IL42419A - Blood filter cascade - Google Patents

Blood filter cascade

Info

Publication number
IL42419A
IL42419A IL42419A IL4241973A IL42419A IL 42419 A IL42419 A IL 42419A IL 42419 A IL42419 A IL 42419A IL 4241973 A IL4241973 A IL 4241973A IL 42419 A IL42419 A IL 42419A
Authority
IL
Israel
Prior art keywords
blood filter
blood
filter element
accordance
disposable
Prior art date
Application number
IL42419A
Other versions
IL42419A0 (en
Original Assignee
Rosenberg D
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Rosenberg D filed Critical Rosenberg D
Publication of IL42419A0 publication Critical patent/IL42419A0/en
Publication of IL42419A publication Critical patent/IL42419A/en

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D39/08—Filter cloth, i.e. woven, knitted or interlaced material
    • B01D39/083—Filter cloth, i.e. woven, knitted or interlaced material of organic material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
    • A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
    • A61M1/3621—Extra-corporeal blood circuits
    • A61M1/3627—Degassing devices; Buffer reservoirs; Drip chambers; Blood filters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
    • A61M5/14—Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
    • A61M5/165—Filtering accessories, e.g. blood filters, filters for infusion liquids
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D27/00—Cartridge filters of the throw-away type
    • B01D27/04—Cartridge filters of the throw-away type with cartridges made of a piece of unitary material, e.g. filter paper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D27/00—Cartridge filters of the throw-away type
    • B01D27/04—Cartridge filters of the throw-away type with cartridges made of a piece of unitary material, e.g. filter paper
    • B01D27/06—Cartridge filters of the throw-away type with cartridges made of a piece of unitary material, e.g. filter paper with corrugated, folded or wound material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D27/00—Cartridge filters of the throw-away type
    • B01D27/08—Construction of the casing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D29/00—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor
    • B01D29/01—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with flat filtering elements
    • B01D29/012—Making filtering elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D29/00—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor
    • B01D29/01—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with flat filtering elements
    • B01D29/05—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with flat filtering elements supported
    • B01D29/07—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with flat filtering elements supported with corrugated, folded or wound filtering sheets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D35/00—Filtering devices having features not specifically covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D33/00, or for applications not specifically covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D33/00; Auxiliary devices for filtration; Filter housing constructions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D36/00—Filter circuits or combinations of filters with other separating devices
    • B01D36/001—Filters in combination with devices for the removal of gas, air purge systems
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
    • B01D39/16—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres
    • B01D39/1607—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous
    • B01D39/1623—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous of synthetic origin
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
    • B01D39/20—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of inorganic material, e.g. asbestos paper, metallic filtering material of non-woven wires
    • B01D39/2003—Glass or glassy material
    • B01D39/2017—Glass or glassy material the material being filamentary or fibrous
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D2239/06—Filter cloth, e.g. knitted, woven non-woven; self-supported material
    • B01D2239/065—More than one layer present in the filtering material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D2239/06—Filter cloth, e.g. knitted, woven non-woven; self-supported material
    • B01D2239/065—More than one layer present in the filtering material
    • B01D2239/0654—Support layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D2239/06—Filter cloth, e.g. knitted, woven non-woven; self-supported material
    • B01D2239/065—More than one layer present in the filtering material
    • B01D2239/0668—The layers being joined by heat or melt-bonding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D2239/06—Filter cloth, e.g. knitted, woven non-woven; self-supported material
    • B01D2239/065—More than one layer present in the filtering material
    • B01D2239/0672—The layers being joined by welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D2239/06—Filter cloth, e.g. knitted, woven non-woven; self-supported material
    • B01D2239/065—More than one layer present in the filtering material
    • B01D2239/0681—The layers being joined by gluing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D2239/12—Special parameters characterising the filtering material
    • B01D2239/1216—Pore size

Landscapes

  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Anesthesiology (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • External Artificial Organs (AREA)
  • Filtering Materials (AREA)
  • Infusion, Injection, And Reservoir Apparatuses (AREA)
  • Filtration Of Liquid (AREA)

