance with the results from Example 6 and the data obtained in. vitro, an enhanced teat dip formu-lation (AMBI Teat Dip 1.0) comprising 1.0 Mg/ml lysostaphin, 10 pg/ml lysozyme, 1.0 % Triton X-100, and 5 mM EDTA in 20 mM Tris buffer, pH 8.0 was evaluated as a disinfectant against S. aureus strain Newbould 305. Teats were dipped in g 10 cells/ml S. aureus strain Newbould 305, and allowed to air dry for 30 min. The treated teats were then dipped in AMBI test teat dip-1.0 solution (1.0 ug/ml lysostaphin, 10,0 pg/ml lysozyme, 1.0% Triton X-100, 5 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris buffer, pH 8.0) and allowed to air dry for 30 min. Teats were swabbed with a moist cotton swab, and rinsed with 10 ml sterile 0.85% saline. The swab and rinse were plated separately on blood agar plates, incubated 24-48h and CFU determined. The results, shown in Table IIIA clearly demonstrate the efficacy of this preparation. At least a 3 fold order of magnitude reduction was observed in the numbers of S. aureus recovered from treated teats; 50% of treated teats were free from invading S. aureus.

Corresponding tests were performed in which teats were dipped in preparations containing 2 x 10 cells/ml Streptococcus aqalactiae strain McDonald, and then allowed to air dry for thirty minutes. The results of these tests are shown in Table IIIB. All of the treated teats were free of S. aqalactiae.

TABLE IIIA In Vivo Efficacy of AMBI Teat Dip-1.0 Against Staphylococcus aureus On Cow Teats CONTROL CONTROL 1 225 1,675 13 0 2 24,500 19,500 8 175 3 300 15,000 0 15 4 78 155 0 150 5 50,500 18,750 5 8 6 44,250 65,500 0 0 7 75 43 35 3 8 175 1,150 0 0 9 68 58 0 5 10 550 300 0 0 Average 12,072 12,213 6 36 Total Qtrs Nega i e 0/10 0/10 6/10 4/10 TABLE IIIB In Vivo Efficacy of Teat Dip-1.0 against Streptococcus aaalactiae fMcDonaId strain) on Cow Teats CONTROL TREATED Cow . No. CFU's per CFU'_s_ p_er LF RH LH RF 1 5 15 0 0 2 53 360 0 0 3 115 48 0 0 4 150 10 0 0 5 13,750 1,200 0 0 6 16,250 725 0 0 7 95 320 0 0 8 0 450 0 0 9 1,175 775 0 0 10 150 300 0 0 Average 2,574 420 0 0 Total Qtrs negative: 1/10 0/10 10/10 10/10 It can be seen from these examples that the effectiveness of lysostaphin for treatment of staphylococcal mastitis is greatly enhanced when used in combination with penicillin or with substances such as mild surfactants and chelating agents.

Production of Lysostaphin from Bacillus Lysostaphin for use according to the claimed inven-tion can be obtained from either natural or recombinant sources. Preferably, the lysostaphin is obtained from cultures derived from Bacillus sphaericus strain 00 transformed by recombinant plasmids which direct lysostaphin synthesis as U.S. patent no. 4,931,390 described in €^> eRd^^-a ^ic iJjo -^ria .-Ne^-^34T SA- -iJLed A * 1--ίθ-r-4-θ87-wh-ieh--is-a-.cantijmat.Laav»ift=--pact--af--Se-c-ial--No-. 52j4ft-7-~£ii¾d-Apii-l--1-6-,--19-8-6-. This method provides for both high levels of lysostaphin production substantially free from staphyloccal immunogenic contaminants. Lysostaphin purification is facilitated since active lysostaphin accumulates directly in the growth medium. Using this method* Bacillus sphaericus 00 transformants containing plasmid pBC16-lL (B. sphaericus 00/pBC16-lL) have been found to be particularly suited for the purpose, although other transformed Bacillus strains are also useful as a source of lysostaphin.

