IL299573A

IL299573A - Apparatus for use in autoclave

Info

Publication number: IL299573A
Application number: IL299573A
Authority: IL
Inventors: Levy Daniel; Alexander Barladian
Original assignee: Israel Aerospace Ind Ltd; Levy Daniel; Alexander Barladian
Priority date: 2022-12-27
Filing date: 2022-12-27
Publication date: 2024-08-01

Description

0288647821- APPARATUS FOR USE IN AUTOCLAVE TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to apparatuses for use in an autoclave utilized for curing composite materials.

BACKGROUND Autoclaves are often used when curing composite materials in order to create high-quality composite material parts, due to the high temperature and pressure conditions that an autoclave can provide.

Conventionally, an uncured composite layup is placed on a tool, which in turn is supported on a frame. The frame and tool with the uncured composite layup are then placed inside an autoclave, which is sealed. Inside the sealed autoclave, gaseous fluid is circulated at high temperature and pressure, for the purpose of curing the composite layup. Such curing in the autoclave is conventionally a lengthy process, and can take tens of hours for some types of parts being manufactured.

Autoclaves can be provided with fluid flow control devices, to direct the flow of fluid though the autoclave in a desired direction.

By way of non-limiting example, US 2008/317647 discloses an autoclave comprising ducts having valves, for controlling the air flow in three dimensions. Also by way of non-limiting example, US 2016/348976 discloses an autoclave having a plurality of baffles positioned to split the airflow. Also by way of non-limiting example, US 2020/360881 discloses an autoclave having an elongate chamber and a plenum with inlets and outlets in fluid communication with the elongate chamber. Also by way of non-limiting example, US 2012/003597 discloses an industrial oven in which a shroud is placed over a composite material to be cured, the shroud being used for directing heat to 0288647821- different parts of the composite material. Also by way of non-limiting example, US 2003/085219 discloses an autoclave comprising gas circulation means. Also by way of non-limiting example, US 2004/086586 discloses an autoclave comprising turbulence generating devices including apertures or fins to disrupt the air flow and cause turbulence. Also by way of non-limiting example, US 4,974,663 discloses a method of circulating gas in an autoclave using guide blades. Also by way of non-limiting example, JP 2013-163282 discloses an autoclave having a gas flow route and a bleed flow route. Also by way of non-limiting example, JP 2011-012945 discloses an autoclave having a spiral flow generating a mixing turbulent flow. Also by way of non-limiting example, JP H329355 discloses an autoclave in which gas is distributed by a grid plate. Also by way of non-limiting example, CN 201720040 U discloses an autoclave having a fan. Also by way of non-limiting example, US 9,056,413 discloses a portable autoclave.

Various trolleys or supports for use in an autoclave are known. By way of non-limiting example, CN210336981 U discloses a system for transporting an airplane composite material mold tool into an autoclave. Also by way of non-limiting example, US 2004/011000 discloses a trolley for an autoclave having U-shaped profiles for receiving packages to be steam-sterilised in the autoclave. Also by way of non-limiting example, DE 20312015 U1 discloses a shuttle comprising a carriage for charging autoclaves. Also by way of non-limiting example, CN 213415264 U discloses an electric trolley for an autoclave. Also by way of non-limiting example, CN 209440466 U discloses a steam-curing trolley for autoclaved aerated concrete blocks. Also by way of non-limiting example, https://www.atccomposite.com/equipment-technologies, discloses a composite facility for manufacturing parts and components for commercial aircraft, which uses autoclaves and automated guided vehicles for moving the composite tools into the autoclaves. 0288647821- GENERAL DESCRIPTIONAccording to a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus for use in an autoclave, the autoclave configured for providing a fluid flow in a first direction with respect to the apparatus in use of the apparatus with the autoclave, the apparatus comprising: at least one tool configured to receive a composite material layup, the at least one tool comprising a first surface having at least one concave surface portion; and a flow diverter arrangement comprising at least one flow diverting surface positioned in a predetermined spatial relationship with respect to the at least one concave surface portion, such that, in use, the at least one flow diverting surface redirects a portion of the fluid flow from said first direction towards the at least one concave surface portion; the flow diverter arrangement being positioned with respect to the at least one tool in a fixed position such as to provide said predetermined spatial relationship.

For example, the apparatus further comprises a support frame configured for mechanically supporting the at least one tool and/or the flow diverter arrangement.

For example, the at least one tool and/or the flow diverter arrangement are mounted to the support frame. For example, the at least one tool is mounted to the support frame, and the flow diverter arrangement is mounted to the at least one tool. Alternatively, for example, the flow diverter arrangement is mounted to the support frame, and the at least one tool is mounted to the flow diverter arrangement.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the support frame comprises: a top comprising a tool receiving zone configured for receiving the at least one tool, the top comprising an opening therein; a bottom; a front-facing first side, comprising at least one front-facing inlet opening configured to face an upstream end of the first direction, in use of the apparatus with the autoclave; and 0288647821- a second side, comprising at least one outlet opening configured to enable exit of fluid flow from the support frame; wherein the said at least one front-facing inlet opening and said at least one outlet opening are in open fluid communication with the at least one concave surface portion.

For example, the second side is lateral facing and/or aft facing and/or forward facing, and the at least one outlet opening is configured to face a downstream end of the first direction in use of the apparatus with the autoclave.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the support frame comprises at least one of feet, castors, rollers or sliders thereunder.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the apparatus further comprises at least one fairing mounted to the support frame, the at least one fairing configured to accelerate the fluid flow in the first direction towards the at least one flow diverting surface, in use of the apparatus with the autoclave.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the at least one tool comprises a second surface for receiving the composite material layup. For example, the second surface is spaced from the first surface by a thickness of the at least one tool. Additionally or alternatively, for example: the second surface comprises at least one auxiliary concave surface portion; and the apparatus further comprises an auxiliary flow diverter arrangement comprising at least one auxiliary flow diverting surface positioned in a predetermined auxiliary spatial relationship with respect to the at least one auxiliary concave surface portion, such that, in use, the at least one auxiliary flow diverting surface redirects an auxiliary portion of said fluid flow towards the at least one auxiliary concave surface portion; the auxiliary flow diverter arrangement being positioned with respect to the at least one tool in an auxiliary fixed position such as to provide said predetermined auxiliary spatial relationship.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the apparatus is configured for enabling said fixed position to be adjusted between any one of a plurality of different said 0288647821- fixed positions with respect to the at least one tool, to enable providing a corresponding plurality of different said predetermined spatial relationships, wherein each said different predetermined spatial relationship is configured to redirect the portion of said fluid flow to the at least one concave surface portion in different manner one from another.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the at least one flow diverting surface is configured for turning the fluid flow from said first direction to at least one second direction by at least one turning angle, wherein said at least one second direction is non-parallel with respect to said first direction. For example, said at least one turning angle is between 10° and 170° with respect to said first direction, optionally between 45° and 135°, further optionally between 60° and 120°.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the at least one flow diverting surface has a curvuate profile taken along a plane generally orthogonal to said top and parallel with said first direction.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the flow diverter arrangement comprises at least one flow diverter plate comprising a leading edge and a trailing edge, wherein the corresponding said flow diverting surface extends between said leading edge and said trailing edge. For example, said flow diverter plate has a uniform thickness between the leading edge and the trailing edge. Alternatively, for example, said flow diverter plate is in the form of a vane.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the flow diverter arrangement comprises at least one flow diverting conduit comprising an inlet opening and an outlet opening, wherein the corresponding said diverter surface extends between said inlet opening and said outlet opening.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the at least one concave surface portion is facing a third direction different from a fourth direction, wherein said fourth direction is opposed to said first direction.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, said at least one tool comprises a tool shape or form configured to provide a desired product shape to the composite material layup, in use of the apparatus with the autoclave, said tool shape including the at least one concave surface portion. 0288647821- Additionally or alternatively, for example, the tool comprises at least a portion of at least one of the following: a dome, top hat, conical, frustoconical, cubic, cuboid, ogive, tetrahedral or other hollow shell-like shape, wing, tail, rudder, stabilizer, canard, a fuselage, fuselage partitions, beams, floors, aerodynamic fairing or boom.