Abstract

1440027 Blood filter elements PALL CORP 14 June 1973 [16 June 1972] 28446/73 Heading B1D A blood filter element comprises, in filter flow sequence, sheet 41 of plastics netting having a pore size of about 800-about 4000 microns, sheet 42 of a mesh fabric of plastics monofilaments and having a pore size of 20-53 microns and sheet 43 of a non-woven fibrous mat having a pore size of 10-30 microns. Sheet 43 is finer than sheet 42. The element preferably has support or spacer elements 44, 45. Sheets 41, 42 may be made of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, polyamide or polycarbonate. Sheet 43 may be made of paper or fibres of glass or the above listed plastics. The element may be pleated. The element may take the form of a pleated pouch or bag. The elements may be used in the filter units described in Specifications 1372790 and 1334555. [GB1440027A]

Claims (35)

■3 -198 Having regard to the foregoing disclosures, the following is claimed as the inventive and patentable embodiments thereof:
1. A blood filter element cascade which can be used in blood transfusions without blockage, and which is capable of removin not only large particles, such as blood clots, but also small particles, such as platelets, while passing red blood cells and at least a substantial proportion of white blood cells, comprising in combination, three filter sheets, arranged in downstream flow sequence in order of progressively increasing fineness; (a) the first filter sheet comprising coarse open netting of plastic filamentary material having a pore size within the range from about 800 to about 4, 000 microns, small enough to remove blood clots, and coarse enough to do so without being subject to blocking by the blood clots that are strained out, (b) the second filter sheet comprising an open m esh fabric of plastic monofilaments, having a pore size within the range from about 20 to about 50 microns, capable of removing microemboli, lipids and debris, and gas emboli, that pass through the first filter element while passing platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells, and (c) the third filter sheet comprising a nonwoven fibrous mat having a pore size within the range from about 10 to about 30 microns and capable of removing sticky particles of the dimensions of nonviable platelets, while permitting most white blood cells to pass through, and also permitting substantially all red blood cells, which have a particle size of approximately 7. 5 microns, to pass through .
2. A blood filter element cascade according to claim 1, in which the first filter sheet is an open-mesh netting prepared by extruding, casting, or molding plastic and having an integral filamentary structure.
3. A blood filter element cascade according to claim 2, in which the plastic material is selected from polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, polyamide, and polycarbonate.
4. A blood filter element cascade according to claim 1, in which the second filter sheet is a woven square weave mesh of plastic monofilaments having a pore size within the range from about 20 to about 50 microns, the filaments being locked in place at their crossing points .
5. A blood filter element cascade in accordance with claim 4, in which the monofilaments have a diameter w ithin the range from about 25 to about 50 microns .
6. A blood filter elem ent cascade in accordance with claim 4, in which the plastic monofilaments are of polyester plastic .
7. A blood filter element cascade in accordance with claim 1, in which the filaments are heat set to lock them in place .
8. A blood filter element cascade accordin to claim 1, in which the third filter sheet is a paper sheet.
9. A blood filter element cascade according to claim 8, in which the paper sheet is of a fibrous material selected from the group consisting of cellulose fibers, glass fibers, polyester fibers, polyamide fibers, polyethylene fibers, polypro-pylene fibers, and polycarbonate fibers.
10. A blood filter element cascade according to claim 9, in which the paper sheet has a pore diameter larger than 30 microns, and carries a microporous layer laid down thereon to bring the pore size to within the range from about 10 to about 30 microns .
11. A blood filter element cascade according to claim 1, in which the three filter sheets are in close juxtaposition, with the second and third filter sheets separated by spacers, and all corrugated or convoluted to provide a high surface area to flow.
12. A blood filter element cascade according to claim 11, in which the spacer has a pore size at least as large as the first filter sheet, and within the range from about 800 to about 10, 000 microns .
13. A blood filter element cascade according to claim 12, in which the spacer has an uneven surface so as to provide drainage and prevent blocking of the medium and fine filter sheets by the spacer. j
14. A disposable blood filter unit comprising a blood filter element cascade according to claim 1, and a housing having an inlet and an outlet and line connections thereat for fluid flow into and out from the housing, the blood filter elem ent cascade being disposed in the housing across the line of i flow therebetween so that fluid flow therebetween must pass through the filter element cascade.