The lysostaphin-producing organism is grown under conditions conducive to the production of lysostaphin. The optimum conditions will vary from strain to strain; however, certain types of growth media and fermentation conditions are known to enhance lysostaphin production. In the case of the Bacillus sphaericus 00/pBC16-lL transformant , the preferred growth medium is VY broth (25g Veal Infusion + 5g Yeast Extract/liter) under well-aerated conditions (see Table V) .

TABLE V Effect of Aeration on Lysostaphin Production by the Bacillus Sphaericus 00/pBC 16-1L Transformant Stirrinq Speed Klett 100 rpm 200 rpm 200 rpm 320 rpm f Fluted) 250 21.8 36.2 35.9 30.0 350 40.1 68.9 45.3 45.0 400 88.5 62.7 102.8 71.4 450 n/a 86.4 52.3 135.9 O/N 64.4 31.3 37.6 57.5 Cultures (40 ml) in 300 ml Klett flasks were inoculated with 4 ml of overnight primary culture. Growth medium: VY broth containing 5 Mg/ml erythromycin.

Samples were removed at times throughout growth. Super-natants were assayed for lysostaphin activity by turbi-dometric clearing of dead cell suspensions of S. aureus.

Results are presented as ug lysostaphin per ml.

B. sphaericus 00/pBC16-lL transformant grown on VY medium produced and secreted approximately 130 mg lysostaphin per liter of culture medium, which is more than four times the amount produced by S. simulans under the best fermentation conditions currently available. Lysostaphin accumulates in the growth medium with little or no degradation, even after prolonged incubation of cultures, and accounts for more than 80% of total extracellular protein.

Lysostaphin is isolated from the growth medium in accordance with known fractional precipitation (salting out) purification is achieved by combining a precipitation and a chromatographic separation of the fermentation broth from cultures of the lysostaphin-producing B. sphaericus 00/pBC16-lL transformant .

Cells are removed from the fermentation broth, for example by centrifugation or ultrafiltration, and solid ammonium sulfate is added to the supernatant to 40-60%, preferably 50%, of saturation. After 1 hour at 4eC, the lysostaphin-containing precipitate is recovered by centri-fugation. Recovery at this step is greater than 80%.

The precipitate is redissolved in a minimum volume of 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.00, 50 m NaCl) and dialyzed against 100 volumes of the same buffer. After removal of any particulate material, the dialyzed solution is chromatographed on a cation exchange column (preferably Pharmacia PPLC Mono S) and eluted using a buffered gradient of increasing salt concentration from 0.05 to 0.25 M NaCl. Recovery of lysostaphin for the single chromatographic step was more than 90%. Lysostaphin activity is associated with two major peaks (Fig. 1). The later eluting peak of lysostaphin is comprised of non-covalent aggregates of the protein. These aggregates dissociate on dilution in buffer and under conditions of sodium dodecylsulfate polya rylamide gel electrophoresis.

Construction of the plasmid vector pBC16-lL which contains the gene coding for lysostaphin Lysostaphin-producing strains of Bacillus sphaericus can be produced using recombinant DNA techniques and prefer- U.S. patent no. 4,931,390 ably those described in copendi^-app-tiea^-rons--8-52-»-4 7-a-fd-"Ό-3- 7464. Specifically, total S. simulans DNA is partially fragments so generated are then ligated to a linearized known vector (pUC8) with compatible ends, carrying an antibiotic resistance marker and the lac Z ' gene (i.e. β-galactosidase gene). The ligation mix is then transferred to E. coli (JM105) by transformation. Successful insertions of the lysostaphin gene into the plasmid can be found by selecting for transformants by growth on the appropriate antibiotic, and then finding those with a lac Z ' negative phenotype.

Lysostaphin production is detected by turbidometric clearing of a suspension of S. aureus either in solution format or as an overlay on agar plates.