According to a second aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter there is provided a kit for use in an autoclave, the autoclave configured for providing a fluid flow in a first direction with respect to the autoclave in use of the kit with the autoclave, the kit comprising: at least one tool configured to receive a composite material layup, the at least one tool comprising a first surface having at least one concave surface portion; and at least one flow diverter arrangement comprising at least one flow diverting surface positionable in a predetermined spatial relationship with respect to the at least one concave surface portion, such that, in use, the at least one flow diverting surface redirects a portion of the fluid flow from said first direction towards the at least one concave surface portion; the flow diverter arrangement being positionable with respect to the at least one tool in a fixed position such as to provide said predetermined spatial relationship.

For example, the kit further comprises at least one support frame configured for mechanically supporting the at least one tool and/or the flow diverter arrangement.

For example, the at least one tool and/or the flow diverter arrangement are mountable to the support frame. For example, the at least one tool is mountable to the support frame, and the flow diverter arrangement is mountable to the at least one tool. Alternatively, for example, the flow diverter arrangement is mountable to the support frame, and the at least one tool is mountable to the flow diverter arrangement.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the support frame comprises: a top comprising a tool receiving zone configured for receiving the at least one tool, the top comprising an opening therein; a bottom; a front-facing first side, comprising at least one front-facing inlet opening configured to face an upstream end of the first direction, in use of the kit with the autoclave; and 0288647821- a second side, comprising at least one outlet opening configured to enable exit of fluid flow from the support frame; wherein the said at least one front-facing inlet opening and said at least one outlet opening are in open fluid communication with the at least one concave surface portion.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the kit further comprises at least one fairing mountable to the support frame, the at least one fairing configured to accelerate the fluid flow in the first direction towards the at least one flow diverting surface, in use of the kit with the autoclave.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the at least one tool comprises a second surface for receiving the composite material layup. For example, the second surface is spaced from the first surface by a thickness of the at least one tool.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the second surface comprises at least one auxiliary concave surface portion; the kit further comprising an auxiliary flow diverter arrangement comprising at least one auxiliary flow diverting surface positionable in a predetermined auxiliary spatial relationship with respect to the at least one auxiliary concave surface portion, such that, in use, the at least one auxiliary flow diverting surface redirects an auxiliary portion of said fluid flow towards the at least one auxiliary concave surface portion; the auxiliary flow diverter arrangement being positionable with respect to the at least one tool in an auxiliary fixed position such as to provide said predetermined auxiliary spatial relationship.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the kit is configured for enabling said fixed position to be adjusted between any one of a plurality of different said fixed positions with respect to the at least one tool, to enable providing a corresponding 0288647821- plurality of different said predetermined spatial relationships, wherein each said different predetermined spatial relationship is configured to redirect the portion of said fluid flow to the at least one concave surface portion in different manner one from another.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the flow diverter arrangement comprises at least one flow diverting conduit comprising an inlet opening and an outlet opening, wherein the corresponding said flow diverting surface extends between said inlet opening and said outlet opening.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the at least one concave surface portion is configured, in use of the kit with the autoclave, to face a third direction different from a fourth direction, wherein said fourth direction is opposed to said first direction.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, said at least one tool comprises a tool shape or form configured to provide a desired product shape to the composite material layup, in use of the kit with the autoclave, said tool shape including the at least one concave surface portion. 0288647821- Additionally or alternatively, for example, the tool comprises at least a portion of at least one of the following: a dome, top hat, conical, frustoconical, cubic, cuboid, ogive, tetrahedral or other hollow shell-like shape, wing, tail, rudder, stabilizer, canard, a fuselage, fuselage partitions, beams, floors, aerodynamic fairing or boom.

According to a third aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter there is provided an apparatus for use in an autoclave, the autoclave configured for providing a fluid flow in a first direction with respect to the apparatus in use of the apparatus with the autoclave, the apparatus comprising: a support frame comprising a tool receiving zone, configured for mechanically supporting, at the tool receiving zone, at least one tool configured to receive a composite material layup; and a flow diverter arrangement comprising at least one flow diverting surface positioned in a predetermined spatial relationship with respect to the tool receiving zone of the support frame, such that, in use, the at least one flow diverting surface redirects a portion of said fluid flow from said first direction towards the tool receiving zone; the flow diverter arrangement being positioned with respect to the support frame in a fixed position such as to provide said predetermined spatial relationship.

For example, the apparatus further comprises at least one tool configured to receive a composite material layup, the at least one tool comprising a first surface having at least one concave surface portion; and wherein, in use, the at least one flow diverting surface redirects a portion of said fluid flow from said first direction towards the at least one concave surface portion.

For example, the at least one tool and/or the flow diverter arrangement are mounted to the support frame. For example, the at least one tool is mounted to the support frame, and the flow diverter arrangement is mounted to the at least one tool.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the at least one tool comprises a second surface for receiving the composite material layup. For example, the second surface is 0288647821- spaced from the first surface by a thickness of the at least one tool. Additionally or alternatively, for example: the second surface comprises at least one auxiliary concave surface portion; the apparatus further comprising an auxiliary flow diverter arrangement comprising at least one auxiliary flow diverting surface positioned in a predetermined auxiliary spatial relationship with respect to the at least one auxiliary concave surface portion, such that, in use, the at least one auxiliary flow diverting surface redirects an auxiliary portion of said fluid flow towards the at least one auxiliary concave surface portion; the auxiliary flow diverter arrangement being positioned with respect to the at least one tool in an auxiliary fixed position such as to provide said predetermined auxiliary spatial relationship.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the at least one concave surface portion is configured, in use of the apparatus with the autoclave, to face a third direction different from a fourth direction, wherein said fourth direction is opposed to said first direction.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, said at least one tool comprises a tool shape configured to provide a desired product shape to the composite material layup, in use of the apparatus with the autoclave, said tool shape including the at least one concave surface portion.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the tool comprises at least a portion of at least one of the following: a dome, top hat, conical, frustoconical, cubic, cuboid, ogive, tetrahedral or other hollow shell-like shape, wing, tail, rudder, stabilizer, canard, a fuselage, fuselage partitions, beams, floors, aerodynamic fairing or boom.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the support frame comprises: a top comprising the tool receiving zone configured for receiving at least one tool comprising a concave surface portion, the top comprising an opening therein; a bottom; 0288647821- a front-facing first side, comprising at least one front-facing inlet opening configured to face an upstream end of the first direction, in use of the apparatus with the autoclave; and a second side, comprising at least one outlet opening configured to enable exit of fluid flow from the support frame; wherein the said at least one front-facing inlet opening and said at least one outlet opening are configured to be in open fluid communication with the at least one concave surface portion of the at least one tool received in the tool receiving zone.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the apparatus is configured for enabling said fixed position to be adjusted between any one of a plurality of different said fixed positions with respect to the tool receiving zone, to enable providing a corresponding plurality of different said predetermined spatial relationships, wherein each said different predetermined spatial relationship is configured to redirect the portion of said fluid flow to the tool receiving zone in a different manner one from another.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the at least one flow diverting surface is configured for turning the fluid flow from said first direction to at least one second direction by at least one turning angle, wherein said at least one second direction is non-parallel with respect to said first direction. For example, said at least one turning angle is between 10° and 170° with respect to said first direction, optionally between 45° and 135°, further optionally between 60° and 120°. 0288647821- Additionally or alternatively, for example, the at least one flow diverting surface has a curvuate profile taken along a plane generally orthogonal to said top and parallel with said first direction.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the flow diverter arrangement comprises at least one flow diverter plate comprising a leading edge and a trailing edge, wherein the corresponding said flow diverting surface extends between said leading edge and said trailing edge. For example, said flow diverter plate has a uniform thickness between the leading edge and the trailing edge. For example, said flow diverter plate is in the form of a vane.