15. A disposable blood filter unit in accordance with claim 14, in which the blood filter element cascade is in the form of a cylinder, and one line connection has a direct fluid flow connection to the interior of the filter cylinder.
16. A disposable filter unit in accordance with claim 14, having a housing made in two portions bonded together.
17. A disposable filter unit in accordance with claim 16, made of plastic, with the portions fused together into one piece.
18. A disposable filter unit in accordance with claim 17, including line connections integral with the housing.
19. A disposable filter unit in accordance with claim 17, having the filter unit bonded to one housing portion.
20. A disposable filter unit in accordance with claim 18, having the filter unit bonded to one housing portion at the outlet with a direct fluid flow line connection from the filtrate-flow side of the filter elem ent to the outlet.
21. A disposable blood filter unit according to claim 14, in which the housing is composed at least of first and second generally channel-shaped housing portions, defining therebetween a fluid chamber open at two sides, the first and second housing portions having opposed sides, with mating sections abutting and bonded in a fluid-tight \ seal to each other, and the blood filter elem ent cascade in sheet form extending across the fluid chamber, across the line of fluid flow between the fluid ports and held at opposed side portions to at least one of the first and second housing portions, and side caps bonded to the first and second housing portions in a fluid-tight seal across the open sides of the fluid chamber and to the sides of the blood filter element cascade extending along such open sides, the side caps and the housing portions holding the sides of the blood filter element cascade, positioning the blood filter elem ent cascade across the fluid chamber, and sealing all the sides of the blood filter element cascade to the housing, so that the fluid flow between the fluid ports must pass through the blood filter element cascade.
22. A disposable blood filter unit in accordance with claim 21, having four sides, two of the sides being defined by the side caps and two of the sides by the first and second housing portions, and the blood filter element cascade is in four-sided sheet form .
23. A disposable blood filter unit in accordance with claim 22, in which the blood filter element cascade is in four-sided corrugated sheet form . '
24. A disposable blood filter unit in accordance with claim 21, in which the first and the second housing portions and the fluid ports therein are arranged so that the fluid ports are coaxial.
25. A disposable blood filter unit in accordance with claim 21, in which all of the housing portions are of plastic material.
26. . A disposable blood filter unit in accordance ... . . .. . with claim 25, in which the plastic ; material is a thermoplastic resin.
27. A disposable blood filter unit in accordance with claim 26, in which the thermoplastic resin is polypropylene.
28. A disposable blood filter unit in accordance with claim 25, in which the housing portions are integrated together to form a one-piece housing.
29. A disposable: blood filter unit in accordance with claim 21, in which the blood filter element cascade is held at opposed side portions between the mating sections of the first and second housing portions. , i
30. A disposable blood filter unit in accordance with claim 29, in which the blood filter element cascade is integrated i to the mating sections by fusion thereof through the pores of the i blood filter element cascade.
31. A disposable blood filter unit in accordance with claim 21, in which the side caps are integrated to the housing portions to form an integral one-piece filter unit.
32. A disposable blood filter unit in accordance with claim 21, in which each of the housing portions includes at least one projecting portion engaging and supporting opposite sides of the blood filter element cascade, and extending with the blood filter element cascade across the fluid chamber .
33. A disposable blood filter unit in accordance with claim 21, in which one housing portion comprises a projecting m ember holding the opposite end portions of the blood filter element cascade against the other housing portion.
34. A disposable blood filter unit in accordance . with claim 33, in which the mating sections of each housing por tion have first projecting members extending towards each other, and abutting endwise, with the first housing portion having second projecting members extending internally of the two abutting portions, and engaging the blood filter element cascade at a portion near its edge
35. A disposable blood filter unit in accordance with claim 34, in which the second projecting members also hold the blood filter element cascade tightly against an internal wall of the second housing portion.
IL42419A 1972-06-16 1973-06-01 Blood filter cascade IL42419A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US26358472A 1972-06-16 1972-06-16