Using various lysostaphin-producing E. coli JM105 transformants, restriction analysis and subcloning of the JM105 plasmid DNA showed that the DNA sequence coding for lysostaphin was localized to a 1.5 kbp Hpa II-Hind III DNA fragment. This fragment was visualized after electrophoresis by ethidium bromide staining and transferred to a nitrocellulose filter strip. The strip was washed with NET buffer (0-15 M NaCl, 0.1 m EDTA, 0.02 M Tris, pH 8.0) and the transferred DNA was eluted by incubation of the strip in NET buffer containing 1 NaCl for 1 hour at 65eC, Ethidium bromide was removed from the DNA by extraction with n-butanol. DNA, precipitated by addition of two volumes of cold 95% ethanol to the aqueous phase, was collected by centrifuga-tion, washed with 80% ethanol and dissolved in TE buffer (10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0). Recombinant plasmids capable of transforming B. subtilis as well as B. sphaericus to express lysostaphin were constructed using a derivative of plasmid pBC16 (pBC16-l) as a cloning vector. pBC16 is a tetracycline resistant (Tetr) Bacillus plasmid, originally isolated from B. cereus (K. Bernhard, H. Schremph, and W. Goebel, 133 J. Bact. 897, 1978). Plasmids indistinguishable from pBC16 by restriction analysis and Southern Hybridization were also found in soil isolates of B. subtilis and B. sphaericus (J. Polak and R.N. Novick, 7 Plasmid 152, 1982) .

The pBC16 derivative (pBC16-l) used as the cloning vector was constructed by ligating the TaqlA fragment of plasmid pEl94 (B. Weisblum, M.Y. Graham, T. Gryczan, and D. Dubnau, 137 J . Bact . 635, 1979), an erythromycin resistant (ermr) plasmid from S. aureus, with a partial Taql digest of plasmid pBC16 using T4 Ligase. After transfer of the ligation mixture to B. subtilis by protoplast transformation (S. Chang and S.N. Cohen, 168 Molec. Gen. Genet. Ill, 1979), clones that were resistant to both tetracycline and erythromycin were selected. One such clone was designated pBC16-l.

Restriction analysis revealed that pBC16-l contained all of the pBC16 Taql fragments plus the TaqlA fragment of pE194 which contains the erythromycin resistance determinant. pBC16-l was then digested with the restriction endonuclease PvuII, thereby removing about 25% of the plasmid DNA including most of the tetracycline resistance determinant. The Pvu II-digested vector pBC16-l was treated with calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase. The 1.5 Kbp DNA fragment which codes for lysostaphin was treated with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase. The 1.5 Kbp DNA fragment and plasmid DNA were then mixed and ligated using T4 ligase, and the ligation mixture was transferred to B. subtilis by protoplast transformation. Transformants were resistant to erythromycin, sensitive to tetracycline, and produced lyso- staphin as indicated by zones of clearing when grown on agar containing dead S. aureus cells. One such lysostaphin producing clone was picked and designated B. subtilis/pBC16-lL. Plasmid pBC16-lL DNA extracted from the B. subtilis/pBC16-lL transformant was isolated after ultracentrifugation in an ethidium-bromide cesium chloride density gradient. Plasmid PBC16-1L DNA was transferred by protoplast transformation to various species of Bacillus, including B. sphaericus strain 00. Transformants were resistant to erythromycin and pro-duced lysostaphin. The B. sphaericus 00/pBC16-lL transformant provides maximum production of lysostaphin and permit accumulation of intact, enzymically active product. B. sphaericus strain 00 was originally isolated from soil and is maintained in the culture collection (RN3106) of the Public Health Research Institute, New York, New York.

B. sphaericus 00/pBC16-lL is maintained in the culture collection of the Public Health Research Institute, New York, New York and has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection under ATCC Accession No. 67398.