According to a fourth aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter there is provided a method for curing a composite material layup, comprising: (a) providing an apparatus as defined herein regarding the first aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter; (b) placing an uncured said composite material layup on the at least one tool; (c) after step (b), sealing the apparatus in the autoclave; and (d) causing the autoclave to generate the fluid flow in the first direction, and allowing the portion of the fluid flow to be redirected to the at least one concave surface portion.

According to a fifth aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter there is provided a method for curing a composite material layup, comprising: (a) providing a kit as defined herein regarding the second aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter; (b) choosing a combination of a desired said tool and a desired said diverter arrangement, and positioning the flow diverting surface in said predetermined spatial relationship with respect to the at least one concave surface portion; (c) placing an uncured said composite material layup on the at least one tool; (d) after step (c), sealing the kit in the autoclave; and 0288647821- (e) causing the autoclave to generate the fluid flow in the first direction, and allowing the portion of the fluid flow to be redirected to the at least one concave surface portion.

For example, the method further comprises the step of providing a desired said support frame, and mechanically supporting at least one of the at least one tool and the flow diverter arrangement on the support frame. According to a sixth aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter there is provided a method for curing a composite material layup, comprising: (a) providing an apparatus as defined herein regarding the third aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter; (b) providing at least one tool comprising a first surface having at least one concave surface portion; (c) placing an uncured said composite material layup on the at least one tool; (d) after step (c), sealing the apparatus in the autoclave; and (e) causing the autoclave to generate the fluid flow in the first direction, and allowing the portion of the fluid flow to be redirected to said at least one concave surface portion.

A feature of at least one example of the presently disclosed subject matter is that the curing process can be accelerated, for at least some types of parts being manufactured from composite materials, as compared with conventional curing in an autoclave.

Another feature of at least one example of the presently disclosed subject matter is that the apparatus and/or kit and/or method can be utilized in aerospace applications or non-aerospace applications, and in which at least one tool is configured to receive a composite material layup, wherein the at least one tool comprises a first surface having at least one concave surface portion, and wherein the at least one tool is used in an autoclave. 0288647821- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSIn order to better understand the subject matter that is disclosed herein and to exemplify how it may be carried out in practice, examples will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1A shows an isometric view of an apparatus for use in autoclave, according to an example of the presently disclosed subject matter.

Fig. 1B shows a cross-sectional side view of the example of Fig. 1A taken along section A-A, comprising a flow diverter arrangement according to a first example.

Fig. 1C shows the example of Fig. 1B, schematically illustrating fluid flow directions, when the apparatus is in use in an autoclave.

Fig. 1Dshows an isometric cross-sectional view of the apparatus in Fig. 1A taken along the line A-A in Fig. 1A, schematically illustrating velocity and flow paths of some fluid streamlines in an autoclave, absent the respective flow diverter arrangement.

Fig. 1Eshows the example of Fig. 1D, schematically illustrating the velocity and flow paths of some fluid streamlines in an autoclave, with the respective flow diverter arrangement of the example of Fig. 1B.

Fig. 2A shows in cross-sectional side view an alternative variation of the example of Fig. 1B, including a tool with a different profile from that of the example of Fig. 1B, and a corresponding example of the flow diverter arrangement.

Fig. 2B shows in cross-sectional side view another alternative variation of the example of Fig. 1B, including a tool with a different profile from that of the example of Fig. 1B, and a corresponding example of the flow diverter arrangement.

Fig. 2C shows in cross-sectional side view another alternative variation of the example of Fig. 1B, including a tool with a different profile from that of the example of Fig. 1B, and a corresponding example of the flow diverter arrangement. 0288647821- Fig. 2D shows in cross-sectional side view another alternative variation of the example of Fig. 1B, including a tool with a different profile from that of the example of Fig. 1B, and a corresponding example of the flow diverter arrangement.

Fig. 3Ashows in cross-sectional side view another alternative variation of the example of Fig. 1A.

Fig. 3B shows in isometric view another alternative variation of the example of Fig. 1A.

Fig. 4shows in isometric view an example of the flow diverter arrangement of the example of Fig. 1B.

Fig. 5shows in cross-sectional side view the flow diverter arrangement of Fig. taken along the line B-B in Fig. 4.

Fig. 6shows in side view an alternative variation of the flow diverter arrangement example of Fig. 4.

Fig. 7shows in isometric view another alternative variation of the flow diverter arrangement example of Fig. 4.

Fig. 8shows in side view another alternative variation of the example of Fig. 1B, in which an example of an inlet fairing is provided. 0288647821- DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to Figs. 1A-1E, an apparatus according to a first example of the presently disclosed subject matter, generally designated 100, is for general use in an autoclave AC .

The apparatus 100comprises a tool 120and a flow diverter arrangement 140. In at least this example, the apparatus 100further comprises a support frame 110.

The autoclave AC is configured for providing a fluid flow in a first direction I1with respect to the apparatus 100, in use of the apparatus 100in the autoclave AC .

Many examples of such autoclaves are known in the art and will not be described further herein.

While in this example the apparatus 100comprises a single tool 120configured to receive a composite material layup (not shown), in at least some alternative variations of this example the respective apparatus can instead include more than one tool, each tool being configured for receiving thereon a respective composite material layup.

In at least this example, the tool 120has a general hemispherical or dome shape.

In at least this example, the tool 120is mounted onto the support frame 110.

Referring in particular to Fig. 1B, the tool 120comprises a first surface 122and a second surface 124, spaced from one another by the tool thickness t . While in this example the thickness t is uniform, in at least some alternative variations of this example the thickness of the respective tool can be non-uniform, for example thicker in some places and thinner in others.

The tool 120comprises a concavity 128defined by at least a part of the first surface 122.

In at least this example, the first surface 122comprises a concave surface portion 123 defining such a concavity 128. While in at least this example, the tool 120 has a generally hemispherical or dome shape, it is envisaged that in at least some alternative variations of this example the tool 120can take any other shape having at least one concave portion corresponding to concave surface portion 123. For example, the tool can in such cases have any one of the following shapes: a hollow cylindrical shape, a square based 0288647821- pyramid shape, a triangular based pyramid shape, a cubic shape, or any other three-dimensional hollow configuration, i.e., having a shell-like structure, either regular or irregularly shaped, having: a concavity on one side, and a convexity on the opposite side over which a composite material layup can be placed. Additionally or alternatively, for example, the tool can comprises at least a portion of at least one of the following: a dome, top hat, conical, frustoconical, cubic, cuboid, ogive, tetrahedral or other hollow shell-like shape, wing, tail, rudder, stabilizer, canard, a fuselage, fuselage partitions, beams, floors, aerodynamic fairing or boom.

It is to be noted that in all such cases, such a concave surface portion comprises a surface bound by a perimeter, wherein at least a part of the surface is recessed with respect to the perimeter in a direction opposed to the direction in which the surface is facing.

Referring again to Figs. 1A and 1B, in at least this example, the concave surface portion 123comprises most or all of the first surface 122, which is bound by a perimeter 125. In at least this example the perimeter 125is circular. As may be readily understood from Fig. 1B for example, in at least this example most of the first surface 122is recessed with respect to (i.e., away from) perimeter 125in a direction P opposed to the direction Q in which the concave surface portion 123of first surface 122is facing.

In at least this example, the first surface 122is a bottom surface of the tool 120, and the second surface 124is a top surface of the tool 120.

Referring in particular to Fig. 1B, the second surface 124 of the tool 120 is configured to receive a composite material layup CML in an uncured state, which can then be cured in the autoclave AC while resting on the tool 120, which in turn is mechanically supported by the support frame 110which is placed inside the autoclave AC . The composite material layup CML has an exposed surface ES facing the outside of the apparatus, and thus exposed directly to the fluid flow in the autoclave AC , while an internal surface IS of the composite material layup CML is in abutting contact with the second tool surface 124.

For example, such composite material layups are well known in the art. In some examples, the composite material layups can be in the form of a multi-ply sheet comprising multiple overlaid composite fibre layers in a suitable matrix, for example sheets of carbon fibre or of glass fibre, embedded in a suitable matrix. Such methods are commonly used for 0288647821- the production of large items such as for example: composite skin panels for an airplane fuselage; composite beams, composite floors (for example fuselage floors), composite partitions (for example fuselage partitions); aerospace related components, for example at least part of fuselages, or at least part of aerodynamic surfaces, for example at least parts of wings, tails, rudders, stabilizers, canards; non-aerospace related components; and so on.