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
IL42419A0 IL42419A0 (en) 1973-08-29
IL42419A true IL42419A (en) 1976-07-30

Family

ID=23002396

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
IL42419A IL42419A (en) 1972-06-16 1973-06-01 Blood filter cascade

Country Status (15)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS5218518B2 (en)
AU (1) AU465962B2 (en)
BE (1) BE801042A (en)
BR (1) BR7304437D0 (en)
CA (1) CA1002887A (en)
CH (1) CH568761A5 (en)
DE (1) DE2329760C3 (en)
FR (1) FR2189081B1 (en)
GB (1) GB1440027A (en)
IL (1) IL42419A (en)
IT (1) IT985697B (en)
NL (1) NL171225C (en)
SE (1) SE403967B (en)
SU (1) SU533324A3 (en)
ZA (1) ZA733919B (en)

Families Citing this family (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS50146383U (en) * 1974-05-21 1975-12-04
IL51209A (en) * 1976-03-25 1981-02-27 Baxter Travenol Lab Blood filter
US4303530A (en) * 1977-10-26 1981-12-01 Medical Incorporated Blood filter
US4304670A (en) * 1979-04-03 1981-12-08 Terumo Corporation Blood filter with air trap and distributing chamber
DE3242359A1 (en) * 1981-12-08 1983-07-21 Smiths Industries Public Ltd. Co., London FILTER COMPONENT
DE8236602U1 (en) * 1982-12-28 1983-04-28 Sartorius GmbH, 3400 Göttingen FILTERS FOR WATER FILTRATION, ESPECIALLY FOR DE-PYROGENIZATION AND / OR STERILIZATION OF INFUSION SOLUTIONS
DE3406928A1 (en) * 1983-03-01 1984-09-06 Biotest-Serum-Institut Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt Transfusion fine filter for the removal of clots and aggregates in blood and blood constituents
GB2176416B (en) * 1985-06-08 1989-07-26 Sartorius Gmbh Fluid filter
DE19636006A1 (en) * 1996-09-05 1998-03-12 Sartorius Gmbh Filtration unit with pleated filter elements
CN100553697C (en) * 2003-03-24 2009-10-28 株式会社Jms Blood filter device and manufacture method thereof
JP4770840B2 (en) * 2006-01-27 2011-09-14 株式会社ジェイ・エム・エス Blood filter device and manufacturing method thereof
DE102006027032A1 (en) * 2006-06-08 2007-12-13 Carl Freudenberg Kg Filter element for air filtration of engine in motor vehicles, comprises a cuneiform base body, which limits a volume under formation of an opening and which has a flange section in the area of the opening
US9132225B2 (en) 2009-01-15 2015-09-15 Brightwake Limited Cardiopulmonary bypass circuit including a filtration device
GB0904769D0 (en) * 2009-03-20 2009-05-06 Brentnall Nicholas Filter and method of manufacture
EP3583962B1 (en) * 2018-06-20 2023-05-24 Fresenius Hemocare Italia S.r.l. Blood-collection container and manufacturing method
EP3953016A4 (en) * 2019-04-10 2023-04-05 The Dallas Group of America, Inc. Filters having a plurality of openings
DE102019216249A1 (en) * 2019-10-22 2021-04-22 Filtration Group Gmbh Oil removal device with oil removal filter
CN113289106A (en) * 2021-06-30 2021-08-24 端源医疗科技无锡有限公司 Blood coagulation and filtration device for hemodialysis, venous tube and hemodialysis device

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2644586A (en) * 1949-08-01 1953-07-07 Cutter Lab Blood strainer and drip meter
DE1928052A1 (en) * 1969-12-05 1970-12-10 Swank Dr Roy Laver Method and device for blood preparation
US3658183A (en) * 1970-03-19 1972-04-25 Gen Electric Filter holder
US3701433A (en) * 1970-11-10 1972-10-31 Pall Corp Filter for use in the filtration of blood
BE788210A (en) * 1971-09-16 1973-02-28 Pall Corp FILTER BOX

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA1002887A (en) 1977-01-04
GB1440027A (en) 1976-06-23
IT985697B (en) 1974-12-10
IL42419A0 (en) 1973-08-29
NL171225B (en) 1982-10-01
SE403967B (en) 1978-09-18
FR2189081A1 (en) 1974-01-25
DE2329760C3 (en) 1978-05-03
AU465962B2 (en) 1975-10-09
AU5637873A (en) 1974-12-05
BR7304437D0 (en) 1974-09-24
CH568761A5 (en) 1975-11-14
BE801042A (en) 1973-12-18
ZA733919B (en) 1974-05-29
NL7307973A (en) 1973-12-18
FR2189081B1 (en) 1978-09-29
SU533324A3 (en) 1976-10-25
DE2329760B2 (en) 1977-09-01
JPS5218518B2 (en) 1977-05-21
JPS4950786A (en) 1974-05-17
NL171225C (en) 1983-03-01
DE2329760A1 (en) 1974-01-03

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