Claims (25)

87686/2 WE CLAIM:

1. A composition for killing staphylococci comprising lysostaphin and at least one agent which synergistically enhances bactericidal activity of lysostaphin selected from the group consisting of penicillin, synthetic penicillins, other cell-wall active antibiotics, chelating agents and mild surfactants in amounts effective to kill staphylococci.

2. A composition according to claim 2, wherein the lysostaphin is present at a concentration of at least 0.01 ^g/ml.

3. A composition according to claim 1 , containing penicillin in an amount effective to potentiate the killing effect of lysostaphin.

4. A composition according to claim 3, containing 0.1 xg/ml to 10.0 tg/ml penicillin.

5. A composition according to claim 1 , containing a mild surfactant in an amount effective to potentiate the killing effect of the lysostaphin.

6. A composition according to claim 5, containing 0.1 % to 1.0% mild surfactant.

7. A composition according to claim 1 , containing penicillin and a mild surfactant in amounts effective to potentiate the killing effect of the lysostaphin. 87686/2

8. A composition according to claim 7, containing 0.1 % to 1.0% mild surfactant.

9. A composition according to claim 8, containing 0.1 ^g/ml to 10.0 g ml penicillin.

10. A composition according to claim 1, further comprising mutanolysin and lysozyme.

11. A composition according to claim 1 , wherein the lysostaphin is derived from a transformant microorganism containing a recombinant plasmid which codes for lysostaphin.

12. A composition according to claim 11 , wherein the transformant microorganism contains plasmid pBC16-lL.

13. A method of treating bovine staphylococcal mastitis comprising administering to an infected gland by intramammary infusion a therapeutic agent comprising lysostaphin and at least one agent which potentiates the bactericidal activity of lysostaphin selected from the group consisting of penicillin, synthetic penicillins, cell wall-active antibiotics, chelating agents and mild surfactants in an amount effective to synergistically enhance the therapeutic effect of the lysostaphin in an acceptable carrier in an amount effective to eliminate the staphylococcal mastitis.

14. A method according to claim 13, wherein from 2 mg to 400 mg of lysostaphin is administered to a bovine mammary gland. - - 26704-Israel-322/12942

15. A method according to claim 13, wherein the lysostaphin is produced by Bacillus sphaericus transformants containing a recombinant plasmid which codes for lysostaphin.

16. A method according to claim 13, wherein the lysostaphin is produced by a transformant microorganism containing plasmid pBC16-lL.

17. A method according to claim 13, wherein the therapeutic agent comprises a mild surfactant in an amount effective to potentiate the therapeutic effect of the lysostaphin.

18. A method according to claim 13, wherein the therapeutic agent further comprises at least one additional bacteriolytic agent.

19. A method according to claim 18, wherein the additional bacteriolytic agent is selected from the group consisting of mutanolysin and lysozyme.

20. A method according to claim 17, wherein the therapeutic agent further comprises at least one additional bacteriolytic agent.

21. A method according to claim 20, wherein the additional bacteriolytic agent is selected from the group consisting of mutanolysin and lysozyme. 87686/2

22. A method for preventing bovine mastitis comprising dipping teats in a solution comprising about 0.01 ^g/ml to 10.0 μg ml lysostaphin and at least one agent which potentiates the bactericidal activity of lysostaphin selected from the group consisting of penicillin, synthetic penicillins, cell wall-active antibiotics, chelating agents and mild surfactants in an amount effective to synergistically enhance the therapeutic effect of the lysostaphin in a suitable carrier, the dipping being done before and after each milking.

23. A method according to claim 22, wherein the solution further comprises mutanolysin and lysozyme.

24. A method according to claim 22, wherein the lysostaphin is produced by transformant Bacillus sphaericus containing a recombinant plasmid which codes for lysostaphin.

25. A method according to claim 22, wherein the transformant Bacillus sphaericus contains plasmid pBC16-lL. For the Applicants Dr. Ruth Sella Patent Attorney r.claim.14