In at least this example, the tool 120is mounted to the support frame 110in such a manner that allows removal and interchanging of the tool 120with respect to the support frame 110. Such mounting can be, for example, via nuts and bolts, engaging projections and recesses or grooves, clamps, and/or any other conventional reversible mounting arrangements capable of withstanding the high temperatures and pressures of an autoclave as is well known to the skilled person.

Since the tool 120and the support frame 110are for use in an autoclave, they are formed of materials capable of withstanding the high temperatures and pressures inside the autoclave, and of maintaining their integrity under such conditions. Similarly, the flow diverter arrangement 140 is formed of materials capable of withstanding the high temperatures and pressures inside the autoclave, and of maintaining their integrity under such conditions. For example, suitable materials can include, but are not limited to, metals such as steel, stainless steel, nickel-clad carbon steel, composite materials, and the like.

It is to be noted that, conventionally, the autoclave naturally provides a significant fluid flow over the exposed surface ES of the composite material layup CML , enabling the exposed layer ES to be heated relatively rapidly and relatively uniformly.

Referring in particular to Fig. 1B, while in at least this example the flow diverter arrangement 140 comprises a plurality of flow diverting surfaces 150, in at least some alternative variations of this example, the respective flow diverter arrangement can instead comprise a single flow diverting surface.

Referring in particular to Fig. 1C, each flow diverting surface 150is configured to divert or redirect fluid flowing in a first fluid flow direction I1 within the respective autoclave AC towards the concave surface portion 123of the tool 120, in one or more second fluid flow directions I2. 0288647821- The second fluid flow direction I2is non-parallel with respect to the first fluid flow direction I1, and thus the second fluid flow direction I2is at a non-zero angle, i.e., at an angle greater than 0 ° , with respect to the first fluid flow direction I1.

In particular, the second fluid flow direction I2is such as to ensure that the fluid flow from the autoclave AC (originally in the first fluid direction I1) is redirected sufficiently in direction such as to impinge in any suitable manner (ranging from direct (orthogonal) impingement to tangential impingement) on at least the concave surface portion 123, and if possible most or all of first surface 122.

Without being bound to theory, the inventors consider that in this manner, the heated fluid in an autoclave that is initially directed generally towards the apparatus 100in the first fluid direction I1along the bottom part of the apparatus 100can be redirected to come into contact with, and transfer heat to, the concave surface portion 123, and if possible most or all of the first surface 122of the tool 120. In turn, this allows more uniform heating of the tool 120, as compared with a similar arrangement in which is absent the fluid flow diverter arrangement 140, since, absent the fluid flow diverter arrangement 140, the heated fluid in the autoclave AC entering through or below the support frame 110in the first flow direction I1would not be expected to significantly enter the concavity 128of the tool 120or to reach the concave surface portion 123 . Instead, the heated flow would instead be expected to simply flow past the concavity 128and out of the apparatus 100.

Further without being bound to theory, the inventors further consider that this improved heating of the concave surface portion 123allows the inner surface IS of the composite material layup CML to be heated more effectively, leading to a reduced temperature gradient between the exposed surface ES and the internal surface IS . It is further considered that such a reduced temperature gradient can improve the quality of the cured composite material product formed from the cured composite material layup CML , and can potentially reduce the time required to cure the composite material layup CML to produce the composite material product.

Referring again to Fig. 1B and Fig. 1C, in at least this example, the flow diverter arrangement 140comprises two curved fluid flow diverting surfaces 150' , 150" , collectively referred to herein as fluid flow diverting surfaces 150. The fluid flow diverting surfaces 150are defined by corresponding flow diverter plates 151. While in this example the flow 0288647821- diverter arrangement 140comprises two fluid flow diverting surfaces 150, in at least some alternative variations of this example, the respective flow diverter arrangement can instead comprise a single fluid flow diverting surface, or more than two fluid flow diverting surfaces.

According to an aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter, each flow diverting surface 150is positioned in a predetermined spatial relationship with respect to the at least one concave surface portion 123, such that, in use, the respective flow diverting surface 150redirects a portion of the fluid flow from the first fluid flow direction I1towards at least the concave surface portion 123, along a respective second fluid flow direction I2. Concurrently, the flow diverter arrangement 140is positioned with respect to the respective tool 120 in a fixed position such as to provide the aforesaid predetermined spatial relationship.

In at least this example, the flow diverter plates 151are fixed to the support frame 110 and/or to the tool 120, or alternatively, the flow diverter plates 151 can be formed integrally with the tool 120. Thus, in examples where the respective flow diverter arrangement 140is formed integrally with the tool 120, separate fixation arrangements for fixing the flow diverter arrangement 140to the tool 120are not required. In examples where the flow diverter arrangement 140 is fixed with respect to the tool 120 via fixation arrangements, such fixation can be, for example, by any conventional arrangements capable of withstanding the temperatures and pressures of the autoclave. For example, by means of nuts and bolts, projections and recesses or grooves, clamps, or any other conventional fixation arrangements known to the skilled person.

Referring to Fig. 5, each flow diverting surface 150' , 150" is configured for turning the fluid flow from the first fluid flow direction I1to a respective second fluid flow direction I2' , I2"(collectively referred to herein as the respective second fluid flow direction I2) , by at least one respective turning angle,  ' ,  " (collectively referred to herein as the respective turning angle ), wherein each respective second fluid flow direction I2' , I2" is non-parallel with respect to the first fluid flow direction.

Each said turning angle can be in the range between 10° and 170° with respect to the first fluid flow direction I1 , or between 45° and 135°, or between 60° and 120°, or between 80° and 110°, for example. 0288647821- In the example illustrated in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, each flow diverting surface 150has a curvuate profile taken along a generally vertical plane PL and parallel with the first fluid flow direction I1.

At least in the example of Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, the plurality of flow diverter plates 151are joined with one another; however, in at least some alternative variations of this example, the respective plurality of flow diverter plates can be fully or partially separated with respect to one another.

Each flow diverter plate 151 comprises a respective leading edge 152 and a respective trailing edge 154, and the corresponding flow diverting surface 150 extends between the leading edge 152and the trailing edge 154.

Thus, a first flow diverter plate 151' comprises a respective leading edge 152' and a respective trailing edge 154' , and the corresponding flow diverting surface 150' extends between the leading edge 152' and the trailing edge 154' . Similarly, a second flow diverter plate 151" comprises a respective leading edge 152" and a respective trailing edge 154" , and the corresponding flow diverting surface 150" extends between the leading edge 152" and the respective trailing edge 154" .

In at least this example, the two respective leading edges 152' , 152" coincide and are formed as a common leading edge.

For example, in the example of Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, the first flow diverter plate 151' has a relatively uniform thickness S' along the length thereof from the leading edge 152' to the trailing edge 154' , while the second flow diverter plate 151" has a respective thickness S" that is uniform along the length thereof from the leading edge 152" to the trailing edge 154" .

While in at least this example, each flow diverter plate 151has a respective uniform thickness S between the respective leading edge 152and the trailing edge 154, in at least some alternative variations of this example the respective flow diverter plate can instead have a non-uniform thickness between the respective leading edge and the respective trailing edge. For example, each flow diverter plate can be thicker at or near the respective leading edge than at or near the respective trailing edge. 0288647821- Referring to Fig. 6, in at least some alternative variations of the above example, the flow diverter arrangement can comprise a plurality of respective flow diverter plates, in which each such flow diverted plate is in the form of a vane 159, having a suitable aerofoil-type cross-section.

Referring to Fig. 7, in at least some alternative variations of the above example, the flow diverter arrangement can comprise at least one flow diverting conduit 158comprising an inlet opening 158a and an outlet opening 158b , wherein the corresponding fluid flow diverting surface 150extends between the inlet opening 158a and the outlet opening 158b . in at least some examples a plurality of such conduits can be provided, for example in modular form, and interconnectable with one another, for example via T-connections, or via other types of multiple connections for example in the form of a "+", and/or other intersections and/or junctions, to provide branched structures in which the fluid flow entering one or more such conduits is channeled via the branched structure to multiple outlet openings to thereby direct the outlet flow to any part of the concavity 128as desired.

In yet other alternative variations of the above examples, the respective flow diverter arrangement can comprise one or more of a tube, an open channel, a blade, a baffle, or any other structure configured to deflect or redirect the fluid flow from the first fluid flow direction I1 to the second fluid flow direction I2. Additionally or alternatively, each respective flow diverting surface of the flow diverter arrangement can be flat, bent, curved, or have any other profile capable of deflecting or redirecting fluid flow from the first fluid flow direction I1to the second fluid flow direction I2.In at least some examples, the flow diverter arrangement 140 can be adjusted or arranged in a number of different configurations, to provide different fluid flow arrangements depending on the shape of the tool 120,which fluid flow arrangements are suitable for directing fluid flow to the respective concave surface portion 123 of that tool 120. For example, the respective turning angle  of the respective flow diverting surfaces 150of the respective flow diverter arrangement 140, or spatial orientation when fixed with respect to the tool 120, about different orthogonal axes, can be adjusted. Alternatively or additionally, the number of flow diverting surfaces 150 which are provided for each respective flow diverter arrangement can be varied. Alternatively or additionally, the respective flow diverter arrangement 140can be fixed with respect to the tool 120at a variety of different locations, optionally at pre-set locations or 0288647821- slideably within a range of locations, which can be fine-tuned and optimised in accordance with the shape and configuration of the tool 120, for example.

In at least some examples, the dimensions of the respective flow diverting surfaces 150can be uniform or non-uniform.

For example, in the example of Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, the first flow diverter plate 151' (and correspondingly the first flow diverting surface 150' ) has a relatively uniform width w' along the length thereof from the leading edge 152' to the trailing edge 154' , while the second flow diverter plate 151" (and correspondingly the first flow diverting surface 150" ) has a respective width w" that increases along the length thereof from the leading edge 152" to the trailing edge 154" .

For example, in the example of Fig. 7, the flow diverting conduit 158can have an internal cross-sectional flow area that is uniform between the inlet opening 158a and the outlet opening 158b . Alternatively, this cross-sectional flow area can decrease between the inlet opening 158a and the outlet opening 158b , thereby accelerating the fluid flow therethrough. Alternatively, this cross-sectional flow area can increase between the inlet opening 158a and the outlet opening 158b , thereby functioning as a diffuser.

Referring again to Figs. 1A to 1E, in at least this example, the support frame 110comprises a top T comprising a tool receiving zone 114configured for receiving the at least one tool 120. The top T also comprises an opening 116 therein for allowing fluid communication between the fluid flow in the autoclave AC and the concave surface portion 123of the first surface 122of the tool 120. The support frame 110further comprises a bottom B , front-facing side F configured to face an upstream end of the first fluid flow direction I1, and a rear-facing side R configured to face a downstream end of the first fluid flow direction I1. The front-facing side F and rear-facing side R are joined to one another via lateral sides L . The front-facing side F , rear-facing side R and lateral sides L enclose an internal volume IV in which at least a portion of the flow diverter arrangement 140is accommodated.

In at least this example, and referring in particular to Fig. 1A, the tool further comprises a flat base 129 in the form of a flange around the perimeter 125 , the flat base 129 comprising peripheral edges 127 . The flat base 129 is overlaid over the top T of the support frame 110. 0288647821- The front-facing side F includes at least one front-facing inlet opening 118configured to face an upstream end of the first fluid flow direction I1, in use of the apparatus 100with the autoclave AC . The at least one front-facing inlet opening 118thus allows fluid flow upstream of the apparatus 100to enter the internal volume IV and thus impinge on the flow diverter arrangement 140.

One or more of the rear-facing side R and the lateral sides L include at least one outlet opening 117configured to enable exit of fluid flow from the support frame 110. In at least this example, the at least one outlet opening 117 is either configured to face a downstream end of the first fluid flow direction I1in use of the apparatus 100with the autoclave AC , or configured to allow fluid communication between the internal volume IV and the downstream end of the first fluid flow direction I1. The at least one outlet openings 117thus allows fluid flow to flow out of the internal volume IV . In at least some alternative variations of this example, additionally or alternatively the front side can include at least one outlet opening configured to enable exit of fluid flow from the support frame.

The at least one front-facing inlet opening 118and the at least one outlet opening 117are in open fluid communication with the concave surface portion 123via the opening 116 in the top T of the support frame 110.

The leading edge 152of the flow diverting surface 150is configured, in use, to be proximal to the front side F of the support frame 110, and distal from the rear side R of the support frame 110. The trailing edge 154of each flow diverting surface 150of the flow diverter arrangement 140is configured to be closer to the top T of the support frame 110than the leading edge 152of the flow diverting surface, and closer to the rear side R of the support frame 110than the leading edge 152of the fluid flow diverting surface 150.

The bottom B of the support frame 110can comprise one or more feet, castors rollers or sliders 112 for ease of translation both to and from, and within and outside of, the autoclave AC .

Thus, in use of the apparatus 100in an autoclave AC , fluid flow along the first fluid flow direction I1enters the support frame 110via the at least one front-facing inlet opening 118, at least a portion of this fluid flow gets diverted by the flow diverter arrangement 140 0288647821- and towards at least the concave surface portion 123, and therefrom, directly or indirectly exits the internal volume IV via the at least one outlet opening 117.

Thus, the leading edge 152 is generally facing the inlet opening 118 , and the diverter plates 151 are configured and spatially oriented with respect to the tool 120 such as to permit or enable exit of fluid flow from the internal volume IV .

Fig. 1C schematically illustrates the direction of fluid flow both upstream of the tool 120when the apparatus 100is in use in an autoclave AC and the flow within the concavity 128of the tool 120caused by the flow diverting surfaces 150. While upstream of the tool 120, the flow of fluid is approaching in the first fluid flow direction I1, being a single directional flow towards a front of the tool 120, the portion of fluid which impinges the leading edge 152of the flow diverting surface 150changes direction, to one or more second fluid flow directions I 2, and this portion of the fluid correspondingly flows towards at least the concave surface portion 123of the first surface 122of the tool 120. As mentioned above, this effect is considered to provide improved heat transfer between the fluid in an autoclave and at least the concave surface portion 123of the tool 120.

Fig. 1D and Fig. 1E illustrate schematically and comparatively the manner in which fluid in an autoclave flows relative to the tool 120, both without a flow diverter arrangement 140, as shown in Fig. 1D, and with a flow diverter arrangement 140, as shown in Fig. 1E.

The flow patterns of the example illustrated in Fig. 1D and Fig. 1E were generated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The free stream velocity upstream of the apparatus 100was set at 2.7 m/sec, air pressure at 29.5 atmospheres, and temperature at 180°C, which are conditions typical of some autoclaves.

In Fig. 1D and Fig. 1E there are shown only fluid flow streamlines relating to the flow passing below the apparatus 100, but not over the upper part of the apparatus 100including the second surface 124.

Referring to Fig. 1D, in the absence of the flow diverter arrangement 140, the relatively high velocity fluid flow upstream of the tool 120incoming along the first fluid flow direction I1is expected to flow directly past the tool 120without being directed towards an underside of the tool 120, in particular the concavity 128of the tool 120, and less so the concave surface portion 123. In the arrangement of Fig. 1D, there is very little to no 0288647821- expectation of any transfer of thermal energy between fluids in the autoclave AC and the concave surface portion 123of the tool 120. Consequently, any composite material layup over the tool 120would not be significantly heated from the concave side of the tool 120.

However, and as illustrated in Fig. 1E, with the flow diverter arrangement 140in the desired spatial position, i.e. predetermined spatial relationship, with respect to the tool 120, the flow diverting surfaces 150redirect or divert some of the fluid flow in the autoclave AC towards the concavity 128, and towards the concave surface portion 123of the first surface 122of the tool 120. As can be seen, redirected fluid flow in the vicinity of the first surface 122 of the tool 120 , albeit with a relatively decreased velocity as compared with the freestream velocity, significantly contributes to the transfer of thermal energy between the fluid in the autoclave AC and the first surface 122, particularly the concave surface portion 123of the tool 120. This can have the effect of providing closer, or more similar, heating levels of the two sides of the tool 120in the autoclave AC , and thus also, of the composite material layup (not shown in this figure), and can lead to improved efficiency of production in terms of time and/or energy, and/or improved quality of the final composite product.

It is to be noted that in at least some alternative variations of the above examples, the respective apparatus 100 can be provided absent the support frame 110 per se. Thus, referring to Fig. 3A, in such an example the respective apparatus, generally designated 300A , comprises a tool 320A and a flow diverter arrangement 340A having at least one flow diverting surface 350A , which have features and functions similar to the tool 120, flow diverter arrangement 140and flow diverting surface 150, respectively, as disclosed herein regarding the example of Figs. 1A to 1E mutatis mutandis. Similarly, the apparatus 300A is similar in structure and function to the apparatus 100as disclosed herein regarding the example of Figs. 1A to 1E mutatis mutandis, but in which the support frame 110is absent.

Thus, in the apparatus 300A the corresponding flow diverting surface 350A is positioned in a predetermined spatial relationship with respect to the concave surface portion 323A of the tool 320A . In use of the apparatus 300Awith the autoclave AC the flow diverting surface 350A diverts or redirects a portion of the fluid flow provided by the autoclave AC towards the concave surface portion 323A . The flow diverter arrangement 340A is positioned with respect to the tool 320A in a fixed position such as to provide said 0288647821- predetermined spatial relationship. For example, the flow diverter arrangement 340A can be formed integrally with the tool 320A , or can be fixable relative to the tool 320A .

The apparatus 300A can be used, for examples, in implementations of the example in which there is an existing suitable support frame, or in which the apparatus 300A can be installed directly in the autoclave.

It is further to be noted that in at least some other alternative variations of the above examples, the respective apparatus 100can be provided absent the tool 120per se. Thus, referring to Fig. 3B, in such an example the respective apparatus, generally designated 300B , comprises a support frame 310B and a flow diverter arrangement 340B having at least one flow diverting surface 350B , and which have features and functions similar to the support frame 110, flow diverter arrangement 140and flow diverting surface 150, respectively, as disclosed herein regarding the example of Figs. 1A to 1E mutatis mutandis. Similarly, the apparatus 300B is similar in structure and function to the apparatus 100as disclosed herein regarding the example of Figs. 1A to 1E mutatis mutandis, but in which the tool 120is absent.

Thus, in the apparatus 300B the corresponding flow diverting surface 350B is in particular or predetermined spatial relationship with respect to a tool receiving zone 314B of the support frame 110, such that when a tool is mounted to the support frame 310B at the tool receiving zone 314B , the flow diverting surface 350B will also be in a predetermined spatial relationship with respect to the concave surface portion of the tool, and in use, the flow diverting surface 350B diverts or redirects a portion of the fluid flow provided by the autoclave ACtowards the concave surface portion. The flow diverter arrangement 340B is positioned with respect to the tool 320B in a fixed position such as to provide said predetermined spatial relationship.

The apparatus 300B can be used, for examples, in implementations of the example in which there is an existing suitable tool or tools which is or are provided by the end user.

Although in the example of Figs. 1A to 1E, the tool 120has a dome shape or general hemispherical shape, it is envisaged that other shapes of tools can be used together with the support frame 110, together with a flow diverter arrangement 140configured to divert flow towards a concave surface portion 123of a first surface 122of such tools 120. 0288647821- Figs. 2A to 2D show some exemplary nonlimiting tools 220a , 220b , 220c , 220d which are non-hemispherical, and which have a respective concave surface portion 223a , 223b , 223c , 223d , towards which fluid flow from an autoclave can be directed by a respective flow diverter arrangement 240a , 240b , 240c , 240b .

In alternative variations of the above examples, the respective concave surface portion can include, for example, at least one of the following shapes: dome, top hat, conical, frustoconical, cubic, cuboid, ogive, tetrahedral or other hollow shell-like shape.

In alternative variations of the above examples, the respective concave surface portion can include, for example, at least a portion of at least one of the following: wing, tail, rudder, stabilizer, canard, a fuselage, fuselage partitions, beams, floors, door, aerodynamic fairing or boom.

As schematically illustrated in Figs. 2A to 2D, while fluid flow upstream of the tool 220a , 220b , 220c , 220d has a first direction I1, at least one flow diverting surface 150a , 150b , 150c , 150d is provided which changes the direction of the flow of at least some of the fluid in the autoclave to flow towards a concave surface portion 223a , 223b , 223c , 223d of the tool 220a , 220b , 220c , 220d , which otherwise would not be impinged by much, if any, of the heated fluid flowing in the autoclave.

In at least some examples the apparatus can be provided in the form of a kit. According to this aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter, and in a similar manner to the examples disclosed above, mutatis mutandis, there is provided a kit comprising a support frame 110, at least one tool 120 (in some examples a plurality of tools 120which can have different profiles from one another), and a flow diverter arrangement 140comprising at least one flow diverting surface 150configured to be positioned in a fixed predetermined spatial arrangement with respect to the at least one tool 120which in turn is configured to be supported by the support frame 110.

In at least some examples, the kit does not comprise a support frame, but rather at least one tool and a flow diverter arrangement, and such a kit can be used for example with an existing support frame or can be installed directly in the autoclave. In at least other examples, the kit comprises a support frame and a flow diverter arrangement but no tool, and the kit user provides the tools as needed. 0288647821- In at least some alternative variations of the above examples, and referring to Fig. 8, there is provided an inlet fairing 200configured to be mounted to the front-facing side F of the support frame 110. The fairing 200is shaped and positioned to facilitate inflow of the autoclave fluid flow from the first fluid flow direction I1 into the internal volume IV , towards a flow diverter arrangement and thus towards the concave surface portion 123of the tool 120.

Although not shown, in some examples, the second surface 124of the tool 120can further comprise at least one auxiliary concave surface portion. In such arrangements, there can be provided an auxiliary flow diverter arrangement configured to divert fluid flow within an autoclave towards the auxiliary concave surface portion. In such examples, concavities on both side surfaces 122, 124of the tool 120can receive redirected flow of heated fluids in the autoclave, in order to provided more uniform heating to the first side surface 122 of the tool and a top surface of the composite material layup in a concavity thereof, and thus higher quality of product and/or shorter production time. The auxiliary flow diverter arrangement can be positioned with respect to at least one tool 120in a fixed position such as to provide a predetermined spatial relationship with respect to the at least one auxiliary concave surface portion.

According to an aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter there is also provided a method of using the kit or apparatus in an autoclave. At least one example of such a method comprises creating a frame assembly, first, by selecting a desired tool 120, mounting the selected tool 120to the support frame 110, with the first surface 122of the tool 120generally facing downwards and not towards the upstream direction of the first fluid flow direction I1, and the second surface 124generally facing upwards. One or more flow diverting surfaces 150can then be selected to form a flow diverter arrangement 140and mounted or placed as appropriate in a predetermined spatial arrangement relative to the concave surface portion 123of the first surface 122of the tool. The one or more flow diverting surfaces 150can be fixed in that predetermined spatial arrangement either to the support frame or to the tool, or in some instances can comprise an integral part of the tool and/or support frame, with no need for selection and fixation. Next, an uncured composite material layup CML is placed on the second surface 124of the tool 120. The combination of the layup, tool 120, support frame 110and flow diverter arrangement 140in relatively fixed positions comprises an assembly which is then placed inside an autoclave AC in such 0288647821- a way that the front-facing side F of the support frame 110faces an upstream direction of the first fluid flow direction I1. The autoclave is then sealed. Next, the autoclave is activated so as to provide a flow of fluid within the autoclave in the first fluid flow direction I1. A portion of the fluid flowing in the first direction I1towards the assembly enters the internal volume IV via the inlet opening 118, and impinges upon the leading edge 152of the at least one flow diverting surface 150, which causes this portion of the fluid flow to be diverted or redirected to at least one second fluid flow direction I2which is non-parallel to the first fluid flow direction I 1, and in particular directs this portion of the fluid flow towards the concave surface portion 123of the tool 120.

According to another aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter there is also provided a method of matching a particular flow diverter arrangement 140to a particular tool 120. At least one example of such a method comprises providing a tool 120comprising at least one concave surface portion 123on a first surface 122of the tool 124, the tool 120being configured to receive a composite material layup CML . The location and geometry of the at least one concave surface portion 123can then be analysed, empirically and/or by use of software such as 3D imaging and finite element analysis or other suitable software. The analysis can be used to determine an optimum flow diverter arrangement 140, i.e., an optimum arrangement of at least one flow diverting surface 150. The flow diverting arrangement 140in the form of at least one flow diverting surface 150can then be selected and subsequently arranged so as to have a predetermined fixed spatial arrangement with respect to the concave surface portion 123of the tool 120.

According to another aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter, there is provided a method for curing a composite material layup, comprising: (a) providing an apparatus or kit according to any one of the above examples; (b) optionally, providing at least one tool comprising a first surface having at least one concave surface portion; (c) placing an uncured said composite material layup on the at least one tool; (d) after step (c), sealing the apparatus in the autoclave; and (e) causing the autoclave to generate the fluid flow in the first direction, and allowing the portion of the fluid flow to be redirected to the at least one concave surface portion. 0288647821- In the method claims that follow, alphanumeric characters and Roman numerals used to designate claim steps are provided for convenience only and do not imply any particular order of performing the steps.

Finally, it should be noted that the word "comprising" as used throughout the appended claims is to be interpreted to mean "including but not limited to".

While there have been shown and disclosed examples in accordance with the presently disclosed subject matter, it will be appreciated that many changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the presently disclosed subject matter as set out in the claims.

Claims

- 32 - 0288647821- CLAIMS:

1. An apparatus for use in an autoclave, the autoclave configured for providing a fluid flow in a first direction with respect to the apparatus in use of the apparatus with the autoclave, the apparatus comprising: at least one tool configured to receive a composite material layup, the at least one tool comprising a first surface having at least one concave surface portion; and a flow diverter arrangement comprising at least one flow diverting surface positioned in a predetermined spatial relationship with respect to the at least one concave surface portion, such that, in use, the at least one flow diverting surface redirects a portion of the fluid flow from said first direction towards the at least one concave surface portion; the flow diverter arrangement being positioned with respect to the at least one tool in a fixed position such as to provide said predetermined spatial relationship.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a support frame configured for mechanically supporting at least one of the at least one tool and the flow diverter arrangement.

3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the at least one tool and the flow diverter arrangement are mounted to the support frame.

4. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the at least one tool is mounted to the support frame, and the flow diverter arrangement is mounted to the at least one tool.

5. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the flow diverter arrangement is mounted to the support frame, and the at least one tool is mounted to the flow diverter arrangement.

6. The apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 5, wherein the support frame comprises: a top comprising a tool receiving zone configured for receiving the at least one tool, the top comprising an opening therein; a bottom; - 33 - 0288647821- a front-facing first side, comprising at least one front-facing inlet opening configured to face an upstream end of the first direction, in use of the apparatus with the autoclave; and a second side, comprising at least one outlet opening configured to enable exit of fluid flow from the support frame; wherein the said at least one front-facing inlet opening and said at least one outlet opening are in open fluid communication with the at least one concave surface portion.

7. The apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein the support frame comprises at least one of feet, castors, rollers or sliders thereunder.

8. The apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 7, further comprising at least one fairing mounted to the support frame, the at least one fairing configured to accelerate the fluid flow in the first direction towards the at least one flow diverting surface, in use of the apparatus with the autoclave.

9. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the at least one tool comprises a second surface for receiving the composite material layup.

10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the second surface is spaced from the first surface by a thickness of the at least one tool.

11. The apparatus according to any one of claims 9 to 10, wherein: the second surface comprises at least one auxiliary concave surface portion; and the apparatus further comprising an auxiliary flow diverter arrangement comprising at least one auxiliary flow diverting surface positioned in a predetermined auxiliary spatial relationship with respect to the at least one auxiliary concave surface portion, such that, in use, the at least one auxiliary flow diverting surface redirects an auxiliary portion of said fluid flow towards the at least one auxiliary concave surface portion; the auxiliary flow diverter arrangement being positioned with respect to the at least one tool in an auxiliary fixed position such as to provide said predetermined auxiliary spatial relationship. - 34 - 0288647821-

12. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the apparatus is configured for enabling said fixed position to be adjusted between any one of a plurality of different said fixed positions with respect to the at least one tool, to enable providing a corresponding plurality of different said predetermined spatial relationships, wherein each said different predetermined spatial relationship is configured to redirect the portion of said fluid flow to the at least one concave surface portion in a different manner one from another.

13. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the at least one flow diverting surface is configured for turning the fluid flow from said first direction to at least one second direction by at least one turning angle, wherein said at least one second direction is non-parallel with respect to said first direction.

14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein said at least one turning angle is between 10° and 170° with respect to said first direction, optionally between 45° and 135°, further optionally between 60° and 120°.

15. The apparatus according to any one of claims 6 to 14, wherein the at least one flow diverting surface has a curvuate profile taken along a plane generally orthogonal to said top and parallel with said first direction.

16. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the flow diverter arrangement comprises at least one flow diverter plate comprising a leading edge and a trailing edge, wherein the corresponding said flow diverting surface extends between said leading edge and said trailing edge.

17. The apparatus according to claim 16, wherein said flow diverter plate has a uniform thickness between the leading edge and the trailing edge.

18. The apparatus according to claim 16, wherein said flow diverter plate is in the form of a vane. - 35 - 0288647821-

19. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the flow diverter arrangement comprises at least one flow diverting conduit comprising an inlet opening and an outlet opening, wherein the corresponding said flow diverting surface extends between said inlet opening and said outlet opening.

20. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the at least one concave surface portion faces a third direction different from a fourth direction, wherein said fourth direction is opposed to said first direction.

21. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein said at least one tool comprises a tool shape configured to provide a desired product shape to the composite material layup, in use of the apparatus with the autoclave, said tool shape including the at least one concave surface portion.

22. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the tool comprises at least a portion of at least one of the following: a dome, top hat, conical, frustoconical, cubic, cuboid, ogive, tetrahedral or other hollow shell-like shape, wing, tail, rudder, stabilizer, canard, a fuselage, fuselage partitions, beams, floors, aerodynamic fairing or boom.

23. A kit for use in an autoclave, the autoclave configured for providing a fluid flow in a first direction with respect to the autoclave in use of the kit with the autoclave, the kit comprising: at least one tool configured to receive a composite material layup, the at least one tool comprising a first surface having at least one concave surface portion; and at least one flow diverter arrangement comprising at least one flow diverting surface positionable in a predetermined spatial relationship with respect to the at least one concave surface portion, such that, in use, the at least one flow diverting surface redirects a portion of the fluid flow from said first direction towards the at least one concave surface portion; the flow diverter arrangement being positionable with respect to the at least one tool in a fixed position such as to provide said predetermined spatial relationship. - 36 - 0288647821-

24. The kit according to claim 23, further comprising at least one support frame configured for mechanically supporting at least one of the at least one tool and the flow diverter arrangement.

25. The kit according to claim 24, wherein the support frame comprises: a top comprising a tool receiving zone configured for receiving the at least one tool, the top comprising an opening therein; a bottom; a front-facing first side, comprising at least one front-facing inlet opening configured to face an upstream end of the first direction, in use of the kit with the autoclave; and a second side, comprising at least one outlet opening configured to enable exit of fluid flow from the support frame; wherein the said at least one front-facing inlet opening and said at least one outlet opening are configured to be in open fluid communication with the at least one concave surface portion.

26. The kit according to any one of claims 24 to 25, further comprising at least one fairing mountable to the support frame, the at least one fairing configured to accelerate the fluid flow in the first direction towards the at least one flow diverting surface, in use of the kit with the autoclave.

27. The kit according to any one of claims 23 to 26, wherein the at least one tool comprises a second surface for receiving the composite material layup.

28. The kit according to any one of claims 23 to 27, wherein the kit is configured for enabling said fixed position to be adjusted between any one of a plurality of different said fixed positions with respect to the at least one tool, to enable providing a corresponding plurality of different said predetermined spatial relationships, wherein each said different predetermined spatial relationship is configured to redirect the portion of said fluid flow to the at least one concave surface portion in different manner one from another. - 37 - 0288647821-

29. The kit according to any one of claims 23 to 28, wherein the at least one flow diverting surface is configured for turning the fluid flow from said first direction to at least one second direction by at least one turning angle, wherein said at least one second direction is non-parallel with respect to said first direction.

30. The kit according to any one of claims 23 to 29, wherein the flow diverter arrangement comprises at least one flow diverter plate comprising a leading edge and a trailing edge, wherein the corresponding said flow diverting surface extends between said leading edge and said trailing edge.

31. The kit according to any one of claims 23 to 29, wherein the flow diverter arrangement comprises at least one flow diverting conduit comprising an inlet opening and an outlet opening, wherein the corresponding said flow diverting surface extends between said inlet opening and said outlet opening.

32. The kit according to any one of claims 23 to 31, wherein the at least one concave surface portion is configured, in use of the kit with the autoclave, to face a third direction different from a fourth direction, wherein said fourth direction is opposed to said first direction.

33. The kit according to any one of claims 23 to 32, wherein said at least one tool comprises a tool shape configured to provide a desired product shape to the composite material layup, in use of the kit with the autoclave, said tool shape including the at least one concave surface portion.

34. The kit according to any one of claims 23 to 33, wherein the tool comprises at least a portion of at least one of the following: a dome, top hat, conical, frustoconical, cubic, cuboid, ogive, tetrahedral or other hollow shell-like shape, door, wing, tail, rudder, stabilizer, canard, a fuselage, fuselage partitions, beams, floors, aerodynamic fairing or boom. - 38 - 0288647821-

35. An apparatus for use in an autoclave, the autoclave configured for providing a fluid flow in a first direction with respect to the apparatus in use of the apparatus with the autoclave, the apparatus comprising: a support frame comprising a tool receiving zone, configured for mechanically supporting, at the tool receiving zone, at least one tool configured to receive a composite material layup; and a flow diverter arrangement comprising at least one flow diverting surface positioned in a predetermined spatial relationship with respect to the tool receiving zone of the support frame, such that, in use, the at least one flow diverting surface redirects a portion of the fluid flow from said first direction towards the tool receiving zone; the flow diverter arrangement being positioned with respect to the support frame in a fixed position such as to provide said predetermined spatial relationship.

36. The apparatus according to claim 35, further comprising at least one tool configured to receive a composite material layup, the at least one tool comprising a first surface having at least one concave surface portion; and wherein, in use, the at least one flow diverting surface redirects a portion of said fluid flow from said first direction towards the at least one concave surface portion.

37. The apparatus according to claim 36, wherein at least one of the at least one tool and the flow diverter arrangement are mounted to the support frame.

38. The apparatus according to any one of claims 36 to 37, wherein the at least one tool comprises a second surface for receiving the composite material layup.

39. The apparatus according to claim 38, wherein the second surface comprises at least one auxiliary concave surface portion; the apparatus further comprising an auxiliary flow diverter arrangement comprising at least one auxiliary flow diverting surface positioned in a predetermined auxiliary spatial relationship with respect to the at least one auxiliary concave surface portion, such that, in use, the at least one auxiliary flow diverting surface redirects an - 39 - 0288647821- auxiliary portion of said fluid flow towards the at least one auxiliary concave surface portion; the auxiliary flow diverter arrangement being positioned with respect to the at least one tool in an auxiliary fixed position such as to provide said predetermined auxiliary spatial relationship.

40. The apparatus according to any one of claims 36 to 39, wherein said at least one tool comprises a tool shape configured to provide a desired product shape to the composite material layup, in use of the apparatus with the autoclave, said tool shape including the at least one concave surface portion.

41. The apparatus according to any one of claims 36 to 40, wherein the tool comprises at least a portion of at least one of the following: a dome, top hat, conical, frustoconical, cubic, cuboid, ogive, tetrahedral or other hollow shell-like shape, wing, tail, rudder, stabilizer, canard, a fuselage, fuselage partitions, beams, floors, aerodynamic fairing or boom.

42. The apparatus according to any one of claims 35 to 41, wherein the support frame comprises: a top comprising the tool receiving zone configured for receiving at least one tool comprising a concave surface portion, the top comprising an opening therein; a bottom; a front-facing first side, comprising at least one front-facing inlet opening configured to face an upstream end of the first direction, in use of the apparatus with the autoclave; and a second side, comprising at least one outlet opening configured to enable exit of fluid flow from the support frame; wherein the said at least one front-facing inlet opening and said at least one outlet opening are configured to be in open fluid communication with the at least one concave surface portion of the at least one tool received in the tool receiving zone. - 40 - 0288647821-

43. The apparatus according to any one of claims 35 to 42, further comprising at least one fairing mounted to the support frame, the at least one fairing configured to accelerate the fluid flow in the first direction towards the at least one flow diverting surface, in use of the apparatus with the autoclave.

44. The apparatus according to any one of claims 35 to 43, wherein the apparatus is configured for enabling said fixed position to be adjusted between any one of a plurality of different said fixed positions with respect to the tool receiving zone, to enable providing a corresponding plurality of different said predetermined spatial relationships, wherein each said different predetermined spatial relationship is configured to redirect the portion of said fluid flow to the tool receiving zone in different manner one from another.

45. The apparatus according to any one of claims 35 to 44, wherein the at least one flow diverting surface is configured for turning the fluid flow from said first direction to at least one second direction by at least one turning angle, wherein said at least one second direction is non-parallel with respect to said first direction.

46. The apparatus according to any one of claims 35 to 45, wherein the flow diverter arrangement comprises at least one flow diverter plate comprising a leading edge and a trailing edge, wherein the corresponding said flow diverting surface extends between said leading edge and said trailing edge.

47. The apparatus according to any one of claims 35 to 45, wherein the flow diverter arrangement comprises at least one flow diverting conduit comprising an inlet opening and an outlet opening, wherein the corresponding said flow diverting surface extends between said inlet opening and said outlet opening.

48. Method for curing a composite material layup, comprising: (a) providing an apparatus as defined in any one of claims 1 to 22; (b) placing an uncured said composite material layup on the at least one tool; (c) after step (b), sealing the apparatus in the autoclave; - 41 - 0288647821- (d) causing the autoclave to generate the fluid flow in the first direction, and allowing the portion of the fluid flow to be redirected to the at least one concave surface portion.

49. Method for curing a composite material layup, comprising: (a) providing a kit as defined in any one of claims 23 to 34; (b) choosing a combination of a desired said tool and a desired said diverter arrangement, and positioning the flow diverting surface in said predetermined spatial relationship with respect to the at least one concave surface portion; (c) placing an uncured said composite material layup on the at least one tool; (d) after step (c), sealing the kit in the autoclave; (e) causing the autoclave to generate the fluid flow in the first direction, and allowing the portion of the fluid flow to be redirected to the at least one concave surface portion.

50. Method for curing a composite material layup, comprising: (a) providing an apparatus as defined in any one of claims 35 to 47; (b) providing at least one tool comprising a first surface having at least one concave surface portion; (c) placing an uncured said composite material layup on the at least one tool; (d) after step (c), sealing the apparatus in the autoclave; (e) causing the autoclave to generate the fluid flow in the first direction, and allowing the portion of the fluid flow to be redirected to said at least one concave surface portion. For the Applicants, REINHOLD COHN AND PARTNERS By: